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To

The Manager,

Visakhapatnam.

Dear Sir,

Sub: Pre-closure of Loan Account No_______________________________

This has reference to the above subject; I have decided to sell my property to

Mr. ____________________ whose loan is sanctioned from IDBI Bank, Siripuram,

Visakhapatnam. I requested IDBI Bank to close my loan AccountNo.___________________.

Kiran Bedi (Hindi: ) (Punjabi:) (born 9 June 1949) is an Indian social activist

and a retired Indian Police Service(IPS) officer. She became the first woman to join the IPS in

1972, and most recently held the post ofDirector General, BPR&D (Bureau of Police Research

and Development), Ministry of Home Affairs. She retired from the IPS in December, 2007, after
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Police_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Police_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_General_of_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_General_of_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Police_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_General_of_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs


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taking voluntary retirement. She was the host and TV judge of the popular TV series "Aap Ki

Kachehri" (English, "Your Court"), broadcast on the Indian TV channel, Star Plus. This program

features Indian families approaching her TV court and explaining their problems to her. She then

offers legal advice and monetary help to solve the problem. This program is classified as an

EDUtainment program, as it attempts to simplify and explain legal procedures and Indian law to

the viewers.

She has also founded two NGOs in India: Navjyoti for welfare and preventive policing in

1987[1] and the India Vision Foundation for prison reformation, drug abuse prevention and child

welfare in 1994.[2]

In 2007, she was granted voluntary retirement from the IPS.[3]

Contents

[hide]

1 Early life

2 Career

3 Contributions

4 Personal life

5 Bibliography

6 Awards

7 Books on Kiran Bedi

o 7.1 In Popular Media

8 References

9 External links

[edit]Early life

Kiran Bedi was born in Amritsar, Punjab,India. She is the second of the four daughters of

Prakash Lal Peshawaria and Prem Lata Peshawaria.

She attended the Sacred Heart Convent School, Amritsar, where she joined theNational CadetCorps (NCC). She took uptennis, a passion she inherited from her father, a tennis player.[4] She

won the Junior National Lawn Tennis Championship in 1966, the Asian Lawn Tennis

Championship in 1972, and the All-India Interstate Women's Lawn Tennis Championship in 1976.

[5]In addition, she also won the All-Asian Tennis Championship, and won the Asian Ladies Title at

the age of 22.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aap_Ki_Kachehrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aap_Ki_Kachehrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Plushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-Nav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#Early_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#Careerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#Contributionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#Personal_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#Bibliographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#Awardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#Books_on_Kiran_Bedihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#In_Popular_Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiran_Bedi&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiran_Bedi&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cadet_Corps_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cadet_Corps_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cadet_Corps_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aap_Ki_Kachehrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aap_Ki_Kachehrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Plushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-Nav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#Early_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#Careerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#Contributionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#Personal_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#Bibliographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#Awardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#Books_on_Kiran_Bedihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#In_Popular_Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiran_Bedi&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cadet_Corps_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cadet_Corps_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-4


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Later, she obtained herB.A.in English (Hons.) (196468) from the Government College for

Women, Amritsar. She then earned a Masters degree (196870) in Political Science fromPunjab

University,Chandigarh, graduating at the top of her class.[6]

[edit]Career

Even while in active service in the IPS, she pursued her educational goals, and obtained a Law

degree (LLB) in 1988 fromDelhi University,Delhi. In 1993, she obtained a Ph.D.inSocial

Sciencesfrom the Department of Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology,New Delhi,

[7]where the topic of her thesis was 'Drug Abuse and Domestic Violence'.[6]

She began her career as a Lecturerin Political Science (197072) at Khalsa College for Women,

Amritsar. In July 1972, she joined the Indian Police Service. Bedi joined the police service

"because of [her] urge to be outstanding".[8]

She served in a number of tough assignments ranging from New Delhitraffic postings, Deputy

Inspector General of Police in insurgency proneMizoram, Advisor to the Lieutenant Governor

ofChandigarh, Director General of Narcotics Control Bureau, to aUnited Nationsdelegation,

where she became the Civilian Police Advisor in United Nations peacekeeping operations.[9] For

her work in the UN, she was awarded a UN medal.[10]She is popularly referred to as Crane

Bedifor towing the Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi's car for a parking violation,[11] during the PM's

tour of United States at the time.[7]

Kiran Bedi influenced several decisions of the Indian Police Service, particularly in the areas

ofnarcoticscontrol,traffic management, and VIP security. During her stint as the InspectorGeneral of Prisons, in Tihar Jail(Delhi) (19931995), she instituted a number of reforms in the

management of the prison, and initiated a number of measures such as detoxification

programs, yoga,vipassana meditation, redressing of complaints by prisoners and literacy

programs.[12][13]For this she won the 1994 Ramon Magsaysay Award, and the 'Jawaharlal Nehru

Fellowship', to write about her work at Tihar Jail.[6]

She was last appointed as Director General of India's Bureau of Police Research and

Development.

In May 2005, she was awarded an honorary degree ofDoctor of Law in recognition of her

humanitarian approach to prison reforms and policing.[14]

On 27 November 2007, she had expressed her wish to voluntarily retire from the police force to

undertake new challenges in life. On 25 December 2007, the Government of India agreed to

relieve Bedi of her duties as Director General of the Bureau of Police Research and

Development.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_University,_Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_University,_Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_University,_Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-nila-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiran_Bedi&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiran_Bedi&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-oneindia-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-oneindia-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-nila-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecturerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Police_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizoramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizoramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-oneindia-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-oneindia-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcoticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcoticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_(locational)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_(locational)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihar_Jailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihar_Jailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vipassanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-person-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-person-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay_Awardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-nila-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_University,_Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_University,_Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-nila-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiran_Bedi&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-oneindia-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-nila-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecturerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Police_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizoramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-oneindia-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcoticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_(locational)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihar_Jailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vipassanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-person-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay_Awardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-nila-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-13


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"Yes Madam, Sir", an award-winning, critically acclaimed film of Kiran Bedi's life, directed by

Australian director, Megan Doneman, premiered as an official selection at the Toronto

International Film Festival. It has yet to be released.

After retirement, Kiran Bedi launched a new website,www.saferindia.com, on January 3, 2007.

The motto of this website is to help people whose complaints are not accepted by the local police.

This project is undertaken by the non-profit, voluntary and non-government organization she

founded, the India Vision Foundation.[1]

Kiran Bedi now hosts the TV showAap Ki Kachehri Kiran Ke Saath on Star Plus.

[edit]Contributions

Navjyoti(which literally means New Enlightenment), set up in 1987,[1]and India Vision

Foundation, set up in 1994, are the two major voluntary organizations established by her with the

objectives of improving the condition of drug addicts and poor people. Her efforts have won

national and international recognition, and her organizations were awarded the "Serge Soitiroff

Memorial Award" for drug abuse prevention by the United Nations.

For more information about Navjyoti, please visit www.navjyoti.org.in. Her autobiography, 'I Dare.

It's Always Possible', was released in 1998.[15]

[edit]Personal life

Kiran Bedi married Brij Bedi in 1972, [13] the year she started her career in the Indian Police

Service (IPS), and three years later, in 1975, they had daughter Saina. Among her other threesiblings, Shashi is an artist settled in Canada, Reeta is a clinical psyhcologist and writer, and Anu

is a lawyer.

[edit]Bibliography

Its Always Possible: Kiran Bedi. Oct 1999, Indra Publishing. ISBN 0-9585805-3-7.

"What Went Wrong?", collection of The fortnightly column written by Kiran Bedi.

The Motivating Bedi by Kiran Bedi.[6]

[edit]Awards

Presidents Gallantry Award (1979)

Women of the Year Award (1980)

Asia Region Award for Drug Prevention and Control (1991)

Magsaysay Award (1994) for Government Service
http://www.saferindia.com/http://www.saferindia.com/http://www.indiavisionfoundation/about_org.htmlhttp://www.indiavisionfoundation/about_org.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiran_Bedi&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiran_Bedi&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-Nav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-Nav-0http://www.navjyoti.org.in/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiran_Bedi&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiran_Bedi&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-person-12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiran_Bedi&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiran_Bedi&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0958580537http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-nila-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-nila-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiran_Bedi&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiran_Bedi&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magsaysay_Awardhttp://www.saferindia.com/http://www.indiavisionfoundation/about_org.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiran_Bedi&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-Nav-0http://www.navjyoti.org.in/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiran_Bedi&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-person-12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiran_Bedi&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0958580537http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiran_Bedi#cite_note-nila-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiran_Bedi&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magsaysay_Award


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Mahila Shiromani Award (1995)

Father Machismo Humanitarian Award (1995)

Lion of the Year (1995)

Joseph Beuys Award (1997)

Pride of India (1999)

Mother Teresa Memorial National Award for Social Justice (2005)

Star Parivar Award for Most Damdar Sadasya (2010)

[edit]Books on Kiran Bedi/

Kiran Bedi The Kindly Baton, by Dr Meenakshi Saksena,

"Government@net" by Sandeep Srivastava and Parminder Jeet Singh.

"I Dare!" Kiran Bedi A Biography by Paramesh Dangwal

[edit]In Popular Media

A non fiction feature film on Dr Kiran Bedi's life, Yes Madam, Sir, has been produced by

Australian film maker, Megan Doneman. This film is being screened in film festivals around the

world. Its commentator is an Academy Award winner, Helen Mirren. Dr Kiran Bedi was present

during its screenings in Toronto, Dubai and Adelaide, and to address the Q&A sessions at the

end of each show. Every time it has been screened, it has received a standing ovation.

The documentary has made a clean sweep of the award categories---Best Documentary with a

cash award of $100,000, the biggest prize for a documentary in any film festival in the US and the

Social Justice Award with $2500 at Santa Barbara International Film Festival. Yes Madam, Sirgot

a unanimous vote from the jury.

In 2006, the Norwegian production company 'Mpower Media' released another documentary on

Bedi called In Gandhi's footsteps.

In this regard I request you to kindly accept payment from IDBI Bank and handover theoriginal Title Deeds to IDBI Bank on closure of my Housing Loan account.

Yours faithfully

Signature
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The Sundarbans (Bengali: {{{1}}} Shundorbn) is the largest single block of

tidal halophyticmangrove forest in the world.[1]The name Sundarban can be literally translated as

"beautiful jungle" or "beautiful forest" in the Bengali language(Sundar, "beautiful" and ban, "forest" or

"jungle"). The name may have been derived from the Sundaritrees that are found in Sundarbans in

large numbers. Alternatively, it has been proposed that the name is a corruption

ofSamudraban (Bengali:Shomudrobn "Sea Forest") orChandra-bandhe (name of a primitive

tribe). But the generally accepted view is the one associated with Sundaritrees.[1]

The forest lies in the vast delta on theBay of Bengal formed by the confluence of

the Ganges,BrahmaputraandMeghna rivers across southern Bangladesh and West Bengal, India.

The seasonally-flooded Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests lie inland from the mangrove forests on

the coastal fringe. The forest covers 10,000 km2 of which about 6,000 are in Bangladesh.[2]It became

inscribed as aUNESCOworld heritagesite in 1997, but while the Bangladeshi and Indian portions

constitute the same continuous ecotope, these are separately listed in theUNESCOworld heritage list

as the Sundarbans and Sundarbans National Park, respectively. The Sundarbans is intersected by a

complex network oftidal waterways, mudflats and smallislands of salt-tolerant mangrove forests. The

area is known for the eponymousRoyal Bengal Tiger(Panthera tigris tigris), as well as numerous

fauna including species ofbirds, spotted deer, crocodiles andsnakes. The fertile soils of the delta have

been subject to intensive human use for centuries, and the ecoregion has been mostly converted to

intensive agriculture, with few enclaves of forest remaining. The remaining forests, together with the

Sundarbans mangroves, are important habitat for the endangered tiger.

Additionally, the Sundarbans serves a crucial function as a protective barrier for the millions ofinhabitants in and aroundKolkata (Calcutta) against the floods that result from thecyclonesthat are a

regular occurrence on this coast.

Contents

[hide]

1 History

2 Physiography

o 2.1 Ecoregions

o 2.2 Sanctuaries in Bangladesh

o 2.3 Climate change impact

3 Flora

4 Fauna

o 4.1 Predators
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4.1.1 Avifauna

4.1.2 Aqua fauna

4.1.3 Reptiles

4.1.4 Endangered and extinct species

5 Economy

6 In popular culture

7 See also

8 Footnotes and references

9 Sources

10 External links

[edit]History

Village in a clearing of Sunderbans, 1839

The history of the area can be traced back to 200300 AD. A ruin of a city built by Chand Sadagarhas

been found in the Baghmara Forest Block. During the Mughalperiod, local kings leased the forests of

the Sundarbans to residents. In this period, Raja Basanta Rai and his nephew took refuge in the

Sundarbans from the advancing armies of EmperorAkbar.[3] Many of the buildings which were built by

them later fell to hands of Portuguese pirates, salt smugglers and dacoits in the 17th century.

Evidence of the fact can be traced from the ruins at Netidhopani and other places scattered all over

Sundarbans.[4] The legal status of the forests underwent a series of changes, including the distinction

of being the firstmangroveforest in the world to be brought under scientific management. The area

was mapped by the Surveyor Generalas early as 1764 following soon after proprietary rights were

obtained from theMughal EmperorAlamgir II by the East India Companyin 1757. Systematic

management of this forest tract started in the1860s after the establishment of a Forest Department in

the Province ofBengal, in India.[5]
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The first Forest Management Division to have jurisdiction over the Sundarbans was established in

1869. In 1875 a large portion of themangrove forests was declared as reserved forests in 187576

under the Forest Act, 1865 (Act VIII of 1865). The remaining portions of forests was declared as

reserve forest the following year and the forest, which was so far was administered by the civil

administration district, was placed under the control of the Forest Department. A Forest Division, which

is the basic forest management and administration unit, was created in 1879 with the headquarter

in Khulna. The first management plan was written for the period 189398.[6][7]

In 1911, it was described as a tract of waste country which had never been surveyed, nor had

the census been extended to it. It then stretched for about 165 miles (266 km) from the mouth of

theHugli to the mouth of theMeghna and was bordered inland by the three settled districts of the 24

Parganas, Khulna and Backergunje. The total area (including water) was estimated at 6,526 square

miles (16,902 km2). It was a water-logged jungle, in whichtigers and other wild beasts abounded.

Attempts at reclamation had not been very successful. The characteristic tree was

the sundari(Heritiera littoralis), from which the name of the tract had probably been derived. It yields a

hard wood, used for building, and for making boats, furniture, etc. The Sundarbans were everywhere

intersected by river channels and creeks, some of which afforded water communication

betweenCalcuttaand theBrahmaputra Valley, both forsteamers and for native boats.

[edit]

Village in a clearing of Sunderbans, 1839

This satellite image shows the forest in the protected area. The Sundarbans appears deep green,

surrounded to the north by a landscape of agricultural lands, which appear lighter green, towns,

which appear tan, and streams, which are blue.

The mangrove-dominated Ganges Delta the Sundarbans is a complex ecosystemcomprising

one of the three largest single tract ofmangrove forests of the world. Shared between two

neighbouring countries, Bangladesh and India, the larger part (62%)is situated in the southwest

corner of Bangladesh. To the south the forest meets the Bay of Bengal; to the east it is bordered

by the Baleswar Riverand to the north there is a sharp interface with intensively cultivated land.The natural drainage in the upstream areas, other than the main river channels, is everywhere

impeded by extensive embankments andpolders. The Sundarbans was originally measured

(about 200 years ago) to be of about 16,700 km. Now it has dwindled to about 1/3 of the original

size. The total land area today is 4,143 km (including exposed sandbars: 42 km) and the

remaining water area of 1,874 km encompasses rivers, small streams and canals. Rivers in the
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Sundarbans are meeting places of salt water and freshwater. Thus, it is a region of transition

between the freshwater of the rivers originating from the Ganges and the saline water of the Bay

of Bengal (Wahid et al., 2002).

The Sundarbans along theBay of Bengal has evolved over the millennia through natural

deposition of upstream sediments accompanied by intertidal segregation. The physiography is

dominated by deltaic formations that include innumerable drainage lines associated with surface

and subaqueous levees, splays and tidal flats. There are also marginal marshes above mean tide

level, tidal sandbars and islands with their networks of tidal channels, subaqueous distal bars and

proto-delta clays and silt sediments. The Sundarbans' floor varies from 0.9 m to 2.11 m above

sea level.[8]

Biotic factors here play a significant role in physical coastal evolution and forwildlife a variety

ofhabitatshave developed including beaches, estuaries, permanent and semi-permanent

swamps, tidal flats, tidal creeks, coastal dunes, back dunes and levees. The mangrove vegetation

itself assists in the formation of new landmass and the intertidal vegetation plays an important

role in swamp morphology. The activities of mangrove fauna in the intertidal mudflats

develop micromorphologicalfeatures that trap and hold sediments to create a substratum for

mangrove seeds. The morphology and evolution of theeoliandunes is controlled by an

abundance ofxerophyticandhalophyticplants. Creepers and grasses and sedges stabilizes sand

dunes and uncompacted sediments. The Sunderbans mudflats (Banerjee, 1998) are found at the

estuary and on the deltaic islands where low velocity of river and tidal current occurs. The flats

are exposed in low tides and submerged in high tides, thus being changed morphologically evenin one tidal cycle. The interiorparts of the mudflats are magnificent home of luxuriant mangroves.

[edit]Ecoregions

Sundarbans features two ecoregions "Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests" (IM0162) and

"Sundarbans mangroves" (IM1406).[9]

The Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests are atropical moist broadleaf

forestecoregion ofIndiaand Bangladesh. It represents the brackish swamp forests that lie

behind the Sundarbans Mangroves where the salinity is more pronounced. The freshwater

ecoregion is an area where the water is only slightly brackish and becomes quite fresh during the

rainy season, when the freshwater plumes from the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers push the

intruding salt water out and also bring a deposit of silt. It covers an area of 14,600 square

kilometers (5,600 square miles) of the vast Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta, extending from

India'sWest Bengal state into western Bangladesh. The Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests
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lie between the upland Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests and thebrackish-

waterSundarbans mangrovesbordering the Bay of Bengal.[10]

This ecoregion is nearly extinct, the victim of large-scale clearing and settlement to support one of

the densest human populations in Asia. Hundreds of years of habitation and exploitation by one

of the world's densest human populations have exacted a heavy toll of this ecoregion's habitat

and biodiversity. There are two protected areas Narendrapur (110 km2) and Ata Danga Baor

(20 km2) that cover a mere 130 km2 of the ecoregion. Habitat loss in this ecoregion is so

extensive, and the remaining habitat is so fragmented, that it is difficult to ascertain the

composition of the original vegetation of this ecoregion. According to Champion and Seth (1968),

the freshwater swamp forests are characterized by Heritiera minor,Xylocarpus

molluccensis,Bruguiera conjugata,Sonneratia apetala,Avicennia officinalis , and Sonneratia

caseolaris, with Pandanus tectorius,Hibiscus tiliaceus, and Nipa fruticansalong the fringing

banks.[10]

The Sundarbans Mangroves ecoregion on the coast forms the seaward fringe of the deltaand is

the world's largest mangroveecosystem, with 20,400 square kilometers (7,900 square miles) of

area covered. The dominant mangrove speciesHeritiera fomes, locally known as sundri or

sundari, is the tree for which the Sundarbans are thought to be named. Mangrove forests are not

home to a great variety of plants. They have a thick canopy and the undergrowth is mostly

seedlings of the mangrove trees. As well as the sundari other species that make up the forest

includeAvicennia spp.,Xylocarpus mekongensis,Xylocarpus granatum,Sonneratia

apetala,Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Cereops decandra,Aegiceras corniculatum,Rhizophoramucronata, and Nypa fruticanspalms.[11]

The Sundarbans area is one of the most densely populated in the world and the population is

increasing, as a result half of this ecoregion's mangrove forests have been cut down to supply

fuelwood and other natural resources. Despite the intense and large-scale exploitation, this still is

one of the largest contiguous areas of mangroves in the world. Another threat comes from

deforestation and water diversion from the rivers inland which causes far more silt to be brought

to the estuary, clogging up the waterways. Protected areas cover 15% of the Sundarbans

mangroves includingSundarbans National ParkandSajnakhali Wildlife Sanctuary,HallidayIsland and Lothian Island Wildlife Sanctuary in West Bengal andSundarbans East,Char Kukri-

Mukri,Sundarbans South and Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuariesin Bangladesh.[11]

[edit]Sanctuaries in Bangladesh
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Gangetic_plains_moist_deciduous_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans_mangroveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans_mangroveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-IM0162-9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heritiera_minor&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heritiera_minor&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xylocarpus_molluccensis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xylocarpus_molluccensis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xylocarpus_molluccensis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruguiera_conjugata&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruguiera_conjugata&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonneratia_apetala&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicennia_officinalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicennia_officinalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonneratia_caseolaris&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonneratia_caseolaris&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandanus_tectoriushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscus_tiliaceushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscus_tiliaceushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipa_fruticanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipa_fruticanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-IM0162-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-IM0162-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_deltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_deltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heritiera_fomes&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avicennia_spp.&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avicennia_spp.&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avicennia_spp.&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xylocarpus_mekongensis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xylocarpus_mekongensis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xylocarpus_granatum&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xylocarpus_granatum&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonneratia_apetala&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonneratia_apetala&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruguiera_gymnorrhizahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruguiera_gymnorrhizahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cereops_decandra&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cereops_decandra&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegiceras_corniculatumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhizophora_mucronata&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhizophora_mucronata&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhizophora_mucronata&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhizophora_mucronata&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nypa_fruticanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nypa_fruticanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-IM1406-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-IM1406-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajnakhali_Wildlife_Sanctuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajnakhali_Wildlife_Sanctuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajnakhali_Wildlife_Sanctuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halliday_Island&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halliday_Island&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothian_Island_Wildlife_Sanctuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundarbans_East_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundarbans_East_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Char_Kukri-Mukri_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Char_Kukri-Mukri_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Char_Kukri-Mukri_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundarbans_South_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundarbans_West_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundarbans_West_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-IM1406-10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundarbans&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundarbans&action=edit&section=4http:/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11/30

A Panaroma atop an observation post at Hiron Point Wild Life Sanctuary, Khulna Range,

Bangladesh

The Bangladesh part of the Sundarbans is estimated to be about 4,110 km, of which about

1,700 km is occupied by waterbodies in the forms of river, canals and creeks of width varying

from a few meters to several kilometers. The interconnected network of waterways makes almost

every corner of the forest accessible by boat. The forest lies under two forest divisions, and four

administrative ranges viz Chandpai, Sarankhola,Khulna, and Burigoalini,Satkhira and has

sixteen forest stations. It is further divided into fifty-five compartments and nine blocks.[1]

A new Khulna Forest Circle to preserve the forest was created in 1993 and a Conservator of

Forests has been posted. The direct administrative head of the Division is the Divisional Forest

Officer who is also based at Khulna. The Divisional Forest Officer has a number of professional,

subprofessional and support staff and logistic supports for the implementation of necessary

management and administrative activities. The basic unit of management is the compartment.

There are 55 compartments in four Forest Ranges and these are clearly demarcated mainly by

natural features such as rives, canals and creeks.

There are three wildlife sanctuaries established in 1977 under the Bangladesh Wildlife

(Preservation) Order, 1973 (P.O. 23 of 1973). These are:

1. Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary: Extends over an area of 31,227 ha.

Freshwater and Sundri (Heritiera fomes) dominate interspersed with Gewa (Excoecaria

agallocha) and Passur (Xylocarpus mekongensis) with Kankra (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)occurring in areas subject to more frequent flooding. There is an understory of Shingra

(Cynometra ramiflora) where, soils are drier and Amur (Amoora cucullata) in wetter

areas and Goran (Ceriops decandra) in more saline places. Nypa palm (Nypa fruticans)

widespread along drainage lines.

2. Sundarbans South Wildlife Sanctuary: Extends over an area of 36,970 ha. There

is evidently the greatest seasonal variation in salinity levels and possibly represents an area

of relatively longer duration of moderate salinity where Gewa is the dominant woody species.

It is often mixed with Sundri, which is able to displace in circumstances such as artificially

opened canopies where Sundri does not regenerate as effectively. It is also frequently

associated with a dense understory of Goran and sometimes Passur.

3. Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary: Extends over an area of 71,502 ha. Includes

areas which support sparse Gewa and dense stands of Goran and discontinuous patches of

Hantal palm (Phoenix paludosa) on drier ground and river banks and levees.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandpai&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarankholahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burigoalini,Satkhira&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-Bpedia-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heritiera_fomes&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Excoecaria_agallocha&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Excoecaria_agallocha&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Excoecaria_agallocha&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xylocarpus_mekongensis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruguiera_gymnorrhizahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruguiera_gymnorrhizahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cynometra_ramiflora&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amoora_cucullata&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ceriops_decandra&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nypa_fruticanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_paludosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandpai&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarankholahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burigoalini,Satkhira&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-Bpedia-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heritiera_fomes&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Excoecaria_agallocha&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Excoecaria_agallocha&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xylocarpus_mekongensis&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruguiera_gymnorrhizahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cynometra_ramiflora&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amoora_cucullata&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ceriops_decandra&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nypa_fruticanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_paludosa


12/30

[edit]Climate change impact

Mudflats in Sundarbans

The physical development processes along the coast are influenced by a multitude of factors,

comprising wave motions, micro and macro-tidal cycles and long shore currents typical to the coastal

tract. The shore currents vary greatly along with themonsoon. These are also affected

by cyclonicaction. Erosion and accretion through these forces maintains varying levels, as yet not

properly measured, of physiographic change whilst the mangrove vegetation itself provides a

remarkable stability to the entire system. During each monsoon season almost all the Bengal Delta is

submerged, much of it for half a year. The sediment of the lower delta plain is primarily advected

inland by monsoonal coastal setup and cyclonic events. One of the greatest challenges people living

on theGanges Deltamay face in coming years is the threat of rising sea levels caused mostly

by subsidence in the region and partly by climate change.

In many of the Indian mangrove wetlands, freshwater reaching the mangroves was considerably

reduced from the late19th century due to diversion of freshwater in the upstream area. Also, the

BengalBasin is slowly tilting towards the east due to neo-tectonic movement, forcing greater

freshwater input to the Bangladesh Sundarbans. As a result, the salinity of the Bangladesh

Sundarbans is much lower than that of the Indian Sundarbans. A 1990 study noted that there "is no

evidence that environmental degradation in theHimalayas or a 'greenhouse' induced rise in sea level

have aggravated floods in Bangladesh"; however, a 2007 report byUNESCO, "Case Studies onClimate Change and World Heritage" has stated that an anthropogenic 45-cm rise in sea level (likely

by the end of the21st century, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change),

combined with other forms of anthropogenic stress on the Sundarbans, could lead to the destruction of

75% of the Sundarbans mangroves.[12] Already, Lohachara Island and New Moore Island/South

Talpatti Island have disappeared under the sea, and Ghoramara Island is half submerged.[13]

[edit]Flora

Sundari tree

The Sundarbans flora is characterized by the abundance ofHeritiera fomes, Excoecaria

agallocha, Ceriops decandra and Sonneratia apetala. A total 245 genera and 334 plant species were

recorded by David Prain in 1903.[14] Since Prains report there have been considerable changes in the

status of various mangrove species and taxonomic revision of the man-grove flora.[15] However, very
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13/30

little exploration of the botanical nature of the Sundarbans has been made to keep up with these

changes. Whilst most of the mangroves in other parts of the world are characterized by members of

the Rhizophoraceae,AvicenneaceaeorLaganculariaceae, the mangroves of Bangladesh are

dominated by the Sterculiaceae and Euphorbiaceae.[6]

The Bangladesh mangrove vegetation of the Sundarbans differs greatly from other non-deltaic coastal

mangrove forest and upland forests associations. Unlike the former, the Rhizophoraceae are of minor

importance. Differences in vegetation have been explained in terms of freshwater and low salinity

influences in the Northeast and variations in drainage and siltation. The Sundarbans has been

classified as a moist tropical forest demonstrating a whole mosaic of seres, comprising primary

colonization on new accretions to more mature beach forests, often conspicuously dominated by

Keora (Sonneratia apetala) and tidal forests. Historically three principal vegetation types have been

recognized in broad correlation with varying degrees of water salinity, freshwater flushing and

physiography and which are represented in the wildlife sanctuaries:

Sundari and Gewa occur prominently throughout the area with discontinuous distribution of Dhundul

(Xylocarpus granatum) and Kankra. Among grasses and Palms,Poresia coaractata, Myriostachya

wightiana,Imperata cylindrica,Phragmites karka,Nypa fruticansare well distributed. Keora is an

indicator species for newly accreted mudbanks and is an important species for wildlife, especially

spotted deer (Axis axis). Besides the forest, there are extensive areas

ofbrackish and freshwatermarshes, intertidal mudflats,sandflats, sand dunes with typical dune

vegetation, open grassland on sandy soils and raised areas supporting a variety of terrestrial shrubs

and trees.

Succession is generally defined as the successive occupation of a site by different plant communities.

[16] In an accreting mudflats the outer community along the sequence represents the pioneer

community which is gradually replaced by the next community representing the seral stages and finally

by a climax community typical of the climatic zone.[17]Troup suggested that succession began in the

newly accreted land created by fresh deposits of eroded soil.[18]

The pioneer vegetation on these newly accreted site is Sonneratia, followed byAvicenniaandNypa.

As the ground is elevated as a result of soil deposition, other trees make their appearance. The most

prevalent, though one of the late species to appear, is Excoecaria. As the level of land rises through

accretion and the land is only occasionally flooded by tides, Heritiera fomes begins to appear.

[edit]Fauna
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avicenneaceae&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avicenneaceae&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avicenneaceae&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laganculariaceae&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-hussain-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonneratia_apetala&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xylocarpus_granatum&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poresia_coaractata&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poresia_coaractata&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myriostachya_wightiana&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myriostachya_wightiana&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperata_cylindricahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperata_cylindricahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperata_cylindricahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phragmites_karka&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phragmites_karka&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phragmites_karka&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nypa_fruticanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nypa_fruticanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_axishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_axishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intertidal_mudflat&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intertidal_mudflat&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandflathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_dunehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasslandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonneratiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nypahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nypahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excoecariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundarbans&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundarbans&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avicenneaceae&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laganculariaceae&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-hussain-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonneratia_apetala&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xylocarpus_granatum&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poresia_coaractata&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myriostachya_wightiana&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myriostachya_wightiana&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperata_cylindricahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phragmites_karka&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nypa_fruticanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_axishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intertidal_mudflat&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandflathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_dunehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasslandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonneratiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nypahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excoecariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundarbans&action=edit&section=7


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A Royal Bengal tiger

The Sundarbans provide a unique ecosystem and a rich wildlife habitat. The Sundarbans were home

to approximately 312 Bengal tigers in 2009 [19], one of the largest single populations of tigers. Tiger

attacks are frequent in the Sundarbans. Between 100 and 250 people are killed per year. However,

owing to various measures taken for safety, there have been no reports of deaths since 2004 in the

Indian portion of the Sundarbans[citation needed].

Chital deers are widely seen

There is much more wildlife here than just the endangered Royal Bengal Tiger(Panthera tigris tigris).

Most importantly mangroves are a transition from the marine to freshwater and terrestrial systems and

provide critical habitat for numerous species of small fish, crabs, hermit crabs, shrimps and other

crustaceans that are adapted to feed, shelter and reproduce among the tangled mass of roots, known

as pneumatophores, that grow upward from the anaerobic mud to get the trees' supply of

oxygen. Fishing Cats, Macaques,Wild Boar,Common Grey Mongoose,Fox, Jungle Cat,Flying

Fox, Pangolin, and Chitalare also found in abundance in the Sundarbans.

1991 studies revealed that the Bangladesh Sundarbans support diverse biological resources including

at least 120 species of commercially important fishes, 270 species of birds, 42 species of mammals,

35 reptiles and eight amphibian species. This represents a significant proportion of the species present

in Bangladesh (i.e. about 30% of the reptiles, 37% the birds and 34% of the mammals) and includes a

large number of species which are now extinct elsewhere in the country.[20]Two amphibians, 14

reptiles, 25 aves and five mammals are presently endangered.[21] The Sundarbans is an important

wintering area for migrant water birds[22] and is an area suitable for watching and studying avifauna.[23]

The management of wildlife is presently restricted to the protection of fauna from poaching and

designation of some areas as wildlife sanctuaries where no extraction offorest produce is allowed and

the wildlife face few disturbances. Although the fauna of Bangladesh have diminished in recent

times[6] and the Sundarbans has not been spared from this decline, the mangrove forest retains

several good wildlife habitats and their associated fauna. Of these the tiger and dolphin are target

species for planning wildlife management and tourism development. There are high profile and

vulnerable mammals living in two contrasting environments and their statuses and management are

strong indicators of the general condition of wildlife and its management. Some of the species are

protected by legislation, notably by the Bangladesh Wildlife (Preservation) Order, 1973 (P.O. 23 of

1973).

[edit]Predators
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-www.bforest.gov.bd.2Fhighlights.php-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_tigris_tigrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_tigris_tigrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatophorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_Cathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Boarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Boarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Boarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_Grey_Mongoose&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_Grey_Mongoose&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Cathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Cathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Foxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Foxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangolinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-sarakar-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-sarakar-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_producehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_producehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-hussain-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundarbans&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundarbans&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-www.bforest.gov.bd.2Fhighlights.php-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_tigris_tigrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatophorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_Cathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Boarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_Grey_Mongoose&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Cathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Foxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Foxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangolinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-sarakar-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_producehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-hussain-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundarbans&action=edit&section=8


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See also:Tiger attacks in the Sundarbans

The fertile soils of the delta have been subject to intensive human use for centuries, and the ecoregion

has been mostly converted to intensive agriculture, with few enclaves of forest remaining. The

remaining forests, together with the Sundarbans mangroves, are important habitat for the endangered

Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris). Sunderbans also contains the leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) and

several smaller predators such as the jungle cat (Felis chaus), fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus), and

leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis).[10]

Several predators dwell in the labyrinth of channels, branches and roots that poke up into the air. This

is the only mangrove ecoregion that harbors the Indo-Pacific region's largest predator, the Bengal

Tiger. Unlike in other habitats, here tigers live and swim among the mangrove islands, where they hunt

scarce prey such as the Chitaldeer (axis axis), Indian Muntjac(Muntiacus muntjak),Wild boar(Sus

scrofa), and even Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta). It is estimated that there are now 500[19] Bengal

tigers and about 30,000 spotted deer in the area. The tigers do also regularly attack and kill humans

who venture into the forest with estimates of human deaths ranging from 30-100 people per year[24].

Some of the reptiles are predators too, including two species of crocodile, the Saltwater

Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) andMugger crocodile(Crocodylus palustris), as well as

the Gharial(Gavialis gangeticus) and the Water monitorlizard (Varanus salvator) all of which hunt on

both land and water, while Sharks and the Gangetic freshwater dolphins (Platanista gangetica) roam

the waterways.

[edit]Avifauna

Blue-eared Kingfisher sighted in the Sundarbans

The forests are rich in bird life too with 170 species including the endemic Brown-winged

Kingfisher(Pelargopsis amauroptera) and the globally threatenedLesser Adjutant(Leptoptilos

javanicus) and Masked Finfoot(Heliopais personata) and birds of prey such as the osprey(Pandion

haliaetus),White-bellied Sea Eagle(Haliaeetus leucogaster) and Grey-headed Fish-

eagle(Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus). The Sundarbans were designated aRamsar siteon May 21,

1992.[25] Some of the more popular birds found in this region areOpen Billed Storks,White Ibis,Water

Hens,Coots,Pheasant-tailed Jacanas, Pariah Kites,Brahminy Kite,Marsh Harriers,Swamp

Partridges,Red Junglefowls,Spotted Doves,Common Mynahs, Jungle Crows,Jungle

Babblers,Cotton Teals, Herring Gulls,Caspian Terns,Gray Herons, Brahminy Ducks,Spot-billed

Pelicans,Large Egrets, Night Herons,Common Snipes,Wood Sandpipers, Green Pigeons,Rose

Ringed Parakeets,Paradise Flycatchers,Cormorants,Fishing Eagles,White-bellied Sea
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_attacks_in_the_Sundarbanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_attacks_in_the_Sundarbanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_tigrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_pardus_fuscahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_pardus_fuscahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felis_chaushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionailurus_viverrinushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionailurus_bengalensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionailurus_bengalensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-IM0162-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Muntjachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhesus_Macaquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-www.bforest.gov.bd.2Fhighlights.php-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltwater_Crocodilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltwater_Crocodilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugger_crocodilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugger_crocodilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platanista_gangeticahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundarbans&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundarbans&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-winged_Kingfisherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-winged_Kingfisherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-winged_Kingfisherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Adjutanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Adjutanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Adjutanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masked_Finfoothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ospreyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-bellied_Sea_Eaglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-bellied_Sea_Eaglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-headed_Fish-eaglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-headed_Fish-eaglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-headed_Fish-eaglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-IM406-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-IM406-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openbill_storkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openbill_storkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Ibishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Ibishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Henhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Henhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Henhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Henhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheasant-tailed_Jacanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheasant-tailed_Jacanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariah_Kitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariah_Kitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminy_Kitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh-harrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh-harrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp_Partridgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp_Partridgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp_Partridgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp_Partridgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Junglefowlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Junglefowlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Junglefowlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_Doveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_Doveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Mynahshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Mynahshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Crowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Crowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Babblerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Babblerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Babblerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Tealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring_Gullshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring_Gullshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Ternhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Ternhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_Heronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminy_Duckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spot-billed_Pelicanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spot-billed_Pelicanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spot-billed_Pelicanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Large_Egret&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Large_Egret&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Heronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Heronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Snipehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_Sandpiperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_Sandpiperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_pigeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_pigeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Ringed_Parakeethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Ringed_Parakeethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Ringed_Parakeethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Flycatcherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Flycatcherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cormorantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cormorantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fishing_Eagle&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-bellied_Sea_Eaglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-bellied_Sea_Eaglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_attacks_in_the_Sundarbanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_tigrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_pardus_fuscahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felis_chaushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionailurus_viverrinushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionailurus_bengalensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#cite_note-IM0162-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Muntjachttp://

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