Unit 7: World War I. Chapter 22 From Neutrality to War.
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Transcript of Unit 7: World War I. Chapter 22 From Neutrality to War.
The March to War
Central Powers Germany Austro-Hungarian Empire Bulgaria Ottoman Empire
Allied Powers Great Britain Russia France Italy Greece Serbia Romania
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Heir to the Throne of Austria-HungaryVisits Bosnia with his wife Sophie
The Black Hand Assassinated on June 28, 1914 Sparks WWI in Europe
Wilson Stands Neutral
Benefits Pleased Americans No loss of life Sell goods to both sides Wilson’s hopes for re-election
Drawbacks Citizen’s ties to homeland Overwhelming support for
Allies Prolonged the war
Britain Stops U.S. Trade
Blockade Britain creates a blockade around Germany Prevents Germans from receiving goods
U.S. Shipping Britain did not want U.S. ships delivering anything
that could help the German war effort.
German U-boats
U-Boat Submarines known as “Unterseeboot” Germans thought u-boats would break the British
blockade.
RMS Lusitania
Sinking of Lusitania British ocean-liner attacked by u-boat on May 7, 1915. 1,198 died including 128 Americans. Germans said the ship was carrying weapons and
ammunition. Theodore Roosevelt: "murder on the high seas"
Building to War
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare German war plan to use u-boats to control shipping. Wilson demands that Germans stop sinking U.S. ships.
Sussex Pledge After sinking the French ship Sussex, the Germans
promise to spare all lives in any future U-boat attacks on merchant ships
but the U.S. must force Britain to end its blockade on Germany.
The Preparedness Movement
The Preparedness Movement led by Theodore Roosevelt to prepare the U.S. in case
they were to enter the war. Wanted a million trained men and a larger navy the
Britain. Wilson backed movement due to U-boat attacks.
Propaganda
Propaganda information or rumor spread by a group or
government to promote its own cause or ideas or to damage an opposing cause or idea.
Zimmermann Note
Zimmermann Note Coded note sent by Germany to Mexico. Intercepted
by the British. The note promised Mexico that if it attacked the U.S.,
Germany would help Mexico regain loss territory the U.S. acquired in the Mexican-American War.
Entering World War I
Why did we get involved?U-boat attacks lead to American deaths. Zimmermann Note creates anti-German sentimentPro-Britain propaganda. Closer ties to the allies.Wilson's re-election. The need to make the world
"safe for democracy.” Economic reasons - "making payment on every debt certain and sure."
Selective Service Act
The Selective Service Act May 1917, a draft that required all men ages 21 to 30
to register for military service at local polling stations. 10 million registered.
The American Expeditionary Force
Troops arrived in France in June 1917. Nicknamed the "doughboys." Infantry force led by Gen. John J. Pershing. They acted as a separate military and took more
forceful and offensive tactics than the allied armies.
369th
369th Regiment An all African-American regiment. Fought under French command. Received the
highest military honor from the French. German soldiers call them "Hell Fighters."
New Technologies of WWI
Machine Gun Rapid fire weapon producing 600 rounds-per-minute
Howitzer Large Cannon
Chemical Weapons Toxic chemical weapons (Mustard Gas)
New Technologies of WWI
Airplanes Used for scouting enemy territory, shooting and bombing
Battleships 1906 HMS Dreadnought Heavily armed and armored
Trench Warfare
Machine Guns Could hold down an enemy advance Rushing machine guns was always not wise
Trenching due to machine guns, snipers and artillery, soldiers
dug into the ground and began fighting trench warfare.
Trench Warfare
Tactics Series of defensive trenches separated by "no-man's
land" complete with barbed wireConditions
Conditions were terrible. Muddy trenches smelled of rotting bodies, sweat, and
overflowing latrines. Trench foot infected soldiers. Disease and rodents led to death and suffering.
The Meuse-Argonne Offensive
Germans push into France, Spring 1918 As more Americans arrived, German victory seemed unlikely
Meuse-Argonne Offensive September 1918, offensive launched Allies broke through German lines and take control Sedan railroad Cuts of German communication and supplies
Armistice A truce reached by both sides November 11th, 1918 Central Powers Surrender
Americans AGAINST the War
Pacifists People who opposed all war for political, moral, or religious reasons
Woman’s Peace Party Women led by Jane Addams who believed in limitation
of arms and mediation. Wanted progressive social reforms to eliminate
economic causes of the war.Conscientious Objectors
Primarily men, who opposed the war and therefore would not serve in the armed forces
Americans FOR the War
Liberty Bonds Pro-war Americans purchased war bonds Certificates issued which promised to pay back money plus interest Money went to the war effort
Committee on Public Information Government organization who used propaganda to help sell the war
Patriots People who believed that supporting the war was patriotic backed
the war effort on all fronts
Selling the War
CPI Hired artists, reporters, directors, writers and historians Created a pro-war, anti-German sentiment
Successful? Very successful, however it prompted persecution of many Germans in the U.S.
Food Helps Win the War
Food Administration Herbert Hoover heads Administration Encouraged Americans to conserve food and plant gardens Farmers to plant more food Food sent overseas
Fuel Helps Win the War
The Fuel Administration Ask Americans to conserve fuel Introduce daylight savings time Excess fuel helped run military overseas
African-American Response
W.E.B. DuBois Encouraged African Americans to join war effort Attempt to show patriotism and loyalty
William Monroe Trotter Said the U.S. should end segregation here before fixing problems
overseas.
The Great Migration
Great Migration High production of goods in northern factories Provoked African Americans to migrate north Race riots
“Americanization”
American Protective League Tried to enforce 100% Americanization Went into immigrant neighborhoods Threatened immigrants
Acts of 1917 & 1918
Espionage Act of 1917 Law that made interfering with the draft illegal Also set severe penalties for spying, sabotaging, and “obstruction of
the war effort.”Sedition Act of 1918
Act that made saying anything “disloyal, profane, or abusive” about the U.S. government
Socialists Speak Out
Eugene V. Debs tells followers: Wars have been waged for conquest and plunder. They are ordered by the master class and fought by
the subject class.Wobblies
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) were against war “Capitalists of America, we will fight against you, not for you.”
Schenck v. United States
Charles Schenck, 1919 Socialist Charged with attempting to disrupt a military draft
Freedom of Speech Defense Failed Convicted for causing a panic
Symbolic Speech
Symbolic Speech Conduct that conveys a message without spoken words
U.S. v. O’Brien 1966, David O’Brien burned his draft card Court ruled that he was not allowed to break a law in which the
government has a “substantial interest.”Texas v. Johnson
1984, Gregory Johnson burned American flag in protest Court ruled that flag burning is protected under symbolic speech
Fourteen Points
Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points Wilson’s blueprint for world peace Make the world “fit and safe to live in.” Designed to protect “every peace-loving nation” and people from
“force and selfish aggression”
The Fourteen Points
Point 1 Countries could not make
secret treaties and alliancesPoint 2
Freedom of the seasPoint 3
Free trade among countriesPoint 4
Countries would reduce their stockpiles of weapons
Point 5 International arbitration in
all colonial disputesPoint 6 – 13
Land taken during WWI will be restored to previous owner
Point 14 Creation of a League of
Nations
Clarification of the Points
Freedom of the Seas The right of merchant ships to travel freely in international waters in
times of peace and warReduction in Armaments
Reducing the amount of weapons of war instead of building for competition
League of Nations An international organization designed to ensure world peace Territorial Integrity
Nations will respect another nation’s borders
The Big Four
Woodrow Wilson (U.S.) David Lloyd George (U.K.)
Georges Clemenceau (France) Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
Punishing Germany
War-Guilt Clause Held Germany responsible for the war and forced them to make
reparations to Allied nationsReparations
$33 Billion must be paid to Allied powers to offset the cost of warMandates
Territories controlled by League of Nations until they were ready for self rule
Include:Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and some German colonies
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles Peace treaty signed by allied powers and Germany on
June 18, 1919. Assigned Germany responsibility for the war. Required Germany to pay reparations. Reduced Germany's territory. Included the covenant for the League of Nations.
Treaty of Versailles
Reservationists Republicans in the Senate that would votes yes only if
a number of reservations including the Collective Security clause was removed
from the treaty.Irreconcilables
16 Republican Senators who firmly opposed the treaty. They cited Washington's farewell address as grounds
for voting no.Internationalists
Mostly Senate Democrats who supported the treaty. They believed the greater international cooperation
the more benefits everyone can reap.
Wilson’s Attempt to Gain Support
Touring the Nation Wilson embarked on an 8,000 mile speaking tour 40 speeches in 29 cities Suffered a stroke, ending the tour
Partisanship
Partisanship Complete support of a single political party,
preventing progress through negotiationDeath of Treaty
Republicans and Democrats could not agree on a treaty
Republicans try to amend treaty, but Wilson votes it down
Original treaty fails to pass a 2/3’s vote