Urbanized MM5Urbanized MM5 simulations simulations of of HoustonHouston: : land-useland-use, , UHIsUHIs, ,

and and August 2000 August 2000 ozoneozone transport transport

patternspatterns

Presented atPresented at

8686thth AMS Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA AMS Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA

30 January 200630 January 2006

R.T.F. Balmori*, R. Bornstein*, M. Voss*, and H. Taha#*

*San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA#Altostratus Inc., Martinez, CA, USA

balmori@met.sjsu.edu

OutlineOutline• INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

• Previous efforts on this casePrevious efforts on this case• Objective of current studyObjective of current study

• METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY• uMM5uMM5• Current applicationCurrent application

• RESULTSRESULTS• GCGC/Synoptic forcing /Synoptic forcing • Analysis of Analysis of meso-obsmeso-obs for ozone for ozone

transporttransport• Model results: Model results: temp and windtemp and wind

• CONCLUSIONS/FUTURE WORKCONCLUSIONS/FUTURE WORK

Previous Study of Aug 2000 (Nielsen-Previous Study of Aug 2000 (Nielsen-Gammon 2002)Gammon 2002)

Houston Houston High-OHigh-O33 days typically occur with days typically occur with coastal coastal sfc-windssfc-winds rotate as inertial circle rotate as inertial circle *morning northerly/offshore*morning northerly/offshore flow (+ inland flow (+ inland

precursors) precursors) stagnationstagnation for several hours over Galveston Bay for several hours over Galveston Bay *afternoon *afternoon SE Bay BreezeSE Bay Breeze flow transports polluted flow transports polluted

air from Ship Channel to Houston air from Ship Channel to Houston SW Gulf BreezeSW Gulf Breeze flow (from rotation) from Houston flow (from rotation) from Houston

transports air over Channel again (new emissions)transports air over Channel again (new emissions)

or or

*Houston Heat Pump: (UHI) *Houston Heat Pump: (UHI) convergenceconvergence into into HoustonHouston

OBJECTIVE:OBJECTIVE: “non-emitting” “non-emitting” tree-plantingtree-planting

(shading) (shading)

reduced reduced daytimedaytime MM5 MM5 UHIsUHIs (reduced air (reduced air conditioning, isoprene emissions, & photolysis conditioning, isoprene emissions, & photolysis rates) rates)

reduced CMAQ daytime reduced CMAQ daytime OO33

EPA emission-reduction credits EPA emission-reduction credits save $ save $ STUDY DID NOT INCLUDE:STUDY DID NOT INCLUDE:

uMM5uMM5 urban morphology dataurban morphology data

Previous study of Aug 2000 case Previous study of Aug 2000 case (Byun et al. 2004)(Byun et al. 2004)

Current ObjectiveCurrent Objective

More accurate urban/rural More accurate urban/rural temptemp & & windwind patterns for patterns for Aug 2000 OAug 2000 O33 episode by use of episode by use of

urbanized MM5 (i.e., urbanized MM5 (i.e., uMM5uMM5) plus:) plus: TexAQS2000 field-study dataTexAQS2000 field-study data New EPA/UofU New EPA/UofU urban morphological dataurban morphological data Corrected MM5 inputs: deep-soil Corrected MM5 inputs: deep-soil

tempera-ture, initial soil-moisture, tempera-ture, initial soil-moisture, roughness length, and SSTroughness length, and SST

USFS USFS urban-reforestation scenariosurban-reforestation scenarios to to estimate resulting estimate resulting UHI-intensityUHI-intensity and O and O33 changeschanges

uMM5 FormulationuMM5 Formulation uMM5: uMM5: Martilli Martilli et al. 2002; et al. 2002; DupontDupont et al. 2003 et al. 2003

Drag-force (instead of roughness-length) Drag-force (instead of roughness-length) approachapproach

Includes Includes additional sink/source termsadditional sink/source terms in all in all prognosticprognostic PBL equations due to PBL equations due to roofs & roofs & sidessides

Simulates urban areas at Simulates urban areas at finer resolutionfiner resolution (100s of meters in horizontal and few (100s of meters in horizontal and few meters in vertical)meters in vertical)

TahaTaha/SJSU: modification of Houston LU/LC & /SJSU: modification of Houston LU/LC & urban morphologyurban morphology parameters by parameters by Additional processing of Additional processing of BurianBurian parameters parameters Modification of uMM5 to accept these data Modification of uMM5 to accept these data

Additional sink/source terms Additional sink/source terms PBL MomentumPBL Momentum:: (a) roughness-based effects due (a) roughness-based effects due

to hori-zontal-building & ground sfcs and (b) to hori-zontal-building & ground sfcs and (b) pressure and drag effects due to vertical building pressure and drag effects due to vertical building and vegetative sfcsand vegetative sfcs

PBL TKEPBL TKE:: (a) building and vegetation flow-effects (a) building and vegetation flow-effects via accelerated cascade and wake production, (b) via accelerated cascade and wake production, (b) horizontal building-surface effects via shear horizontal building-surface effects via shear production, and (c) sensible heat-fluxes from production, and (c) sensible heat-fluxes from building and vegetation sfcs via buoyant productionbuilding and vegetation sfcs via buoyant production

PBL MoisturePBL Moisture:: (a) urban-canopy (in addition to (a) urban-canopy (in addition to ground-level sources) vegetative evapotranspiration ground-level sources) vegetative evapotranspiration and (b) evaporation of building- and vegetation-and (b) evaporation of building- and vegetation-intercepted waterintercepted water

PBL Thermal-energy:PBL Thermal-energy: (for liquid-water potential-(for liquid-water potential-temperature): (a) sensible heat flux from roofs and temperature): (a) sensible heat flux from roofs and vegetation canopies and (b) anthropogenic heat flux vegetation canopies and (b) anthropogenic heat flux

SBL Radiative-energy balanceSBL Radiative-energy balance:: canyon effects canyon effects from effective albedo, geometry, and sky-view factorfrom effective albedo, geometry, and sky-view factor

uMM5 Simulation period: uMM5 Simulation period: 22-26 22-26

AugustAugust 2000 2000 Model configurationModel configuration

5 domains: 108, 36, 12, 4, 5 domains: 108, 36, 12, 4, 1 km1 km (x, y) grid points: (43x53, 55x55, 100x100, 136x151, (x, y) grid points: (43x53, 55x55, 100x100, 136x151,

133x141133x141 full-full- levels: 29 in D 1-4 & 49 in D 5; levels: 29 in D 1-4 & 49 in D 5; lowest ½ lowest ½

level = 7 mlevel = 7 m 2-way feedback in D 1-42-way feedback in D 1-4

Parameterizations/physics optionsParameterizations/physics options Grell cumulus (D 1-2), ETA or MRF PBL (D 1-4), Grell cumulus (D 1-2), ETA or MRF PBL (D 1-4), Gayno-Seaman PBLGayno-Seaman PBL (D 5), simple ice moisture, (D 5), simple ice moisture, urbanization module urbanization module , NOAH LSM, RRTM radiative , NOAH LSM, RRTM radiative

coolingcooling InputsInputs

NNRP Reanalysis fields, ADP observational data, NNRP Reanalysis fields, ADP observational data, urban morphologyurban morphology from from LIDAR building-data in D-5LIDAR building-data in D-5

(from Burian), LU/LC modifications (from Byun )(from Burian), LU/LC modifications (from Byun )

DomainsDomains Present day Present day

(2000) – (2000) – base base casecase Non-idealized Non-idealized

LU/LCLU/LC change change perturbationsperturbations

Idealized Idealized morphologymorphology-based-based

Idealized Idealized soil-soil-moisturemoisture changes changes

Idealized Idealized albedo-albedo-changeschanges

SimulationsSimulations

Episode-day Episode-day SynopticsSynoptics: 8/25, 12 UTC (08 : 8/25, 12 UTC (08 DST)DST)

HH HH

700 hPa 700 hPa Surface Surface

700 hPa & sfc GC H’s: 700 hPa & sfc GC H’s: at their weakestat their weakest (no gradient) (no gradient) over Texas over Texas meso-scale forcingmeso-scale forcing (sea breeze & UHI convergence) (sea breeze & UHI convergence) will dominate will dominate

Concurrent NNRP fields at 700 Concurrent NNRP fields at 700 hPa & sfchPa & sfc

HH

NNRPNNRP-input to -input to MM5 MM5 (as IC/BC) captured (as IC/BC) captured GC/synoptic features, as location & GC/synoptic features, as location & strength of high were similar to strength of high were similar to NWS NWS chartscharts (previous slide) (previous slide)

p=2 hPa

MM5: episode day, 3 MM5: episode day, 3 PM PM > > D–1D–1: also well : also well reproduces weak GC reproduces weak GC p-grad & flowp-grad & flow> coastal (cold-core) > coastal (cold-core) L emerges in L emerges in D-2D-2 (in (in weak form) & weak form) & D-3D-3 (well formed) & (well formed) & produces produces along-along-shore Vshore V

LL

D-1 D-2

D-3

GCGC influences are small influences are small Movement of air-mass first Movement of air-mass first along-shorealong-shore (to (to

east) due to flow along northern-edge of east) due to flow along northern-edge of cold cold core lowcore low

Flow then from Ship Channel to Houston by Flow then from Ship Channel to Houston by Bay BreezeBay Breeze, into Houston by , into Houston by UHI-UHI-convergenceconvergence (when O (when O33 max is reached), and max is reached), and finally beyond Houston finally beyond Houston to NW by Gulf Breezeto NW by Gulf Breeze

Contour interval: Contour interval: 5 ppb5 ppb (00-16 UTC) & (00-16 UTC) &

10 ppb10 ppb afterwards afterwards

D-5 00-23 UTC episode-day obs of meso OD-5 00-23 UTC episode-day obs of meso O33 transport patterns (transport patterns (animationanimation):):

sea breeze + UHI convergence influencessea breeze + UHI convergence influences

L

H

CC

Urban min + UHI Conv

H

Start of N-flow

HL H

L due to titration

HNear-max O3 & O3 trajectory (UTC)

Along-shore flowAlong-shore flow, 8/25 (episode day): obs at , 8/25 (episode day): obs at 1500 UTC1500 UTC vs uMM5 (D-5) at vs uMM5 (D-5) at 2000 UTC2000 UTC

Tx2000

HGA

uMM5 (D-5, red box) cap-tured HGA along-Shore V

HGA

uMM5

Along –shore flow came from Along –shore flow came from Cold-Core LCold-Core L : D-3 MM5 vs Obs : D-3 MM5 vs Obs

TempsTemps

MM5MM5: produces : produces coastal coastal cold-corecold-core lowlow

Obs (18 UTC):Obs (18 UTC):

> > Cold-coreCold-core L L (only 1 ob)(only 1 ob)

> Urban area (blue-dot clump) > Urban area (blue-dot clump) retards cold-air penetrationretards cold-air penetration

C

H

H

8/23 Daytime UHI: obs vs uMM5 (D-5): 8/23 Daytime UHI: obs vs uMM5 (D-5): 2-m Temps2-m Temps

H

OBS: 1 PMOBS: 1 PMuMM5: 3 PMuMM5: 3 PM

Cold

UHI

UHI

UHI-Induced Convergence: UHI-Induced Convergence: obs vs. uMM5obs vs. uMM5

OBSERVEDOBSERVED uMM5uMM5

C

C

Obs speeds (D-5): Obs speeds (D-5): sfc roughness sfc roughness speed-decrease speed-decrease

over cityover city

---+

+

+

+

V

UHI(t) for Base-case minus UHI(t) for Base-case minus Runs 15-18 Runs 15-18

U1

sea

Ru

U2

• UHI = Temp in UHI = Temp in Box-UrbanBox-Urban minus Temp in minus Temp in Box-RuralBox-Rural • Runs 15-18: different urban Runs 15-18: different urban re-forestationre-forestation scenariosscenarios• UHIUHI=Run-17 UHI –Run-13 UHI =Run-17 UHI –Run-13 UHI (max effect, (max effect, green line) green line) • Reduced Reduced UHIUHI lower max-lower max-OO33 (not shown) (not shown)

EPA emission-reduction creditsEPA emission-reduction credits

Urban temp difference between runs at location 1 (3-pt smoothing)

-1.2

-1.0

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

20 0 4 8 12 16 20 0 4 8 12 16

LST

Tdi

ff (K

)

run14-run13s

run15-run13s

run16-run13s

run17-run13s

run18-run13s

Max-impact of –0.9 K ofMax-impact of –0.9 K of a a 3.5 K Noon3.5 K Noon-UHI, of which-UHI, of which1.5 K was from uMM51.5 K was from uMM5

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

NNRPNNRP captured captured large-scalelarge-scale forcing forcing uMM5uMM5 qualitatively captured qualitatively captured observed observed

urbanizationurbanization characteristics characteristics UHI UHI and urban-and urban-velocityvelocity patterns patterns ozoneozone transport-processes transport-processes

Urban treesUrban trees decreased max daytime decreased max daytime UHIUHI-values-values should thus also decrease should thus also decrease max-Omax-O33 values values

FUTURE WORKFUTURE WORK

Change MM5/uMM5 inputChange MM5/uMM5 input Deep-soilDeep-soil BC temperature to correct min-T BC temperature to correct min-T IC IC soil moisturesoil moisture (post rain-storm case) to (post rain-storm case) to

correct max-Tcorrect max-T SSTSST as f(x,y,t) as f(x,y,t) surface surface roughnessroughness

Final uMM5 met-model outputFinal uMM5 met-model output will will feed into CAMx & CMAQ feed into CAMx & CMAQ OO33--simulationssimulations

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTACKNOWLEDGEMENT

From Dr. B (get this)From Dr. B (get this)