Unit 6LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISM

Almudena Corrales Marbán

4th graders

(ESO)

Social Studies

Department

Almudena Corrales Marbán

VOCABULARY

https://quizlet.com/almusociales

liberalism (liberalismo)

nationalism (nacionalismo)

alliance (alianza)

enforce (respetar, hacer cumplir)

annex (anexionar)

lead (dirigir, liderar)

legitimate (legitimar)

nation-state (nación-estado)

custom union (unión aduanera)

1. RESTORATION IN EUROPEBetween 1814 and 1815, the European countries that had defeated Napoleon met at the Congress of Vienna. The organiser of the event was the Austrian Chancelor, Metternich. His goal was TO RESTORE MONARCHIC ABSOLUTISM TO EUROPE.

Russia, Britain, Prussia and Austria reinstated their monarchs to the throne. They then remodelled the map of Europe to their advantage, but without considering the people and their nationalist aspiration. France returned to its borders of 1792.

The monarch’s cake

Wacht the video about the Congress of Vienna,

1814-1815, for a further explanation.

These countries signed the treaty of the Holy Alliance (La Santa Alianza), which stipulated that they all had to help each other in the case of a liberal revolution in any of the European territories. The pinciples of the Holy Alliance were based on the legitimacy of monarchs, the denial of national sovereignty and stability amongst the great powers.

However, the French Revolution had left its mark, great part of the population would not forget its principles, and the new system was unable to prevent the growth of liberal and nationalist sentiment. From 1820 onwards, following three strong revolutionary movements, the Restoration and its system started to collapse.

For example, the liberals that didn’t accept the absolutism in Spain, and revolted against Fernando VII, were stopped by the 10 000 Saint Louis

sons.

En España se repone en su trono a Fernando VII quien gobierna como monarca absoluto. El general liberal Rafael del Riego (01/01/1820) se subleva en Cabezas de San Juan (Sevilla) y recibe el apoyo de otras guarniciones. Obliga a Fernando a jurar la Constitución de Cádiz de 1812, dando paso así a un gobierno liberal de tres años.

El rey Fernando VII recibe en el Puerto de Santa María (Cádiz) al duque de Angulema al frente de los Cien Mil Hijos de San Luis enviados por la Santa Alianza. Le repone en el trono español el 1 de octubre de 1823. Esta intervención devolvió los poderes absolutos al rey que vuelve a ejercer de déspota sin contemplaciones.

To know more….

2. THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830

A series of revolutionary uprisings saw the bourgeoisie, with the support of the masses, seize power in various parts of Europe. Their aim was to implement moderate liberalism: the constitutional political system with cesus suffrage.

In 1830 in France, the absolute monarch Charles X (younger brother of Louis XVI) was overthown. A constitutional monarchy was proclaimed with Louis Philippe as a king.

Date of Creation:1830Alternative Names:July 28, 1830, Liberty on the BarricadesRomanticismCreated by:Eugene DelacroixCurrent Location:Paris, FranceDisplayed at:Musée du Louvre

TO KNOW MORE…..http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2005/apr/02/art1

3. THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848In 1848, a series of revolutions took place that, alongside the liberal reforms, called for the introduction of the democratic principles, principles we enjoy nowadays:

universal suffrage sovereignity of the people social equality

In France, the Second Republic was proclaimed and democratic reforms were introduced. The Republic, however, became increasingly conservative and eventually Louis Napoleon Bonaparte seized power. Under his authoritarian rule, The Second French Empire was proclaimed.In the Austrian Empire, the Germanic Confederation and the Italian states, several nationalists revolutions took place.

4. THE FIRST NATIONAL MOVEMENTS

In 1821, Greece rebelled against the Ottoman Empire, which it had been part of for many centuries. Turkey did not relent and a brutal civil war began. France and England intervened in support of Greece and in 1829 it was recognised as an independent state.

Belgium became independent from the Netherlands in 1830 after a brief revolution. A constitunional monarchy was established there.

Between 1808 and 1826, the Spanish colonies of continental America rose up against the metropolis.

Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi (French: La Grèce sur les ruines de Missolonghi) is an 1826 oil painting by French painter Eugène Delacroix, and now preserved at the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux. This painting was inspired by the Third Siege of Missolonghi by the Ottoman forces in 1826, during which many people of the city after the long-time siege (almost a year) decided to attempt a mass breakout (sortie) to escape famine and epidemics. The attempt resulted in a disaster, with the larger part of the Greeks slain.

5. ITALIAN UNITYItaly was divided into several states. Only Piedmont (Piamonte), ruled by king Victor Emmanuel of Savoy, wanted to see the unification of the Italian states. In 1859, the prime minister of Piedmont, Cavour, declared war on Austria and the Piedmontese army annexed Lombardy.

To the south, Garibaldi, a charismatic leader, led a poeple’s movement from the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, joining forces with Piedmont. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel was proclaimed king of Italy.

Several territories were incorporated after: 1866 Austria left the Veneto and in 1870 the Papal States joined Italy. The new state, now unified, established its capital in Rome.

5. THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANYIn the early 19th century, Germany was divided into thirty-six states. Prussia and Austria were the strongest of them all. In 1834, Prussia created a customs union (Zollverein) that united the majority of German-speaking states.In 1848, a parliament met in Frankfurt and offered the crown of Germany to the king of Prussia. However, the king refused the offer.In 1861, with William I on the throne of Prussia and Otto von Bismark as Chancellor, the first moves towards a united Germany were made.War was declared on the countries controlling German territories (Denmark, Austria and France). Prussian troops triumphed and in 1871, William was proclaimed Kaiser (emperador) of the Second German Empire (Reich).