Unit7myers8thedpt2
description
Transcript of Unit7myers8thedpt2
![Page 1: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
PSYCHOLOGY(8th Edition)David Myers
PowerPoint SlidesAneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University
Worth Publishers, © 2006
![Page 2: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Thinking and Language
Chapter 10
![Page 3: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Thinking and Language
Thinking Concepts
Solving Problems
Making Decisions and Forming Judgments
Belief Bias
![Page 4: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Thinking and Language
Language Language Structure
Language Development
Thinking & Language Language Influences
Thinking
Thinking in Images
![Page 5: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Thinking and Language
Animal Thinking and Language Do Animals Think?
Do Animals Exhibit Language?
The Case of the Apes
![Page 6: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Thinking
Thinking or cognition refers to a process that involves knowing, understanding,
remembering and communicating.
![Page 7: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Cognitive Psychologists
Thinking involve a number of mental activities listed below, and cognitive
psychologists study them with great detail.
1. Concepts2. Problem solving3. Decision making4. Judgment
formation
![Page 8: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Concepts
Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. There are variety of chairs but their common features define the concept of chair.
![Page 9: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Category Hierarchies
We organize concepts into category hierarchies.
Courtesy of C
hristine Brune
![Page 10: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Development of Concepts
We form some concepts by definitions, e.g., triangle has three side. But mostly we form concepts by a mental image or a best example (prototype), e.g., robin is a prototype of a bird but penguin is not.
Triangle (definition) Bird (mental image)
Daniel J. C
ox/ Getty Im
ages
J. Messerschm
idt/ The Picture C
ube
![Page 11: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Categories
Once we place an item in a category our memory shifts toward the category
prototype.
A computer generated face that was 70 percentCaucasian, lead people to classify it as Caucasian.
Courtesy of O
liver Corneille
![Page 12: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Problem Solving
There are two ways to solve problems:
Algorithms: Methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular
problem.
![Page 13: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Algorithms
Algorithms exhaust all possibilities before arriving at a solution. Take long time.
Computers use algorithms.
S P L O Y O C H Y G
If we were to unscramble these letters to form a word, using an algorithm approach would
take 907,208 possibilities.
![Page 14: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Heuristics
Are simple thinking strategies that
often allows us to make judgments
and solve problems efficiently.
Speedier but more error-prone than
algorithms.
B2M
Productions/D
igital Version/G
etty Images
![Page 15: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Heuristics
Heuristics make it easy for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to problems.
S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G Y
Try putting Y at the end and see if the wordstarts to make sense.
![Page 16: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Probability that that person is a truck driver is far greater than an ivy league professor just because there are more truck drivers than
such professors.
Representativeness Heuristic
Judging the likelihood of things or objects in terms of how well they seem to represent, or
match a particular prototype.
If you were to meet a man, slim, short, wears glasses and likes poetry. What do you think would his profession would be?
An Ivy league professor or a truck driver?
![Page 17: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Availability Heuristic
Why does our availability heuristic lead us astray?Whatever increases the ease of retrieving
information increases its perceived availability.
How is retrieval facilitated?1. How recently we have heard about the
event.2. How distinct it is.3. How correct it is.
![Page 18: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Examples of availability heuristic:
• Is it more likely that you get killed by a falling airplane or a shark attack?
Developer: Lehman Benson III, University of Arizona, [email protected], 2006
http://sitemaker.umich.edu/dec.btr/files/benson_overview.pdf
A B
![Page 19: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Do more people die from A) stomach cancer or
B) motor vehicle accidents each year?
• http://stefanor.uctleg.net/course-notes-archive/bus1010s/04%20Heuristics%20examples.pdf
![Page 20: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
A= Availability HeuristicB= Representativeness Heuristic
How many fish are do you see?
Did you guess 5? If you guessed 4, then…
![Page 21: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
A= Availability HeuristicB= Representativeness Heuristic
You don’t visit Raleigh because you heard about the new sewer monsters
they found in the town!
![Page 22: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
A= Availability HeuristicB= Representativeness Heuristic
Why were so many people surprised to hear Susan Boyle sing?
![Page 24: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
A= Availability HeuristicB= Representativeness Heuristic
• I will never eat at a particular restaurant after I got sick immediately after eating there. I had the flu and it had nothing to do with the food, but I still can’t go back!
![Page 25: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
A= Availability HeuristicB= Representativeness Heuristic
A husband and wife get into an argument with one another. Both are convinced that they do more work around the house than the other. Each lists off the work they’ve done this week. How can they both be convinced that they are right?
![Page 26: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Quick review:
• Concept
• Schema
• Prototype
• Algorithm
• Heuristics (2 types- availability, representativeness)
![Page 27: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
InsightWolfgang Kohler-
A ha! momentInsight involves
sudden novel realization of a
solution to a problem. Insight is
in humans and animals.
Grande using boxes toobtain food
![Page 28: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Insight
Brain imaging and EEG studies suggest that
when an insight strikes (“Aha” experience) it
activates the right temporal cortex (Jung-Beeman, 2004). The
time between not knowing the solution to
knowing it is 0.3 seconds.
From M
ark Jung-Beekm
an, Northw
estern U
niversity and John Kounios, D
rexel University
![Page 29: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Obstacles in Solving Problems
Confirmation Bias: A tendency to search for information that confirms a personal bias.
2 – 4 – 6
Rule: Any ascending series of numbers. 1 – 2 – 3 would comply. Ss had difficulty figuring out the
rule due to confirmation bias (Wason, 1960).
![Page 30: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Fixation
Fixation: Inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective. Impediment to problem solving. Two examples are mental set and functional fixedness.
The Matchstick Problem: How
would you arrange six matches to form
four equilateral triangles?
From
“Problem
Solving” by M
. Scheerer. C
opyright © 1963 by
Scientific A
merican, Inc. A
ll Rights R
eserved.
![Page 31: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Using these materials, how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board?
Candle-Mounting Problem
From
“Problem
Solving” by M
. Scheerer. C
opyright © 1963 by
Scientific A
merican, Inc. A
ll Rights R
eserved.
![Page 32: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
The Matchstick Problem: Solution
From
“Problem
Solving” by M
. Scheerer. C
opyright © 1963 by
Scientific A
merican, Inc. A
ll Rights R
eserved.
![Page 33: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Candle-Mounting Problem: Solution
![Page 34: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Mental Set
A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially a way that has
been successful in the past.
![Page 35: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Functional Fixedness
A tendency to think of the only familiar functions for objects.
?
Problem: Tie the two ropes together. Use a screw driver, cotton balls and a matchbox.
![Page 36: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Functional Fixedness
Use screwdriver as weight, tie it to one rope’s end swing it toward the other rope
to tie the knot.
?
The inability to think about screwdriver as weight isfunctional fixedness about the object.
![Page 37: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Using and Misusing Heuristics
Two kinds of heuristics have been identified by cognitive psychologists. Representative
and availability heuristics.
Amos Tversky Daniel Kahneman
Courtesy of G
reymeyer A
ward, U
niversity of L
ouisville and the Tversky fam
ily
Courtesy of G
reymeyer A
ward, U
niversity of L
ouisville and Daniel K
ahneman
![Page 38: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Making Decision & Forming Judgments
Each day we make hundreds of judgments and decisions based on our intuition seldom using systematic reasoning.
![Page 39: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Overconfidence
Intuitive heuristics, confirmation of beliefs, and knack of explaining failures increases
our overconfidence. It is a tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs
and judgments.
At a stock market both the seller and
buyer may be confident about their decisions on a stock.
![Page 40: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Exaggerated Fear
Opposed to overconfidence is our
tendency for exaggerated fear
about how things may happen. Such fears may be ill-founded.
9/11 crashes led to decline in air travel
due to fear.
AP
/ Wide W
orld Photos
![Page 41: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Framing Decisions
How an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
Example: What is the best way to market ground beef — as 25% fat or 75% lean?
![Page 42: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Belief Bias
The tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning sometimes by
making invalid conclusions.
God is love.Love is blind
Ray Charles is blind.Ray Charles is God.
Anonymous graffiti
![Page 43: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Belief Perseverance
Our tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence is called belief
perseverance.
Once you see a country as hostile, you are likely to interpret ambiguous actions on their part as signifying their hostility
(Jervis, 1985).
![Page 44: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Perils & Powers of Intuition
Where Intuition can be perilous if unchecked, it is extremely efficient and
adaptive.
![Page 45: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
Perils & Powers of Intuition
![Page 46: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
Language
Our spoken, written, or gestured work, it is the way we communicate meaning to
ourselves and others.
Language transmits culture.
M. &
E. B
ernheim/ W
oodfin Cam
p & A
ssociates
![Page 47: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Language Structure
Phonemes: The smallest distinctive sound unit in a spoken language. For example:
bat, has three phonemes b · a · t
chat, has three phonemes ch · a · t
![Page 48: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
Language Structure
Morpheme: The smallest unit that carries meaning may be a word or a part of a word. For example:
Milk = milkPumpkin = pump . kin
Unforgettable = un · for · get · table
![Page 49: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
Structuring Language
Phrase
Sentence
Meaningful units (290,500) … meat, pumpkin.Words
Smallest meaningful units (100,000) … un, for.
Morphemes
Basic sounds (about 40) … ea, sh.Phonemes
Composed of two or more words (326,000) … meat eater.
Composed of many words (infinite) … She opened the jewelry box.
![Page 50: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
Grammar
A system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
Grammar
SyntaxSemantics
![Page 51: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
Semantics
Set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences.
For example:
Semantic rule tells us that adding –ed to the word laugh means that it happened in
the past.
![Page 52: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
Syntax
The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences. For example:
In English syntactical rule is that adjectives come before nouns; white house. In Spanish it is reversed; casa
blanca.
![Page 53: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
Language Development
Children learn their native languages
much before learning to add 2+2.
We learn on average (after age 1) 3,500
words a year, amassing 60,000
words by the time we graduate high school.
Tim
e Life Pictures/ G
etty Images
![Page 54: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
When do we learn language?
Babbling Stage: beginning at 4
months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo. Babbling is
not imitation of adult speech.
![Page 55: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
When do we learn language?
One-Word Stage: Beginning at or around the first birthday, a child starts to speak one-word and makes family adults understand him. The word doggy may mean look at the dog out there.
![Page 56: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
When do we learn language?
Two-Word Stage: Before the 2nd year a child starts to speak in two-word sentences. This form of speech is called telegraphic speech in which the child speaks like a telegram —“go car,” means that, I would like to go for a ride in the car.
![Page 57: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
When do we learn language?
Longer phrases: After telegraphic speech children start uttering longer phrases (Mommy get ball), with syntactical sense and by early elementary school they are enjoying humor.
You never starve in the desert because of all the sand-which-is there.
![Page 58: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
When do we learn language?
![Page 59: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59
Explaining Language Development
1. Operant Learning: Skinner (1957, 1985) believed that language development can be explained on the basis of learning principles, such as association, imitation and reinforcement.
![Page 60: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60
Explaining Language Development
2. Inborn Universal Grammar: Chomsky (1959, 1987) opposed Skinners ideas and suggested that rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles, and thus most of it was inborn.
![Page 61: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61
Explaining Language Development
3. Statistical Learning and Critical periods: Well before our first birthday, our brains are discerning word breaks by statistically analyzing which syllables in hap-py-ba-by go together. These statistical analysis are learned during critical periods of child development.
![Page 62: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62
Genes, Brain & Language
Genes design the mechanisms for a language, and experience modifies the
brain.
Mic
hael
New
man
/ Pho
to E
dit,
Inc.
Eye
of
Sci
ence
/ Pho
to R
esea
rche
rs, I
nc.
Dav
id H
ume
Ken
nerl
y/ G
etty
Im
ages
![Page 63: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63
Language & Age
New language learning gets harder with age.
![Page 64: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
64
Language & Thinking
Thinking and language intricately intertwine.
Rubber B
all/ Alm
ay
![Page 65: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
65
Language influences Thinking
Linguistic Determinism: Whorf’s (1956) suggested that language determines the way we think, e.g., Hopi, he noted, did not have past tense for verbs therefore Hopis could not think readily about the past.
![Page 66: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
66
Language influences Thinking
When a language provides words for objects or events we can think about these objects more clearly and retain them. It is easier to think
about two colors with two different names (A) than colors with the same name (B) (Özgen,
2004).
![Page 67: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
67
Word Power
Increasing word power pays its dividends. It pays for speakers and deaf who learn a
sign language.
![Page 68: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
68
Linguistic Determinism Questioned
People from Papua New Guinea without our words for colors and shapes still
perceived them as we do (Rosch, 1974).
![Page 69: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
69
Thinking in Images
To a large extent thinking is language based. Like when alone we talk to ourselves.
However, we also think in images.
2. When we are riding our bicycle.
1. When we open the hot water tap.
We don’t think in words, when:
![Page 70: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
70
Images and Brain
Imagining about a physical activity activates the same brain regions as when
actually performing the activity.
Jean Duffy D
ecety, Septem
ber 2003
![Page 71: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
71
Language and Thinking
Traffic runs both ways between thinking and language.
![Page 72: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
72
Do animals have a language?
Animals & Language
Honey bees communicate by dancing. The dancemoves clearly indicate the direction of the nectar.
![Page 73: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
73
Do animals think?
Common cognitive skills in humans
and apes.
1. Concept formation.
2. Insight3. Problem Solving4. Culture5. Mind?
African grey parrot assorts redblocks from green balls.
William
Munoz
![Page 74: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
74
Insight
Chimpanzees show insightful behaviors when solving problems.
Sultan uses sticks to get food.
![Page 75: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
75
Problem Solving
Apes are famous for solving problems
much like us.
Chimpanzee fishing for ants.
Courtesy of Jennifer B
yrne, c/o Richard B
yrne, D
epartment of P
sychology, University of S
t. Andrew
s, Scotland
![Page 76: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
76
Animal Culture
Animals display custom and culture learnt and transmitted over generations.
Dolphins using sponges asforging tools.
Chimpanzee mother using andteaching a young how to use
a stone hammer.
Copyright A
manda K
Coakes
Michael N
ichols/ National G
eographic Society
![Page 77: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
77
Mental States
Can animals infer mental states in themselves and others?
To some extent. Chimps and orangutans (and dolphins) have used mirrors to
inspect themselves if a researcher has put a paint spot on their face or bodies.
![Page 78: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
78
Do Animals Exhibit Language?
There is no doubt that animals
communicate.
Vervet monkeys, whales and even
honey bees communicate with members of their specie and other
species.Rico (collie) has a
200-word vocabulary
Copyright B
aus/ Kreslow
ski
![Page 79: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
79
The Case of Apes
Chimps do not have vocal apparatus for human-like speech (Hayes & Hayes,1951).
Gardner and Gardner (1969) therefore used American Sign Language (ASL) to train
Washoe (a chimp), who learnt 182 signs by age 32.
![Page 80: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
80
Gestured Communication
Animals show communication through gestures as do humans. It is possible that
vocal speech developed from gestures during evolution.
![Page 81: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
81
Sign Language
American Sign Language (ASL) has been instrumental in teaching a
communication form to chimpanzees.
When asked, chimpanzee usesa sign to say it is a baby
Paul Fusco/ Magnum
Photos
![Page 82: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
82
Computer Assisted Language
Others have shown that bonobo pygmy chimpanzees can learn even larger vocabularies
and perhaps semantic nuances in learning language (Savage-Rumbaugh, 1991). Kanzi and
Panbanish developed vocabulary for hundreds of words and phrases.
Copyright of G
reat Ape T
rust of Iowa
![Page 83: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
83
Criticism
1. Apes gain their limited vocabularies with great deal of difficulty unlike children who develop vocabularies at amazing rates.
2. Chimpanzees can make signs to get rewards, just as pigeon pecks at the key gets reward. But pigeon has not learnt a language.
3. Chimpanzees use signs meaningfully but lack syntax.
4. Presented with ambiguous information people tend to see what they want to see.
![Page 84: Unit7myers8thedpt2](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081414/5496992bb4795920468b4724/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
84
Conclusions
If we say that animals can use meaningful sequences of signs to communicate means
language, our understanding would be naive… Steven Pinker (1995) concludes,
“chimps do not develop language.”