Valentina Tereskova
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Rank Major General,Soviet Air Force
Time in space 2 days, 23hrs, and 12mins
Selection Female Group
Missions Vostok 6
Mission
insignia
Awards
Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova(Russian: ; born 6
March 1937) is a retiredSovietcosmonautandengineer,and the first woman to have flown inspace,
having been selected from more than four hundred applicants and five finalists to pilotVostok 6on 16
June 1963. In order to join the Cosmonaut Corps, Tereshkova was only honorarily inducted into
theSoviet Air Forceand thus she also became the first civilian to fly in space.[1]
During her three-day
mission, she performed various tests on herself to collect data on the female body's reaction to
spaceflight.
Before her recruitment as cosmonaut, Tereshkova was a textile factory assembly worker and an
amateur skydiver. After the dissolution of the first group of female cosmonauts in 1969, she became a
prominent member of theCommunist Party of the Soviet Union,holding various political offices. She
remained politically active following the collapse of theSoviet Unionand is still revered as a heroine in
post-SovietRussia.
In 2013 she offered to go on a one-way trip to Mars, if such were to occur.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career in the Soviet space program
3 Education
4 Prominence in Soviet politics
5 Personal life
6 Honours and awards
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
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://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova#cite_note-Valentina_Vladimirovna_TERESHKOVA-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronauthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_selection#1962http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General 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Early life[edit]
Tereshkova was born in the village Maslennikovo,Tutayevsky District,Yaroslavl Oblast,in central
Russia. Her parents had migrated fromBelarus.[3]
Tereshkova's father was a tractor driver and her
mother worked in a textile plant. Tereshkova began school in 1945 at the age of eight, but left school
in 1953 and continued her education by correspondence courses.[4]She became interested in
parachuting from a young age, and trained inskydivingat the local Aeroclub, making her first jump at
age 22 on 21 May 1959; at the time, she was employed as a textile worker in a local factory. It was
her expertise in skydiving that led to her selection as a cosmonaut. In 1961 she became the secretary
of the localKomsomol(Young Communist League) and later joined theCommunist Party of the
Soviet Union.
Career in the Soviet space program[edit]
Thisbiographical articleneeds additionalcitationsforverification.Please
help by addingreliable sources.Contentious material about living persons that is
unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if
potentiallylibelousor harmful.(November 2010)
Cosmonauts Valentina Tereshkova andValery Bykovskyamong children
After the flight ofYuri Gagarinin 1961,Sergey Korolyov,the chief Soviet rocket engineer, came up
with the idea of putting a woman in space. On 16 February 1962, Valentina Tereshkova was selected
to join the female cosmonaut corps. Out of more than four hundred applicants, five were
selected:Tatyana Kuznetsova,Irina Solovyova,Zhanna Yorkina,Valentina Ponomaryova,and
Tereshkova. Qualifications included that they be parachutists under 30 years of age, under 170 cm (5
feet 7 inches) tall, and under 70 kg (154 lbs.) in weight.
Tereshkova was considered a particularly worthy candidate, partly due to her "proletarian"
background, and because her father, tank leadersergeantVladimir Tereshkov, was awar hero.He
died in the FinnishWinter Warduring World War II in theLemettiarea in FinnishKareliawhen
Tereshkova was two years old. After her mission she was asked how the Soviet Union should thank
her for her service to the country. Tereshkova asked that the government search for, and publish, the
location where her father was killed in action. This was done, and a monument now stands at the site
in Lemettinow on the Russian side of the border. Tereshkova has since visited Finland several
times.
Training included weightless flights, isolation tests, centrifuge tests, rocket theory, spacecraft
engineering, 120 parachute jumps and pilot training inMiG-15UTIjet fighters. The group spent
several months in intensive training, concluding with examinations in November 1962, after which fourremaining candidates were commissioned Junior Lieutenants in the Soviet Air Force. Tereshkova,
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Solovyova and Ponomaryova were the leading candidates, and a joint mission profile was developed
that would see two women launched into space, on solo Vostok flights on consecutive days in March
or April 1963.
CosmonautsAndriyan Nikolayevand Valentina Tereshkova on aHungarianstamp.
Originally it was intended that Tereshkova would launch first in Vostok 5 while Ponomaryova would
follow her into orbit in Vostok 6. However, this flight plan was altered in March 1963. Vostok 5 would
now carry a male cosmonautValery Bykovskyflying the joint mission with a woman aboard Vostok 6
in June 1963. The State Space Commission nominated Tereshkova to pilot Vostok 6 at their meeting
on 21 May and this was confirmed byNikita Khrushchevhimself. At the time of her selection,
Tereshkova was exactly ten years younger than the youngestMercury Sevenastronaut,Gordon
Cooper.
After watching the successful launch ofVostok 5on 14 June, Tereshkova began final preparations for
her own flight. She was 26 at the time. On the morning of 16 June 1963, Tereshkova and her back-up
Solovyova were both dressed in spacesuits and taken to thelaunch padby bus. After completing her
communication and life support checks, she was sealed inside the Vostok. After a two-hour
countdown,Vostok 6launched faultlessly, and Tereshkova became the first woman in space. Her call
sign in this flight was Chaika(English:Seagull;Russian: ), later commemorated as the name of
an asteroid,1671 Chaika.
From right to left:Nikita Khrushchev,Valentina Tereshkova,Pavel PopovichandYury Gagarinat theLenin Mausoleum,
during a celebration honoring the Soviet cosmonauts, 1963
Although Tereshkova experiencednauseaand physical discomfort for much of the flight,[5]
she orbited
the earth 48 times and spent almost three days in space. With a single flight, she logged more flight
time than the combined times of all American astronauts who had flown before that date. Tereshkova
also maintained a flight log and took photographs of the horizon, which were later used toidentifyaerosollayers within theatmosphere.
Vostok 6was the final Vostok flight and was launched two days afterVostok 5which carriedValery
Bykovskyinto a similar orbit for five days, landing three hours after Tereshkova. The two vessels
approached each other within 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) at one point, and Tereshkova communicated with
Bykovsky and with Khrushchev by radio.
Even though there were plans for further flights by women, it took 19 years until the second
woman,Svetlana Savitskaya,flew into space. None of the other four in Tereshkova's early group flew,
and in October 1969 the pioneering female cosmonaut group was dissolved.
Education[edit]
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kipedia.org/wiki/Seagullhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_padhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Cooperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Cooperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Sevenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_Bykovskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andriyan_Nikolayev 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Tereshkova, skiing, 1964
After her flight, Tereshkova studied at theZhukovsky Air Force Academyand graduated with
distinction as a cosmonaut engineer. In 1977 she earned a doctorate in engineering.
Prominence in Soviet politics[edit]
Due to her prominence Tereshkova was chosen for several political positions: from 1966 to 1974 she
was a member of theSupreme Soviet of the Soviet Union,from 1974 to 1989 a member of
thePresidium of the Supreme Soviet,and from 1969 to 1991 she was in theCentral Committee of the
Communist Party.In 1997 she was retired from theRussian Air Forceand the cosmonaut corps by
presidential order.
Beyond her recognized political offices within the Soviet Union, Tereshkova also became a wellknown representative of the Soviet Union abroad. She was made a member of theWorld Peace
Councilin 1966, a member of theYaroslavlSoviet in 1967, a member of theSupreme Soviet of the
Soviet Unionin 19661970 and 19701974, and was elected to thePresidium of the Supreme
Sovietin 1974. She was also the Soviet representative to the UN Conference for theInternational
Women's YearinMexico Cityin 1975. She also led the Soviet delegation to the World Conference on
Women in Copenhagen and played a critical role in shaping the socialist women's global agenda for
peace. She attained the rank of deputy to the Supreme Soviet, membership of the Communist Party
of the Soviet Union Central Committee, Vice President of the International Womans Democratic
Federation and President of the Soviet-Algerian Friendship Society.
She was decorated with theHero of the Soviet Unionmedal, the USSR's highest award. She was
also awarded theOrder of Lenin,Order of the October Revolution,numerous other medals, and
foreign orders including theKarl Marx Order,United Nations Gold Medal of Peace and the Simba
International Womens Movement Award. She was also bestowed a title of theHero of Socialist Labor
of Czechoslovakia,Hero of Labor of Vietnam,andHero of Mongolia.In 1990 she received an
honorary doctorate from theUniversity of Edinburgh.Tereshkova crateron thefar side of the
Moonwas named after her.
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Tereshkova in 1970
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Tereshkova lost her political office but none of her prestige. To
this day, she is revered as a heroine, and to some her importance in Russian space history is only
surpassed byYuri GagarinandAlexey Leonov.In 2011, she was elected to the State Duma, the
lower house of the Russian legislature, where she continues to serve.[6]
Tereshkova's life and spaceflight were first examined (in the west) in the 1975 book:It Is I, Sea Gull;
Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in spacebyMitchel R. Sharpe[7]
and then again in greater
detail of her life and spaceflight in the 2007 bookInto That Silent SeabyColin BurgessandFrancis
French,including interviews with Tereshkova and her colleagues.
Tereshkova was invited to Prime MinisterVladimir Putin's residence inNovo-Ogaryovofor the
celebration of her 70th birthday. While there she said that she would like to fly to Mars, even if it
meant that it was a one way trip.[8]
On 5 April 2008, she became a torchbearer of the2008 Summer Olympics torch relayinSaint
Petersburg,Russia.[9]
She received theEduard Rhein Ring of Honorfrom the GermanEduard Rhein Foundationin
2007.[10][11]
Personal life[edit]
After theVostok 6flight a rumour began circulating that she would marryAndrian Nikolayev(1929
2004), the only bachelor cosmonaut to have flown. Nikolayev and Tereshkova married on 3
November 1963 at the Moscow Wedding Palace with Khrushchev himself presiding at the wedding
party together with top government and space programme leaders.
On 8 June 1964, she gave birth to their daughterElena Andrianovna Nikolaeva-Tereshkova,[12]
who
became a doctor and was the first person to have both a mother and father who had travelled into
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space. She and Nikolayev divorced in 1982. Her second husband, the orthopaedist Yuliy G.
Shaposhnikov, died in 1999.
The wedding ceremony of pilot-cosmonauts Valentina Tereshkova and Andrian Nikolaev, 3 November 1963.
Honours and awards[edit]
Tereshkova at theHeurekascience centre, inFinland,2002
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Valentina Tereshkova andNeil Armstrong,1970
Tereshkova visiting theLvovconfectionary, 1967
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Valentina Tereshkova among delegates of the 24thCPSUcongress, 1971
Valentina Tereshkova and NASA astronautCatherine Colemanat the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in December
2010.
Tereshkova receives theOrder of FriendshipfromRussian PresidentDmitry Medvedevon 12 April 2011 at theMoscow
Kremlin.
This article incorporates information fromthe equivalent articleon theRussian Wikipedia.
Russian
Order of Alexander Nevsky(2013)[13]
Order of Merit for the Fatherland;
2nd class (6 March 2007)for outstanding contribution to the development of domestic
space
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3rd class (6 March 1997)for services to the state and the great personal contribution to
the development of domestic space
Order of Honour(10 June 2003)for outstanding contribution to the development and
strengthening of international scientific, cultural and social ties
Order of Friendship(12 April 2011)for outstanding contribution to the development ofnational manned space flight and long-term fruitful public activity
Russian Federation State Prizefor outstanding achievements in the field of humanitarian
action in 2008 (4 June 2009)
Certificates of appreciation from the Government of the Russian Federation;
16 June 2008,for long-term fruitful state and public activities, considerable personal
contribution to the development of manned space flight and in connection with the 45th
anniversary of spaceflight
12 June 2003,for large contribution to the development of manned space flight
3 March 1997)for the contribution to the development of space, the strengthening of
international scientific and cultural ties and years of diligent work
Soviet
Honoured Master of Sports (19 June 1963)
Hero of the Soviet Union(22 June 1963)
Order of Lenin(22 June 1963; 6 May 1981)for making progress on the development and
strengthening of ties with the progressive community and peace-loving forces of foreign
countries
Order of the October Revolution(1 December 1971)
Order of the Red Banner of Labour(5 March 1987)for social activities
Order of the Friendship of Peoples
Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Soviet Union
Other awards Warsaw Pact
"Gold Star"Hero of Socialist Labour (Czechoslovakia)(August 1963)
"Gold Star"Hero of Socialist Labour (Bulgaria)(Bulgaria, 9 September 1963)
Order of Georgi Dimitrov(Bulgaria, 9 September 1963)
Order of Karl Marx(October 1963, East Germany)
Medal of Becker(October 1963, East Germany) Cross of Grunwald,1st class (October 1963, Poland)
Order of the National Flag with diamonds (Hungary, April 1965)
Order "For Achievements in Science" (Romania, 17 November 1973)
Medal "For Strengthening Brotherhood in Arms" (Bulgaria, 1976)
Order of Klement Gottwald(Czechoslovakia)
Other awards
Order of the Star of Nepal, 1st class (November 1963)
Order of the Star of the Republic of Indonesia,2nd class (November 1963)
Order of the Volta(Ghana, January 1964)
"Gold Soyombo"Hero of Labour (Mongolia)
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Order of Sukhbaatar(Mongolia, May 1965)
Order of the Enlightenment (Afghanistan, August 1969)
Order of Planets (Jordan, December 1969)
Order of the Nile(Egypt, January 1971)
"Gold Star"Hero of Labour (Vietnam)(October 1971)
Order of Bernardo O'Higgins(Chile, March 1972)
Order of the Yugoslav Flagwith sash (November 1972)
Grand Cross of theOrder of the Sun(Peru, 1974)
Order of the Bay of Pigs (Cuba, 1974)
Order of Anne Betancourt (Cuba, 1974)
Order of Duke Branimir,with sash (Croatia, 17 February 2003)
Scientific, social and religious organizations
Gold Medal, TsiolkovskyAcademy of Sciences of the USSR
Gold Medal of the British Society for interplanetary communications "For achievements inspace exploration" (February 1964)
Gold Medal of the "Cosmos" (FAI)
Award Galambera Astronautics
Gold Medal of Peace Joliot-Curie (France, 1964)
Order "Wind Rose" International Committee of the National Aeronautics and Space Missions
"Golden mimosa" of the Italian Union of Women (1963)
Sign of the Komsomol "For active in the League" (1963)
Gold MedalExhibition of Economic Achievements(28 June 1963)
Honour ofDOSAAF(1 July 1963)
Order of St. Euphrosyne, Grand Duchess of Moscow,2nd class (2008)
Honorary Citizenships
Kaluga,Yaroslavl(Russia),Karaganda,Baikonur(Leninsk, Kazakhstan,
1977),Gyumri(Leninakan, Armenia, 1965),Vitebsk(Belarus,
1975),Montreux(Switzerland),Drancy(France),Montgomery(UK),Polizzi
Generosa(Italy),Darkhan(Mongolia, 1965),Sofia,Burgas,Petrich,Stara
Zagora,Pleven,Varna(Bulgaria, 1963),Bratislava(Slovakia, 1963)
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Bernardo_O%27Higginshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hero_of_Labour_(Vietnam)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Nilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Sukhbaatar