THE IMPACT OF RESEARCH FINDINGS IN THE PERFORMANCE OF THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN BREWERIES PLC BY IKEOCHA CHIBUOGWU CATHERINE PG/MBA/11/60462 DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT FACULTY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA ENUGU CAMPUS JULY, 2012

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TITLE The Impact of Research Findings in the Performance of the Manufacturing Industry A Case Study of Nigerian Breweries Plc By Ikeocha Chibuogwu Catherine PG/MBA/11/60462 A Project Submitted in Partial Fulfulment of the Requirement for the Award of Masters of Business Administration (MBA) in Management Department of Management Faculty of Business Administration University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus Supervisor: Dr. E.K. Agbaeze July, 2012

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DECLARATION

I, Ikeocha Chibuogwu Catherine, student in the

Department of Management with Registration No.

PG/MBA/11/60462 state that the work embodied in the project is

original and has not been submitted in any other University. _______________________ Ikeocha Chibuugwu Catherine PG/MBA/11/60462 ________________________ Date

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CERTIFICATION

We certify that this project "The Impact of Research

Findings in the Performance of the Manufacturing Industry: A

Case Study of Nigerian Breweries Plc" with Registration No.

PG/MBA/11/60462 under our supervision, the project is adequate

in scope and quality, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

Award of Masters in Business Administration (MBA) in

Management in the Faculty of Business Administration, University

of Nigeria, Enugu Campus. ____________________ ______________ Dr. E.K. Agbaeze Date Project Supervisor ____________________ ______________ Dr. C.A. Ezigbo Date Head of Department ___________________ ______________ External Examiner Date

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DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to the Almighty God and all those that

love God, and are hardworking.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My appreciation goes to God Almighty for his grace and

mercy which saw me through this course of this program. My

supervisor Dr. E.K. Agbaeze whom I am gravely indebted to for his

indispensable time and direction towards the successful

achievement of this work. My sincere gratitude goes to the Dean of

Management Department, Prof. U.J. F. Ewurum, the head of

Department of Dr. C.A. Ezigbo, Dr. V.A. Onodugo, Dr. Ugbam, Dr.

Onwumere, Mrs. N. Modebe, Dr. B.I. Chukwu, Prof. G. Ugwonah

and other lecturers in the Department of Management and Faculty

of Business Administration in University of Nigeria Enugu Campus

whose untiredly effort made my academic pursuit a success.

I am really indebted to my dearest husband who contributed

immensely in making this work possible.

I will forever be thankful to my father Nze Charles Ikeocha,

my mum and siblings for their great moral and financial support as

they stood and remained the pivot to this academic dream.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE ................................................................................................ i

DECLARATION ............................................................................... ii

CERTIFICATION ............................................................................ iii

DEDICATION ................................................................................. iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................. v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................. vi

ABSTRACT ...................................................................................... x

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study ....................................................... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problems .................................................... 2

1.3 Objective of the Study .......................................................... 4

1.4 Research Questions .............................................................. 6

1.5 Significance of the Study ....................................................... 6

1.6 Scope of the Study ................................................................ 7

1.7 Limitations of the Study ......................................................... 8

1.8 History and Development ...................................................... 9

1.9 Research Institutions (References) ..................................... 11

1.10 Definition of Terms .............................................................. 18

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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Meaning of Research .......................................................... 19

2.2The Origin of Research ............................................................ 21

2.2.1 The Asian Countries .................................................. 23

2.2.2 The Scientific Traditions of India ............................... 23

2.3Technology Policy Statement .................................................. 26

2.4The Products of Nigerian Breweries Plc ................................. 38

2.5The Company Organogram ..................................................... 45

2.6Strength and Weakness .......................................................... 53

2.7Research and Development Centres ...................................... 56

2.8Raw materials and Nigerianization .......................................... 57

2.9Large Scale Farming ................................................................ 59

2.10Theoretical Framework .......................................................... 63

2.11 Raw Materials - Barely Species and Varieties ................... 65

2.12 The Importance of Variety ................................................... 66

2.13 Malting of Cereals Other than Barley Wheat ...................... 67

2.14 Research Funding ..................................................... 69

2.15Research Institutions Visited (References) ........................... 70

2.16Summary of the Review ......................................................... 72

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CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design ................................................................. 73

3.2 Selection of Sample ............................................................ 76

3.3 Data Collection Procedure .................................................. 77

3.4 Sources of Data ................................................................... 81

3.4.1 Primary Data .............................................................. 81

3.4.2 Secondary Data ......................................................... 82

3.5 Population of the Study ....................................................... 82

3.6 The Sample Size ................................................................. 83

3.7 Research Instrument ........................................................... 84

3.8 Validity of Questionnaire ...................................................... 86

3.9 Method of Data Analysis ...................................................... 86

3.10 Reliability of the Questionnaire ............................................ 86

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 Presentation of Data ............................................................ 87

4.2 Data Analysis ....................................................................... 87

4.3 Test of Research Hypotheses ........................................... 101

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDING, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary of Findings ........................................................ 107

5.2 Conclusion ......................................................................... 108

5.3 Recommendations ............................................................ 111

5.4 Area for Further Studies .................................................... 112

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BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................ 114

APPENDIX 118

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ABSTRACT This research work was done primarily to examine the contribution of the impact of research findings in the performance of manufacturing industry to the development of the economy as indicated by growth in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), it also sought to find out the level of awareness and mode of accessibility of research findings by the manufacturing industry. The theoretical time of the study to situate it in the context of relevant studies was carried out comprising of the study background, objectives research question/hypothesis significant and profit of the manufacturing industry (NB Plc) under study was written up. The data used were both primary and secondary data although primary data was to a limited extent. The data was analyzed using regression analysis and the coefficient of correlation techniques. The findings of the study revealed that the growth in the manufacturing industry greatly depend on the level of the impact of the research findings in the performance of the manufacturing industry which also was positive growth in the economy generally. The study also revealed that there are still a lot of research findings yet to be accessed by the manufacturing industry due to poor publicity etc. Finally, the study revealed that centralization of research work yield more and better findings than decentralized ones hence some individual private companies abandon most of their research works half way, due to huge amount of resource (fund) involved.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The world started in a particular spot where the first human

beings were placed by the Almighty Creator - God.

History and theology told us that man had all he needed in

the Garden of Eden where God kept them until the fall of man.

The fall of man marked the beginning of this study. That is,

man started searching for food, cloth, shelter and the rest of the

amenities to help life. Since then we had many ages; primitive age,

stoneage and so on and so forth.

Today, world over there are a lot of discoveries, invention

and development or revolution, evolution, transformations and

what have you. All these are the result of research findings.

Right now, there are series of research works going on in all

aspect of human endeavour; politically, economically, socially,

culturally in technology, products, marketing, in all aspect of

discipline: mathematics, sociology, music, arts, sciences, ecology,

philosophy, the list is endless.

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Now the question is how many of these research work see

the light of the day or how many of them yield results and among

the once that had finding. What impact does the research findings

have in the ares they are meant for?

These and more are the questions this study is trying to

address, but the study will be narrowed to manufacturing industry

and Nigerian Breweries as a case study.

The choice of Nigerian Breweries is because of the

company's over fifty years in research work in Nigeria.

1.2STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

It has been observed that some of the problems associated

with the impact of research findings in the manufacturing industry

include but not limited to:

1.Inaccessibility of the Research Findings

Many manufacturing industries could not access some of these

research findings, due to one reason or t he other, like poor

infrastructure; poor network service provider, inadequate

means of transportation caused by bad roads and almost

zero electricity supply in the country these years.

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2. Abandonment of Research

Due to heavy and materials involved in research works, some of

these research works were abandoned, half way,

uncompleted and without findings. This lead to total waste of

resources already invested in them which should have bene

used in other viable and productive sector of the economy.

3.Unutilization of Research Findings

The worst of the problem is that most of these research findings

were not being utilized by the manufacturing companies. It

laid down there on the selves of the research institutes and

universities where the research works were carried out, only

to serve as references. This is also a waste as the

abandoned ones mentioned above.

4.Poor Interpretation and Publicity of Research Findings

Sometimes, wrong or poor interpretation and publicity given to

research findings made it impossible for the manufacturing

industry to access them. This may be due to inadequate

experiences which can be improved

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in more training of the researchers, publishers and advertisers.

5. Time and Amount Involve

Research works take time and resources before it would be

completed, therefore to carryout research that would yield

findings need patience, resources (both fund and personnel)

and some of manufacturing industries and not afford it.

6. Politics

Many at times, government play politics over the funding of

research institutes and research department in the higher

institutions.

1.3OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This research work aims at examining the issues involve in

the impact of research findings in the manufacturing industry.

There are lot of research works carried out every year all

over the world; in the space, sea, land or on products, marketing in

the field of study and so on and so forth.

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A lot of resources are being committed into there research

works in terms of human and materials, but not all of these

research works came out with findings.

Even, among those that come out with findings, only very

few of them are being used, the rest of them are abandoned or

kept in a research centre for mere references.

This study is seeking for a better way for research work or

better way of conducting research that will yield the desired which

will be applied where and when they are needed, thereby save

cost, improved human life, hasten development in areas they are

needed at a very low cost anc channel the rest of resources to

other necessary areass to generate job opportunities and there by

improve the economy espeically through manufacutring industry.

This study will seek a way of encouraging the manufacutring

indutry to make use of more research findings thereby encounage

research works. The study will examine ways of reducing cost

while conducting research by looking into research work by

centralisation and or decentralisation.

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The infolvement of both public and private secotrs in

research work and the use of research findings are to be

considered in this write up.

1.4RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This study is designed to answer the following questions:

1.What impact does research findings have on the manufacturing

industry performance?

2.to what extent are the research findings obtained enhances the

introduction of the newly related products to your

organisation?

3.what is the effect of research findings towards the success or

failure of any manufacturing industry?

4.To what extent will be the researcher be encouraged if there will

be more impact of research findings in the manufacturing

industry?

1.5THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is to create more awareness in the importance of

the impact of research findings to all current

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and potential business managers and their organizations. There

are more especially among the manufacturing industries and

tomake research findings easily accessible by the end users and

finally encourage research works for future use, to the expansion

of manufacturing industry in particular and other industries in

general.

As the significance of this study will contribute to the

Nigerian Breweries Plc. in speedily the growth on the research of

the economy hence the Gross Domestic production (GDP) will

increase. It would lead to the creation of more job employment

opportunities.

This project would open avenues for tremendous reduction

of the cost of research work (through centralization of research

programme) and motivate young researchers of our time to face

the challenges of this millennium.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study will make wide observation of research works in

the world, the outstanding manufacturing industry around the

world, the origin of and the meaning of research, the

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system and steps of research, centralized and decentralized

research works, some of the research institutes in the world.

Finally, the study will examine to some extent the research

findings in some countries.

1.7LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Though, a wide observation of the study will be made,

however, because of time and space including resources involved,

this study will be limited to one manufacturing company in Nigeria -

that is "The Nigerian Breweries Plc". The study will go to some

extent to reveal much about the company starting from its origin,

the mission, scope of operations, the equity, products, exports,

ancillary industries, social responsibility, track records, its market,

strength and weakness of the company among other things.

The choice of the company is because of its experience in

research work over sixty years, using it as a case study will give a

clear picture of the impact of research findings in the

manufacturing industry.

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There, the researcher here will draw his conclusion from

questionnaire form filled by some of the company's staff and

management.

The other details of the work will be left for other future

researchers.

1.8 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT

In its earliest form, manufacturing was usually carried out by

a single skilled artisan with assistants. Training was

apprenticeship. In much of the pre-industry world the guild system

protected the privilege and trade secrets of urban artisans. Before

the industrial revolution, most manufacturing occurred in rural

areas, where household-based manufacturing served as a

supplemental subsistence strategy to agriculture (and continues to

do so in some places.

! Economics of Manufacturing

According to some economist, manufacturing is a wealth

producing sector of an economy, whereas a service sector

tends to be wealth-consuming. The emerging technologies

have provide some new growth

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in advanced manufacturing employment opportunities in the

manufacturing belt in the United States. Manufacutirng

provides important material support for national

infrastructure and national defence.

! Research Funding

Most funding for scientific research comes from two major sources

corporations (through research and development

departments) and government (primarily through universities

and in some cases through military contractors) many senior

researchers (such as group leaders) spend more than a

trivial amount of their time applying for grants for research

funds. These grants are necessary not only for researchers

to carryout their research, but also as a source of merit.

Some faculty positions require that the holder has received

grants from certain institutions, such as the US National

Institutes of health (NIH).

Government - sponsored grants (eg. from NIH of US, that National

Health service in Britain or any of the European research

Councils) generally have a high

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status. As the researcher mentioned earlier, there are research

work going on all over the world in different fields of life, and

there are some with findings while others without findings.

The question, now is how do we know those with findings,

and how can we access the findings.

1.9 RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS (REFERENCES)

Below are some of agencies, companies corporate bodies,

consultancies and other interest groups who take it upon

themselves to search for these research results and arrange them

into orderly manner for easy accessibility for application or

reference sake.

These groups of individuals or corporate bodies scattered

over the world.

1.Mobile Telecommunication and Health Research (MTHR)

This body runs a programme and gathers research index and

open publication of research findings from the project

supported under the programme. This can be obtained

through internet;

wwwmthr.or.uk/research_projects/research.htm_cached.

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2.Research Results. Inc.

This group deals with; About research results: Inc, its talent

technology and solution. For over twenty years research

results has been delivering innovative solution.

www.researchresults.com-cached.

3.WRC

Delivery results from research and consultancy in water, waste

and the environment. WRC is an innovative, research-based

group providing consultancy.

www.wrcplc.co.uk.

4.NCCAM Research

Research findings from this group sponsored clinical trials -

research findings archive they also provide statistics use in

the United States you can search

Nccan.nih.gov/research/findings.

5. University of Cambridge Research

This institution is known for its quality an breath of its research.

Among other things it provides - overviews of research

activities and links to sources of further

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research and findings, how research works and other relevant

information about research.

www.cam.ac.uk/research.

6. Migraine Research Findings

This body use the soft tissue manipulation therapy Bowen

Technique and the research programme was launched Nikle

Ariff in response of findings obtained from different research

centre, etc.

www.bowennigraineresearch.com/nig-resultshtm.

7.CORDIS: Technology Market Place

The body is the central resource for information about exploitable

technologies and research findings about the research

findings, the contribution organisation and finally.

8.Research Findings-Inspite-Supervised Injection Site-Health

Services

It is a scientific project funded in part by Health Canada and the

other-research findings show 7,278 unique individuals

registered at inspite.

www.uch.ca/sis/research/htm.

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Some important facts to note about project, manufacturing

and industry in the world.

What are the most important projects in the world? Some

researchers say - Aerospace project but to be brief and straight

forward to the question; the space industry may be laying the

groundwork for species - saving. Get more information in:

www.wisegreek.com.

Travelling industry is one of the most important industries in

the world.

DOE document - OTC 93 silver anniversary:

The energy citation Database (ECD) provides access to

historical and current information about the largest and most

important offshore industry event in the world. Before, shipping

was not so popular until ship building was the backbone of Oslo,

but shipping industry is still very important visit

www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/enerfind ahII.economy.html.

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You will find the six most important experiment in the world-

from the smartest artificial brain to the first artificial life in industry

news.

Linwx/unix.microsoft.mods.programming.security.software.

world & business.

dig.com/... The =6_most_important_Experiments_

in_the_world. You will find in Germany's industries_ The Ruler

which is the most important industrial regions and one of

Germany's most important and largest in the world as of today.

You can get more information from:

Library.thinkquest.org/jo11287/german4_industry.htm?

&tqtimet1019.

From the: thisdarkqualm: "Blog Archiveyou. Will find the most

important thing in the world".

SAMSUM Telecommunication system-nes and event_event

disclosed that China's information and Communication market has

become one of the most important markets in the world

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today among the industry leaders, experts and enterprises.

See: Samsung.com/global/business/telecommunication/

newsevent/Event_PTEXPocomo 7.html

Bill Board latin mastic awards is so significant because that

conference is the single most important latin music industry

events in the world. The week was capped off by the longest

running, most prestigious awards so far conducted. You can get

more from:

www.billboardentervents.com/billboardevents/latin/index.jsp

All the above discoveries were possible because of the work

of researchers all over the world. Some other works are still going

on even right now.

It is on record that the biggest secret is that there are only six

or seven companies around the world that are of great significant

and is also important to note that a professional make up artist can

be very difficult to be determined unless through highly research

work.

From American Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) News, it

was discovered that about seventy-two million people work

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in the world's biggest companies and element manufacturing -

flexible solution for a technical world in one of them. The

companies are scattered all over the world - Europe, America,

China, India etc.

The Big Joe manufacturing company and Chicago

manufacturing companies are not yet certain of their capacities.

Some of the renounced world Research Institutions are:

1.Honda Research Institution (HR1) the slogan of this institution

is: Today's research defines tomorrow's world". It is also on

record that Honda is the Largest Engine manufacturer in the

world.

2.Informs - the institute for operations research and the

management sciences OR/MS. It represents professionals

in the field of operations research and management

sciences. It is the largest professional institute in the world.

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1.10 DEFINITION OF TERMS

!Research

Is defined as human activity based on intellectual application in the

investigation of matter. The primary aim for applied

research is discovering, interpreting, and the development of

methods and systems for the advancement of human

knowledge on a wide variety of scientific matters of our world

and the universe.

! Etymology

The word "Research" drives from the french "Recherche", from

researcher, to search closely where "chercher" means "to

search' (See French languages), it literal meaning is to

"investigate thoroughly".

! Manufacturing

From wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from

manufacturing industry).

The word manufacturing from latin word called "manufactura"

meaning making by hand. This is the use of tools and labour

to make things for use or sale. The term may refer to a

range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is

most commonly applied to industrial production in which raw

materials are transformed into finished goods on a large

scale.

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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 MEANING OF RESEARCH

Research is closely related to development and the impact

of research findings in the performance of all aspects of human

endeavour brings development which leads to growth.

According to jean Louis Chaumeil (2000), in his impact of

Research and Development on Indigenous nation in the world can

develop without the impact of research findings.

In Europe, America,Asia etc. where developments are in

steady progression, the impact of research findings have been at

work in the performance of the utilization of research and

development activities and come up with a great finding.

These research works properly organised in research

centres institutes etc. mostly with the name of science and

technology which have been powerful forces that have shaped the

contents and the courses of the 20th century and humanity that is

making pressing the demand of them.

The world is merely looking for new products in the new

century, especially for such knowledge and such product that

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will reduce human misery, hunger and want from our planet,

improve the living conditions for the people in all countries.

Manufacturing industries exist to create products and

services that are satisfying to customers at a profit. Thus, the

ultimate goal of any concern is to maximize profit by satisfying

customer's want.

This however, carries with it a lot of cost implications.

According to Ackoff and Arnoff (1980: 21), "it will therefore, be

proper if the main objective of business as given is re-stated as to

minimize cost and maximize profit effectively and efficiently by

satisfying consumer's want".

According to Eboh (2009), it is the process of systematic

inquiry by which human kind increases knowledge of how things

are, why things are the way they are and how they could be

improved. One emerging fact from this definition is that societies'

progress in all sphere of endeavour, is intricately related to its

efforts and improvements in research.

Anikpo's (1986: 28) definition of research is quite instructive.

He defines research as "systematic application of

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the scientific method in an attempt to understand and solve

problems". It is knowledge acquired on the basis of clearly

identifiable, organized and replicate-able process.

Lucey (1988: 42) defines research as "the attack of modern

science and complex problems, arising in the direction and

management of large system of men, machines, materials and

money in industry, business, government and defense".

2.2 THE ORIGIN OF RESEARCH

During World War II, the various countries engaged in the

war were confronted with enormous problems of planning and

coordinating various military and economic activities. Teams of

able minds from the government, the military, business and

university communities such as the physicists, chemitrists,

mathematicians, actuaries, were assembled in a number of these

countries, for example, England and the Unites States, plan and

coordinate the war effort.

After the war most British industries maintained their own

research groups, examples are the United States companies

Group, the National Coal Board, and the British Iron and Steel

Research Association (Harper, 1975).

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However, the accelerated growth of research in recent years

has followed the trend of applying the methods of physical

sciences and engineering to economic and political problems.

Researchers under this category are usually justified by the fact

that such an exploratory knowledge - seeking adventure could

break the frontiers of knowledge to stumble into unknown and

unexpected information. Most breakthroughs in the field of nuclear

physics, space research and military spheres started as basic

research.

The origin of this kind of research started with the Greeks,

who sought knowledge for purely philosophical and intellectual

past-time adventure. Then it started out as an exercise carried out

by elites who have the means to embark on such a venture.

Overtime, society found another reason for the increased

justification of basic research on the need for researchers'

autonomy, which led to call for government to take up sponsorship

of basic research. Applied research, on the other hand, is

conducted for the purposes of solving clearly identified social

problems or finding a better way of doing old things. As noted by

Materson and Lee (2004) who

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referred to applied research as action research, note that applied

research seeks the twin objective of advancing scientific theory, as

well as solving real world problems.

In today's materialist world, this research is very much

popular and elicits the support and the sponsorship of private,

public and government organisations.

2.2.1 The Asian Countries

From the experience of the south-east Asian countries, it is

obvious and clear that economic development could only be

achieved through the development of indigenous technology. It

was also well acknowledge that improvement and development of

indigenous technology is only possible through the utilization of

findings of sustained research and development (Rand D)

activities.

2.2.2 The Scientific Traditions of India

India has a long and distinguished tradition in science and

technology (S and T) from the ancient time to great achievements

during this century. She attained independence

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in 1947, at the time her scientific and technological infrastructure

was neither strong nor organized ad compared to the developed

world. This resulted in her being technologically dependent on the

skills and expertise available in other countries.

Aworh, O.C. (1998)m in food security and research survival

of food and agro-allied industries in the next millennium said that

Indians vastly enhanced her strength in many areas of science and

technology after independence including Agriculture, Industry,

medicine, metallurgy Space, Nuclear Sciences, Ocean

Development, Information Technology, Bro Technology, non-

convential energy etc.

India, in last five decades has increased her infrastructure to

meet with her needs, also her capability is tremendous which

made it possible for her to depend less in other countries. A

significant number of industries from small to sophisticated have

been established to provide utilities, goods and services. She is

now a reservoir of expertise with the most modern advances in

basic and applied areas that is equipped to make choices between

available technologies,

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new technologies and provide a framework for future national

development. For any country that is serious for meaningful

development should first of all develop a sound infrastructures and

research development sector.

The interdependence growth between science, technology,

industry, business, society, government and environment is the

hallmark of this new country.

In India, scientific and technological activities are carried out

under a wide set-up consisting of central government, state

government, higher educational sector, public and private sectors,

industry and non-profit making institutions and associations.

Institutional structures, with their research laboratories are

the main contributors of R & D being carried out in India in areas

like agriculture, industry, medicine, science and technology (S &

T), electronics, space, ocean development defence research and

development (R & D), atomic energy environment, forests, non-

conventional energy sources etc.

In addition there are over one thousand and two hundred

(1,200) in-house R & D units in industrial undertakings supporting

research in their respective industries.

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Many Indian Universities and other institutions such as

Indian Institution of Technology also undertake substantial R & D

works.

In May 1971 to be precise, the government of India set up

the department of science and technology with objective of

prompting research in new areas and to play the role of a model

department for organising and coordinating and promoting science

and technology (S & T) activities. Specialized institutions were set

up in different parts of the country in various field to promote S & T

activities. This department, through its various programmes has

been playing a catalystic role in supporting the setting-up of new R

& D facilities along with modernization of the existing ones. Some

of the programmes were to discover various hidden talents and

developing them through research infront-line areas of science

and technology (S & T).

2.3TECHNOLOGY POLICY STATEMENT

India, as we know is primarily an agricultural country; more

than 75% of her population live in rural areas. However,

27

she has not neglected the development of science and technology

and industries for national development.

The main objectives of her leaders have been to make India

self-sufficient and self reliant, less dependent on imported

technology and assistance. it is true that in today's world, no

country can live as an island, but it does not mean that any country

should be subservient to dictate for other countries. While Indians

do not hesitate to learn from others, she is determined to use her

own knowledge for the benefits of her nation and people.

Austin, (1992) in Agro Industrial Project Analysis; views that

the basic objectives of the Indian technology policy statement

formulated by her government in 1983 were to develop indigenous

technology, ensure efficient absorption and adaptation of imported

technology appropriate to national priorities and availability of

resources. It was aimed at achieving technical competence and

self-reliance, reducing vulnerability particularly in strategic and

critical areas and making maximum use of indigenous resources.

The policy also aimed at using industrial skills and capabilities by

making them commercially competitive.

28

Indian scientists are trying to achieve global excellence in

frontier areas of science and hi-tech, hence India is one of the

leading examples of technological plurality that is she has an

appropriate mix of traditional, conventional and modern

technologies, each contributing maximally to the increase in her

national productivity. India among all the developing countries was

able to design such an indigenous technological mix, Nigeria and

other countries can borrow leave from India.

Science and Technology (S & T) has to provide critical

inputs in decision - making in the society, economy and

governance. No government anywhere in the world can deliver

the goods without using science and technological intelligence.

Similarly, scientists and technologists no longer pursue their

objectives without harmonizing them with the need of the people.

Science and technology which is the fruit of research should

be more findings oriented in areas they are most needed such as

agriculture, health care, sanitation, water and soil management,

energy conversion and finally efficient

29

services that make the life of the common man contribute. S and T

is essential in achieving objectives like employment generation,

equitable wealth creation and social justice.

Research and development (R & D) is essential for effective

impact of S & T in public welfare and national development.

During the course of this study, it was revealed that the

department of science and technology (S & T) in India has been

playing a crucial role in identifying and promoting front-line and

priority areas of R & D in various disciplines of science and

engineering.

It was also discovered that currently, there are more than

one thousand five hundred (1,5000 research and development

units operational in that country. Every year, according to the

revelation, about one thousand (1,000) project proposals, were

received from consideration in R & D department, most of them fall

into the category of basic science and engineering research. There

was about two hundred and thirty three research programmes

approved for financial support between 1988 and 1999.

30

The government of India has a technology information,

forecasting and assessment council which generate technology

market survey documents to enable a technology information

system (TIS).

The Nigerian government should establish national science

and technology entrepreneurship development board like the one

established in India in January 1982 which promotes

entrepreneurship and creativity.

a) Nigerian Breweries Plc at a Glance

"Mission to be the leading beverage company in Nigeria marketing

high quality brands to deliver superior customer satisfaction

in an environmentally friendly way".

b) Scope of Operations

Nigerian Breweries Plc, the pioneer and largest brewing company

in Nigeria, was incorporated in 1946.

in June 1949, the company recorded a landmark when the first

bottle of Star Lager beer rolled off its Lagos Brewery Bottling

lines. This first brewery in Lagos has undergone several

optimization processes and as at

31

today boasts of the most modern brew house in the country.

In 1957, the company commissioned its second brewery in Aba.

Kaduna Brewery was commissioned in 1963 while Ibadan

Brewery came on stream in 1982. In 1993, the company

acquired its fifth brewery in Enugu.

In October 2003, a sixth brewery, sited at Ameke, in Enugu State

was commissioned and christened Ama Brewery. Ama

Brewery is today, the biggest and most modern brewery in

Nigeria. Operations in the old Enugu Brewery were however,

discontinued in 2004, while the company acquired a malting

plant in Aba in 2008.

In october 2011, Nigerian Breweries acquired majority equity

interests in Sona Systems Association Business

management limited, (Sona Systems) and life Breweries

Limited from Heineken N.V. This followed Heineken's

acquisition of controlling interests in five breweries in

Nigerian from Sona Group in January 2011.

Sona systems' two breweries in Ota and Kaduna, and Life

Breweries in Onitsha have now become part of

32

Nigerian Breweries Plc. together with the three brands: Goldberg

Lager, malta Gold and Life Continental Lager.

Thus, from the humble beginning in 1946, the Nigerian Breweries

now has eight operational breweries from which its high

quality products are distributed to all parts of Nigeria, in

addition to the ultra modern malting plant in Aba and

Kaduna.

c) Company Equity

the issued and fully paid-up share capital of the company is

7,562,562,340 ordinary shares of 50 kobo each as at 31st

December, 2011.

Heineken N.V. of Holland has a majority shareholding of 54.1%

while 45.9% is held by Nigerian citizens and association.

The company's turnover was increased from N185.9 billion in 2010

to N226.2 billion in 2011. Operating profit went up from N45

billion to N57.2 billion in the same period. Profit after

Taxation rose from N30.3 billion in 2010 to N38.4 billion in

2011 and the payment of a total dividend of N22,687,020

(twenty two billion,

33

six hundred and eighty seven thousand and twenty naira only), that

is N3.00 (three naira only) per ordinary share of fifty kobo

each for the financial year ended 31st December, 2011.

The N3.00 dividends represents an increase over 25% are

the N2.40 paid in the 2010 financial year.

d) Brand Portfolio

Nigerian Breweries Plc has a rich portfolio of high quality brands:

Star Lager beer, the first in its portfolio, was Launched in

1949, this was followed by Gulder lager beer in 1970;

Maltina, the nourishing malt drink, was introduced in 1976,

followed by Legend Extra South in 1992. Amstel Malta was

launched in 1994 while Heineken larger beer was re-

launched into the Nigerian market in 1998. Maltina Sip-it,

packaged in tetrapacks was launched in 2005, while

Fayrouz was launched in 2006.

In 2007, the company introduced Star, Heineken and Amstel Malta

in cans.

In 2011, the company sold a total of 29 stock keeping units

(SKU's) including Gulder can, Legend can,

34

Heineken Magnum, Maltina can, Fayrous cans, Fayrouz P.E.T.,

Climax Energy drink as well as Goldberg Larger, Malta Gold

and life continental lager which became part of the family in

October, 2011.

e)Export

Nigerian Breweries Plc has an increasing export business that

dates back to 1986. The company currently exports to the

United Kingdom, European Union and the West African sub-

region.

f)Ancillary Industries

As a major breweries concern, the company encourages the

establishment of ancillary businesses. Many of these

organisations and individuals depend largely on the

company for their means of livelihood. These include

manufacturers of bottles, crown corks, labels, cartons,

plastic crates and such services providers as hotels/clubs,

distributors, transporters, event managers, advertising and

marketing communication agencies etc.

g)Social Responsibilities

Nigerian Breweries Plc is a socially responsible corporate

organisation with a good track record of corporate social

35

initiatives in identified and strategic areas.

The company's corporate social responsibility is driven by a vision

to always "win with Nigeria". Over the years, Nigerian

Breweries Plc has been very active in supporting our

national development aspirations in line with our

commitment to "winning with Nigeria".

it continued to identify and respond to major challenges

confronting our nation through huge corporate social

investments especially in the areas of education, the

environment, water, youth empowerment, talent

development and sports, amongst others.

The company in 1994 established an Education Trust Fund with a

take-off grant of N100 million to make more active part in the

funding of educational and research activities in institutions

of higher learning, all in effort to provide and encourage

academic excellence in Nigeria. This is in addition to its

secondary and university scholarship programmes for

children of its employees. Nigerian Breweries Plc is the

foremost sponsor of sports in the country with sponsorship

covering football,

36

athletics, tennis, cycling, checks, golf, squash, dart, sailing and

Ayo, among others.

The aim is to develop Nigerian Sportsmen and women to

participate in national and international sports, and boast the

sports profile of the country.

The company is also involved in the development of leadership,

musical and movie talents, through various programmes.

Some of these activities are captured in the company's

social and environmental report.

h)Track Record

Nigerian Breweries Plc has won several awards as a mark of its

good performance in various spheres.

The company has won the prestigious Nigerian Stock Exchange

President's Merit award for several years. For three

consecutive years (2001, 2002 and 2003). Nigerian

Breweries Plc won the Nigerian Stock Exchange Quoted

Company of the year award. it has also won the Nigerian

Industrial Standard (NIS) award for its various products.

37

Also for four years (1999, 2000, 2004, and 2005), the company

won Gold in the keenly contested African Beer Award

organized by Heineken for its operating companies in Africa

and the middle East.

In 2002, Nigerian Breweries Plc won the Heineken Business

challenge award (also known as the Heineken World cup), a

major competition organized for all Heineken operating

companies in the world.

In 2003, the company was declared Excise Trader of the year, an

award given by the Nigerian Customs Service for a

company's contribution to government treasury.

In 2010, Nigerian Breweries won the prestigious pearl award for

sectorial leadership in the Brewery sector. In the same year,

Star, Nigeria's favourite lager and maltina, the nation's No. 1

malt drink, were awarded prizes for their innovative

television commercials at the Lagos Advertising Ideas

Festival organized by the Association of Advertising

Agencies of Nigeria, AAAN.

These are in addition to several awards from philanthropic

organizations, clubs, institutions and government agencies.

38

In conclusion, Nigerian Breweries Plc is a model corporate

citizen with a vision to be world class company. The company

successful operations can be traced to good product quality,

efficient management of operations and strategic penetration into

the market environment.

Another thing that helped the company is the proper

understanding of consumer attitudes and habits plus high social

responsibilities profile at national and zonal level.

2.4THE PRODUCTS OF NIGERIAN BREWERIES PLC

The Nigerian Breweries has various products: Beer such as

Star Beer, Heineken Beer, Gulder Beer, Legend Extra Sout, Life

Continental lager beer, Goldberg, etc. Malt beverages: Maltina,

Amstel malt, Malta Gold, Fayrouz (the sparking soft drink and

climax, herbal energy drink).

Star Beer

The star beer was first produced in Nigeria by Heineken

brewers and technicians in 1946.

The name star was influenced by Heineken which always

has star on its labelled product called Stella Biere

39

Blonde. This product was produced first in Egypt before world war

II by another joint-Heineken venture. It was not easy for star beer

to win acceptability in Nigeria market initially, because of some

reasons, during the world war II the difficulty of obtaining vital raw

materials for brewing had affected the quality of most brands of

beer already in the market including Nigeria market, hence there

was common expression "jungle juice" meaning adulterated or

inferior or not original etc.

Through hardwork dedication and consistency, the company

was able to breakthrough all the odds that faced it during those

trial periods.

Good financial prudence and management were another

quality that held the company tight to achieve success during the

same period. The growth of the star brand was due to its quality,

the heavy advertisement involved and the aggressive sales which

launched it into the market leader.

By early fifties or in 1953 to be precise, the demand for star

was such that brewery at Iganmu had to be expanded.

40

When this brand i.e. Star won the first prize within its class at

the common wealth beer competition, it became the first class

product in the eyes of the public and the demand for it increased to

open another brewery at Aba, Eastern part of Nigeria in order to

meet up with the ever increasing demand.

According to a United African Company (UAC) management

bulletin published in April 1960 Nigerian Breweries Limited (NBL)

then, were capable of supplying 60% of Nigerians lager beer

consumption that year. The company's production rose steeply

reaching the one million carton mark in 1954, i.e. the sixth year of

production.

Star attained market leadership in 1960, with sales of

2,826,624, by 1975, the figure had risen top 11,266,000 canons.

In 2003, the sales figures were already in the region of 40

million cartons, sales for the brand rose tremendously to over 49

million cartons in 2007 by the introduction of packaging of Star

Beer into can.

41

In 2009, Star celebrated 60 years of "sharing brightness"

which remained a major in the increase to its dominance in the

market ever further.

The Star success story is as a result of certain contributory

factors; consistent high quality, vibrant marketing support -

consistently the rejuvenating the brand packaging, communication,

promotions and advertising, good consumer and market insight

and effective distribution network.

Heineken Beer

In 1965, Nigerian Breweries entered into agreement with

Heineken Brouwerijen Nederland's N.V. in Holland by which the

company allowed the Nigerian Breweries to brew Heineken brand

of lager beer in Nigeria on payment of royalty fee.

Mr. J.F. Machay who was the general manager of Nigerian

Breweries from 1962 - 1975 was very happy for the production of

Heineken beer in Nigeria. Records had shown that Heineken beer

had been one of the leading lagers on Nigerian beer market since

1940s this was one of the reasons M.J.F. Mackay felt so exited

when the agreement was signed.

42

This agreement served dual purposes;

1.From Nigerian Breweries Point of View, the agreement served

as diversification to ensure a stronger place in the market.

Until 1965, Nigerian Breweries had only one lager beer

product i.e. Star Beer and Star was the lower end of what

was known as the "European Bitterness Count" (EBC) the

level of bitterness being one of the factors used in

measuring the drink ability of beer. Beer drinkers needed

different level of bitterness in their beer, and the Heineken

beer was the best option. Heineken was not only a more

bitter beer, it was one of the leading lagers in the world.

It would do the image of Nigerian Breweries good to brew and

market Heineken in Nigeria. That is to say that once (NBL)

Nigerian Breweries limited began brewing and marketing

Heineken beer, its strength would be more on the market

competition when compared with other companies in the

same industry.

2.The next purpose of agreement served was that it will boost the

market share of the Heineken in Nigeria and

43

make its expansion very easy and there will be no more payment

of import duty for it.

Before the agreement, Nigerian government was imposing heavy

duties on imports - especially on beers and for profit to

remain acceptable level, selling prices would have to be

increased and as we know, customers would abandon the

product if the price would be too high to maintain the same

level of profit, the agreement helped to reduce cost of

labour, import duty tariff and overhead.

In conclusion, the agreement was beneficially to both parties.

Gulder

In the 50 years brewering excellence by Obaro Ikimi, Gulder

is the third product of the Nigerian Breweries and also the third

lager in the beer sector. The Gulder brand was introduced in

response to growing demand for variety in beer market

diversification.

In August, 1970 a new lager beer was tested marketed in

Ibadan and Kaduna and this new lager beer was Gulder.

44

Gulder was first being marketed in Spain by an associate brewery;

compania Hispano Holandes de Carvezez. Consequently, it was

thought that development time would be saved if Nigerian

Breweries could impact Gulder into Nigeria, provided it was found

acceptable in the Nigerian market.

Record shown that in 1967, a small quantity of Spanish

Gulder was imported and tested against Star in Lagos. The results

were certification.

But in second thought, it turned out, that Gulder could not be

imported because of Federal Government banned the importation

of beer in 1968.

For this reason, it was decided to brew Gulder locally. We

were told that the company which owned the Gulder brand name

was "Gulder International Limited" owned by the United African

Company (UAC) Limited and Heineken Technisch Beheer, both of

them are the foreign advisers to NBL.

Due to the close relationship among the directors of Gulder

International Limited and Heineken. The granting of license to NB

Plc was very easy over the years, it emphasized

45

its uniqueness when it was launched in a brown bottle with a

unique label designed, giving Gulder a different personality from

other lagers in the market.

Currently, Gulder is "The Ultimate" which reinforces the

brand's consistent market leadership.

Apart from beer sector the next is mineral sector (Soft

drinks) the soft drinks is in chronically orders, Schweppes Brand,

Golden Orange, Tango, Ale, Fruit Foamy, Kola, Lemon, Soda,

Tonic, Rainbow Drinks, Stone Ginger and Fayrouz. For malt

beverages, we have, Maltina, Amstel Malta, Malta Gold. According

to market research these products were classified into: Stars,

question mark, cash cow or dog in order to their worth in the

market.

2.5THE COMPANY ORGANOGRAM

The organogram of the company consists of the history of

Nigerian Breweries Plc., which states the Chairman - Board of

Directors, Managing Director, General Manager, Branch Manager,

Brand Manager, Director of Administration, Director of Finance,

Director of Production, Director of Marketing,

46

Director of Corporate Affairs, Director of Training and Research,

Pension and Welfare Manager, Director of Engineering.

Each directors has a number of Deputy Directors, Assistant

Directors, Managers, Assistant Managers, Controllers, Chief

Accountants, Assistant Chief Accountants, Principals, Co-

ordinators, Foremen, Supervisors, down to Clerical officers,

Security men, Gardeners, Casual Workers, IT Students, Cooks

and Stewards plus Divers.

Basically, the philosophy takes a strategic view of the human

resource element of the business and broad experience profile in

order to utilize their potential to the optimum.

Because of the type of training and development mentioned

above, Nigerian Breweries Plc believes in the recruitment of high

quality personnel and subsequently, providing such personnel with

development opportunities that are useful both to them and the

company. The company believes much in specialisation career

pattern hence, its employees at every level is of critical importance

as it believes

47

also that success depends largely on the effective performance of

everyone in its employment for this reason, the company seeks to

provide career - long opportunities for learning and development

for employees.

These opportunities often take the form of series of job

assignments, attachment, effective supervision and informal

training. Hence, even in its broadest sense, formal training

represent only a fragment of the total personal development of any

employment of any employee. This not withstanding, formal

training still plays very important role in the following areas:

1.Enhancing Performance of People in their Present Job

Helping people to achieve as much of their potential as possible by

helping them grow and develop.

2.Developing Work Groups and Teams of People

In view of this, the company takes training very seriously and as a

result invests (heavily each year) on courses, seminars,

workshops, conference, etc., in respect of its employees.

48

In 1990 alone, the company spent over four million Naira

(N4,000,000.00). While all non-management training is done in

Nigeria, that is either in house or through external consultants,

management in house or through external consultants, managing

training is done both locally and overseas.

The company has very well established systems of in-house

training. These are in respect of technical training, sales training

and development training.

The company's technical facilities for both graduates and

crafts trainees are very highly reputed in the industry. Similarly,

training in selling skills for company's sales personnel is conducted

in-house by the sales training operations department.

Apart from the in-house training, there are local training

conducted by the external bodies of high reputation. some of

these bodies include; The Nigerian Institute of Management (NIM),

the Centre for Management Development (CMD), the Industrial

Training Fund (ITF), the UAC Training Centre and other

experimental private consultants.

49

This type of training is very important for the cross-

fertilization of ideas among the participants from various

organisations.

As mentioned before, the management of both Unilver and

Heineken are technical advisers of Nigerian Breweries Plc and are

based overseas and also own shares in the company, the

managers of NB Plc are often exposed to international training

centre at United Kingdom (about four acres in size). Heineken has

its own at Netherlands.

Nigeria Breweries Plc always find it easy to train abroad

without any hitch. The company is partially computerized, it has a

centralization kind of operation administratively but decentralized in

production and marketing segments.

The type of organogram maintained in the company affected

the policy of the company a lot.

From the oral interview conducted, the researcher found out

that the company's policy depends much on who is at the hem of

the affairs. Though the company was registered in Nigeria, but it

originated from and belonged to foreign countries initially.

50

The history of the company revealed that the Nigerian

Breweries Plc has a lot of loyalty to the foreign companies from

Holland, France, Britain (London, Switzerland etc).

It was discovered that it took more than eight years to

produce the first Nigerian manager in the company (NB Plc) in the

person of Mr. J. B. Hassan who joined Nigerian Breweries in 1948

as a Cashier and time keeper. He was promoted to the post of

Manager 1953 and was retired as a manger after 20 years in

service from 1948 - 1968.

It was discovered that the company was naturally dominated

by European - expatriate staff. Unfortunately, there was no

statistics to enable us indicate the ratio of expatriate to Nigerian

staff at different levels and especially at management and

supervisory levels.

This affected Nigerians much as they did not occupy much

of managerial post in 1960s which the need aroused again, in the

area of training and manpower development, only the expatriate

staff benefited from the good training programmes, UAC and

Heineken had that time while Mr. J.B. Hassan was the first

Nigerian manager, he was in charge of

51

soft drinks, later from 1956 to 1968 when he retired he served as

transport manager, Aba brewery and labour staff manager for

Lagos brewery respectively. Mr. Felix O.A. Ohewere was the first

nigerian manager retired.

This appointment of Mr. Ohewere as the production

manager was an open door for the Nigerian Breweries in many

ways.

Before his appointment, staff would not differentiate between

marketing manager and production. It was Mr. Ohewere who

sought, in an article in Star News (Vol 5 No. 3 1968) to tell his

readers what the job entails. The article entailed "The product

manager in Nigerian Breweries Limited".

The publication stated the job of the product manager, his

advance planning his contracts among other things. According to

the publication, the product manager is responsible through

general advertising manager to the marketing manager for

recommending policies for his product and after approval for

implementing them. As such he initiates the long-term and the

short-term plans for his product, keep a watchful eye on its

performance with the future in mind,

52

investigate and propose ways of exploiting the products strength

and remaining its weakness and initiates innovations in product

presentation. His prime duty is therefore to propose and convince

his superiors in the marketing what will yield satisfactory results.

Among other things, the product manager job includes planning,

monitoring all the stages of implementing programmes he gets

involved in every conceivably activity affecting the product from

laboratory and yield field research to product packaging,

advertising, sales and distribution.

He therefore, must contact various sections of the business

and specialized agencies outside the company. He always in

series of meetings ranging from indoors to outdoors.

Again, records revealed that it took Nigerian Breweries solid

sixteen years to produce the first Nigerian Director (Mr. Eric F.C.

Obi - July 1, 1962).

The three main problems of the company are; ownership;

prominently dominated by foreign expatriates staff: The majority of

the staff are of low cadre: drivers, gardeners, labourers and casual

workers while foreigners

53

occupied big posts and thereby being both the decision and policy

makers.

Thirdly, the company's main raw materials are imported from

abroad.

Since the management from the inception was in the hand

of the expatriate (foreigners) all the decision made including

policies were in favour of the foreign owner of the more

employments or job opportunities for their foreign citizenry. They

imported raw materials to encourage their respective agricultural

sectors of the economy, while the bulk of the labour force with

peanut as their wages, the majority of the beer drinkers and soft

drinks (the consumers) are the Nigerians.

2.6STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS

Nigerian Breweries Plc has a lot of strength and

opportunities which if taken advantage of, will lift the company

higher than where it is now. One of the strengths of the NB Plc is

its product.

54

Beer sector, soft drinks sector, malt beverages, energy

drink. Muslims or Christians, old or young, man or woman.

Another strength is cheap labour

What it takes to maintain one expatriate can take care of

about twenty to thirty Nigerian workers.

The opportunities are also many, the Nigerian Breweries Plc

is the policy formulation, reason being that from the inception, the

leadership and ownership of the company is in the hand of

foreigners. Expatriates have been in the hem of affairs. All the

decision and policies were to favour their interest rather than the

interest of Nigerian and Nigerians, some of the evidences are the

nature of employment and raw materials. Yemi Ogumbiyi (2006)

in his book, the sixty years of Nigerian Breweries Plc explains that,

because of the company has been in existence for a long time is a

very critical factor for business success.

As a result of this, the company places a very high premium

on the development of its staff especially the expatriates. There

were two types of employment or employees in NB Plc., the

management and non-management

55

staff. The training of non-management staff were done through

the office of the personnel manager in their respective breweries

locations. However, the control of this training is centralized in the

headquarters. In respect of career planning and development of

management employees, the company keeps central control at

headquarters because managers were company's point of view,

and they were meant for entire business of the company for these

categories of employees, the philosophy that guides their career

planning and development is largely influenced by the

management development policies and practices of their

commercial and technical advisers (ie. Uniliver and Heineken

respectively).

In most cases the company sponsored some of its

managers in the technical division with good potential on a nine

month post graduate diploma programme in brewing at the

famous Herriot-Watt University in Scotland. There are still other

forms of training programmes in Nigeria Breweries Plc such as

craft and special technical trainings.

56

2.7RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE

As pointed out before, the need for the search of local raw

materials was not in the plan of initial owners or founder of

Nigerian Breweries Plc.

The first research and development centre was founded in

Nigeria by the company in 1987, according to records i.e. after

forty-one (41) years in operation or existence in Nigeria, even it

was discovered that it was the Nigerian government that

compelled the company to establish research and development

centre and search for raw material locally.

After, forty one solid years in operation as pointed above,

Nigerian Breweries Plc established and commissioned its

research and development centre.

This commissioning and its ceremony were performed by

the one-time minister of science and technology Professor E.U.

Emovon. This centre was set up to undertake research into the

brewing of beer from local raw materials.

Dr. A.O. Aisien, who held Ph.D in Brewering from Heriot -

Watt University in Edinburgh a well known institute for training

breweries, was the manager in charge for the research centre.

57

This research centre was equipped with a micro brewing

plant, a micro malting plant and a central laboratory. The centre

was to undertake research into brewing beer from local grains, part

of this research centre was to study the qualities of the various

grains with view to identify their various degrees of suitability for

malting. In the process, problems of using these grains could be

identified and recommendations made as to what needed to be

done to overcome such problem.

From the records available, as at the time of this study, not

much has been achieved from this research centre. Raw materials

are still being imported from abroad.

2.8RAW MATERIALS AND NIGERIANIZATION

The issue of raw materials is a well known issue. The

Nigerian Breweries Plc started the importation of its raw materials

from day one of its operation in Nigeria - 1946, and one of the

major problems of the management decision then was about the

source of raw materials. They did made

58

mention of the heavy cost of importation, tariffs delays and other

associated importation problems.

From the records, it was revealed that no serious effort was

made by the company concerning research and search of raw

materials locally till 1984 when federal government of Nigeria

made a policy mandating all manufacturing companies in the

country to source their raw materials locally.

Nigerian Breweries Plc. from the records made available to

me during this study, started its own sourcing of raw materials in

1995, when it had become clear, like every other manufacturing

company or brewery in the land had to prepare to brew beer

without using imported barley. it was revealed that the Nigerian

Breweries Plc and Guiness Nigerian Limited entered into an

agreement to promote the production of barely locally on semi-

commercial basis in the Lake Chad basin in 1983, the idea was

abandoned along the line due to one reason or the other. While it

was thought that sorghum andmaize might beused adjuncts in the

brewing process, it was stated then that "Sorghum and maize

cannot replace

59

malted barely entirely". The failure of the locally barley growing or

sourcing experiment meant that Nigerian Breweries Plc had to

seek alternative grains for use in its brewing activities.

Consequently, the company embarked upon another experiment.

2.9LARGE SCALE FARMING

This experiment can be said to have been forced on

Nigerian Breweries Plc by government policy which made grant of

import license partly dependent on evidence that the applying

manufacturing company was involved, in what was described as

"Backward integration" for the company, this meant to produce

some of its grain requirements - maize from which to produce

maize grit as sorghum which it was hoped, would serve as part

substitute for imported barley. Nigerian Breweries Plc acquired

15,000 hectares of land at Gbakogi in Niger State for its farming

project in 1986.

An amount of about N15 million was expected to be spent

on the first phase of the project covering 5,000 hectares of land.

The company pointed out that for the

60

project to be successful, that she would need to import farming

machinery, grain-drying equipment, storage silos and starch

conversion plant. And all these equipment would need foreign

exchange, application for import licences and the government

approval from all indication that was the end of the effort to source

raw material for brewing locally ended.

The company has its own agenda to pursue instead of

making effort for local raw material, for example, in his address to

shareholders at the annual general meeting of the company for the

year, (1984) held at Ibadan on 26th July, 1985, the Chairman, Mr.

E. Abebe, devoted quite some space to the issue of the use of

local raw materials for brewing. Having reviewed all the efforts the

company had made and was making, he warned that in the matter

of the use of local raw materials, that it was vital importance that

the interests of the consumers should also be taken into

consideration for that reason, he advocated for gradual change.

In conclusion, the Chairman ended this aspect of his

address with these words, thus:

61

"Before radical changes are made to product formulations

such changes ought to be backed by results of both";. The issue

of Nigerianization of the company was mentioned several times in

the records and books of Nigerian Breweries Plc., this implies that

government has been intervening in the affairs of the company

from time to time as occasioned warrants especially through

government policies.

The First Nigerianization started in 1960, the management

of NB on her own, has the issue of Nigerianization in its policy

according to records, though not much was achieved till

government policy made it compulsory. For instance, the meeting

in which the decision to involve Nigeria in the company was held

on 11th August, 1959 in 1960, only 10% share was offered to

some lending Nigerian distributors.

The foreign expatriate took this decision to favour them and

save the company because of Nigerian Independence in 1960,

hence the company was registered as a Nigerian Company.

62

The second batch of Nigerianization was between 1965 to

1971 when Nigerian Management Staff was about 37 on average

against 57 expatriates. The 37 Nigerians were only on the

managers level, the decision making power was still in the hands

of the expatriates.

Third Nigerianization was from 1992 to 1995 in which for the

first time Nigerian Breweries Plc produced a Nigerian

Technologists and Engineers.

The forth Nigerianization was from 1996 to the time of this

study, when the company started involving Nigerians in decision

making. As at 31st December 2006, according to records available

Nigerian and Nigerian Corporate bodies own about 65% of total

equity shares of Nigerian Breweries Plc.

Despite government policy on Nigerianization of some

companies, the Nigerianization exercise was slow in Nigerian

Breweries Plc., and this affected the type of decisions made in the

company especially concerning the decision of sourcing raw

materials locally.

Records showed that in only two occasions when the

company made serious efforts to source raw materials locally

were, when Nigerians were among the decision making body

63

and where Nigerian government issued a policy for all

manufacturing companies to sought their raw materials locally.

2.10THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

In this section, it is relevant to highlight the overview of some

element connected with Brewery industry. One of the greatest

works done for the production of drinks in the Brewery Industry, the

textbook of brewing, was carried out by a French Author, Jean De

Clerck, which was translated in English in 1948 by Mrs. K. Barton-

Wright while Professor R.H. Hopkings B.Sc. F.R.I.C. reviewed the

English Edition. The book was widely read by British readers. He

was well known both as Professor at the School of Brewery at the

University of Louvain and as a Consultant in Research of Brewery

Industry.

The research work carried out was based on embodies in its

two volumes: materials collected from diversity of scientific and

technical journals and textbooks which served as both academical

and practical application in the Brewery Industry.

64

A Developing Technology

A developing technology enjoying the benefits of research

stations and other collaborative organisations such as the

European Brewery conventions and its American Counter part.

!The brewery industry must of necessity require a fresh summing

up at fairly frequent intervals. (As stated by the Author, F.R.

Franciano).

!The English version of this research has provided the end users

with such an opportunities - professor Hean De Clerek.

!Since the original work was made public in 1948, the client

developments in brewing have been in the scientific rather

than the technical aspects among others, perhaps the

outstanding examples lie in the nutrition of yeast, its growth

factors and especially the uptake of nitrogen from work, in

which great advances have been made. From the work of

this great research, the antiseptic constituents of hops and

their functions were known while the nature of the hazes in

bottled

65

beer became clearer. In scientific control the methods of analysis

of barley, malt and hops put forward by the European

Brewery convention, the newer methods of estimation of

trace elements and of several vitamins of B group and

chromatographic methods were examples of valuable

additions to the works - Schrewder.K.

Other areas of improvement include matters concerning

starch, protein analyses and cytases; also those dealing with the

flocculation of yeast, the use and analysis of quaternary

ammonium compounds and of the other new detergents and

antiseptics.

There was a theory of fermentation, filtration, bottling and

pasteurization which have been completely reworked.

2.11 RAW MATERIALS - BARLEY SPECIES AND VARIETIES

Barley has been always the primary raw materials of

brewing. The main reason for its preference over other cereals is

that the grains or corn is covered with a straw-like husk which is

not removed by threshing. Moreover, this husk protects the

embryo, or germs of the corn during malting, the

66

grain must be turned over during germination, and if the embryo

were to be stripped out or turn in the process, germination would

be impaired and the corns would become mouldy on the malting

floor.

Two-rowed Barley-Hurpetem distichum - are the best

barleys for brewing since the corns are better developed. Two-

rowed barleys are known as spring barelys, because in Europe

they are generally sown at the end of winter and at the beginning

of spring.

They are sometimes referred to as "Naked Barley give

Chevalier Barleys" after the English botanist who first selected

them. Six-rowed Barleys-Hordeum hexastichum are known as

winter barleys because they are sown in the antumn. There is also

Naked Barleys or huskless". Naked barleys give a proportionately

higher yield of extract than normal types.

2.12 THE IMPORTANCE OF VARIETY

A very large number of distinct varieties of barley are known,

each with its own well-defined, morphological and chemical

hereditary characters. The types of barely formerly

67

cultivated, and in many cases still grown today, were mixture of a

number of different varieties.

These mixed samples, owing to the different rates of

generation at malting, led to complications at brewing because the

brewer could never be certain about the uniformity of different as

consignment of malt, and this involved him in considerable

difficulties in maintaining the even and regular quality of his beer.

Other raw materials include: Raw grains and sugars, maize,

tapioca (Manioc) or cassava starch.

2.13 MALTING OF CEREALS OTHER THAN BARLEY WHEAT

Malted wheat is sometimes used for the preparation of

certain special types of beer. The steeping time is much shorter

than that of barley. Since the water percent penetrates the grain

more rapidly owing to the absence of glumes and the quantity of

steeping liquor required is also less. The normal steeping time for

wheat is from 40 to 60 hours. Owing to the absence of glumes, the

germinating wheat is very much more easily damaged during

turning on the floor.

68

The acrospire is often turn off, with the result that the corn

dries and becomes mouldy.

It is such simpler to malt wheat pragmatically than on the

floor. 250kg per square metres of box area used which gives a

thinner piece than with barley, since the wheat tends to heap up in

the box.

The rootlets formed by wheat at germination are also much

longer than with barely, often three times the length of the corn.

Malted wheat used for brewing must be strongly modified

and only lightly kilned, so as to ensure that the enzyme systems

are not severely damaged, or difficulties will be encountered in the

brewing process.

Rye

Malted rye is generally used for the manufacturing of gin.

The steeping time is even shorter than for wheat and germination

is very delicate in operation. For certain types of gin flooring is very

prolonged.

Oats

Malted oats are used in distilleries because they supply a

number of enzymes and growth factors for yeast which

69

improve fermentation.

The steeping time is very short (24 to 36 hours) and the

piece is only left on the floor for 5 to 6 days. Attempts have been

made to malt maize but the grain heats very easily and does not

modify.

During the last few years, attempts have also been made in

rice growing countries, especially Italy, to malt rice but no

conclusions have as yet been reached on the matter.

2.14 RESEARCH FUNDING

The most difficult problem in attracting and securing

research fund or grants from anywhere be it government, public or

private (individual) donor agency is the inability of researcher and

research institutions to present acceptable proposals.

Funding agencies and research and development (R and D)

stakeholders usually require comprehensive of proposal with a

clear and concise problem statement and objectives, a methodical

approach to the study as well as the cost implication.

70

Proposal writing requires special skills and experience for

any research to be able to develop a proper perspective project as

stated in 2009 publication of centre for management/Development

page 107 - ISSN-0189-4633.

2.15RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS VISITED (REFERENCES)

There are a lot of Research Institutions visited by the

researcher. These includes centre for Management

Development, Shangisha - Lagos and Orji in Owerri - Imo State

Ministry of Agriculture and co-operatives and Nigerian

Oceanography, both in Victoria Island, Lagos, Lagos State and

Federal Institute of Industrial Research Oshodi (FIIRO) in Lagos

State.

Some of the research works with findings were: Cassava

Flour production, instant powder, yam flour production, bread and

confectionary baking including soya snacks, powder fufu

production from cassava, Edible Mushroom production, fruit juice

production from Nigeria fruit, zobo drink production and

preservation, palm wine bottling and presentation, cassava starch

production, kunu drink production and preservation

71

essential oil extraction from - lemongrass, encalyptus and

citronella leavesy electroplating and plug refurbishing cassava

chips production, laundry, soap production, toilet cleaner, just to

mention but a few.

Nigerian Breweries Plc, 2009 Annual Report and Accounts

Nigerian Breweries Plc. 2010 Annual Report and Accounts

Nigerian Breweries Plc 2011 Annual Reports and Accounts

Frank A.H. and Benhard W. (1981), competence and power.

In Managerial Decision Making, Chictreater: John Wiley and

sons Inc.

Tybout, J.R. (2000), "Manufacturing Firms in developing

countries: How well to do they do, and why?" Journal of Economic

Literature 38, pp. 11 - 44.

May and Baker Nigeria Plc. 2004 Human Resources

Management: Strategy and Action Kogan Publications.

Manufacturing in British 2003, A Survey of Sactors Affecting

Growth and Performance Industrial System Research Publication

Manchester (U.K.) Revised 2nd Edition, ISBN.

www.nbplc.com/our_company/html 31/5/12.

Federal Republic of Nigeria, (1998). National Policy on

72

Education, (3rd Ed.) Lagos: Nigerian Educational Research

Development Council (NERDC).

2.16SUMMARY OF THE REVIEW

There are a lot of research works going in all over the world

today. Nigerian Breweries Plc is one of the reputable

manufacturing industries in the world with over sixty years

experience in research works.

The company has a lot of variety of products which need

research workers but limited resources in terms of human and

materials. The company is not conducting research in all areas it

needs research work.

These findings are not expanding as expected thereby

limiting chances of job opportunities or training jobless youths,

especially young graduates. There are rooms for the company to

improve in areas of research works, products, marketing etc.

73

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

Research methodology deals with the systematic and

objective methods of collecting data from various sources of

information including primary and secondary data.

This chapter aimed at showing the various processes that

are involved in obtaining and analyzing the necessary information

regarding the relationship existing between the impact of research

findings in the performance of the manufacturing industry and the

world at large.

This is the plan, structure and strategy of investigation

conceived so as to obtain answers to research questions and to

control variances (Oludimu et al 2000).

In otherwords, the purpose of the research design is to

provide answers to research questions or problems. Another

purpose of research design is to control variances in such a way

that the variables under investigation will consistently vary in

accordance with the hypothesis to ensure that

74

extraneous factors or variables are controlled and to control the

errors that could arise from randomness or measurements.

Also, its purpose is to ensure that the plan and procedures

or strategies are systematically followed, objectively examined and

appropriately displayed.

Research design therefore does not mean the specified

method of collecting data but rather the more fundamental

question of the scope of the research and how they will be

employed with the research setting to yield the required data.

This process can be according to various scholars

summarized as follows:

!Identification and definition of the problem

!Collection of data

!Establishment of validity of data

!Interpretation of data

These steps are contained in the various chapters that make

up the entire work.

According to Aliazu (1981), there are two types of research

strategies either of which can be adopted in social enquiry. One of

them is the survey research in which a

75

representative sample of the population is studied and the result

generalized. The other is the case study, which involves the study

of one group at a point in time and arriving at conclusion in relation

to the situation studied.

Olumidu et al (2000) described correlational research design

as a research meant to investigate relationships among variables.

Although correlational studies cannot determine the cause of

relationships they can suggest them. These suggestions often

provide the inputs for future experimental studies. Correlation

research may also be described an existing relationship between

variables.

In conclusion, this research is a survey study on the impact

of research findings in the performance of the manufacturing

industry - Nigerian Breweries Plc was used.

Data were collected from the staff of the company as

follows:

Top management, middle management, line (or operation)

management: research and development (R & D) department and

production department.

76

1.Top Management (those that have worked in the company up to

15 years and above).

2.Middle management (those that have at least first degreed).

3.Line managers (those that have spent up to ten years in the

company).

4.Research and development department (those that have

masters degree and above).

5.Production department (young graduates and experienced staff

but with lower certificate).

3.2SELECTION OF SAMPLE

Selection of sample depended on the location, qualification

length of service, experience, staff strength and department.

The company's staff strength as at the time of this study is

less than five thousand (5,000) including causal workers for the

purpose of this thesis, the population will be limited to 375 staff

from top management, middle management, line management,

research and development department and

77

production department. Out of this population, 28 staff were

selected as sample to represent others.

Table 3.1 below is a tabular analysis of how the 28 staff of

the company (Nigerian Breweries Plc) were derived from the five

groups of the staff, stratified functionally according to their length of

service in the sample frame length of service for instance, of 1 - 10

years, judgement sampling was used to include others in that

category in the company.

The sources of data will be from external and internal.

External; from internet, Nigerian Dailies Journals etc. Internet; from

the company's report, history, records, annual general meetings

staff interview.

3.3 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

Field work was conducted to collect necessary data for the

study. The techniques used to collect useful information are

personal interview and questionnaire. A period of three months

and one week was used for the field. Having done the analysis of

the sample subject prior to the field work the

78

study assignment was made much easier to undertake, though

some problems were encountered but they were surmounted.

One of the problems was how to get those staff included in the

sample to spare their time to complete the questionnaire given to

them.

Due to the tight schedule of some of the staff, subsequent

appointments were made with some of them, many a times those

appointments were cancelled two or more times before they were

finally granted.

Another problem was that of convincing some of the

respondents about the nature of this thesis that the interviews

were kept by writing them down on piece of paper while the

respondents were answering the questions.

Secondary Data

This group of data come from internet journal and other

publication the researcher lay her hands upon.

79

Table 3.1:Selected Sample from Population

Section 1 - 10 years

11 - 15 years

16 years & above

Total Population

Score

Nos: SAM Nos: SAM Nos: SAM Nos. SAM

Production Department

107: 7 64:4 2 : - 173:11

Middle Management

11:1 5:1 - : - 16:2

R & D Department

- :- 108:7 3 : - 111:7

Line Management

54:4 5:1 - : - 59:5

Top Management

8:1 7:1 1:1 16:3

180: 13

184:14 6:1 375:28

Note: Nos = Number of Staff. Sam = Sample.

The number that were sampled from each group (stratum) were

obtained by multiplying their respective proportion by the sample

size of population.

80

For instance, for the staff that have served 1 - 10 years

which were 180 in number the size of 13 was got as follows: 180 x 28 375 1 = 13 (the approximation of 13 whole number) 180 375 = 0.48 x 28 = 13.44

The 28 is the total number of respondents which will be the

basis of the analysis.

Furthermore, in order to randomly get the number to be

sampled in each section in this study an analysis was made of the

staff strength of each section. Under each group of the three

given, the proportionate mix of each section was derived to

determine the sample of each section, group X the group the

sample size. For the group 1 - 10 years the sample size of the

section of line manager is calculated as follows: 54 x 13 180 1 = 4

81

The selection procedure used is as follows:

1.In each sample frame the respondents were assigned numbers

in line with the arrangement in the staff position.

2.Sampling by lottery was used in order to give each member in

the sample frame a chance of being selected.

The sample frame used to select sample subject in top

management is 8, each of these 8 staff had his/her name written

on card and put in a metal container. The card were then picked

in turn from the container after mixing the content thoroughly. This

was done having regard to the number of cards that could be

selected.

3.4SOURCES OF DATA

There are two sources of data used in this study. They are

primary data and secondary data.

3.4.1 Primary Data

The primary data were collected from company's staff,

through personal interviews, observations and survey from the

relevant department, that is research and development

82

departments, production department, top decision makers, middle

management and through questionnaire from filled by the Nigeria

Breweries plc staff. This is for the specific purpose of the

investigation of making use of representatives, samples from the

populations to find out the various possible attributes that are

typical of the manufacturing industry.

3.4.2. Secondary Data

The secondary data were collected from daily newspapers,

magazine, journals, literatures, books and research institutes

publications like (FIIRO, CMD).

3.5 POPULATION OF THE STUDY

The researcher's population is really large, it covers all the

zonal offices of the Nigerian Breweries Plc. throughout the country,

staff from Lagos Abbebe Village, Aba Brewery, to carryout the

survey in all these areas.

Therefore, some of the staff from lagos, Abbebe Village

were chosen as the sample of the entire population.

The population and sample from Nigerian Breweries Plc.

Lagos Abbebe Village Zone is as follows:

83

Staff from Production Department = 173:11

Staff from Middle Management = 16:2

Staff from Research and Development = 111:7

Staff from Line Management = 59:5 Staff from Top Management = 16:3 375:28

3.6 THE SAMPLE SIZE

To be able to reduce the population to a management size

for the purpose of this study, a random sampling of 11 staff from

production department, 2 from middlemanagement, 7 from

Research and Development, 5 from line managers and 3 from top

management were made. These sample population are based on

sex, age, qualification, merital status and length of service. The

sample size of this research is arrived at by the following formula: Sample Size x 28 = Sample Size Total Population Size

84

Table 3.2 Sample Size

S/N Sample from Work Population % of Sample Size

1 Production Department 11/28 x 100 39.3

2 Middle Managers 2/28 x 100 7.1

3 Research Development 7/28 x 100 25.0

4 Line Management 5/28 x 100 17.9

5 Top Management 3/28 x 100 10.7

Total 28 100

The sample size was arrived as at 28.

Source: Field Survey, 2012

3.7 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The researcher made use of questionnaire, interviews and

observations as the instrument of this study.

85

3.7.1 Questionnaire Distribution

The questionnaire forms were personally distributed by the

researcher to respondents, this was done to achieve a high rate of

returns of the questionnaire forms.

3.7.2 Questionnaire Distribution/Collection

A total of 34 questionnaire forms were distributed while 28

were collected. Table 3.3: The table below presents and return rate of 82.4%

S/N Department Distribution Population % of Sample Size

1 Production Department

13 11 84.6

2 Middle Managers

3 2 66.7

3 Research and Development

8 7 87.5

4 Line Management

6 5 85.3

5 Top Management

4 3 75.0

Total

34 28 82.4

Source: Field Survey, 2012

86

3.8 VALIDITY OF QUESTIONNAIRE

The validity of this questionnaire was ensured by three ways

or methods. The first method consisted of presenting the

questions to a pilot survey of 8 people. The result showed that

there were some questions that were not necessary to the study.

They were changed, the second method was by given 5 people as

also a pilot survey in which few questions were not clear to the

pilot group such questions were corrected. The third method was

presenting the accepted questions to the project supervisor for

vetting.

3.9 METHOD OF ANALYSIS

The method used to analyse the responses of the

respondents was the simple percentage method.

3.10RELIABILITY OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE

The questionnaire was proved presentable and reliable after

the pilot survey was conducted and the vetting and the approval of

the project supervisor.

Finally, the questionnaire was able to attract positive

responses to this research project.

87

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 PRESENTATION OF DATA

This chapter presents in details, findings on the study

formulated research questions as well as the hypothesis stated

earlier in the previous chapter. Attempt would also be made to

responses as classified according to sex, age, educational

attainments, department and length of service. This is to provide

enough details about the bio-data of the respondents. This will

help the researcher to understand the characteristics of the

sample on which the instrument were administered.

4.2 DATA ANALYSIS

Table 4.1:Respondents from Question 1

What is your sex?

Sex Frequency (F) Percentage (%)

Male 20 71.4

Female 8 28.6

Total 28 100

Source: Field Survey, 2012.

88

From the above table, the number ofmale were 20 or 71.4%

while that of female were 8 or 28.6% i.e. the total number of

respondents were 28 (100%).

Table 4.2:Respondents from Question 2

Age Distribution (What is your Age)?

Age Range

Male Female Total (%)

Male Female Total (%)

20 - 25 5 3 8 17.9 10.7 28.6

26 - 30 8 2 10 28.6 7.1 35.7

30 and above

7 3 10 32.1 3.6 35.7

Total 20 8 28 78.6 21.4 100

Source: Field Survey, 2012

From the table above we can easily observe that the

company has more male than female but both were vibrant labour

force.

89

Table 4.3:Respondents from Question 3 - Marital Status of the

Respondent (what is your marital status)

Marital Status

Male Percentage (%)

Female Percentage (%)

Total Total (%)

Single 12 42.9 4 14.3 16 57.2

Married 8 28.5 4 14.3 12 42.8

Total 20 71.5 8 28.6 28 100

Source: Field Survey, 2012

From the table above, 12 respondents were male single, 4

female single while 8 male were married and 4 female also were

married.

Table 4.4:Respondents from Questionnaire 4-Qualification

Distribution (What is your Qualification?)

Qualification Male Percentage

(%)

Female Percentage

(%)

Total Total

(%)

OND/HND - - 3 10.7 3 10.7

B.Sc 10 35.7 4 14.3 14 50

Masters 8 28.7 1 3.6 9 32.3

Ph.D 2 7.1 - - 2 7.0

Total 20 71.5 8 28.5 28 100

Source: Field Survey, 2012

90

Table v above shows that the respondents qualification were

OND/HND is 3, B.Sc is 14, Masters is 9 and Ph.D is 2.

Table 4.5:Respondents from Question 5 - Length of Service

(What is your length of Service?)

Years Male Percentage

(%)

Female Percentage

(%)

Total Total (%)

1 - 10 2 7.1 4 14.3 6 21.4

11 - 15 11 39.3 3 10.7 14 50

16 and

above

7 25 1 3.6 8 28.6

Total 20 71.4 8 28.6 28 100

Source: Field Survey, 2012

From the above table, 6 respondents have served from 1 -

10 years; 14 served 11 - 15 years while 8 served 16 and above

years.

91

Table 4.6:Respondents from question 6 - According to

Department (In what department are you?)

Department Male Percentage

(%)

Female Percenta

ge (%)

Total Total

(%)

Production 6 28.6 5 10.7 11 39.3

Middle

Management

2 7.1 - 0 2 7.1

Research and

Development

5 17.9 2 7.1 7 25

Line Management

4 14.3 1 3.6 5 17.9

Top Management

3 10.7 - 0 3 10.7

Total

22 78.6 8 21.4 28 100

Source: Field Survey, 2012

From the table above, it is observed that 11 respondents

were from Production department 6 male, 5 female, 2 from Middle

management centre, only male no female, 7 from research and

development department 5 male, 2 female from Line management

4 male and 1 female, 3 male all from Top management.

92

Table 4.7:Respondents from Question 7 - Necessity of

Research (Do you think that research is

necessary?)

Responses No of Respondents Percentage (%)

Yes 20 71.4

No 8 28.6

Silence 4 14.3

Total 28 100

Source: Field Survey, 2012.

From the above table, 20 respondents said Yes to the above

question No. 1 i.e they believe strongly that research is necessary

while 8 respondents did not see any need for research hence they

said No to the question.

93

Question 2:Does Nigerian Breweries Plc conduct or carry out

Research work?

Table 4.8 respondents from question 8 - existence of research in

Nigerian Breweries Plc. (Does Nigerian Breweries Plc conduct or

carryout research work?)

Responses No of Respondents Percentage (%)

Yes 10 71.4

No 4 14.3

Total 28 100

Source: Field Survey, 2012.

From the table for question two above, 20 respondents said

Yes, 4 said No wile 4 were silent, they did not say Yes, or No for

the reason(s) best known for them.

94

Table 4.9:Respondents from Question 9 - the period of

research in Nigerian Breweries Plc. (How often

does Nigerian Breweries Plc conduct research

that yield results?)

Responses No of Respondents Percentage (%)

Very often 16 57.2

Once in a while 10 35.7

No at all 2 7.1

Total 28 100

Source: Field Survey, 2012.

From the Table 9 question 3 above, 16 respondents

confessed that research conducted by the Nigerian Breweries are

very often yield result, 10 said once in a while, 2 respondent said

that the research have not yielded results at all.

95

Table 4.10:Respondents from Question 10 - the impact of

Research Findings in the performance of

Nigerian Breweries Plc

Question 4:What is the Percentage (%) of the impact of

research findings in the performance of

Nigerian Breweries Plc.

Responses No of Respondents Percentage (%)

80% - 100% 22 78.6

50% - 80% 5 17.8

Below 50% 1 3.6

Total 28 100

Source: Field Survey, 2012.

From question 4, Table 10, 22 respondents agreed that 80 -

100% of the research findings have been impacted in the Nigerian

Breweries Plc. 5 respondents agreed that between 50 - 80% with

only one respondents that agreed with 50%.

Table 10 question 5, which of these areas does Nigerian

Breweries Plc conduct Research most?

96

Table 4.11:Respondents from Question 11 - the impact of research findings in the performance of Nigerian Breweries Plc. (What percentage of research findings from specific areas has been impacted in Nigerian Breweries Plc?)

Areas No of Respondents Percentage (%)

Raw Materials 7 25

Marketing 10 35.7

Product 9 32.1

Others 2 7.2

Total 28 100

Source: Field Survey, 2012.

From the table of question 5, the number of respondents

that said that the Nigerian Breweries Plc conduct research mostly

in the area of raw materials were 7 i.e. 25% marketing were 10 i.e.

35.7%, product were 9 i.e. 32.1% while others were 2 i.e 7.2%.

97

Question 12:What percentage of research findings from

specific areas has been on impact in Nigeria

Breweries Plc.

Specific

Areas

No of

Respondents

% of

Respondents

% Research

Finding

Impact

% of Total

Research

Raw Materials

6 21.4 60 21.4

Marketing 8 28.6 80 28.6

Product 12 42.9 90 32.1

Others 2 7.1 50 17.9

Total 28 100 280 100

Source: Field Survey, 2012.

From table 12, question 6 above, it was observed that six

respondents said that 60% research findings in raw materials has

an impact in the performance of the Nigerian Breweries Plc., this

60% is also the 21.4% of the total percentage of the over all

percentage.

Eight respondents (28.6%) said 80% market research

findings has been impacted, which is 28.6% of the overall %,

twelve respondents which is 42.9% of total respondent said

98

that 90% research findings of product has effect on the impact of

the company.

In summary, out of the whole research works carried out in

RM = Raw materials

MKT = Marketing

PRO - Products

OTHS - Others.

Findings from products have the highest percentage (32.1%)

of the impact in the performance of Nigerian Breweries Plc

followed by findings from market research 28.6%; raw materials

21.4% and last others 17.9%.

4.2.1 Analysis of Question 4.10

From Question 4 Table 10, 22 respondents agreed that 80 -

100% of research findings have been in the impact of the

performance in the Nigerian Breweries Plc. 5 said between 50 -

80% with only one respondent said below 50 - 80% which only one

respondent said below 50% i.e. 78.6% said that Nigerian

Breweries Plc makes use of its research findings up to 80 - 100%.

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In summary, all the respondents agree that the impact of

research findings is real in the company only that the respondent

defers on the level of the impact of the findings.

4.2.2 Problems

1.Accessibility of research findings by the users as regard to

where, when and how to get it.

2.Unclear publication; the working, sequence etc.

3.The medium in use; TV, Internet, Radio, Journal, National

Dailies, magazine.

4.The nature of the research, the target audience, the language in

use, the interpretation.

5.Technology, finance, manpower.

6. Information Technology

7.Availability of adequate infrastructure and other factors for

modern research works that will yield findings, sources of

information needed to research on.

8.Facilities and equipment needed for research.

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4.2.3 Significance of the Study

1.To organize, co-ordiante research work.

2.To source collate and harmonize research materials and

channel them in areas they are most needed.

3.To make accessibility of research findings very easy for the end

users.

4.To encourage small and medium scale industries which could

not afford the cost of research work to make use of already

research findings.

5.To promote growth of both micro and macro economies and

improvement of economy as a whole.

4.2.4 Finding from the Study

1.Little premium is placed on Research and Development findings

in Nigeria.

2.Many finding of Research and Development were left lying in the

shelves without publicity and commercialization.

3.Unlike in the Western world and the south east Asian countries

the Nigerian private sector hardly sponsors any research nor

does it encourage downstream linkages

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with small scale enterprises. Some research institutions do not or

hardly embrace the market - driven research strategy in

drawing up research programmes.

4.2.5 Findings of the Study

1.The level of any development of a community, city or nation

depends on their ability and willingness to their impact or

research findings in the performance of the manufacturing

industry or other areas of life.

2.No single nation can carry out all the research works that she

needed i.e. one nation can depend or borrow or adopt, use

other nations research findings with modified method to suit

her local technology and environment.

3.Research is finding of mysteries and hidden ideas and

knowledge for improvement; hence it is a continuous

exercise which the impact of the findings must follow.

4.3TEST OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

We shall now subject the research hypotheses to empirical

verification based on the respondents responses received from the

administered questions.

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The overall effect is to further confirm (validate) or otherwise

the result of the research questions as analysed in this chapter.

4.3.1 Hypothesis

Ho:The impact of research findings in the performance of the

manufacturing industry is not high.

H1:The impact of research findings in the performance of the

manufacturing industry is high.

Table 4.13: Department (A - E)

Responses A B C D E Total

Yes 8 2 5 3 2 20

No 3 0 2 2 1 8

Total 11 2 7 5 3 28

Determination of the expected value (E) E = RT x CT GT

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where

E = Expected value

RT = Row Total

CT = Column Total

GT = Grand Total 20 x 11 + 20 x 2 + 20 x 7 + 20 x 5 + 20 x 3 28 28 28 28 28 = 7.9 + 1.4 + 5 + 3.6 + 2.1 = 20 8 x 11 + 8 x 2 + 8 x 7 + 8 x 5 + 8 x 3 28 28 28 28 28

= 3.1 + 0.6 + 2 + 1.4 + 0.9 = 8

We now go ahead to obtain our chi-square (X2) result using the

table below X2 = (O - E)2 E

where

X2 = Chi-square

O = Observed outcome

E = Expected outcome

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X2 Table 15

Dept o e o - e (o - e)2 (o - e)2 e

A 8 7.9 0.1 0.01 0.001

B 2 1.4 0.6 0.36 0.257

C 5 5 0 0 0.000

D 3 3.6 - 6 - 3.6 -0.130

E 2 2.1 - 1 - 0.01 0.000

A 8 3.1 4.9 24.01 7.745

B 2 0.6 1.4 1.96 3.267

C 5 2 3 9 4.500

D 3 1.4 1.6 2.56 1.829

E 2 0.9 1.1 1.21 1.344

x2 = 18.81 (calculated)

Decision rule

We reject the (Ho) null hypothesis of independence at α =

0.05 if the computed value of the test statistics X2 exceeds the

critical (table) value of X2 0.95 for (r - 1)(C - 1) degrees of freedom.

However, before arriving at our final decision, we must first

compute our (r - 1)(C - 1) degrees of freedom,

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where

r = number of row

c = number of column

then, (r - 1) (c - 1)

= (2 - 1) (5 - 1)

= (1) (4)

= 4 degrees of freedom

Decision

Since 18.81 (calculated) value is greater than the table value

9.488, we go ahead to reject null hypothesis (Ho).

We now accept H1 (the alternative hypothesis that is to say, the

impact of research findings in the performance of the

manufacturing industry is high.

Summary

The chapter presented findings of the study. The findings

are essentially answers to the various research questions as well

as the hypothesis. From the hypothesis tested, it was conclusively

prove as follows:

i.That impact of research findings is high in manufacturing industry.

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ii.That impact of research findings in manufacturing industry is

inevitable for the industry to survival progress and meet up

with the competitiveness that is common in the modern

world needs.

In conclusions, due to the dynamic nature of today's global

business environment given rise to volatile technology,

new products and market conditions due to the impact of research

findings in the performance of manufacturing industry, the modern

world is able to meet up with the insatiable needs of new products,

new ideas and new innovations we see these days.

Based on this fact therefore research works should be given

it rightful attention by both private and public sectors in order to

base economy, create employment and raise standard of living of

the poor masses.

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CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

Research is as old as the creation of the world. It covers all

aspects of human life and across all disciplines. No nation or

country in the world can attain to any level of development without

the research and impact of the research findings in the

performance of the manufacturing industry. This is because

research and development work together.

This study reveals that not all research work yield

reasonable finding due to one reason or the other. However, most

of the research works yield results and the impact of these

research findings are so important that it is regarded as the life

wire of the manufacturing industry.

This study reveals that the impact of research findings in the

performance of the manufacturing industry is the key of success to

any manufacturing industry that ever achieve any industrial bread

throughout the world began.

The impact of the research findings brings expansion of the

company which results in job creation, growth in economy

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and the improvement of human standard of living of the citizens in

any society e.g. the developed world.

The study also reveals that for a research to yield good

findings, proper funding is necessary. Therefore it is not easy for

some manufacturing industries to embark on some important

research works. Those that started one abandoned them half way.

It had been discovered that Nigerian Breweries Plc. still has

room for improvement as long as research is concerned especially

in the area of raw materials.

The study reveals that no nation can depend entirely on her

research works alone that is, there is inter dependent in economy,

which makes the community of nations - a global village.

Some research findings are not accessible by the

manufacturing industries because of poor infrastructure nation-

wide (Road Network Energy, Communication, etc).

5.2 CONCLUSIONS

We have been able to establish beyond doubt that a strong

nexus exists between research findings and

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manufacturing industry in other words, companies that faced with

low productivity can easily reverse this trend by embarking on a

systematic impact of research findings yielded among other

strategies. The study went further to establish that one of the

surest ways any company can hope to achieve its corporate

goals/objectives is by embarking on a comprehensive and

continuous research works programmes. Infact failure to do it, may

equally mean distancing itself from such goal/objective either now

or in the future.

We were also able to confirm perhaps incontroversibly that

one of the best ways manufacturing industries generally can be

motivated for high output is through making the research findings

cheap and accessible by the companies that need them.

Thus, the manufacturing industries that could not afford the

type of research works they need should make use of other

research findings from Research Institutes like the Federal institute

of Industrial Research Oshodi (FIIRO), Centre for Management

Development (CMD) etc.

Evidently from the research questions further suggests that

the effective impact of research findings is one of the

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most vital contributions to the future and long-term growth,

development and survival of such industry.

There is more so, especially in the present volatile and

dynamic business environment that can be likened to a race of the

survival of the fittest. Happy enough, the firm in this study -

Nigerian Breweries Plc is not left behind in this regards. This is one

of the reason the researcher believe that the company had

continued to come up with new products to meet with the

numerous demands of their customers.

Based on the data analysis in the previous chapter and the

summary of findings. It is therefore concluded that the impact of

the research findings in the performance of the manufacturing

industry is high.

Every manufacturing industry world over has been always

investing huge amount of funds in its research and development

department because of the importance of research. Research is

like the senior brother to change which is the only thing that is

permanent on earth.

As long as research works are findings, and it has impact on

the companies especially manufacturing industries, development

will be steady, economy will improve, job

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opportunities will be created and standard of living will be on

increase till thy kingdom come.

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

Finally, having gone through the entire data, generated in

the course of this study as well as personal interview with some

staff especially top management of the company regarding its

impact of research findings the following recommendations are

made.

First, to help in the improvement of what is presently on

ground in the company as well as further study by would-be

researchers that were interested.

1.The company should as the matter of urgency and necessity

have its research and development department well

equipped in line with modern trend, employ indigenous staff

and train them as modern day researchers who can stand

the test of the challenges anywhere in the world.

2.That these young researchers would be exposed world-wide,

encouraged and give free hand to operate.

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3.That research should be centralized and based in the country-

Nigeria's need.

4.That research works should extend its products to food

production hence it has enough capacity of resources and

manpower.

5.That research works should be more on local raw materials.

6.That the company should extend its research findings to other

allied smaller companies.

5.4 AREA FOR FURTHER STUDIES

"The time frame of the impact of the research findings in the

manufacturing industry".

Since research involves a lot of both human, material

resources and time consuming.

The study of the time frame of the impact of the research

findings in the performance of the manufacturing industry is very

necessary. This is to save the managers available resources

invested in the research work so that it will not be a wasteful effort.

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This is necessary because research is dynamic, it moves

with time hence it is continuous exercise. The time frame is very

important.

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APPENDIX Department of Management Faculty of Business Administration University of Nigeria Enugu Campus Dear Sir/madam, I am a student of the above mentioned University. I am carrying out a research on the "The Impact of Research Findings in the Performance of the Manufacturing Industry" A Case Study of Nigerian Breweries Plc. This exercise in partial fulfilment to the requirement of the award of Masters in Business Management. The information you would give will be treated confidentially and would be used strictly for the purpose of this research. Thanks for your co-operation. Yours faithfully, Ikeocha Chibuogwu C.

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QUESTIONNAIRE (Restricted to Staff of Nigerian Breweries Plc only). Please tick [] where appropriate 1. Sex a) Male [ ] b) Female [ ] 2. Age a) 20 - 25 years [ ] b) 25 - 30 years [ ] c) Above 30 years [ ] 3. Marital Status a) Married [ ] b) Single [ ] c) Divorced [ ] 4. Qualifications, a) SSCE/OND/NCE [ ] b) HND/B.Sc [ ] c) M.Sc/MBA [ ] d) Others [ ] 5.How long have you been working with NB Plc? a) 1 - 10 years [ ] b) 11 - 15 years [ ] c) 16 and above [ ] 6.Your department/section management research and

development a) Production staff [ ] b) Management [ ]

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7.Your Post a) Top Management [ ] b) Middle management [ ] c) Operation or Line Management [ ] d) Research and Development Staff [ ] e)Production staff [ ] 8.Do you think that research is necessary? a) Yes [ ] b) No [ ] 9.Does Nigerian Breweries Plc conduct or carry out research

works? a) Abroad [ ] b) Nigeria [ ] 10.Does the research has findings? a) Yes [ ] b) No [ ] 11.How often does NB Plc. conduct research that yield findings a) Very often [ ] b) Once in a while [ ] 12.Does NB Plc. use her own research findings a) Yes [ ] b) No [ ]

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13.How much of her research findings does Nigerian Breweries Plc use?

a) 1 - 5% [ ] b) 5 - 50% [ ] c) Above 50% [ ] 14.Which area does NB Plc conduct research often? a) in marketing [ ] b) In production [ ] c) In raw materials [ ] d) Others [ ]