Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II

7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II

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qmcg`mb" bbdhð m pdq òqqofygco smfagçj yoq dpd fgpfo ymhmjgpfo* Cd mbbæ }td dj bop pghbop

yopsdqgoqdp db fgpfo `qgpsgmjgpfo st|o }td btèmq yoq pt yqoygm |gcm smjso òjsqm db

dusdqgoq òfo bmp edqdnæmp gjsdqjmp* M ydpmq cd bop sqgtjlop |gpgabdp" db `qgpsgmjgpfo

cdpmqqobbð ymtbmsgjmfdjsd tjm fdjsmbgcmc cd pæjsdpgp yocdqopm" bo `tmb òjctno

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dpsm fdjsmbgcmc pgjsçsg`m em mld`smco smj yocdqopmfdjsd db `tqpo cd bm `g|gbg~m`gðj

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socop dbbop emj pgco cdsdqfgjmcop d gbtpsqmcop yoq m}tdbbo }td pt`dcgð dj bop yqgfdqop

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ftjco jo dqm fíp }td tjm |mqgm`gðj cdb fgpfo ytjso cd |gpsm ymhmjo? Ytdp agdj" tjm

|d~ }td emwmfop djsdjcgco bm pgstm`gðj cd tj foco ftèo fíp ybdjo" jo cdadfop

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o`tymqpd smfagçj dj db ftjco m`mcçfgò* Yoq þbsgfo" ltdqoj òjp`gdjsdp }td bm lgbopolæm

hqgdhm emaæm bohqmco tj mbso hqmco cd ydjdsqm`gðj* Dp tj edèo }td" cdpytçp cd soco" bop

hqgdhop dj ptp gj}tgpg`gojdp qdmbfdjsd pd sqoyd~mamj òj bmp oqcdjmj~mp cd bm `qdm`gðj cd



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dndfybo" ygdjpd dj db hqmj pgpsdfm bðhgò }td cdpmqqobbð Mqgpsðsdbdp*

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qd}tgqgdqoj cd sdqfgjobohæm yqoygdcmc cd bm bgsdqmstqm w lgbopolæm ymhmjmp* @ofo qdptbsmco"

socm tjm hmfm cd gcdmp hqgdhmp pd gjlgbsqmqoj dj db ydjpmfgdjso `qgpsgmjo* Db yqoabdfm cd

bm sdqfgjobohæm socm|æm jop mòpm eow" òfo bo fdj`gojmfop dj bop yíqqmlop yqd|gop; bm

sdq`dqm" bmp edqdnæmp gjsdqjmp }td cdfmjcmqoj tjm mqsg`tbm`gðj `bmqm w mhtcm dj bm

cdlgjg`gðj cdb cohfm; yoq bo }td dj db gjsdjso cd bm loqftbm`gðj cd çpsd" bop `qgpsgmjop emj

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Dp`qgstqmp*

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Dj yqgfdq bthmq db ydqæoco cd bm ghbdpgm yqgfgsg|m" bm ymsqæpsg`m" cdpcd db mýo 49 c* @*" empsm

db òfgdj~o cd bm dcmc fdcgm* Bm pdhtjcm cg|gpgðj mamq`m socm bm dcmc fdcgm"

`mqm`sdqg~mcm yqgj`gymbfdjsd yoq db dpòbmpsg`gpfo* Dj dpsd sgdfyo" bm Agabgm socm|æm dqm

tjm ltdjsd cd dpstcgo" ydqo bmp oaqmp cd bop ymcqdp cd bm ghbdpgm w cd bop lgbðpolop ymhmjop

o`tymqoj tj bthmq yqdyojcdqmjsd dj db ydjpmfgdjso `qgpsgmjo cd fdjop m fíp* Dj sdq`dqo

w þbsgfo bthmq" sdjdfop bm cg|gpgðj }td sqmsm cdb qdèm~o cdb dpòbmpsg`gpfo w tj qdsoqjo m

bm ghbdpgm cd bop ymcqdp w bop dfydqmcoqdp*

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ymhmjm pd cdpmqqobbð ctqmjsd pghbop cdpytçp cdb sgdfyo cd @qgpso" smfagçj d|gcdj`gmp cd

pæjsdpgp ytdcdj djòjsqmqpd yqd|gmp mb fgpfo* Bm lgbopolæm pgjsçsg`m jo ltd oaqm cd

`qgpsgmjop pobmfdjsd pgjo cd ntcæop cdb Mjsghto Sdpsmfdjso smfagçj*

Bop ntcæop" mymqsmcop cd pt eohmq" |g|gdjco dj tj mfagdjsd edbçjgò" pd mlbghæmj yoq db

cdpdo cd qdsdjdq bm qd|dbm`gðj w mcoysmq bm `tbstqm edbdjm* @ofo qdptbsmco ydqcgdqoj cd

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Dpsm pæjsdpgp ymqd`æm olqd`dqbdp `gdqsmp |djsmnmp* Yqgfdqo" mb mcoysmq sqdfmp ymhmjop"

db ntcæo ytco em`dq m`dysmabd mb jo ntcæo ptp yqoygmp `qddj`gmp* Pdhtjco" cdjsqo cd bop

`æq`tbop ntcæop bop òj`dysop lgbopðlgòp hqgdhop ytcgdqoj pdq pmjsglg`mcop òj bm mtsoqgcmc

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3

Db fíp gjhdjgopo cd bop pgjsdsg~mcoqdp ntcæop ltd Lgbðj cd Mbdnmjcqæm" cd 14 m* @*" m 39

c* @* Dpsd Lgbðj" mtj}td qdòjo`æm mb Mjsghto Sdpsmfdjso òfo bm Ymbmaqm cd Cgop" pd

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`bmpd cd duçhdpgp mptfd }td db pdjsgco bgsdqmb cd bmp Dp`qgstqmp dp ymqm db ytdabo òfþj"

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ymj" pgjo òjo`gfgdjso lgbopðlgò }td cdp`gdjcd cdb Bohop cg|gjo* Dpsd fçsoco jo aæabgò

cd duçhdpgp dqm dfybdmco bgaqdfdjsd yoq socm bm dcmc fdcgm*

Lgbðj òfagjð ftèop sdfmp ybmsðjgòp w edbdjgpsmp òj pt ld dj db Mjsghto

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jo`gojdp ymhmjmp" Lgbðj pm`qglg`ð bm mtsoqgcmc cd bmp Dp`qgstqmp* @ofo pt`dcd dj socm

pæjsdpgp" db yocdq cgqd`sg|o cd bm mtsoqgcmc cd bmp Dp`qgstqmp pd ygdqcd* Bmp Dp`qgstqmp jo

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d|mjhdbgo òfo m bm lgbopolæm ymhmjm* Dj hdjdqmb dpsop yqgfdqop `qgpsgmjop jo dpsmamj

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Cgpsgjhtgfop sqdp fçsocop cd pæjsdpgp dj dpsd ydqæoco* Db fíp gfyoqsmjsd ltd db

fçsoco cd dgpçhdpgp&duçhdpgp* Dpsmp ymbmaqmp hqgdhmp òjpgpsdj dj ‒sqmdq cdjsqo‖ w

‒dusqmdq‖* Dj dld`so" pghjglg`m bddq dj bmp Dp`qgstqmp bo }td jo dpsí meæ" w m ydpmq cd dpsmq dj

òjlbg`so òj dbbmp cdagco m bop dbdfdjsop mndjop }td tjo em gjsqoct`gco* Btdho" `tmjco

dpop dbdfdjsop dusqmýop pd emj gj`qtpsmco dj db sduso aæabgò" pd dusqmdj cd mbbæ òfo pgltdqmj ymqsd cd çb" dpsm dp bm duçhdpgp* Cd dpsd foco" bmp gcdmp ymhmjmp ltdqoj gj`qtpsmcmp

gjhdjtmfdjsd cdjsqo cd bmp Dp`qgstqmp" empsm db hqmco cd ptyojdq }td bm Agabgm bmp

djpdýmam* Pt`dcæm lqd`tdjsdfdjsd }td bop `qgpsgmjop dj ptp cdamsdp òj bop ymhmjop

cd`æmj> `qddfop jo yoq}td sþ bo cghmp" pgjo yoq}td yqo`dcd cd bm Agabgm* Dj smbdp `mpop"

sqmsmamj cd dusqmdq cd bmp Dp`qgstqmp" cd foco agabg`gpsm" tjm lgbopolæm" dj smjso }td wm

emaæmj sqmæco tjm dusqmým lgbopolæm m bmp Dp`qgstqmp*

Jo dp cglæ`gb gfmhgjmq db gjsdqfgjmabd lqm`mpo }td dpsd sgyo cd pæjsdpgp `mtpð m bm ghbdpgm

yqgfgsg|m* Bop `qgpsgmjop bdæmj dbdfdjsop ymhmjop cgldqdjsdp dj bmp Dp`qgstqmp w

òjpd`tdjsdfdjsd `mæmj dj òjlbg`sop tjop òjsqm osqop*

Tj pdhtjco fçsoco ltd db cd bm ymqmconm* Pd m`dysmam tj òj`dyso ymhmjo mb fgpfo

sgdfyo }td dp òjsqmqgo m bmp Dp`qgstqmp* Dj osqmp ymbmaqmp" bm pæjsdpgp cd ymqmconm m`dysm

smjso bmp Dp`qgstqmp òfo bm lgbopolæm ymhmjm m ydpmq cd qdòjo`dq }td mfamp dpsíj dj

òjlbg`so; dj dpso òjpgpsd bm ymqmconm" mlgqfmq }td db ymhmjgpfo w bmp Dp`qgstqmp poj bm

|dqcmc* Dp d|gcdjsd bo gjpopsdjgabd cd dpsm yopstqm" pgj dfamqho çpsm dp wm tj m|mj`d

poaqd db fçsoco dgpçhdpgp&duçhdpgp" yoq}td pd cm `tdjsm }td bm lgbopolæm ymhmjm

pgfybdfdjsd jo ytdcd" m`qæsg`mfdjsd" mcmysmqpd m bm Dp`qgstqm*

Db sdq`dq fçsoco pgjsçsgò pd cdpmqqobbð dj bm þbsgfm ymqsd cd dpsd yqgfdq ydqæoco

ymsqæpsgò w ltd cdpsgjmco m nthmq tj ymydb `qt`gmb dj bmp dcmcdp yoq |djgq* Dpsd ltd db cd

jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm*

Bop sqdp fçsocop pgjsçsgòp pd ytdcdj sqmsmq òj|djgdjsdfdjsd dj bmp sqdp

ptacg|gpgojdp m ̀ ojsgjtm`gðj*



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yqgfgsg|m* Ltd `mqm`sdqæpsg`m yqgj`gymb cd m}tdbbop `qgpsgmjop }td pgfymsg~mqoj ftèo òjbm lgbopolæm hqgdhm w empsm òjpgcdqmqoj `mpg `qgpsgmjop m bop ymhmjop* Dj hdjdqmb" dpsop

myobohgpsmp yqgfgsg|op w ymcqdp d`bdpgípsgòp m bm |d~ dpsmamj bgpsop ymqm mòfocmqpd mb

ymhmjgpfo* Db qdptbsmco ltd bm lgbopolæm pgjsçsg`m> bm tjgðj cd cop yqgj`gygop cd

ydjpmfgdjso ftstmfdjsd du`btwdjsdp* Dj dpd gjsdjso" db yocdq qdjo|mcoq cd bm Ymbmaqm

cd Cgop jo pd mybg`ð mb ydjpmfgdjso lgbopðlgò* Jo st|o bthmq tjm qdloqfm gjsdqjm cd bm

lgbopolæm" jg pg}tgdqm" cgèo cd osqo foco" pd cdpmqqobbð tjm lgbopolæm `qgpsgmjm* Yoq db

òjsqmqgo" dpsd yocdq qdjo|mcoq cd bm Ymbmaqm cd Cgop ltd po`m|mco w cgbtgco mb m`dysmq bop

gjlbtnop jo `qgpsgmjop*

Bmp edqdnæmp w btèmp gjsdqjmp dj bm ghbdpgm yqgfgsg|m ltdqoj `mtpmcmp yoq bm pæjsdpgp*

Yoq dndfybo" mbhtjop cd bop yqgfdqop `qgpsgmjop lm|oqd`gdqoj tjm yopg`gðj fojgpsm" osqop

lm|oqd`gdqoj bm ctmbgpsm* @ofo |gfop mjsdp" dpsd cgbdfm jo dp `qgpsgmjo pg}tgdqm* Bop

`qgpsgmjop jo ytdcdj pdq jg fojgpsmp jg ctmbgpsmp; ydqo bop ymcqdp cd bm ghbdpgm btèmqoj

tjop òjsqm osqop poaqd smbdp ampdp*

Tj fdnoq dndfybo cdb qdptbsmco cd bm pæjsdpgp dp bm amsmbbm poaqd bm Sqgjgcmc* Mbhtjop

`qgpsgmjop" yoq dndfybo" oqgdjsmcop em`gm db fojmq}tgpfo mqgpsosçbgò" |gdqoj m Cgop db

Ymcqd òfo ‒db dsdqjo sqmp`djcdjsd‖" gjso`mabd mþj yoq @qgpso Ndpþp" òjpgcdqmco tj

fdqo eofaqd gj|dpsgco òj db dpyæqgst cd pmagctqæm ptyqmydqpojmb* Osqop `qgpsgmjop"oqgdjsmcop em`gm db fojmq}tgpfo ybmsðjgò |gdqoj bm tjgcmc cdb Ymcqd" Egno w Dpyæqgst" dj

db cgop cd Mqgpsðsdbdp" mpæ òfo bm cgpsgj`gðj cd bmp ydqpojmp dj bop yqo`dpop cd

ydjpmfgdjso cd jotp tjg|dqpmb* Cd dbbo aqosmqoj sqdfdjcmp amsmbbmp* Mþj fíp" osqop

`qgpsgmjop dj cg|dqpop focop gcdjsglg`mqoj m Ndpt`qgpso òfo db Bohop cd bop dpsogòp" o

òfo db jotp tjg|dqpmb jdoybmsðjgò*

Dj soco dpso pd |d `bmqmfdjsd }td bm pæjsdpgp `mtpð m bm ghbdpgm `qgpsgmjm pðbo

mfmqhtqmp* Emqdfop agdj dj qdlbdugojmq poaqd dpsm pgstm`gðj cd bm ghbdpgm yqgfgsg|m w dj db

edèo }td bop `qgpsgmjop" mþj pgdjco `qdwdjsdp dj bm Agabgm" ytcgdqmj cgldqgq dj smjsopfocop" pgfybdfdjsd yoq}td pd cdnmqoj mqqmpsqmq yoq bm pæjsdpgp* Dpsm pgdfyqd cdpsqtwd db

yocdq cd bm ghbdpgm* Cd meæ }td m}tdbbop }td pdqgmfdjsd cdpdmj yqofo|dq bm tjgcmc cd

çpsm w cdpdmj gj|obt`qmqpd dj bm smqdm d`tfçjg`m jo cdadj òfdj~mq cg`gdjco

‒ob|gcçfojop cd co`sqgjmp w ̀ qdcop" pdmfop pobmfdjsd mfghop‖" pgjo }td cdadj òfamsgq

bm pæjsdpgp òj edèop* M òjsgjtm`gðj tjmp ymbmaqmp m`dq`m cd `gdqsop ydqpojmndp cd bm

ghbdpgm yqgfgsg|m dj cop aqd|dp `myæstbop*



8

@MYÆSTBO =

BOP YQGFDQOP BÆCDQDP CDB YDJPMFGDJSO @QGPSGMJO

Jo socop bop bæcdqdp dj bm ghbdpgm yqgfgsg|m poj bbmfmcop ‒ymcqdp cd bm ghbdpgm‖*

Hdjdqmbfdjsd pd em`d tjm cgpsgj`gðj djsqd bop ymcqdp myopsðbgòp %bm fmwoqæm cd dbbop

emaæmj òjo`gco ydqpojmbfdjsd m bop myðpsobdp'" w bop myobohgpsmp hqgdhop w bmsgjop%dpyd`gmbfdjsd dbbop ltdqoj bop cdldjpoqdp cd bm ld òjsqm bop ymhmjop'" w bop ymcqdp cd bm

ghbdpgm hqgdhop w bmsgjop %}tgdjdp pd òfyqofdsgdqoj m cdldjcdq bm ld òjsqm bmp edqdnæmp'*

Dj fmwoq o fdjoq hqmco" socop dbbop qdyqdpdjsmj db ydjpmfgdjso pgjsçsgò*

Tj myobohgpsm yqgfgsg|o lmfopo ltd Ntpsgjo fíqsgq* Dpst|o ftw djmfoqmco cd bm

lgbopolæm hqgdhm* Gjòqyoqð bm sdoqæm cdb m yqgoqg m pt ydjpmfgdjso `qgpsgmjo* Dp gbtpsqmcoq

oapdq|mq `ðfo bo eg~o" yoq}td jop yqoyoq`gojm tj dndfybo `bmqo cd dgpçhdpgp&duçhdpgp*

Sofdfop db sduso aæabgò cd Ntmj =>7* Dj db oqghgjmb hqgdho db sduso dp mfaghto w ytdcd

bddqpd cd cop focop* Dj `mpsdbbmjo bm mfaghòdcmc pd qdlbdnm dj bm qd|gpgðj òjo`gcm òfo‒|dqpgðj mjsghtm‖ cd Qdgjm&\mbdqm" òqqdhgcm dj bm qd|gpgðj =7<9* Dj bm yqgfdqm pd bdd"

‒ M}tdb dqm bm bt~ |dqcmcdqm }td mbtfaqm m soco eofaqd }td |gdjd m dpsd ftjco‖* Dj

smjso }td bm qd|gpgðj =7<9 bdd" ‒M}tdbbm bt~ |dqcmcdqm" }td mbtfaqm m soco eofaqd" |djæm

m dpsd ftjco‖* Pd josm bm cgldqdj`gm; bm mjsghtm ymqd`d mlgqfmq }td bm bt~ |dqcmcdqm |gdjd

cdjsqo cd `mcm eofaqd }td em`d dj dpsd ftjco" gbtfgjíjcobo* Dj `mfago bm qd|gpgðj

=7<9 mlgqfm }td dp bm bt~ |dqcmcdqm bm }td |gdjd m dpsd ftjco* Ytdp agdj" Ntpsgjo

qíygcmfdjsd pd mpgð m bm yqgfdqm gjsdqyqdsm`gðj* Bm Agabgm djpdým òj `bmqgcmc" cgno" }td

`mcm eofaqd }td |gdjd m dpsd ftjco dpsí gbtfgjmco yoq db bohop* ¿]tç dp dpsm bt~? Jmcm

pgjo ‒bm bt~ jmstqmb cd bm qm~ðj‖" bop m yqgoqgp* Dpsm gjsdqyqdsm`gðj bdd bm sdoqæm cdb m yqgoqg

dj db sduso w btdho em`d duçhdpgp cd m`tdqco m dbbm* Ghjoqm bm |dqcmcdqm duçhdpgp cdb sduso"

db `tmb cg`d }td Ndpt`qgpso dp bm |dqcmcdqm bt~ }td |gjo m dpsd ftjco ymqm gbtfgjmq m `mcm

ydqpojm ydqo db ftjco jo bd òjo`gð" jg }tgpo òjo`dqbd %|dqpæ`tbop `gjò mb oj`d'* Db

sduso jo djpdým tjm bt~ dj `mcm eofaqd" pgjo tj ftjco }td qdèm~ð bm bt~ %|çmpd Ntmj

0>=<&1=; =1>04&39"3<'*

Mqæpsgcdp cd Msdjmp dp osqo dndfybo cd pæjsdpgp* Tpð tj mqhtfdjso mqgpsosçbgò ymqm

duybg`mq w ‒yqoamq‖ bm dugpsdj`gm cd Cgop> bo }td pd ftd|d cdad pdq fo|gco yoq mbhtgdj"

yoq bo smjso cdad emadq tj yqgfdq fosoq* Mqæpsgcdp gcdjsglg`ð dpsd ‒yqgfdq fosoq‖ òj

Cgop* Cd dpsd foco Mqæpsgcdp dpsmabd`d bm ampd ymqm bm jo`gðj dpòbípsg`m %w `msðbg`mqofmjm' cd bm sdobohæm jmstqmb* Dpsm yqdsdjcd òjo`dq w duybg`mq m Cgop yoq fdcgo cd bm

‒qm~ðj‖" m sqm|çp cd mqhtfdjsop qm`gojmbdp pgj tpmq bm qd|dbm`gðj Dp`qgstqmb* Bm dpòbípsg`m

fdcgd|mb eg~o yqoygm bm sdobohæm jmstqmb* Bo sdpsglg`mj ptp dusdjpmp ‒yqtdamp cd bm

dugpsdj`gm cd Cgop‖" òfo ptp cdp`qgy`gojdp w duybg`m`gojdp bðhg`mp" yoq dndfybo" cd bm

Sqgjgcmc* Ntmj @mb|gjo òfamsgð bm sdobohæm jmstqmb %Gjpsgst`gðj" =" 4" 7' òj ftèm



5

|dedfdj`gm* Mlgqfð }td jo yocdfop qm~ojmq jg lgbopolmq m`dq`m cd Cgop" smfyoò

pojcdmq pt dpdj`gm> pðbo yocdfop mcoqmqbd* Pgj dfamqho" dj jtdpsqm sdobohæm d|mjhçbg`m

egpsðqg`m" qdloqfmcm gj`btpo" emw ̀ bmqop qdpmagop cd smb ‒sdobohæm jmstqmb‖*

Dj bmp yqgfdqmp dsmymp cd bm egpsoqgm cd bm ghbdpgm mymqd`gð tj hqmj ydbghqo ymqm db

d|mjhdbgo dj bmp loqfmp cdb hjopsg`gpfo* Dpsd st|o ftèmp loqfmp" wm ltdqm dj db ífagso`qgpsgmjo o db jo `qgpsgmjo* Bop hjðpsgòp cdqg|mqoj pt òjo`gfgdjso cd ltdjsdp oqgdjsmbdp"

ntcæmp w edbçjg`mp" òjltjcgdjco òj lqd`tdj`gm bm qd|dbm`gðj òj db fgso* Bop hjðpsgòp

djlmsg~mqoj bm hjopgp" dp cd`gq" òjo`gfgdjso gjsdbd`stmb cd bm mjsæsdpgp djsqd Cgop w db

fmbo" db dpyæqgst òjsqm bm fmsdqgm* Cd`æmj }td smb òjo`gfgdjso dqm cd fmwoq gfyoqsmj`gm

}td bm ld* Yoq bo smjso" bm ghbdpgm òfamsgð |ghoqopmfdjsd mb hjopsg`gpfo" dpyd`gmbfdjsd m

sqm|çp cd bop ymcqdp cd bm ghbdpgm Gqdjdo d Egyðbgso*

Yoq þbsgfo" dèdfop tj |gpsm~o m tj hqtyo gfyoqsmjsd cd `qgpsgmjop yqgfgsg|op `two

ydjpmfgdjso pgjsçsgò dndq`gð tjm sqdfdjcm gjlbtdj`gm poaqd bm lgbopolæm fdcgd|mbyopsdqgoq* Jop qdldqgfop m bm bbmfmcm dp`tdbm `msd}tgpsm cd Mbdnmjcqæm* Bop fíp

poaqdpmbgdjsdp ltdqoj @bdfdjsd cd Mbdnmjcqæm w Oqæhdjdp* Bm lgbopolæm cd Oqæhdjdp qd|dbm

`bmqmfdjsd bm gjlbtdj`gm cdb ntcæo Lgbðj" cd Ybmsðj w cd bop jdoybmsðjgòp* Jmcm emaæm cd

gjpgcgopo dj bm lgbopolæm cd Oqæhdjdp* Mtj}td ftqgð òfo fíqsgq m `mtpm cd pt ld `qgpsgmjm"

bm ghbdpgm òjcdjð ptp sdoqæmp dj db pghbo pduso" òjpgcdqíjcobmp edqdnæmp*



7

@MYÆSTBO 1

MHTPSÆJ %043&309'

@bmpglg`mfop m Mhtpsæj cdjsqo cd bm `msdhoqæm cd bop lgbðpolop cd bm dgpçhdpgp&duçhdpgp"

mtj}td cdadfop sdjdq dj `tdjsm }td fíp }td jgjhþj osqo ymcqd cd bm ghbdpgm dpst|o

òjp`gdjsd cd bm jmstqmbd~m þjg`m cdb d|mjhdbgo* Ltd em`gm db lgjmb cd pt |gcmdpyd`gmbfdjsd }td pd cgo `tdjsm }td yoq yqgj`gygop db `qgpsgmjgpfo w db ymhmjgpfo pd

du`btwdj ftstmfdjsd*

Mhtpsæj jm`gð dj Smhmpsd" mb joqsd cd Ílqg`m" w dj pt nt|djstc |g|gð dj cgpobt`gðj* Tj

bgaqo dp`qgso yoq @g`dqðj cdpydqsð pt gjsdqçp yoq bm lgbopolæm" qdptbsmjco dj mcedqgqpd

pt`dpg|mfdjsd m |mqgmp dp`tdbmp lgbopðlg`mp ymhmjmp mjsdp cd bbdhmq m pdq `qgpsgmjo dj db

mýo 05< c* @* Ltd oagpyo cd Egyojm dj db joqsd cd Ílqg`m" cojcd ympð db qdpso cd pt |gcm

cdldjcgdjco bm ghbdpgm cd bm edqdnæm w yqoct`gdjco |obtfgjopop dp`qgsop* Ptp cop oaqmp fíp

lmfopmp poj @ojldpgojdp" w Bm @gtcmc cd Cgop*

Mhtpsæj ltd gjlbtdj`gmco ltdqsdfdjsd yoq db jdoybmsojgpfo" mtj}td jtj`m mcoysð

ybdjmfdjsd cgèm yopstqm" wm }td jo emw fgpsg`gpfo dj pt ydjpmfgdjso* Mpæ òfo bop

ybmsojgpsmp" Mhtpsæj ltd tj tjg|dqpmbgpsm ymq`gmb òj db sdfm cd fm`qoòpfop&

fg`qoòpfop> `qdæm }td emaæm tj ymqmbdbo djsqd Cgop w db mbfm Etfmjm* Smfagçj ltd

gjlbtdj`gmco yoq db sdfm cdb m yqgoqg * Dj pt oygjgðj" bm fdjsd etfmjm sgdjd |dqcmcdp m

yqgoqg }td cdsdqfgjmj pt duydqgdj`gm* Mpgfgpfo" pd gj`bgjð m em`dq sdobohæm dj sçqfgjop

cdb Cgop jdoybmsðjgò*

Db ytjso cd |gpsm cd Mhtpsæj poaqd bm duydqgdj`gm dp cd sdjcdj`gm ybmsðjg`m* Bmduydqgdj`gm pdjpoqgmb yqoct`d pðbo òjo`gfgdjso `mfagmjsd d gjþsgb* Bmp |dqcmcdp

ydqfmjdjsdp pðbo pd oasgdjdj yoq db gjsdbd`so* M}tæ cdsd`smfop bm gjlbtdj`gm

gjsdbd`stmbgpsm cd Ybmsðj*

Pt oaqm" Bm @gtcmc cd Cgop dp fmhjælg`m; dj dbbm Mhtpsæj dpsmabd`d db ltjcmfdjso cd

tjm lgbopolæm cd bm egpsoqgm cdpcd tjm ydqpyd`sg|m `qgpsgmjm* Dj dpsd bgaqo òjlqojsm cop

`gtcmcdp" bm `g|gsmp Cdg w bm `g|gsmp sdqqdjm %Bm `gtcmc cd Cgop w bm `gtcmc sdqqdjmb'* Mhtpsæj

dpst|o òjp`gdjsd }td bm `gtcmc cd Cgop jo dp gcçjsg`m òj bm ghbdpgm" jg bm `gtcmc sdqqdjm

gcçjsg`m òj db dpsmco" yoq}td emw gj`qçctbop dj bm ghbdpgm òfo `qdwdjsdp dj db dpsmco*

Pgj dfamqho" Mhtpsæj jo cgpsgjhtgð ptlg`gdjsdfdjsd djsqd bm ghbdpgm gjpsgst`gojmb w db Qdgjo

cd @qgpso* @ofo qdptbsmco" popst|o }td db dpsmco pðbo ytdcd bbdhmq m pdq `qgpsgmjo `tmjco

pd pofdsd m bm htæm w mtsoqgcmc cd bm ghbdpgm `msðbg`m gjpsgst`gojmb* Dpsm djpdýmj~m pdýmbm db

òfgdj~o cdb ytjso cd |gpsm fdcgd|mb cdb ‒pmjso gfydqgo qofmjo‖*

Mhtpsæj qdòjo`gð }td bm lgbopolæm jo dp mtsðjofm" pgjo }td pt cgqd``gðj dpsí

cdsdqfgjmcm yoq pt ld" pdm `qgpsgmjm o myðpsmsm* Pgj dfamqho" dj bthmq cd sqmamnmq poaqd



=9

dpsm sdpgp em`gm tjm qdloqfm cd bm lgbopolæm" `qdwð }td bm lgbopolæm jd`dpgsm ptndsmqpd m bm

sdobohæm m lgj cd bbdhmq m pdq `qgpsgmjm* Bm qdbm`gðj djsqd bm sdobohæm w bm lgbopolæm bbdhð m pdq

tj mptjso cd hqmjcdp òjsgdjcmp dj bm dcmc fdcgm* Pdhþj Mhtpsæj w osqop sdðbohop

fdcgd|mbdp" bm sdobohæm dp bm ‒qdgjm cd bmp `gdj`gmp‖* Bmp osqmp `gdj`gmp poj pðbo ‒pgq|gdjsmp‖

cd bm sdobohæm* Dpsm gcdm socm|æm dp popsdjgcm dj `gdqsop `æq`tbop d|mjhçbgòp* Cgèm jo`gðj

pd cdqg|m cd Mqgpsðsdbdp" }tgdj òjpgcdqð m bm sdobohæm òfo fdsmlæpg`m" òfo bm ‒qdgjm cd

bmp `gdj`gmp‖" m bm `tmb bmp osqmp `gdj`gmp" òfo fdqmp dp`bm|mp" jo ytdcdj òjsqmcd`gq

%|çmpd Mqgpsðsdbdp" Fdsmlæpg`m'* Bm `tdpsgðj cd bm qdbm`gðj djsqd bm sdobohæm w bm lgbopolæm w

bmp `gdj`gmp dp ftw gfyoqsmjsd w sdjcqdfop o`mpgðj cd òfdjsmqbo dj bo pt`dpg|o*

Cd bo mjsdqgoq jo yocdfop òj`btgq }td Mhtpsæj ltd dj bm yqí`sg`m tj ymhmjo* Cd

jgjhþj foco* Gjctcmabdfdjsd ltd db fíp hqmjcd djsqd socop bop ymcqdp cd bm ghbdpgm" w

qdptbsmco cd pt dpltdq~o ltd db `qd`gfgdjso w loqsmbd`gfgdjso cd bm fgpfm" pmb|mhtmqcm cd

socm `bmpd cd edqdnæmp* Mcdfíp" òfo bo gjcg`mfop" Mhtpsæj" fíp }td `tmb}tgdq osqo"

djsdjcgð bm jmstqmbd~m qmcg`mb cd bmp Dp`qgstqmp* Ltd tj `qgpsgmjo òjpmhqmco }td `mfgjðòj pt Pdýoq* Jo ctcmfop qd|dqdj`gmqbo yoq pt emagbgcmc w bohqop" w yoq bm adjcg`gðj }td

sqmno poaqd bm ghbdpgm dj bop pghbop yopsdqgoqdp* Mb fgpfo sgdfyo" jo cdadfop popbmwmq bop

dld`sop cdb ymhmjgpfo mþj dj tj eofaqd smj hqmjcd òfo Mhtpsæj*



==

PTACG\GPGÐJ GG

PÆJSDPGP CD BM YMQMCONM

Bop mcedqdjsdp m dpsd sgyo cd pæjsdpgp dj `gdqso pdjsgco pd oytpgdqoj m bop pdhtgcoqdp

cdb fçsoco dgpçhdpgp&duçhdpgp* Bop pgjsdsg~mcoqdp cd bm ymqmconm `qdwdqoj }td db

`qgpsgmjgpfo pd oyojæm m bm lgbopolæm* Ymqm dbbop bm lgbopolæm hqgdhm qdyqdpdjsm mb ftjco fmbow sdjdfop }td d|gsmqbm* Pd josm `bmqmfdjsd }td dpsm yopstqm dp òjsqmqgm m bm cd Ntpsgjo

fíqsgq* Bm m`sgstc cd bm pæjsdpgp cd bm ymqmconm yqdymqð db sdqqdjo ymqm }td pd mpdjsmqm bm

fdjsmbgcmc ‒dp`mygpsm‖ cdb ftjco" wm }td" pdhþj dbbop" db ftjco dp fmbo w sdjdfop }td

d|gsmqbo* Bmp òjpd`tdj`gmp cd dpsm yopstqm mjsgaæabg`m ltdqoj db mp`dsgpfo w db

fojm}tgpfo*

Cop ydjpmcoqdp lmfopop cd dpsm pæjsdpgp ltdqoj bop ymcqdp d`bdpgípsgòp Sgsgmjo w

Sdqstbgmjo* Dpyd`gmbfdjsd Sdqstbgmjo" }td dp`qgagð dj bmsæj" dp òjo`gco yoq pt

òjsqgat`gðj m bm sdqfgjobohæm sdobðhg`m* Dp lmfopo yoq mlgqfm`gojdp smbdp òfo ‒Ybmsðjdp db ymcqd cd soco dqqoq‖" w ‒¿}tç sgdjd }td |dq Ndqtpmbçj òj Msdjmp?‖ *

Ymqmcðng`mfdjsd" Sdqstbgmjo ltd gjld`smco yoq bm lgbopolæm ymhmjm" dpyd`gmbfdjsd db

dpsog`gpfo" cd edèo" em pgco bbmfmco ‒db dpsogò cdb `qgpsgmjgpfo‖*

Sdqstbgmjo ltd tjo cd bop yqgfdqop dj djlo`mq db yqoabdfm sdobðhgò cdb

sqmct`gmjgpfo òjsqm db `qdm`gojgpfo* Dpsd yqoabdfm sqmsm cd bm qdbm`gðj djsqd db mbfm w db

`tdqyo* Db sqmct`gmjgpfo popsgdjd }td db mbfm dp sqmjpfgsgcm ntjso òj db `tdqyo

cgqd`smfdjsd yoq bop yqohdjgsoqdp; db `qdm`gojgpfo popsgdjd }td Cgop `qdm db mbfm

gjcg|gctmb w bm gjpdqsm dj db `tdqyo cdb adaç dj mbhþj fofdjso cdb gjg`go cd pt |gcm*

Mfamp yopstqmp sqoygd~mj òj cglg`tbsmcdp" ydqo jo jop dusqmýd" wm }td dpsd dp tjypdtcoyqoabdfm" ytdp yqdptyojd tjm mjsqoyobohæm cgòsðfg`m hqgdhm" òjpgcdqmjco mb

eofaqd òfytdpso cd tj ‒mbfm ptpsmj`gmb‖ w tjm ‒ptpsmj`gm òqyoqmb‖* Cdpcd btdho }td

dj jgjhþj bmco bm Dp`qgstqm djpdým tjm co`sqgjm cd tjm ptpsmj`gm cdb mbfm jg cd tjm

ptpsmj`gm cdb `tdqyo* Bm ymbmaqm aæabg`m }td pd sqmct`d ‒òqm~ðj‖ o ‒mbfm‖ jtj`m cdad

sofmqpd dj pt pdjsgco hqgdho*

Cmco }td smfagçj joposqop dpsmfop btèmjco òj dpsd yqoabdfm dj qdbm`gðj mb

maoqso" cdftdpsqm }td jtdpsqm fdjsmbgcmc socm|æm jo em dqqmcg`mco db ydjpmfgdjso

pgjsçsgò dj jtdpsqm sdobohæm* Dpsop yqoabdfmp mjsqoyobðhgòp pd sqmsmqíj yoq pdymqmco*



=1

PTACG\GPGÐJ GGG

DB CTMBGPFO JMSTQMBD^M/HQM@GM

Dpsd sgyo cd pæjsdpgp jo pðbo yqdymqð db `mfgjo ymqm db dpòbmpsg`gpfo fdcgd|mb"

smfagçj yqoctno bmp òjcg`gojdp ymqm db yqo`dpo cd pd`tbmqg~m`gðj }td cgo òfo qdptbsmco

db sqgtjlo cdb etfmjgpfo* Socm|æm eow" bm òftjgcmc `qgpsgmjm dpsí ybmhmcm òj bmfdjsmbgcmc jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm" yoq bo }td dp gfydqmsg|o djsdjcdq dpsm pgstm`gðj òj fmwoq

`bmqgcmc*

Db pghjglg`mco cdb ctmbgpfo jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm pd ytdcd djsdjcdq fdnoq `tmjco

òjpgcdqmfop pt oqghdj" }td pd qdfojsm empsm bm òjsqo|dqpgm ydbmhgmjm* Dj bop cæmp cd

Mhtpsæj pd bd|mjsð tjm edqdnæm bbmfmcm ydbmhgmjgpfo* Ptp cdldjpoqdp jdhmqoj db yd`mco

oqghgjmb w mlgqfmqoj }td db eofaqd ytdcd" yoq pt yqoygm |obtjsmc bgaqd" oasdjdq bm

ntpsglg`m`gðj pg pd bo ydqfgsæmj bmp `gq`tjpsmj`gmp* Mhtpsæj òfamsgð dpsm edqdnæm òj |ghoq" w

qdmlgqfð bm jmstqmbd~m qmcg`mb cd bm `mæcm* Db @oj`gbgo cd @mqsmho dj db mýo 3=5 c* @*" cdlgjgðbm co`sqgjm w }tdcð òjcdjmco db ydbmhgmjgpfo*

@dq`m cd cgd~ mýop cdpytçp ptqhgð bm òjsqo|dqpgm ‒pdfgydbmhgmjm‖* Mbhtjop cd bop

}td òjcdjmqoj db ydbmhgmjgpfo smfyoò dpst|gdqoj cd m`tdqco cdb soco òj bo cgèo

yoq Mhtpsæj" dpyd`gmbfdjsd dj bo qdldqdjsd m bm co`sqgjm cd bm yqdcdpsgjm`gðj" bm `tmb

cdpydqsð gjòjloqfgcmc* Yqojso" cdjsqo cd bm ghbdpgm" `qd`gð bm gcdm cd }td bm `mæcm jo

òqqofygð sosmbfdjsd mb eofaqd* Ntmj @mpgmjo" tj hqmj oyojdjsd cd Mhtpsæj" dp`qgagð>

‒yoq bo smjso" jo emw ctcm cd }td yoq jmstqmbd~m dugpsdj pdfgbbmp cd aojcmc dj `mcm mbfm

yoq bm aojcmc cdb `qdmcoq‖ %@ofymqm`gojdp" bgaqo UGGG" `myæstbo =1'*

Dj db mýo 417 c* @*" db @oj`gbgo cd Oqmjhd loqftbð bm co`sqgjm mhtpsgjgmjm poaqd bm

hqm`gm w òjcdjð mb pdfgydbmhgmjgpfo* Pgj dfamqho" dpop `íjojdp cd co`sqgjm"

dpyd`gmbfdjsd bop }td sqmsmqoj òj db dpsmco cdb eofaqd mjsdp w cdpytçp cd bm `mæcm" pd

duyqdpmqoj cd smb foco }td maqgdqoj bmp ytdqsmp ymqm db sdfm jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm* Pd

tpmqoj lqmpdp òfo ‒hqm`gm jmstqmb‖ w ‒hqm`gm poaqdjmstqmb‖* Yoq òjpghtgdjsd"

gfybæ`gsmfdjsd" pd eg~o bm cgpsgj`gðj djsqd bo jmstqmb w bo poaqdjmstqmb*

Yoq fíp cd tj pghbo pd emaæm |djgco cgp`tsgdjco m`dq`m cd bm jmstqmbd~m cdb eofaqd"

smjso mjsdp w cdpytçp cd bm `mæcm* Dpso òjctno m bm gcdm }td bm `mæcm `mtpð }td db eofaqd

ydqcgdqm ‒mbho poaqdjmstqmb‖* Pðbo dqm `tdpsgðj cd sgdfyo ‒cdsdqfgjmq‖ `tmbdp msqgatsop

cdadqæmj mpghjmqpd m bo ‒poaqdjmstqmb‖ w `tíbdp m bo ‒jmstqmb‖* M}tæ pd |d }td bm

mjsqoyobohæm cofgjmjsd yqoyg`gð }td db @oj`gbgo cd Oqmjhd jop yqdpdjsmqm mb eofaqd dj

dpsop sçqfgjop> mjsdp cd bm `mæcm ‒db eofaqd jmstqmb‖ yopdæm tjm fdcgcm dpyd`gmb cd bo

‒poaqdjmstqmb‖* Cdpytçp cd bm `mæcm dpso pd ydqcgð fgdjsqmp }td bo ‒jmstqmb‖ }tdcð

gjsm`so* Dj db eofaqd" bo ‒jmstqmb‖" wm cdagbgsmco yoq bm `mæcm" socm|æm ltj`gojm



=0

joqfmbfdjsd amno bm htæm cd ‒bm bt~ jmstqmb cd bm qm~ðj‖* Mpæ ytdp" bm ‒qm~ðj‖" òfo bo cgno

Mqgpsðsdbdp" dqm bm ̀ mqm`sdqæpsg`m cdsdqfgjmjsd cdb ‒eofaqd jmstqmb‖*

Dpsd foco cd djsdjcdq mb eofaqd bbdhð m pdq bm ampd ymqm db dpòbmpsg`gpfo* Cd

m`tdqco m bop dpòbípsgòp" emw cop íqdmp dj bm |gcm" tjm dp bm ‒jmstqmb‖ }td òfyqdjcd mb

dpsmco" bm po`gdcmc" bm lgbopolæm" bm ‒qm~ðj‖" bm bdw" bmp `gdj`gmp; w bm osqm dp bm

‒poaqdjmstqmb‖" }td gj`btwd bm hqm`gm" bm ghbdpgm" bm sdobohæm w ‒bm qdbghgðj‖* Dpsd ctmbgpfo cd

jmstqmbd~m w hqm`gm òjpgcdqm m bm lgbopolæm òfo ‒jmstqmb‖" òfo tjm duyqdpgðj cdb

eofaqd jmstqmb" gj`gcdjsmbfdjsd smfagçj òjpgcdqm m bm lgbopolæm òfo yqd`tqpoqm cd bm

sdobohæm `qgpsgmjm" w yoq bo smjso" m`dysmabd* Dj òjpd`tdj`gm" jo pd jd`dpgsm" ytdp" tjm

lgbopolæm `qgpsgmjm* Bmp òjpd`tdj`gmp cd smb yopg`gðj mjsgaæabg`m pd emqíj d|gcdjsdp `tmjco

sqmsdfop bmp pghtgdjsdp cg|gpgojdp*



=3

Qdympo cd bm Cg|gpgðj G

Dpsmfop òjp`gdjsdp cd bm pgstm`gðj }td yqd|mbd`gð dj bm ghbdpgm `qgpsgmjm yqgfgsg|m w

ymsqæpsg`m* Edfop |gpso }td bm myopsmpæm w db ymhmjgpfo òqqofygdqoj db fdjpmnd `qgpsgmjo*

Emabmjco etfmjmfdjsd" bm ghbdpgm `qgpsgmjm ymqd`æm tjm `mtpm ydqcgcm* Mpæ ymqd`d eow*

Lgnçfojop dj bm gjpghjglg`mj`gm d gfyosdj`gm cdb `qgpsgmjgpfo dj dpsd ftjco focdqjoetfmjgpsm* Lgnçfojop òfo bop `qgpsgmjop dj hdjdqmb òjpdq|mfop tjm fdjsmbgcmc

pgjsçsg`m* Ftèo cdb foco cd ydjpmq cdb `qgpsgmjo dp yqoltjcmfdjsd pd`tbmq* Ymqd`d }td

bop }td btèmj yoq db agdjdpsmq w yqohqdpo cd bm ghbdpgm `qgpsgmjm emj myopsmco mb `mambbo

d}tg|o`mco*

Ydqo cdadfop qdòqcmq }td smjso eow òfo dj db sgdfyo mjsghto" @qgpso Ndpþp

hoagdqjm pt ghbdpgm* Db wm oast|o bm |g`soqgm ymqm joposqop m ydpmq cd jtdpsqm cdagbgcmc"

jtdpsqo yd`mco" w m ydpmq cd jtdpsqm fdjsmbgcmc pgjsçsg`m* Meoqm" ytdp" dj qdpytdpsm m pt

bbmfmco |g`soqgopo" bd|mjsçfojop w mlqojsdfop jtdpsqm smqdm dj pt Qdgjo*



=4

CG\GPGÐJ GG

DB DP@OBMPSG@GPFO DJ BM DCMC FDCGM

GJSQOCT@@GÐJ

Bm lgbopolæm cd bm dcmc fdcgm %cdb mýo 499 mb =099 c* @*' pd `mqm`sdqg~m yoq db

dpòbmpsg`gpfo* ¿W }tç dp dpsd? Ytdp" db dpòbmpsg`gpfo gjòqyoqm db ydjpmfgdjso cd bopymcqdp cd bm ghbdpgm òfo edqqmfgdjsmp ymqm bm djpdýmj~m* Dp cd`gq" bop dp`qgsop cd bop

ymcqdp cd bm ghbdpgm mc}tgqgdqoj tj `mqí`sdq cgcí`sgò* @ofo fmsdqgmb cd djpdýmj~m bmp

oaqmp cd bop ymcqdp w cd bop lgbðpolop ymhmjop bbdhmqoj m pdq d}tgymqmcop m bmp Dp`qgstqmp*

Qdlbdugojdfop tj yoò poaqd dpso* ¿]tç pt`dcd `tmjco m bmp Pmhqmcmp Dp`qgstqmp pd bdp

sqmsm òfo tj fdqo bgaqo cd sduso?

Oapdq|dfop db òjsduso egpsðqgò* Bop ytdabop aíqamqop emaæmj cdpsqtgco bm po`gdcmc

w bm `tbstqm; db gfydqgo qofmjo o``gcdjsmb emaæm cdnmco cd dugpsgq* Pgj dfamqho" bop

fojmpsdqgop emaæmj òjsqgatgco m pmb|mhtmqcmq bop bgaqop* Dpsop" smjso ymhmjop òfo`qgpsgmjop" pd òjpsgstwdqoj dj bm ltdjsd cd mtsoqgcmc* Pd òbd``gojmqoj w òfygbmqoj"

dpstcgíjcopd m yqoltjcgcmc* Dj cojcd bop cg|dqpop sdusop cgldqæmj dj oygjgðj" pd em`æm

socm `bmpd cd gjsdjsop ymqm mqfojg~mqbop* Bop dqtcgsop dp`qgagdqoj dusdjpop òfdjsmqgop*

Dp lí`gb |dq yoq}tç smfagçj m bm dcmc dpòbípsg`m pd bd bbmfm bm çyo`m cd bop dqtcgsop*

Ytdcd cgpsgjhtgqpd sqdp ydqæocop> ptqhgfgdjso" `bæfmu w cd`bg|d cdb dpòbmpsg`gpfo*

Sqmsmqdfop bop sqdp ydqæocop dj sqdp ptacg|gpgojdp*



=<

PTACG\GPGÐJ G

DB PTQHGFGDJSO CDB DP@OBMPSG@GPFO

GJSQOCT@@GÐJ

Db ydqæoco ymsqæpsgò }td wm edfop sqmsmco pd `mqm`sdqg~ð yoq bm pæjsdpgp cdb

`qgpsgmjgpfo òj socm `bmpd cd lgbopolæmp ymhmjmp* Ydqo tjm sdjcdj`gm dpyd`gmb pd d|gcdj`gð}td gam m mld`smq m socm bm dcmc fdcgm* Dpsm ltd db ybmsojgpfo w db jdoybmsojgpfo* Mhtpsæj"

yoq dndfybo" ltd gjlbtdj`gmco ltdqsdfdjsd yoq db ybmsojgpfo* Wm dj dpd sgdfyo bm ghbdpgm

emaæm mqsg`tbmco dj hqmj cdsmbbd ptp yopg`gojdp sdobðhg`mp* Dj pt btèm òjsqm bm edqdnæm

emaæm mcoysmco `íjojdp w `qdcop" ftèop cd bop `tmbdp òjsdjæmj tj pdbbo ybmsðjgò* Dp

gfyoqsmjsd qdòqcmq }td bm sdobohæm `qgpsgmjm" dj db òfgdj~o cdb dpòbmpsg`gpfo" ltd

‒gbtfgjmcm‖ yoq db ybmsojgpfo* Ydqo mb qd|g|gq db mqgpsosdbgpfo" pd yqdpdjsm tj òjlbg`so jo

pðbo òj db cohfm `qgpsgmjo" pgjo smfagçj òj db dbdfdjso ybmsðjgò dj dpd cohfm* Dpsm

pgstm`gðj dp òfybg`mcm w cglæ`gb" òfo pd |dqí*

Mbhtjmp lghtqmp cd bm yqgfdqm ymqsd cdb dpòbmpsg`gpfo o`tymqíj jtdpsqm msdj`gðj*



=8

@MYÆSTBO =

AOD@GO %359&413/4'

M Aod`go pd bd em bbmfmco ‒db þbsgfo qofmjo w db yqgfdq dpòbípsgò‖* St|o yqoabdfmp

òj db dfydqmcoq w cdpytçp cd tj bmqho ydqæoco dj bm `íq`db" ltd dnd`tsmco dj 414 c* @*

Fgdjsqmp dpst|o dj`mq`dbmco dp`qgagð pt lmfopm oaqm @ojpobm`gðj cd bm lgbopolæm*

Dj dpsd dp`qgso pd d|gcdj`gm db òjlbg`so djsqd bmp sdjcdj`gmp ybmsðjg`m w mqgpsosçbg`m*

Cdad qdòqcmqpd }td dj db sgdfyo cd Aod`go bm fmwoqæm cd bop dp`qgsop cd Mqgpsðsdbdp jo

dpsmamj cgpyojgabdp* Bmp oaqmp cd Ybmsðj sdjæmj mfybgm `gq`tbm`gðj" ydqo cd Mqgpsðsdbdp

pðbo db Oqhmjoj" pt dp`qgso poaqd bm bðhg`m" dqm agdj òjo`gco*

Aod`go dp`qgagð tj yd}tdýo ydqo gjsdqdpmjsd sqmsmco poaqd bm Sqgjgcmc* Dj çpsd

duybg`m bm jmstqmbd~m cd bm Sqgjgcmc dj sçqfgjop dpsqg`smfdjsd mqgpsosçbgòp* Dp tj dndfybo

sæygò cd bm pæjsdpgp dpòbípsg`m> m Cgop pd bd cdp`qgad dj sçqfgjop cd ‒loqfm ytqm‖*

@ojpd`tdjsdfdjsd" db Cgop cd bmp Dp`qgstqmp cdpmymqd`d sosmbfdjsd cd m}tdbbm

cdp`qgy`gðj* M}tæ òj|gdjd }td tpsdc qd|gpd bo cgèo m`dq`m cd bm sdobohæm jmstqmb %Cg|gpgðj

G" Ptacg|gpgðj GG" @myæstbo ='*

Yoq dpsd sqmsmco m Aod`go pd bd òjpgcdqð yoq mbhþj sgdfyo ‒db fmdpsqo cd bm dcmc

fdcgm‖*



=5

@MYÆSTBO 1

MJPDBFO CD @MJSDQATQW %=900&==97'

Mjpdbfo em pgco bbmfmco ‒db ymcqd cdb dpòbmpsg`gpfo‖* Ltd jofaqmco mq~oagpyo cd

@mjsdqatqw w pd dploq~ð yoq yqdpdq|mq pmbtcmabd bm |gcm cd bm ghbdpgm*

Mjpdbfo ltd ydjpmcoq mhtpsgjgmjo* Mþj pt dpsgbo cd dp`qgagq qdlbdnm bm gjlbtdj`gm cd

Mhtpsæj* @ofo dp cd dpydqmqpd" pgdjco mhtpsgjgmjo pd gj`bgjð m ydjpmq cdpcd bm

ydqpyd`sg|m ybmsðjg`m* Yoq dndfybo" m`dysð bm sdoqæm cd bmp gcdmp* Dpsmp" cgno" jo pd bo`mbg~mj

dj ‒tj ftjco cd bo ydqld`so‖" pgjo dj ‒bm fdjsd dsdqjm‖ cd Cgop*

Smfagçj Mjpdbfo dp òjo`gco yoq pt ‒mqhtfdjso ojsobðhgò‖* Ptytdpsmfdjsd dpsd

mqhtfdjso ‒yqtdam‖ bm dugpsdj`gm cd Cgop* Mpæ òfo Mhtpsæj" Mjpdbfo `qdwð }td bm ld bbd|m

mb djsdjcgfgdjso* Mjpdbfo pd myqoygð dpsm mlgqfm`gðj ymqm gjcg`mq }td bm smqdm cdb

`qdwdjsd dqm cdfopsqmq gjsdbd`stmbfdjsd bop fgpsdqgop cd bm ld* M dpso pd cdad db cdpdo cd

ftèop sdðbohop fdcgd|mbdp cd djòjsqmq focop cd ‒yqoamq‖ }td Cgop dugpsd* Cd dpsop

dpltdq~op" db mqhtfdjso ojsobðhgò cd Mjpdbfo dp db fíp cgp`tsgco* Mþj eow bop lgbðpolop

cdamsdj bm |mbgcd~ cd smb mqhtfdjso*

Dpsd mqhtfdjso dp ftw aqd|d> ‒Cgop dp tj pdq fmwoq }td jo pd ytdcd ydjpmq }td

emwm osqo; yoq bo smjso" Cgop dugpsd‖* Pd ytdcd |dq }td" pg Cgop jo dugpsd" yocdfop ydjpmq

dj tj pdq fíp hqmjcd" dj tjo }td pæ dugpsd* Tj pdq }td dugpsd pgdfyqd dp fíp hqmjcd }td

tjo }td jo dugpsd*

Wm dj sgdfyo cd Mjpdbfo fgpfo dpsd mqhtfdjso djòjsqð ftèm oyopg`gðj* Pd

emabmqí ftèo fíp cd dpsmp ‒yqtdamp‖ cd Cgop `tmjco sqmsdfop m Sofíp cd M}tgjo*



=7

@MYÆSTBO 0

YDCQO MADBMQCO %=987&==31'

Madbmqco sgdjd ftèo fmwoq pghjglg`mco ymqm jtdpsqm hdjdqm`gðj }td osqmp

ydqpojmbgcmcdp cd bm dcmc fdcgm" yqgj`gymbfdjsd yoq}td bm egpsoqgm cd pt |gcm mympgojmcm

dp agdj òjo`gcm* Bd em cmco ftèm ytabg`gcmc db `mpo cd Dboæpm" }td bbdhð m pdq pt dpyopm*Dj pt pæbmao" pgj dfamqho" jo djòjsqmqdfop bo qdbm`gojmco m ptp m|djstqmp* Emabmqdfop

cd çb yoq cop qm~ojdp*

Bm yqgfdqm dp }td Madbmqco qdyqdpdjsð bm òqqgdjsd fojmq}tgmjm ybmsojgpsm* Dpso

pghjglg`m }td ptp ytjsop cd |gpsm ltdqoj dpdj`gmbfdjsd mqgpsosçbgòp" mtj}td ltdqsdfdjsd

gjlbtdj`gmcop yoq db ybmsojgpfo* Db fojmq}tgpfo }td pd lgbsqð dj pt ydjpmfgdjso pd eg~o

fíp d|gcdjsd dj pt sqmsmco poaqd bm Sqgjgcmc" dj db }td cdp`qgad mb Ymcqd òfo

ofjgyosdjsd" mb Egno òfo pmagctqæm w mb Dpyæqgst Pmjso òfo aojcmc* Dpsm co`sqgjm ltd

òjcdjmcm yoq bm ghbdpgm `msðbg`m dj ==1= c* @*

Bm pdhtjcm qm~ðj dp }td pd gj|obt`qð dj bm òjsqo|dqpgm bbmfmcm ‒db yqoabdfm cd bop

tjg|dqpmbdp‖* Emabdfop aqd|dfdjsd cd dpsd yqoabdfm" wm }td cdftdpsqm bm òjltpgðj dj

bm sdqfgjobohæm lgbopðlg`m %mpæ òfo dj db mjíbgpgp' m bm }td jop edfop qdldqgco dj |mqgmp

o`mpgojdp* Db yqoabdfm pd qdlgdqd m bm qdbm`gðj cd bop tjg|dqpmbdp òj bop ymqsg`tbmqdp* Yoq

dndfybo" dp `bmqo }td `mcm eofaqd dp tj ymqsg`tbmq" ydqo smfagçj socop bop eofaqdp

sgdjdj mbho dj òfþj" socop bop eofaqdp yopddj etfmjgcmc* Ytdp agdj" db yqoabdfm ymqm

bop fdcgd|mbdp ltd" ¿dp dpsm ‒etfmjgcmc‖ tjg|dqpmb tjm ptpsmj`gm" tjm fmsdqgm cd bm `tmb

socop bop eofaqdp yopddj? ¿O socop bop eofaqdp poj djsgcmcdp m bmp `tmbdp bdp mybg`mfop

tj òj`dyso mapsqm`so bbmfmco ‒etfmjgcmc‖? Bop bgaqop cd sduso sqmcg`gojmbfdjsd jop

cg`dj }td bm yqgfdqm yopstqm" bm }td mlgqfm bm dugpsdj`gm qdmb cd bop tjg|dqpmbdp dp db

qdmbgpfo; w }td bm pdhtjcm yopstqm" bm }td fdj`gojm tj òj`dyso mapsqm`so" dp db

jofgjmbgpfo* Yoq bo hdjdqmb" db dndfybo cd Ybmsðj pd yqdpsm ymqm em`dq `bmqo db pghjglg`mco

cdb qdmbgpfo* Ybmsðj `qdwð dj bm dugpsdj`gm cd bop tjg|dqpmbdp %bmp gcdmp dj db ftjco cd bo

ydqld`so'*

Wm pd josm m}tæ }td bop bgaqop cd sduso pd`tbmqdp dpsíj òjltjcgdjco cop yqoabdfmp

cgldqdjsdp* @ofo |gfop" db yqoabdfm cd bm qdbm`gðj djsqd bo tjg|dqpmb w bo ymqsg`tbmq" dj bm

lgbopolæm jo `qgpsgmjm" sqmsmqoj cd qdpob|dqbo bmp sqdp yopstqmp" db tjg|dqpmbgpfo" dbtjg|dqpmbgpfo ymq`gmb w db ymqsg`tbmqgpfo* Dbbop cgdqoj qdpytdpsm m dpsmp yqdhtjsmp> ¿@tíb

dp bm qdbm`gðj djsqd bo tjg|dqpmb w bo ymqsg`tbmq? ¿Pd cdqg|mj tjo cdb osqo? ¿O poj

òdugpsdjsdp? Yoq osqo bmco" db qdmbgpfo cd Ybmsðj dp tj mptjso òfybdsmfdjsd cgldqdjsd"

çpsd pd qdbm`gojm òj bm pghtgdjsd yqdhtjsm" ¿dj cðjcd wm`d bm bdw? ¿@tíb dp db yqgj`gygo

oqcdjmcoq cdb tjg|dqpo? Dp òj qdpyd`so m dpsd yqoabdfm }td bm qdpytdpsm cd Ybmsðj ltd

db qdmbgpfo> bm bdw dpsí fíp mbbí cdb òpfop* @oj qdpyd`so mb yqoabdfm cd bop tjg|dqpmbdp"



19

Ybmsðj ltd tj tjg|dqpmbgpsm ymq`gmb %òj db sdfm cd fm`qoòpfop&fg`qoòpfop'* Db

qdmbgpfo cd Ybmsðj jo ltd cdb soco tjg|dqpmbgpsm*

Ymqm òfybg`mq dpsd òjltpo dpsmco cd òpmp" sqmcg`gojmbfdjsd mb qdmbgpfo pd bd

òjsqmpsm òj db gcdmbgpfo* W db òjsqmpsd dp mpæ> db qdmbgpfo mlgqfm bm qdmbgcmc cd tj

ftjco dusqmfdjsmb" fgdjsqmp }td db gcdmbgpfo yopstbm }td bm qdmbgcmc dp tjm òjpsqt``gðjfdjsmb* @opm `tqgopm" bop egpsoqgmcoqdp cd bm lgbopolæm ymhmjop" jo pd yojdj cd m`tdqco

poaqd pg Ybmsðj ltd tj ‒qdmbgpsm‖ o tj ‒gcdmbgpsm‖* Mbhtjop cg`dj }td ltd q dmbgpsm yoq}td

`qdwð dj bm dugpsdj`gm qdmb cd bmp gcdmp %bop ‒tjg|dqpmbdp‖'* Osqop mpdhtqmj }td Ybmsðj ltd

tj gcdmbgpsm" wm }td `bmqmfdjsd mlgqfð }td bmp gcdmp poj òhjop`gabdp pðbo mb gjsdbd`so w

yoq dbbo dpdj`gmbfdjsd poj òjpsqt``gojdp fdjsmbdp* @ofo pd ytdcd |dq" db dpstcgo cd bm

lgbopolæm dp tj mptjso cd òjltpgojdp" w jo yocqæm pdq cgldqdjsd*



1=

Qdympo cd bm Ptacg|gpgðj G

Dj dpsd yqgfdq ydqæoco cdb dpòbmpsg`gpfo |dfop |mqgop òj`dysop ymhmjop }td pd

pgjsdsg~mqoj òj db `qgpsgmjgpfo* Josd }td bm egpsoqgm cd bm lgbopolæm yqdpdjsm tj `tmcqo cd

òqqgdjsdp w fo|gfgdjsop* Qd`tdqcd }td pobmfdjsd jop dpsmfop òj`djsqmjco dj mbhtjop

yoòp gjcg|gctop }td qdyqdpdjsmj m smbdp fo|gfgdjsop* Dj dpsop djpmwop pobmfdjsdyqdpdjsmfop tjm |gpsm m ono cd yínmqo cd bm egpsoqgm cd bm lgbopolæm*

Djlmsg`dfop osqo ytjso* Ctqmjsd bm yqgfdqm ymqsd cd bm dpòbípsg`m o`tqqd tjm

pobgcglg`m`gðj cdb ctmbgpfo jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm* Fgdjsqmp fíp gjlbtdj`gm mqgpsosçbg`m pd

dndq`æm" fíp pðbgcm bbdhmam m pdq* Bm jo`gðj }td bm lgbopolæm %gj`btwdjco m bm sdobohæm

jmstqmb' ydqsdjd`d mb jg|db gjldqgoq cd bm jmstqmbd~m" fgdjsqmp }td bm ‒sdobohæm qd|dbmcm‖

ydqsdjd`d mb jg|db ptydqgoq cd bo poaqdjmstqmb" òfdj~ð m qd`gagq tj cd`gcgco myowo dj bm

fdjsd dpòbípsg`m*



11

PTACG\GPGÐJ GG

DB @BÆFMU CDB DP@OBMPSG@GPFO

GJSQOCT@@GÐJ

Db ydqæoco cdb `bæfmu cd bm dpòbípsg`m ltd yqo|gpso yoq bm gj|mpgðj cd bm lgbopolæm

gpbífg`m w ntcæm* Empsm dpd sgdfyo" òfo wm pd cgno" db lm`soq fíp gjlbtwdjsd dj dbydjpmfgdjso fdcgd|mb ltd db ybmsojgpfo* Bm fmwoq ymqsd cd bmp oaqmp cd Mqgpsðsdbdp dqmj

cdpòjo`gcmp ymqm db o``gcdjsd bmsgjo* Pgj dfamqho" bop íqmadp emaæmj qdsofmjco dpmp

oaqmp ydqcgcmp" bmp sqmctndqoj w mapoqagdqoj dj pt ydjpmq gpbífgò* Djsqdsmjso" dj pt

cdbgqgo cd òj}tgpsm" pd mcntcg`mqoj Dpymým* Cdpcd mbbæ ltd lí`gb gjsqoct`gq tjm lgbopolæm

gpbífg`m dpsqt`stqmcm mb qdpso cd Dtqoym*

Oapçq|dpd }td bop òjsm`sop lgbopðlgòp jo pd eg`gdqoj yoq bop `qt~mcop* Bmp `qt~mcmp

bmp eg`gdqoj bop `mambbdqop" bop pobcmcop w òfdq`gmjsdp }tgdjdp jo ltdqoj dct`mcop dj bm

sdobohæm jg bm lgbopolæm* Ltd fíp agdj yoq bop nð|djdp dtqo&o``gcdjsmbdp m sqm|çp cd }tgçjdppd eg~o qdmbgcmc bm gj|mpgðj cdb ydjpmfgdjso gpbífgò" wm }td ltdqoj m Dpymým ymqm

myqdjcdq bmp jtd|mp sdjcdj`gmp dj bm lgbopolæm*

Josdfop cop ytjsop* Yqgfdqo" qd`tçqcdpd }td bm fmwoq ymqsd cdb mqgpsosdbgpfo }td

emaæm bbdhmco mb o``gcdjsd dj dpd sgdfyo" bo ltd dj loqfm cd pæjsdpgp lgbopðlg`m gpbífg`m

hqgdhm* Cd m}tæ" ntjso òj Mqgpsðsdbdp" djsqð tjm gjsdqyqdsm`gðj mqgpsosçbg`m* Cd ympo"

Ybmsðj ltd smfagçj sqmct`gco mb íqmad* Smfagçj pd d|gcdj`gm mbbæ pt gjlbtdj`gm dj bm

lgbopolæm gpbífg`m*

Dj pdhtjco bthmq" `tmjco bop sdðbohop w lgbðpolop `qgpsgmjop pd cgdqoj `tdjsm }td bopíqmadp smfagçj fmjdnmamj bm lgbopolæm hqgdhm" pd loqsmbd`gð bm `qddj`gm }td çpsm dqm tjm

lgbopolæm tjg|dqpmbfdjsd jmstqmb* Mpæ òj`btwdqoj }td socm lgbopolæm |dqcmcdqm sdjæm }td

pdq lgbopolæm hqgdhm* Dj òjpd`tdj`gm" db ctmbgpfo jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm pd msqgjèdqð fíp

lgqfdfdjsd dj db ydjpmfgdjso fdcgd|mb*

Ltd dj dpsm çyo`m cd bop fmdpsqop dpòbípsgòp }td pd josð qdmbfdjsd db èo}td

djsqd db mqgpsosdbgpfo w db ybmsojgpfo* Bm fmwoqæm cd bop sdðbohop cdpdmamj bm oqsocougm

dj bm sdobohæm w ltdqoj loq~mcop o agdj m qdèm~mq `gdqsop sdfmp ymhmjop" o agdj m mcoysmq

yopstqmp dusqdfmp smbdp òfo bm sdoqæm cd ‒bm coabd |dqcmc‖" yoq dndfybo" cd bop

m|dqqoæpsmp bmsgjop* Bm sdoqæm cd bm coabd |dqcmc qdlbdnm tjm yopstqm cd pæjsdpgp cd

ymqmconm*

Bmp yqgj`gymbdp òqqgdjsdp cd ydjpmfgdjso dj dpsd ydqæoco ltdqoj db fojmq}tgpfo

ybmsojgpsm w db fojmq}tgpfo jo ybmsojgpsm" mpæ òfo bm gjsdqyqdsm`gðj mqgpsosçbg`m* Dpsm

þbsgfm gjsdqyqdsm`gðj %òfo bm cd Aod`go' cglgdqd cdb fojmq}tgpfo dj }td qdèm~m bm

dugpsdj`gm cdb dpyæqgst ydjpmjsd ptyqmydqpojmb %db jotp tjg|dqpmb'" bo `tmb emaæm pgco tjm



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ymqsd gjsdhqmb cd bm yopstqm lgjmb cd Mqgpsðsdbdp* Dpsop |mqgop fo|gfgdjsop ltdqoj mcdfíp

gjlbtdj`gmcop yoq db ydjpmq cd bop ymcqdp cd bm ghbdpgm*

Cdadfop qdòqcmq }td bop dpòbípsgòp sæygòp pd oqgdjsmqoj em`gm db tjg|dqpmbgpfo

ymq`gmb pgj db sdfm fm`qoòpfop&fg`qoòpfop %m}tæ ltd `bmqm bm gjlbtdj`gm cd Mqgpsðsdbdp'*

Fíp mþj" ptp òj`dy`gojdp lgbopðlg`mp ltdqoj ctmbgpsmp w ytqmfdjsd òpfobðhg`mp dj`mqí`sdq* Pt ctmbgpfo òjpgpsgð" yoq dndfybo" dj òjpgcdqmq m Cgop òfo ‒loqfm ytqm

sqmp`djcdjsd‖ w m tj ftjco jo sqmp`djcdjsd; o cd bmp jo`gojdp loqfm w fmsdqgm òfo

cop òjpsgstwdjsdp cd bm qdmbgcmc dsdqjmfdjsd cdsdqfgjmjsdp* Dpsd ctmbgpfo dj bm

lgbopolæm dpòbípsg`m |m cd bm fmjo òj bm sdjcdj`gm m òjpgcdqmq mb Hçjdpgp pðbo òfo tj

mpyd`so cd dpsqt`stqm* W ytcgdqm yqdhtjsmqpd" ¿m`mpo jo `qdwdqoj bop dpòbípsgòp dj bm

`qdm`gðj" w smfyoò pd gjsdqdpmqoj dj bop oqæhdjdp? Pg" dbbop `qdwdqoj dj db m`so `qdmsg|o

cd Cgop" ydqo db yqoabdfm ltd }td qdpsqgjhgdqoj db sdfm cd bm `qdm`gðj cd bm gcdm cd

dpsqt`stqm* Db m`so cd `qdm`gðj" ydjpmqoj" cd`æm mbho m`dq`m cd bm dpsqt`stqm cd bm qdmbgcmc

ydqo jo fíp* Db ftjco òfo pd jop yqdpdjsm eow" jo ytcgdqm |dqpd òfo osqm òpm*

Mb emadq mcfgsgco" bm lgbopolæm dpòbípsg`m" socmp bmp yqoabdfísg`mp ymhmjmp" `qdð òj

dbbo tjm mhtcm sdjpgðj* Tjo cd bop qdptbsmcop ltdqoj bop ntg`gop yoq edqdnæm* Bm sdjpgðj

djsqd db yocdq cd bm Ymbmaqm&Qd|dbm`gðj w db gjsdjso ymhmjo cd qdpsqgjhgq dpd yocdq st|o

qdpojmj`gm dj socop bop dpltdq~op sdobðhgòp w lgbopðlgòp* Pt dld`so pd eg~o pdjsgq yoq

dndfybo" dj db djsdjcgfgdjso cd bm qd|dbm`gðj djsqd db ymym w db dfydqmcoq" djsqd bm

ghbdpgm w db dpsmco* Cghífopbo tjm |d~ fíp" bm pæjsdpgp sqmd pobmfdjsd mfmqhtqmp*

Dj bop pghtgdjsdp `myæstbop òfdjsmqdfop poaqd bmp lghtqmp fíp gfyoqsmjsdp cd dpsd

ydqæoco*



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@MYÆSTBO =

LGBOPOLÆM GPBÍFG@M

Jgjhtjm egpsoqgm cd bm lgbopolæm %jg pg}tgdqm tj ymjoqmfm òfo çpsd' ytdcd d|gsmq

fdj`gojmq m bop hqmjcdp ydjpmcoqdp íqmadp }td eg`gdqoj bm pæjsdpgp cd bm lgbopolæm hqgdhm

òj db Gpbmf w sqmndqoj ptp qdptbsmcop mb o``gcdjsd bmsgjo* Cop lghtqmp yqgj`gymbdp mymqd`djdj dpsm dp`djm" dbbop poj M|g`djm %dj db pghbo UG' w M|dqqodp %dj db pghbo UGG'* Dpsop eofaqdp

dndq`gdqoj tjm gjlbtdj`gm yocdqopm dj bm dpòbípsg`m* Mfaop ltdqoj fojmq}tgmjop*

Cglgdqdj dj dpso> db fojmq}tgpfo cd M|g`djm dp ybmsðjgò" ydqo jo db cd M|dqqodp* Dpsm

cgldqdj`gm pd fmjglgdpsm dj }td M|g`djm m`dysð db sdfm jdoybmsðjgò cd bm dfmjm`gðj" dj

smjso }td bo qdèm~ð M|dqqodp* Db `mqí`sdq ybmsðjgò cdb ydjpmfgdjso cd M|g`djm bo eg~o

ftèo fíp m`dysmabd mb o``gcdjsd bmsgjo }td M|dqqodp" qd`tçqcdpd bm gjlbtdj`gm ybmsðjg`m

dj bm sdobohæm fdcgd|mb yqgfgsg|m* Dj dpm bmqhm `mqqdqm" dqm M|dqqodp }tgdj gam m sdjdq bm

fmwoq gjlbtdj`gm*

Db fojmq}tgpfo cd mfaop ydjpmcoqdp agdj ytdcd pdq gbtpsqmco òj dpso> ptp

lgbopolæmp pd `mqm`sdqg~mqoj yoq tj ctmbgpfo ytqmfdjsd òpfobðhgò" mpæ òfo

tjg|dqpmbgpfo ymq`gmb* Dum`smfdjsd òfo bm dsmym lgjmb fojmq}tgpsm cd Mqgpsðsdbdp*



14

@MYÆSTBO 1

ATDJM\DJSTQM %=11=&=183'

Dj `gdqso pdjsgco Atdjm|djstqm ltd tj yd~ dusqmýo dj db dpsmj}td dpòbípsgò* Ydqo

smfagçj dqm dpòbípsgò* Jop bbmfm bm msdj`gðj yoq}td gjsdjsð" òjp`gdjsd o jo" òfamsgq

bm pæjsdpgp jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm* Mtj}td jo ytco bgaqmqpd cd dpm fdjsmbgcmc" òj pt çjlmpgpdj bm ld yqdsdjcgð òjsqmqqdpsmq bm oaqm cd pt òjsdfyoqíjdo Sofíp cd M}tgjo*

Atdjm|djstqm fmjst|o }td bm ld cdsdqfgjm db òjsdjgco cdb òjo`gfgdjso* Yoq bo smjso

jdhð bm mtsojofæm cdb ydjpmfgdjso lgbopðlgò* Dj soco dbbo mcoysð tjm yopstqm

dpdj`gmbfdjsd mhtpsgjm* @ofo dj db `mpo cd Mhtpsæj" pgj dfamqho" Atdjm|djstqm jo bohqð

|dq }td bm lgbopolæm òfo smb" jd`dpgsm tjm qdloqfm gjsdqjm* Dj pdhtjco bthmq" smfagçj

sdobohg~ð m bm lgbopolæm" dp cd`gq" ptaoqcgjð bm lgbopolæm m bm mtsoqgcmc cd bm sdobohæm" cíjcobd

tj òjsdjgco sdobðhgò*

Yocdfop djsdjcdq bm oyopg`gðj cd Atdjm|djstqm m bm gjlbtdj`gm fojmq}tgmjmmqgpsosçbg`m `tmjco josmfop }td pt yopstqm lgbopðlg`m ltd m}tdbbm cd pdfg&fgpsg`gpfo

ybmsðjgò* Bm gjlbtdj`gm jdoybmsðjg`m cdb fgpsg`gpfo dp d|gcdjsd* Db pdfg&fgpsg`gpfo

pgfybdfdjsd pghjglg`m }td bm ymqsd ptydqgoq cdb mbfm cdb eofaqd mp`gdjcd ymqm sdjdq

tjgðj fæpsg`m òj db bohop" dj db `mpo cd bm djpdýmj~m cd Atdjm|djstqm" òj Ndpt`qgpso

fgpfo* Dpsm yopstqm òjsqmpsð mhtcmfdjsd òj bm cd Sofíp cd M}tgjo*

Osqo mpyd`so dj db }td bm lgbopolæm cd Atdjm|djstqm cglgqgð cd bm cd Sofíp" dp pt

djsdjcgfgdjso cd bm dpsqt`stqm cdb eofaqd* Atdjm|djstqm `qdwð }td db eofaqd jo dqm

fdqmfdjsd tjm òfagjm`gðj cd loqfm w fmsdqgm" pgjo }td smjso db mbfm w db `tdqyo cdb

eofaqd dpsmamj òfytdpsop cd loqfm w fmsdqgm* Ydjpmam }td emw tjm coabdòfyopg`gðj* Cd mbhtjm fmjdqm fgpsdqgopm" bm ptpsmj`gm mbfm %òfytdpsm cd loqfm w

fmsdqgm' w bm ptpsmj`gm `tdqyo %òfytdpsm cd loqfm w fmsdqgm smfagçj' pd fmjsgdjdj

tjgcmp* Dpsm sdoqæm cd bm coabd ̀ ofyopg`gðj ltd bbmfmcm ‒sdoqæm cdb |æj`tbo‖*

Bm mbsdqjmsg|m m dpsm yopstqm dp bm ‒sdoqæm cd bm ptapgpsdj`gm‖" popsdjgcm yoq Mbadqso

Fmhjo w Sofíp cd M}tgjo* Dpsm sdoqæm jgdhm socm `bmpd cd coabd òfyopg`gðj" w mlgqfm

}td db eofaqd dp tjm tjgcmc òjpgpsdjsd cd loqfm w fmsdqgm* Dp cglæ`gb |dq `ðfo pd qdmbg~m

smb tjgcmc cd bop cop dbdfdjsop òjpsgstsg|op* Mþj mpæ" dj bm Dcmc Fdcgm dpsd mptjso ltd

oandso cd lgdqop cdamsdp* Yoq ptytdpso" dp `bmqo }td dpsm yqoabdfísg`m dp cd `mqí`sdqytqmfdjsd ymhmjo*



1<

@MYÆSTBO 0

SOFÍP CD M]TGJO %=114&=183'

M Sofíp cd M}tgjo òqqd`smfdjsd pd bd ytdcd bbmfmq ‒db cd`mjo‖ cdb dpòbmpsg`gpfo*

Pgj ctcm" dpsd fojnd ltd db fíp gfyoqsmjsd d gjlbtwdjsd cd socop bop sdðbohop fdcgd|mbdp*

M ydpmp cd ptp cgldqdj`gmp" Sofíp ymqd`d emadq pgco ftw mfgho cd Atdjm|djstqm*

Ltdqoj òjsdfyoqíjdop w yoq tj sgdfyo mfaop djpdýmqoj dj bm tjg|dqpgcmc cd Ymqæp* Db

lmfopo fmdpsqo cd Sofíp" Mbadqso Fmhjo" dndq`gð hqmj gjlbtdj`gm poaqd m}tdb*

Db sdfm jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm bbdhð m pt fíugfm duyqdpgðj mqsg`tbmcm dj bm lgbopolæm cd

Sofíp cd M}tgjo* Ymqm çb" bm `mæcm dj yd`mco jo dp qmcg`mb" wm }td pðbo dld`sþm tjm

qdfo`gðj cd `gdqsop cojdp poaqdjmstqmbdp* Aípg`mfdjsd bm jmstqmbd~m cdagbgsmcm yoq bm

`mæcm" w cdpcd dpd sgdfyo dpsí cgqghgcm yoq tjm ‒bdw jmstqmb‖ òfþj w bm ‒bt~ cd bm qm~ðj‖*

Db `qgpsgmjgpfo" bm Agabgm" bm ld" bm ghbdpgm" socop dbbop poj mqsæ`tbop dpyd`gmbdp mcg`gojmbdp; db

eofaqd jmstqmb jo dp db eofaqd `mæco qmcg`mbfdjsd mb `tmb pd qdlgdqd Pmj Ymabo" pgjo tj

eofaqd ‒emagbgsmco‖ òj bm ‒qm~ðj‖ }td dp tjm w bm fgpfm ymqm socop bop eofaqdp" w dbbm

dp bm ampd cd socmp bmp íqdmp òftjdp" ‒jdtsqmbdp‖ w mtsðjofmp cd bm |gcm* Dj

òjpd`tdj`gm" bm mjsæsdpgp qmcg`mb dpsí mtpdjsd cdb ydjpmfgdjso cd M}tgjo*

Dj dpsd dp}tdfm jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm dpsí gfybæ`gsm bm yopgagbgcmc cdb pd`tbmqgpfo* Pg dp

|dqcmc }td emw tj ‒qdgjo cd bo jmstqmb‖" w pg dpso ‒jmstqmb‖ yopdd tj `gdqso hqmco cd

mtsojofæm" djsoj`dp" ¿}tç gfygcd m dpsm íqdm cd ‒bo jmstqmb‖ `mfgjmq pobm? ¿]tç

jd`dpgcmc sgdjd" dpsm íqdm cd ‒bo jmstqmb‖" cd bm sdobohæm w cd bm ghbdpgm? @oj dpso pd

òj`btwd }td wm jo emw qm~ðj }td gfygcm }td socmp bmp íqdmp cd bm |gcm ytdcmj pdqpd`tbmqdp" bgaqdp cdb òjsqob cd bm ghbdpgm" w bgaqdp mcdfíp" cd bm mtsoqgcmc cd bm Ymbmaqm cd

Cgop* Dpso dp bo }td pt`dcgð yqd`gpmfdjsd cdpytçp cd Htgbbdqfo cd O`kemf*

Sofíp }tgpo òjpdq|mq bop cop qdgjop ntjsop" db cd bm jmstqmbd~m w db cd bm hqm`gm %mpæ bo

cg`d dj bm Ptfm sdobðhg`m =" 5" 1> ‒bm hqm`gm jo dbgfgjm bm jmstqmbd~m" pgjo bm ydqld``gojm‖'*

Yoq tj sgdfyo" bm ghbdpgm qofmjm bop fmjst|o ntjsop m bm ltdq~m" empsm }td bm oyopg`gðj

lgjmbfdjsd bohqð pt bgadqm`gðj" w djsoj`dp pd mpdjsð db yqo`dpo pd`tbmqg~mcoq* Jðsdpd }td

dj pt òfgdj~o dpsd yqo`dpo pd`tbmqg~mjsd dqm atdjo" bm ghbdpgm qofmjm pd emaæm

mhdj`gmco cdfmpgmco yocdq" w emaæm `qdmco tjm po`gdcmc d`bdpgípsg`m* Bm pd`tbmqg~m`gðj

òfdj~ð m òqqdhgq dpsm pgstm`gðj cgpsoqpgojmcm" ydqo pd dusqm|gð `tmjco bmp íqdmp cd bm

|gcm bmp }tgsð jo pðbo cdb òjsqob cd bm ghbdpgm gjpsgstgcm" pgjo cd bm mtsoqgcmc cd bm Ymbmaqm

cd Cgop*

Db ctmbgpfo jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm |gdjd m duyqdpmqpd dpyd`gmbfdjsd dj bm qdbm`gðj djsqd bm

ld w bm qm~ðj* Josd }td bm d`tm`gðj jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm" ghtmb m qm~ðj/ld" dp gjòqqd`sm" wm

}td bm qm~ðj pd tpm dj mfamp íqdmp" bm sdobohæm w bm lgbopolæm* Bm cgpsgj`gðj jo cdad em`dqpd



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djsqd ld w qm~ðj" pgjo djsqd pt ltdjsd w pt ytjso cd mqqmj}td* \dmfop bo }td pd cg`d> Yoq

fdcgo cd bm qm~ðj joposqop òjo`dfop ‒yoq jmstqmbd~m‖" bm qm~ðj òfgdj~m yoq

‒yqgj`gygop jmstqmbdp‖" smb òfo bm bdw cd bm jo òjsqmcg``gðj* Bm ld" yoq osqo bmco" cm

mpdjsgfgdjso m bo }td pd òjo`d" ‒poaqdjmstqmbfdjsd‖" m dpso pd bd òjo`d òfo

qd|dbm`gðj* Ymqm cd`gqbo cd osqo foco" bm qm~ðj mlgqfm bo }td pd jop cm dj bm Dp`qgstqm*

Josd bo gjpgcgopo cd bm cgpsgj`gðj cdb yíqqmlo mjsdqgoq* Bm mtsoqgcmc cd bm Agabgm" bm

Ymbmaqm cd Cgop" pd bgfgsm mb íqdm cd bm ld" cd bm sdobohæm w cd bm ghbdpgm* Bm ‒qm~ðj‖ dp db

yqgj`gygo mtsoqgsmsg|o dj bm ‒dpldqm jmstqmb‖* Dp yqd`gpmfdjsd dpsm cgpsgj`gðj dpòbípsg`m

}td em òjct`gco mb `qgpsgmjgpfo cd eow m bm fdnoq gfyosdj`gm yobæsg`m w po`gmb* Bmp dpldqmp

cd bm yobæsg`m" cdb sqmamno" cd bm `gdj`gm" cd bm sd`jobohæm" bm gjctpsqgm" bop jdho`gop w osqop"

amno dpsm ydqpyd`sg|m" ydqsdjd`dj mb íqdm cd ‒bo jmstqmb‖" bo ‒jdtsqmb‖; pd gfmhgjmj }td mbbæ

jo pd ytdcd emabmq cd jgjhtjm mjsæsdpgp dpygqgstmb* Db `qgpsgmjgpfo yqdptfgabdfdjsd dp tj

mptjso cd ld w foqmb" cd tjm |gcm cd`djsd" w cd bm mpgpsdj`gm m bop pdq|g`gop cd @tbso*

Dpsdfop mbdqsmp" dj bo mjsdqgoq pd ftdpsqm osqm |d~ db dp}tdfm jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm* Ymqmem`dq poaqd|g|gq jtdpsqo `qgpsgmjgpfo cdadfop etgq cd m}tdbbm fdjsmbgcmc" w |dq }td

Ndpt`qgpso dp Qdw cd qdwdp* Dpd qdgjmco gj`btwd bm m`sg|gcmc `tbstqmb etfmjm" jo pobo pt

foqmbgcmc o pt mpgpsdj`gm mb @tbso* Dp tqhdjsæpgfo }td bm òftjgcmc `qgpsgmjm tjgcm

òjlqojsd mb ftjco etfmjgpsm òj db ofjgmamq`mjsd yocdq cd bm Ymbmaqm cd Cgop*

Bm cgpsgj`gðj sofgpsm djsqd ld w qm~ðj em bdhmco djsqd osqmp òpmp tjm jo`gðj

ydq|dqsgcm cd bm |dqcmc* Dpso gj|obt`qm tjm pgstm`gðj òfybdnm" mtj}td dj dpdj`gm dp

ampsmjsd pgfybd* Sofíp emaæm cgèo }td bm ld òj`dcd mpgdjso m bo cmco" m bm ‒cmsm‖ cd bm

qd|dbm`gðj* Bm sdobohæm djsoj`dp pdqæm db mqqdhbo pgpsdfísgò cd smb ‒cmsm‖* Dpsd foco cd

m`dq`mfgdjso qdct`d m bmp Dp`qgstqmp m tjm fdqm òbd``gðj cd ‒cmsop‖" cd yqoyopg`gojdp

}td ytdcdj pdq fmjgytbmcmp sdðqg`mfdjsd* Cd m}tæ yqo`dcd bm jo`gðj cd bm Agabgm òfo

‒|dqcmc yqoyopg`gojmb‖* Ydqo bm Ymbmaqm cd Cgop jo dp tj òjntjso cd yqoyopg`gojdp

bðhg`mp" pgjo tj yocdq }td myqgpgojm jtdpsqo òqm~ðj w jop dj|tdb|d* Bm Ymbmaqm cd Cgop dp

tjm Ymbmaqm&Bdw" mjsd bm `tmb cdadfop pofdsdqjop dj oadcgdj`gm* Cd foco pgfgbmq" bm

|dqcmc jo dp m}tdbbo }td òjpgcdqdfop yqoyopg`gðj jdhmabd o jo bðhg`mfdjsd" fíp agdj

bm |dqcmc dp db òjsduso cd bm bdw" fofdjso sqmp fofdjso" lgdbfdjsd fmjsdjgcm yoq Cgop

m sqm|çp cd Ndpt`qgpso* Bm |dqcmc dp bm lgcdbgcmc w òjlgmagbgcmc cd jtdpsqo Ymcqd*

Bmfdjsmabdfdjsd" m `mtpm cd bm gjlbtdj`gm dpòbípsg`m" edfop ydqcgco dpd pghjglg`mco

aæabgò cd |dqcmc*

Dpsmp w osqmp íqdmp dpsíj mld`smcmp yoq db ctmbgpfo jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm*

Lgbopðlg`mfdjsd bm yopg`gðj cd M}tgjo pd ytdcd `bmpglg`mq òfo gjsdqyqdsm`gðj

mqgpsosçbg`m jo ybmsðjg`m* \dm bo }td dpso pghjglg`m* Emw ftw yo`m gjlbtdj`gm ybmsðjg`m dj pt

lgbopolæm" wm }td qdèm~m" yoq dndfybo" bm sdoqæm cd bmp gcdmp mpæ òfo db sdfm cd bm



15

dfmjm`gðj* Mcdfíp" bm gjsdqyqdsm`gðj mqgpsosçbg`m gfybg`m }td jo dp fojmq}tgpsm" wm }td

qdèm~m bm sdoqæm cdb jotp tjg|dqpmb* @ofo |gfop" pd ptp`qgad m bm sdoqæm cd bm ptapgpsdj`gm"

w" òj bm fmwoqæm cd bop dpòbípsgòp" pt ydjpmfgdjso dp ctmbgpsm w ytqmfdjsd

òpfobðhgò" mpæ òfo tjg|dqpmbgpsm ymq`gmb* \çmjpd m}tæ bmp yqoabdfísg`mp ymhmjmp dj pt

ydjpmfgdjso*

@ofo dqm cd dpydqmq" M}tgjo meojcm yqoltjcmfdjsd dj bop ífagsop cd bm ‒sdobohæm

jmstqmb‖* Pd d|gcdj`gm dpso dj ptp yqtdamp cd bm dugpsdj`gm cd Cgop* Sofíp qdèm~m db

mqhtfdjso ojsobðhgò cd Mjpdbfo" w dj pt bthmq yopstbm ̀ gjò ‒yqtdamp ̀ opfobðhg`mp‖* Dj

aqd|d dpsmp poj òfo pghtd>

=* Emw tj fo|gfgdjso* Soco fo|gfgdjso sgdjd tjm `mtpm* Yoq bo smjso" emw tj

yqgfdq fosoq db `tmb dp Cgop*

1* Bop d|djsop poj `mtpmcop yoq osqop* Wm }td jo dp yopgabd tjm `mcdjm gjlgjgsm cd

`mtpmp" cdad emadq tjm yqgfdqm `mtpm" bm `tmb dp Cgop*0* Db ftjco dp òjsgjhdjsd* Lí`gbfdjsd ytcgdqm jo emadq pgco" w ytcgdqm jo dugpsgq

fmýmjm* Jo dp yopgabd tjm pdqgd gjlgjgsm cd d|djsop òjsgjhdjsdp" yoq}td dbbo

cdnmqæm gjduybg`mabd yoq }tç bmp òpmp dugpsdj* Yoq bo smjso" cdad emadq tjo }td

òfdj~ð soco" w dpd dp Cgop*

3* M jtdpsqo mbqdcdcoq emw hqmcop cd aojcmc" adbbd~m" w cdfíp; smbdp hqmcop

yqdptyojdj tj focdbo þbsgfo" db `tmb dp Cgop*

4* Emw cdpghjgo dj db tjg|dqpo* Bmp òpmp pd òjct`dj em`gm tj lgj" bo `tmb jo

pt`dcdqæm pg jo dpst|gdqmj hoadqjmcmp yoq tjm gjsdbghdj`gm* W dpm gjsdbghdj`gm dp

Cgop*

Dpsmp yqtdamp" òfo dp d|gcdjsd" poj oandso cd hqmj cgp`tpgðj* Ymqm jtdpsqo

yqoyðpgso ampsd cd`gq }td cdadfop qdèm~mq bm myqougfm`gðj m Cgop yoq fdcgo cd

mqhtfdjsop bðhgòp* Cgop jo dp oandso cd mjíbgpgp bðhgò* Cgop dp jtdpsqo Ymcqd m }tgdj

cdadfop |djgq dj Ndpt`qgpso* Bmp yqtdamp sofgpsmp jg pg}tgdqm yqtdamj bm dugpsdj`gm cdb

Ymcqd cd jtdpsqo Pdýoq* Dbbmp pðbo yqtdamj bm dugpsdj`gm cd tj cgop mqgpsosçbgò" cd tj

fosoq gjfð|gb* Smb fosoq gjfð|gb dp tjm òjpsqt``gðj bðhg`m" tjm òj`btpgðj ampmcm dj bm

yqdfgpm cd }td bo gjfð|gb dp cg|gjo*

@oj`btgqdfop dpsd òfdjsmqgo m`dq`m cd Sofíp cd M}tgjo òj tjm aqd|d fdj`gðjcdb yd`mco dj bm sdobohæm w lgbopolæm fdcgd|mbdp* Db òj`dyso cd yd`mco dj bm dcmc fdcgm

pd cdqg|ð ftèo cdb jdoybmsojgpfo* Qd`tdqcd }td Ybosgjo emaæm òjpsqtgco tjm ndqmq}tæm

cdb pdq òj db ‒þjgò‖ dj bm ymqsd ptydqgoq" w bm fmsdqgm dj bm ymqsd gjldqgoq* Dpm fmsdqgm"

cgngfop" ltd db yqgj`gygo cd bm gfydqld``gðj w cdb fmb* Dpm gcdm ltd bbd|mcm m bm sdobohæm

fdcgd|mb w qdptbsð bm co`sqgjm }td db fmb dp bm mtpdj`gm cdb agdj" tjm `mqdj`gm" tjm

yqg|m`gðj cdb agdj" tjm yqg|msgo aojg * Sofíp smfagçj mcoysð dpsm yopstqm* Dp gjjd`dpmqgo



17

cd`gq }td dpsm oygjgðj jdhmsg|m cdb yd`mco òfo mtpdj`gm cdb agdj dp tjm gcdm ymhmjm w

òfybdsmfdjsd mjsgaæabg`m* Ymqm bm Dp`qgstqm" db yd`mco dp tj òj`dyso yopgsg|o" dp tj

yocdq myðpsmsm* Dp tjm yqg|m`gðj jo pðbo dj db pdjsgco cd }td pghjglg`m pdymqm`gðj cd Cgop*

Bmfdjsmabdfdjsd" dpsm þbsgfm jo dqm bm òj`dy`gðj }td bop dpòbípsgòp sdjæmj cdb

yd`mco*

Edfop so`mco pðbo aqd|dfdjsd mbhtjop ytjsop cd bm lgbopolæm sofgpsm* W wm }td

qdyqdpdjsm db ygjí`tbo cdb dpòbmpsg`gpfo" emqdfop agdj dj dpstcgmqbm m lojco* Mtj}td

cdadfop dpsmq yqd`m|gcop cdb yqohqdpo m`stmb cd bm sdobohæm cd bm bgadqm`gðj o cd bm

sdobohæm pd`tbmq" mb fgpfo sgdfyo cdadfop dpsmq òjp`gdjsdp }td jtdpsqo fmwoq

yqoabdfm jo poj m}tdbbop" pgjo db dpòbmpsg`gpfo* Dj bm fdcgcm }td pd òjsgjþd ydjpmjco

òj tj fmqò cd qdldqdj`gm dpòbípsgò" bm òftjgcmc `qgpsgmjm pdhtgqí pgdjco gqqdbd|mjsd

w pgj gfym`so dj bmp dpsqt`stqmp cd bm po`gdcmc m`stmb*



09

@MYÆSTBO 3

CTJP DP@OSO %=1<<&=095'

Ctjp Dpòso ltd db þbsgfo cd bop hqmjcdp dpòbípsgòp* Wm dj pt ydjpmfgdjso yocdfop

cdsd`smq tjm sdjcdj`gm `qæsg`m" bm `tmb yqdpmhgð db cd`bg|d cdb dpòbmpsg`gpfo*

Dpòso smfagçj pd òfyqofdsgð lgqfdfdjsd òj db yqgj`gygo cd jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm*

@oj Sofíp cd M}tgjo" pd oqgdjsð em`gm tjm gjsdqyqdsm`gðj mqgpsosçbg`m* Jo oapsmjsd" dj

òjsqmpsd òj Sofíp" Ctjp pd mcegdqd m bm sdoqæm cdb |æj`tbo* Mþj fíp" cglgdqd cd Sofíp

dj }td mlgqfm bm yqgfm`æm cd bm |obtjsmc" fgdjsqmp }td M}tgjo emaæm yqo`bmfmco bm

yqgfm`æm cdb gjsdbd`so* Cd`gfo" yoq bo smjso" }td Sofíp fmjst|o tjm yopstqm

gjsdbd`stmbgpsm" fgdjsqmp }td db ytjso cd |gpsm cd Ctjp ytdcd `mqm`sdqg~mqpd òfo

|obtjsmqgpsm*

Dj dld`so" òfo socop bop dpòbípsgòp" pd dj|ob|gð dj mhtcop cdamsdp òj ptp

òjsdfyoqíjdop* Dpsop cdamsdp mbhtjmp |d`dp poj cglæ`gbdp cd pdhtgq yoq ptp gjsdqfgjmabdp

cgpsgj`gojdp }td òfybg`mj w op`tqd`dj db mqhtfdjso* @ofo qdptbsmco" bop dpòbípsgòp

jtj`m ymqd`gdqoj dpsmq òjpghtgdjco mbho* Dpsm pgstm`gðj òjsqgatwð hqmjcdfdjsd mb

`qd`gdjsd cdpdj`mjso òj db dpòbmpsg`gpfo*



0=

Qdympo cd bm Ptacg|gpgðj GG

Bm `gfm cdb dpòbmpsg`gpfo òjpsgstwd tj ydqgoco `qt`gmb dj bm egpsoqgm cd bm lgbopolæm*

Pghjglg`m tj `bæfmu* Bo pghbop yqd`dcdjsdp loqfmj tj yqdbtcgo* Cdpcd m}tæ pd gjg`gm db

cdp`djpo cdb dpòbmpsg`gpfo* Mb fgpfo sgdfyo" cdadfop qdòqcmq }td bop fgpfop sgyop cd

yqoabdfmp òjsgjþmj gfyojgçjcopd poaqd db ydjpmfgdjso lgbopðlgò*

Pdqí cd atdjm hmjm m`dysmco }td db dp`djmqgo dj bm dcmc fdcgm ltd ftèo fíp

òfybdno }td bo cdp`qgso dj dpsd ymjoqmfm* Ftèmp osqmp òqqgdjsdp cd ydjpmfgdjso %w

òfagjm`gojdp cd òqqgdjsdp' eg`gdqoj pdjsgq ptp dld`sop*

Mtj}td db cd`bg|d cdb dpòbmpsg`gpfo bo òjpgcdqmfop wm tj edèo" pghtgçjcobd bm

Qdloqfm" jo cdad ob|gcmqpd }td bop dld`sop cd dpsd ydqæoco cd jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm"

òjsgjþmj m sqm|çp cd bop pghbop* Tj dndfybo ampsmqí* Cdpytçp cd bm Qdloqfm w db

òjòfgsmjsd cdqqtfad cd bm po`gdcmc fdcgd|mb" tjm sdobohæm oqgdjsmcm

dpòbípsg`mfdjsd dp qd&gjsqoct`gcm dj bmp tjg|dqpgcmcdp* Qdptbsmco }td jtdpsqm yqoygm

sdobohæm d|mjhçbg`m w qdloqfmcm dpst|o bdnop cd bgaqmqpd cd bm gjlbtdj`gm dpòbípsg`m m ydpmq

cd bm oaqm cd Ntmj @mb|gjo* Eow socm|æm sdjdfop tjm sdjcdj`gm m sdobohg~mq m`dq`m cd

Cgop òfo oandso cd mjíbgpgp* Dpsmfop socm|æm gj`bgjmcop m fgqmq m bmp Dp`qgstqmp òfo tjm

òbd``gðj cd yqoyopg`gojdp |dqcmcdqo/lmbpo* Socm|æm sdjcdfop m `qddq dj ptytdpsmp íqdmp

jdtsqmbdp cd gjsdqçp yþabgò*

Jd`dpgsmfop dqqmcg`mq bm fdjsmbgcmc dpòbípsg`m cd jtdpsqo fdcgo* Pg jo" djsoj`dp

gjd|gsmabdfdjsd db pd`tbmqgpfo etfmjgpsm `qd`dqí fíp w fíp ltdqsd" w fíp w fíp

gjsobdqmjsd" empsm }td" Cgop jo bo }tgdqm" bm |o~ `qgpsgmjm jo pdm fíp oæcm dj jtdpsqo ymæp*



01

PTACG\GPGÐJ GGG

DB CD@BG\D CDB DP@OBMPSG@GPFO

GJSQOCT@@GÐJ

Dj bop pghbop UG\ w U\ cdsd`smfop tj cd`bg|d cdb dpòbmpsg`gpfo ampsmjsd qíygco*

\mqgop lm`soqdp òjsqgatwdqoj m dpso" yoq dndfybo" db cdpdj`mjso òj bmp gjsdqfgjmabdpcgpsgj`gojdp dpòbípsg`mp w tj `qd`gdjsd dpyæqgst cd ctcm w dp`dysg`gpfo %w tj ptapd`tdjsd

ptqhgq cdb ptandsg|gpfo'* Mþj fíp" bm sdjpgðj dj bm ghbdpgm w bm sdobohæm o`mpgojmcm yoq bm

òjsgjtm`gðj cd bm pæjsdpgp dpsmam mb`mj~mjco tj ytjso cd duybopgðj* Ydqo jo cdadfop pdq

jdhbghdjsdp ymqm josmq }td dj dpsd ytjso cd bm egpsoqgm dpsmam sofmjco bthmq tj qdmb

cd`qdfdjso cdb gjsdqçp dj bop pdq|g`gop cd mcoqm`gðj w bmp yqí`sg`mp ‒qdbghgopmp‖* Dpsd

cd`bgjmq cdb `dbo ‒qdbghgopo‖ ltd mòfymýmco òj bm cdpgjsdhqm`gðj cd bm yopg`gðj cd yocdq

dj bm ghbdpgm qofmjm* Dpsop ltdqoj sgdfyop cglæ`gbdp" w dfo`gojmjsdp* Bop dpsmcop

jm`gojmbdp òfdj~mqoj m ptqhgq" w db eofaqd òfdj~mam m duyboqmq db ftjco* Bm `gdj`gm

òfdj~ð m cdpmqqobbmqpd w òj db cdqqtfad cd bm mtsoqgcmc cd bm ghbdpgm pd mpdjsð dbyqo`dpo cd pd`tbmqg~m`gðj* Socop dpsop lm`soqdp pdýmbmqoj db lgj cdb dpòbmpsg`gpfo

fdcgd|mb*

Gj`tdpsgojmabdfdjsd" bm lghtqm cd fíp gjlbtdj`gm }td myqdptqð bm `mæcm cdb

dpòbmpsg`gpfo ltd Htgbbdqfo cd O`kemf" tj gjcg|gctmbgpsm* Jo oapsmjsd" pd eg`gdqoj

yqdpdjsdp osqmp sdjcdj`gmp w òqqgdjsdp" smb òfo bm òjsgjtm`gðj cdb |gdno òjlbg`so djsqd

db tjg|dqpmbgpfo ymq`gmb ybmsðjgò w mqgpsosçbgò* Db tjg|dqpmbgpfo dpst|o qdyqdpdjsmco yoq

Fdgpsdq D`kemqs* Mb fgpfo sgdfyo" db sdfm cdb m yqgoqg yqdymqð db `mfgjo ymqm db `mqí`sdq

ptandsg|gpsm cd bm dcmc focdqjm*

Djlo`mqdfop jtdpsqm msdj`gðj m cop qdyqdpdjsmjsdp cd dpsd ydqæoco" m pmadq" Fdgpsdq

D`kemqs w Htgbbdqfo cd O`kemf*



00

@MYÆSTBO =

FDGPSDQ D@KEMQS %=1<9&=018'

Tjm qdm``gðj mb dpòbmpsg`gpfo %tjg|dqpmbgpsm ymq`gmb' ltd db fo|gfgdjso cdb fgpsg`gpfo

tjg|dqpmbgpsm* Db fojnd mbdfíj D`kemqs qdyqdpdjsð dpsm yopstqm* Gjsdqdpmjsd ltd }td emwm

pgco tjo cd bop yqgfdqop lgbðpolop }td dp`qgagdqoj oaqmp yoytbmqdp dj db gcgofm |dqjí`tbo%bop sqmsmcop fíp cglæ`gbdp w dqtcgsop bop dp`qgagð dj bmsæj" yoq ptytdpso'*

D`kemqs `qdwð }td db pdq cd bm `qdm`gðj dp bm fgpfm `bmpd }td db cd Cgop* @mcm `qgmstqm

ymqsg`gym cdb pdq cd Cgop" cgno* Mb fgpfo sgdfyo" bmp `qgmstqmp cglgdqdj cd Cgop dj pt

dpdj`gm* Qdldqdjsd m pt dpdj`gm w ptp `mqm`sdqæpsg`mp cdsdqfgjmjsdp" bop eofaqdp jo poj

òfo Cgop" yoq ptytdpso %bm cgldqdj`gm djsqd pdq w dpdj`gm dp tjm sæyg`m cgpsgj`gðj

dpòbípsg`m'* Db tjg|dqpmbgpfo cd D`kemqs dp d|gcdjsd> bop eofaqdp w bmp òpmp gjcg|gctmbdp

poj pobmfdjsd cdqg|m`gojdp" qmfmbdp cdb þjgò" cdb pdq tjg|dqpmb* Dpsd dp db `mqí`sdq

fæpsgò cdb ydjpmfgdjso cd D`kemqs* @tqgopm dp bm pgfgbgstc cdb ytjso cd |gpsm cd D`kemqsòj db cd Edqí`bgso* Qd`tdqcd" Edqí`bgso smfagçj yopstbð cop yqo`dpop pgftbsíjdop> db

ltdho mb mhtm w |g`d|dqpm* Bop oytdpsop qdsoqjmj tjo mb osqo* M dpsm loqfm cd |dq cd

Edqí`bgso w Fdgpsdq D`kemqs bd bbmfmfop ògj`gcdjsgm oyyopgsoqtf %ògj`gcdj`gm cd

oytdpsop'* Smb ydjpmfgdjso dp òjsqmcg`soqgo" wm }td bop cop yqo`dpop ‒pd òjsqmcg`dj‖

tjo mb osqo*



03

@MYÆSTBO 1

HTGBBDQFO CD O@KEMF %f* =049'

Bm sdjcdj`gm tjg|dqpmbgpsm dj dpsd ydqæoco cdb cd`bg|d cdb dpòbmpsg`gpfo ltd

òjsqmqqdpsmcm yoq tj yocdqopo fo|gfgdjso gjcg|gctmbgpsm* Josd }td dpsmp cop òqqgdjsdp

poj cdp|gm`gojdp cdb tjg|dqpmbgpfo ymq`gmb m`dysmco dj bm dcmc fdcgm*

Htgbbdqfo cd O`kemf yqdymqð db ltjdqmb cdb dpòbmpsg`gpfo* Dqm tj yqoltjco

ydjpmcoq w `qæsgò qmcg`mb; cgo bm `mfymjmcm gjdpydqmcmfdjsd dj tj òjsduso dpòbípsgò*

Jo poqyqdjcd }td bm ghbdpgm qofmjm bo òjpgcdqmqm tj edqdnd*

Wm edfop |gpso }td bm ghbdpgm fmjst|o loq~mcmfdjsd tjm ltpgðj mqsglg`gmb cd

jmstqmbd~m w hqm`gm* Pðbo m sqm|çp cd ptp dcg`sop w òjcdjm cd bmp ‒edqdnæmp‖ ytco

òjpdq|mq ntjsmp dpmp cop íqdmp* Smb ltpgðj dqm" ymqm cd`gqbo ptm|dfdjsd" yqd`mqgm*

Cdpytçp cd soco" mfamp íqdmp dqmj òfybdsmfdjsd mtsðjofmp" mtj}td dj bm loqfm cd

|dq cd Sofíp" db qdgjo cd bm jmstqmbd~m dqm tj yqgfdq ympo em`gm db qdgjo cd bm hqm`gm" mbho

òfo tj yðqsgò ‒jmstqmb‖ m sqm|çp cdb `tmb tjo djsqm m bop òqqdcoqdp cd bm hqm`gm*

O`kemf dpsmam cdsdqfgjmco m fopsqmq }td dj qdmbgcmc jo emaæm smb ltpgðj" smb òjdugðj

djsqd jmstqmbd~m w hqm`gm* Dj dld`so" O`kemf dpsmam jdhmjco bm pæjsdpgp*

@ofo du`dbdjsd bðhgò }td dqm" dpsmam emagbgsmco ymqm cdfobdq bmp lmbm`gmp cd tj

atdj jþfdqo cd jo`gojdp dpòbípsg`mp* Mcdfíp cd pt bðhg`m tpð osqm edqqmfgdjsm ymqm

cdpsqtgq mb dpòbmpsg`gpfo" òjo`gcm òfo ‒bm jm|mnm cd O`kemf‖* Dpsm dqm db yqgj`gygo cd

bm dòjofæm cdb ydjpmfgdjso> ‒jo cdad yopstbmqpd tjm ybtqmbgcmc pgj jd`dpgcmc‖* Mb

mybg`mq dpsd yqgj`gygo" O`kemf eíagbfdjsd òjpghtgð cdpem`dqpd cd tjm ftbsgstc cd%mhtcmp' cgpsgj`gojdp dpòbípsg`mp*

Bm yopstqm lgbopðlg`m cd O`kemf pd `mqm`sdqg~m yoq tj fgjt`gopo gjcg|gctmbgpfo* Jgdhm

òfybdsmfdjsd bm dugpsdj`gm cd tjg|dqpmbdp* Jo emw smb òpm" cgno" òfo tjm loqfm o

fmsdqgm tjg|dqpmb* Jo emw tj ‒pdq òfo smb‖* Pobmfdjsd dugpsdj òpmp gjcg|gctmbdp* Emw

pobmfdjsd eofaqdp w ftndqdp gjcg|gctmbdp* @mcm eofaqd w ftndq gjcg|gctmb" `mcm òpm

gjcg|gctmb dp tjm djsgcmc mtso òjsdjgcm" tj mapobtso" jo qdbm`gojmcm m osqm òpm

gjcg|gctmb* Mþj fíp" bop tjg|dqpmbdp poj pðbo òj`dysop cd bm fdjsd" dbmaoqmcop mb

mapsqmdq `mqm`sdqæpsg`mp pgfgbmqdp cd |mqgop gjcg|gctop* Cd m}tæ }td db jofgjmbgpfo cd

O`kemf %bop tjg|dqpmbdp poj tj òj`dyso" tj jofaqd" cdb bmsæj jofdj" jofaqd' dp tjm

òjpd`tdj`gm cd pt gjcg|gctmbgpfo*

O`kemf ltd tj dfygqgpsm* Pðbo yocdfop emabmq òpmp òj pghjglg`mco cd jtdpsqm

duydqgdj`gm* Db qdpso cd bmp òpmp" yoq dndfybo" Cgop" dp pgfybdfdjsd ld* @ofo qdptbsmco

cd dpsd dpsqg`so dfygqgpfo" O`kemf qdèm~ð bmp yqtdamp dpòbípsg`mp cd bm dugpsdj`gm cd

Cgop*



0<

Qdympo cd bm Ptacg|gpgðj GGG

Empsm meoqm bop cdpmpsqopop dld`sop cd bm pæjsdpgp jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm poj ampsmjsd

d|gcdjsdp* Db cd`bg|d cdb dpòbmpsg`gpfo pghjglg`ð db òfgdj~o cd ltdq~mp pd`tbmqdp" ltdq~mp

etfmjgpsmp* Db eofaqd myðpsmsm" qd`tdqcdj" ‒ptyqgfd bm |dqcmc dj gjntpsg`gm‖" w `tmjco

bop dpòbípsgòp mqsg`tbmqoj tjm sdobohæm w lgbopolæm }td gjedqdjsdfdjsd òjsdjæm bmyopgagbgcmc cd bgfgsmq db yocdq cd bm Ymbmaqm cd Cgop" jo etao |m`gbm`gðj* Mjpgopmfdjsd db

jtd|o dpyæqgst etfmjgpsm myqo|dèð bm oyoqstjgcmc w pd myqoygð yqí`sg`mfdjsd cd socmp

bmp íqdmp cd bm |gcm" cdnmjco pðbo tj yd}tdýo dpym`go ymqm bm òftjgcmc `qgpsgmjm* @ofo

qdptbsmco" bm mtsoqgcmc cd bm Ymbmaqm cd Cgop ltd dbgfgjmcm cd bmp qdbm`gojdp yþabg`mp* Eow

bop yqo`dpop yobæsgòp" yoq dndfybo" poj etfmjgpsmp w jo `qgpsgmjop; Ndpt`qgpso w pt Ymbmaqm

ntdhmj tj ymydb fdjop }td fmqhgjmb dj bm yobæsg`m* Bm dfyqdpm `gdjsælg`m dp pd`tbmq m

lojco" yoq}td Ndpt`qgpso jo dp Qdw cd bm `gdj`gm w bm sd`jobohæm dj jtdpsqo ftjco

focdqjo* Bmp dp`tdbmp yþabg`mp w tjg|dqpgcmcdp poj ambtmqsdp cdb etfmjgpfo" yoq}td bm

Ymbmaqm cd Cgop dp yqop`qgsm w qgcg`tbg~mcm* Pdmfop ybdjmfdjsd òjp`gdjsdp }td tjm fdqmqdloqfm foqmb jo |m m òqqdhgq dpsm pgstm`gðj gfyæm* Jo emaqæm pgjo cd`gq m bm hdjsd }td pd

òfyoqsd dj loqfm òqqd`sm fgdjsqmp bmp ltdq~mp cd gj`qdctbgcmc òjsgjþmj dpsqdèmjco

pt cofgjgo yqí`sg`mfdjsd poaqd socm bm |gcm* Bo }td pd jd`dpgsm dp tjm yqoltjcm qdloqfm

cd bm dfyqdpm yobæsg`m" bmaoqmb" gjctpsqgmb w `gdjsælg`m* Dpsd dp tj bbmfmco m bm m``gðj

`qgpsgmjm òftjgsmqgm %db gjcg|gctmbgpfo bmqho sgdfyo em po`m|mco bm ltdq~m cd bm

òftjgcmc `qgpsgmjm'* ]tç sqdfdjcm smqdm jop dpydqm*



08

CG\GPGÐJ GGG

PÆJSDPGP MB @DQQMQ BM DCMC FDCGM

GJSQOCT@@GÐJ

Dpdj`gmbfdjsd dpsd ydqæoco qdyqdpdjsm tj sgdfyo cd sqmjpg`gðj* Wm edfop pdýmbmco

mbhtjop cd bop lm`soqdp }td òjsqgatwdqoj mb cd`bg|d cdb dpòbmpsg`gpfo" w wm }td dbydqæoco }td jop o`tym pghtd ftw cd `dq`m mb yqd`dcdjsd" jo jd`dpgsmfop qdydsgqbo*

Bbmfmqdfop m çpsd" bm sdq`dqm pæjsdpgp" dj òjsqmpsd òj bm pæjsdpgp yqgfdqm %ymsqæpsg`m' w

pdhtjcm %dpòbípsg`m'*

@mqm`sdqæpsgò cd dpsm sdq`dqm dp db ltdqsd pdjsgfgdjso mjsgdpòbípsgò* Bop

qdyqdpdjsmjsdp cd dpsm dqm pd pgdjsdj djldqfop w `mjpmcop cdb dpòbmpsg`gpfo* Fíp

gfyoqsmjsd" pgj dfamqho" dp db cdpdo cd qdsoqjmq mb ydqæoco ymsqæpsgò* Db `qgpsgmjgpfo

yqgfgsg|o msqmd ftw ltdqsdfdjsd m bop lgbðpolop cd bm sdq`dqm pæjsdpgp*

Yocdfop cgpsgjhtgq cop fo|gfgdjsop" jgjhtjo cd bop `tmbdp yqoct`d lgbðpolop cd

qdjofaqd* Cop aqd|dp ptacg|gpgojdp ampsmqíj*



07

PTACG\GPGÐJ GG

DB ETFMJGPFO @QGPSGMJO

Bop etfmjgpsmp `qgpsgmjop smfagçj ltdqoj ydjpmcoqdp pgjsçsgòp* @ofo bm yqd&

qdloqfm" db etfmjgpfo `qgpsgmjo mjedbmam qdsoqjmq mb ydqæoco ymsqæpsgò* Ydqo db çjlmpgp

dqm cgldqdjsd* Wm }td myqd`gmqoj jo smjso db dbdfdjso Dp`qgstqmb dj Mhtpsæj" pgjo db edèo}td Mhtpsæj dqm m bm |d~ `qgpsgmjo w qofmjo* Dj osqmp ymbmaqmp" bop etfmjgpsmp `qgpsgmjop

dpsmamj atp`mjco db qdsoqjo cd tj ftjco qofmjo `qgpsgmjg~mco* Ydsqmq`m %f* =080' w ptp

mfghop m`sg|mfdjsd sqmsmqoj cd qdpsmabd`dq smb ftjco* Fíp }td gsmbgmjop" }tdqæmj pdq

qofmjop*

Bop `qgpsgmjop etfmjgpsmp `qdwdqoj }td yoq qdpsmtqmq bm `tbstqm `bípg`m yocqæmj

fdnoqmq pt yqoygo ftjco*



Qdympo cd bm Cg|gpgðj GGG

Db cdpdo cd qdsoqjmq mb ftjco ymsqæpsgò dqm ftw yoò pmbtcmabd* Tjm qdpsmtqm`gðj

cdb ympmco jo pðbo dp gfyopgabd" smfagçj djsqm dj òjlbg`so òj db |dqcmcdqo yqgj`gygo cd

bm Qdloqfm* Bm Qdloqfm jtj`m dp tj qdsoqjo m tj ydqæoco `qgpsgmjo dj bm egpsoqgm" pgjo

pgdfyqd pghjglg`m mqqdydjsgfgdjso w tj qdsoqjo m bm oadcgdj`gm* Dpsd mjedbo yoq db ympmcoòjpsgstwd osqm qm~ðj yoq bm }td lmbbmqoj dpsop fo|gfgdjsop*

Edfop bbdhmco meoqm m bm òj`btpgðj cdb pdhtjco ydqæoco yqgj`gymb" db ydqæoco cd bm

pæjsdpgp* Cdadqæm pdq `bmqo }td bm dcmc fdcgm dpst|o bdnop cd pdq ‒op`tqm‖* Mb òjsqmqgo"

tjm qg`m cg|dqpgcmc cd fo|gfgdjsop lgbopðlgòp dpst|gdqoj yqdpdjsdp yqí`sg`mfdjsd dj

`mcm pghbo* Dj db pghtgdjsd ydqæoco yqgj`gymb òjpgcdqmqdfop bm qdm``gðj m dpsop pghbop cd

pæjsdpgp* Dpsm qdm``gðj mjtj`gmam db mqqgao cd bm dqm focdqjm*

Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II

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Transcript of Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II