THE INDUSTRIAL WORLD

Unit 7: The Industrial Revolution (1700 – 1900)

European Industrialization

Belgium- European leader in the race to industrialization. Significant amounts of iron ore Coal Many waterways for transportation (like the

US and Britain) Like Samuel Slater had done in the US, a

man named William Cockerill illegally left Britain for Belgium in 1799. Had secret plans

Germany

At this time, Germany was still very politically divided.

Little resources Obviously would slow down the industrialization process.

Instead of nationwide industrialization, there were certain areas that were industrialized. The areas that were rich in coal. (why?)

In around 1835, Germany started to copy Britain. Imported British engineers, and machines. Also sent their kids to Britain in order to learn industrial

management.

“Smokestacks seem to sprout from the earth like mushrooms.”

Europe

Expansion in Europe

Continued to grow by region, instead of country.

In large farming communities, industry would arise in little pockets of an area. Bohemia, Catalonia, & Northern Italy all had

their little pockets of industrial growth. They used serf labor in Moscow and

St. Petersburg.

France

The agriculture in France was still booming, so industrialization didn’t occur so suddenly here.

Avoided social and economic problems because of this.

1850- their government began constructing their first railroads.

Not for Everyone

Some nations didn’t industrialize. Social structures slowed the new

production methods. Austria-Hungary and Spain- people didn’t

have means of transportation to get to the city. Austria-Hungary’s mountains limited their

transportation. Spain- horrible roads and not much water to

use for transport.

Industrialization’s Impact Competition increased among nations Widened the wealth gap Britain used it’s overseas colonies for

their natural resources. Soon, the US, Russia, and Japan followed

Britain’s lead and started using those colonies for the natural resources and markets.

Imperialism- the policy of extending one country’s rule over many other lands in order to build an empire and increase its wealth.

Imperialism Gave Britain was

the most powerful nation in the world.

Imperialism was born out of the cycle of industrialization because these empires needed the resources that their colonies had.

Society Transformed

So many influencing factors: Agricultural revolution Production of new goods Transportation revolution Communication changing

Industrialization gave Europe a huge amount of power economically.

Changed their daily life, as well as their life expectancy. Health and wealth started to improve because of all these

industrial changes. The new middle class

More opportunity for education and a chance to participate in government.

The Philosophers of Industrialization

Laissez-faire- the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference.

The came from the French economic philosophers that were practicing during the Enlightenment. Discouraged large tariffs (taxes) Government regulations interfered

with the production of wealth. If government allowed free trade,

the in return he economy would grow and prosper.

Adam Smith A professor at the University of

Glasgow in Scotland. Defended the free economy, or free

markets. Wrote The Wealth of Nations.

Economic liberty guaranteed economic progress.

The government should interfere with the market.

Three Laws of Economics: The law of self interest- people

work for their own good The law of competition-

competition forces people to make better products.

The law of supply and demand - enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy.

Capitalism

Capitalism- Factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit.

Natural laws should govern economic life

Helped to bring about the Industrial Revolution

Thomas Malthus- wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population.

Argued that the population grew faster than the food supply.

Seemed to be true during the 1840s.

Utilitarianism

Utilitarianism-people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility or usefulness.

Introduced by Jeremy Bentham.

The government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Pushed for reform in education.

Utopian Ideas

Improved working conditions

Low rent rates Wanted a perfect

living place Moved to America,

and built a community called New Harmony, Indiana.

Socialism

Socialists thought that governments should intervene with business.

Socialism- the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.

These thinkers thought that it was important for the government or the wealthy to take action, and that this would improve people’s lives.

Socialism

They were simply trying to offset all the negative effects that industrialism had on society.

Had an optimistic view of human nature, a belief in progress, and a concern for social justice.

Thought that the government should plan the economy rather than depend on free-market capitalism to do the job.

Marxism Karl Marx- a

German journalist, created a very radical branch of socialism that is now called Marxism.

Wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) with Friedrich Engels.

Split society into two classes, the haves, and have-nots.

Marxism = Communism

Thought that capitalist system would eventually destroy itself. His predictions: First- factories would destroy & drive small

artisans and shops out of business The large working class (the proletariat) would

revolt, and take over the factories The workers would then control the government After a period of cooperative living and

education, the state or government would wither away as a classless society developed.

Called this final stage: pure communism. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyqJ9wxZ9L

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What Does Communism Look Like?

Communism- a form of complete socialism in which the means of production– all land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses—would be owned by the people.

With this, private property would no longer exist.

Like the U.S.S.R. from 1921-1991.

Capitalism vs. SocialismCapitalism

Individuals and businesses own property and the means of production

Progress results when individuals follow their own self-interest

Businesses follow their own self-interest by competing for the consumer’s money. Each business tries to produce goods or services that are better and less expensive than those of competitors

Consumers compete to buy the best goods at the lowest prices. This competition shapes the market by affecting what businesses are able to sell.

Government should not interfere in the economy because competition creates efficiency in business.

Socialism

The community or the state should own property and the means of production

Progress results when a community of producers cooperate for the good of all.

Socialists believe that capitalist employers take advantage of workers. The community or state must act to protect workers.

Capitalism creates unequal distribution of wealth and material goods. A better system is to distribute goods according to each person’s need.

An unequal distribution of wealth and material goods is unfair. A better system is to distribute goods according to each person’s need.

Labor Unions

Horrible working conditions

Long hours Dirty work areas Very little pay

All these things lead to the creation of unions. Labor Unions- engaged in collective bargaining - negotiations between the workers and their employers.

Unionization

Skilled workers were the first to form unions because their special skills gave them collective bargaining power.

Strike- if factory owners refused these demands, union members could strike, or refuse to work.

At first, the British government denied their working class the right to join unions. They thought that it was a threat to social order, but they won the right to strike in 1875. Much later in the United States.

Reform Laws Forced the political leaders to see the horrible

conditions, and the abuses of the workers that the industrialization had actually caused.

Factory Act of 1833- made it illegal for employers to hire children under 9. Children aged 9-12 could only work for 8 hours a day, and 13-17 year olds only 12 hours.

Mines Act 1842- kept women and children from working underground in the mines.

Ten Hours Act of 1847- the women and children were not allowed to work more than 10 hours.

In the US, the National Child Labor Committee was established in 1904 and National Child Labor Act passed in 1916. Was struck down by the Supreme Court, because it

interfered with state power.

Reform Spreads

These ideas, and the ideals of French Revolution helped to end slavery and promote rights for women and children.

Abolition of Slavery- Britain abolished slavery in 1833.

Ended in the US when the Civil War ended (1865 – 13th Amendment) in 1865 (Atlantic slave trade ended by U.S. Constitution in 1808).

Women’s Rights

Factory work offered higher wages

BUT, only 1/3 of what men made.

International Council for Women- formed in 1888, to fight for the rights of women to have equality to men.

Women around the world joined.

Reform in Many Areas

Education Women’s Rights Prison Child Labor

EXIT SLIP – An Age of Reforms

1. Imperialism is: a. Extending your rule to other countriesb. Another word for economicsc. The name of a teeny tiny country in the

Mediterranean.

2. He was one of the authors of The Communist Manifesto:a. Karl Marxb. Adam Smithc. Bill Clinton

3. One area that reform spread/effected was: a. Atlantic Ocean b. Education c. baseball