Restoration, liberalism and nationalism

RESTORATION, LIBERALISM

AND NATIONALISM

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS 1815-1870

THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE1815-1820

THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE1815-1820Europe after the Napoleonic Empire

•What was the Restoration?▫It was a return to the political system of the

Ancien Régime after Napoleon´s defeat in 1815.


The Cogress of Vienna

The leaders of variousEuropean states met

atthe Congress of

Vienna(1814-1815).

MEASURES

The restoration of absolute monarchy Changes to Europe´s borders



The restoration ofabsolute monarchy

The European monarchs who had been deposed by

Napoleon returned to power.

However, some of these monarchs had to accept constitutional limits to their

power



Changes to Europe´s borders

Napoleon´s conquests had

transformed the map of Europe.

After his defeat, another series of

changes were made to guarantee peace

and avoid new revolutions.

Objectives:1.- To reduce the number of States2.- To stop the French conquers.


The Cogress of ViennaBelgium was united with the Netherlands to form the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Prusia annexed the Rhineland.

Italy was divided into various states.

The German Confederation was created. It was formed by 39 states, and was dominated by Austria and Prusia.

France came back to its borders before the Revolution.

Two buffer states were created to avoid a French invasion.

Austria, Rusia and Prusia gained territories in a balanced way, so that no one could be more powerful than the others.


The Cogress of Vienna•Two alliances were formed to enforce the

agreements of the Congress of Viena:

Objectives

To enforce the Congress of Vienna

To support Europe´s restored monarchs in the

event of a revolution


The Cogress of Vienna•Two alliances were formed to enforce the

agreements of the Congress of Viena:

Alliances

The Holy Alliance

RussiaAustriaPrusia

The Quadruple Alliance

The three members of the

Holy Alliance and Great Britain

THE RESTORATION IN EUROPEThe reign of Fernando VII

Fernando VII returned to the Spanish throne.

Joseph I left Spain

What happened in Spain after the war of Independence?


1.- The restoration of absolutism

2.- The liberal period

3.- The victory of absolutism

Periods of Fernando VII´s reign


1.- The restoration of absolutism (1812-1820)

What happened when Fernando VII returned to Spain?

He had the

support of the

Spanish people

Spanish people

received him as their

legitimate king

What did Fernando VII do after becoming

king?

He abolished

the Constitution of 1812

He ruled as an

absolute monarch


Some members of the Spanish military rebelled against this return of absolutism.

In 1820, there was a successful revolt led by two army officers, Riego and Quiroga.

The king restaured the liberal Constitution of 1812 and the rights and freedoms.

2.- Liberal Period

(1820-1823)

General Riego


What happened after this decision?

There were more revolts but this time they weren´t successful

What did Fernando VII do to restore absolutism?He asked the Holly Aliance to assist him

in re-establishing absolutism.

3.- The victory of absolutism(1823-1843)


The problem of Fernando VII´s succession

• Who was going to inherit the throne?

▫ Fernando VII had no sons.

▫ He had one daughter: Isabel.

• Could women inherit the throne?

▫ No, they couldn´t. In Spain there was the Salic law,

established by Felipe V. It didn´t allow females to

inherit the throne.

The end of Fernando VII´s reign



• What did Fernando VII do?

▫He proclaimed his pragmatic

sanction, which replaced Salic law.

▫This allowed his daughter, Isabel, to

become queen after his death.




•Was everybody in favour of his pragmatic sanction?▫No, Fernando´s brother was

angered: Under Salic law, Fernando´s heir

would have been his brother Carlos.


Carlos María Isidro de Borbón



• What were the consequences of the

pragmatic sanction?

▫The Carlist Wars

1833-1840

1846-1849

1872-1876


LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY


REVOLUTIONS 19th

CENTURY

TWO POLITICAL

IDEOLOGIES

LIBERALISM

NATIONALISM

DEMOCRACY


LIBERALISM

Origins: the Enlightenment ideas (American War of Independence and French Revolution).

Objective:Emphasis of individual freedoms and rights.(As a reaction against the Restoration of the Absolutism)

Representation:It represented the interests of the bourgeoisie.


LIBERALISM

NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY

CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

SEPARATION OF POWERS

LIMITED SUFFRAGE(Only male

property owners)

FREEDOM OF:- ASSOCIATION- RELIGION- THE PRESS

REMEMBER!

•What is the difference between a state and a nation?


NATIONALISM

Origins:

1.- The expansion of the Napoleonic Empire.

2.- The new division of Europe imposed by the Congress of Vienna => no respect to the identity of the peoples such as Polish, Belgians, Norwegians, Italians or Germans.

3.- The ancien Empires, such as the Ottoman, the Russian and the Austrian Empires, were formed by very different peoples.


NATIONALISM

Consecuences:Some peoples claimed their independences.

Nationalism advocated the right of people who defined themselves as nations to establish their own independent states.


NATIONALISMNATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY

THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT THAT

EACH NATION PREFERS

INDEPENDENT NATION-STATES WITH CLEARLY DEFINED BORDERS

POPULATION WITH A COMMON HISTORY, LANGUAGE AND

CULTURE

A WELL-INTEGRATED SOCIETY


DEMOCRACY

In the 19th century, democratic movements defended ordinary people´s right to participate in politics.

Representation:The middle and working classes.


DEMOCRACYNATIONAL SOVEREINGTY

REPUBLIC

OPPOSITION TO

MONARCHY(Considered incompatible

with democracy)

UNIVERSAL MANHOOD SUFFRAGE

POLITICAL PARTIES SHOULD DEFEND THE RIGHTS OF THE MIDDLE AND WORKING CLASSES AGAINST UPPER-CLASS DOMINANCE

Do exercises 9, 10 and 11 on

page 125.

El comandante Riego

THE AGE OF REVOLUTION

Political revolution

s First half of

the 19th century

MeaningThe end of absolute

monarchy

Characteristics

Based on liberal and nationalist ideologies

Establishment of democracy

THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONPolitical revolutions

First half of the 19th century

1820s => Portugal, Spain and Greece

1830 => France and Belgium

1848 => France, the Austrian Empire, the German Confederation and Italy


•1820s political revolutions▫Countries:

Portugal and Spain

▫Characteristics: liberal revolutions

▫Aim: To establish constitutional monarchies


•1820s political revolutions▫Countries:

Greece

▫Characteristics: liberal and nationalist revolution

▫Aim: To win its independence from the Ottoman

Empire


•1830 political revolutions▫Countries:

France

▫Characteristics: liberal revolution

▫Aim: To establish a constitutional monarchy.

Carlos X of Borbon wanted to eliminate the charter given by Luis XVIII.

Luis Felipe de Orleans became king. He was the leader of the upper class.

THE AGE OF REVOLUTION•1830 political revolutions

▫Countries: Belgium

▫Characteristics: Nationalist revolution

▫Aim: To gain independence from the Neatherlands,

to which Belgium had been united by the Congress of Vienna.

THE AGE OF REVOLUTION• 1848 political revolutions

▫ Countries: France, the Austrian Empire, the German Confederation and

Italy.▫ Characteristics:

More radical Democratic revolution:

▫ Aim: the middle class and proletariat were now demanding

democratic reforms which would give them access to political power.

▫ Results : Only in France the revolution suceed:

Proclamation of the Second Republic Introduction of universal manhood suffrage

ITALIAN AND GERMAN UNIFICATION

Nationalist movements

Desintegrating

GreeceBelgium

Unifying

GermanyItaly

ITALIAN AND GERMAN UNIFICATION• How were Italian and German territories like until

the mid-19th century?

▫ They were divided into numerous independent states.

• What happened during the first half of the 19th

century in these modern-day countries?

▫ Nationalists movements emerged.

• What was the result of these movements?

▫ These states were unified to form two new nation-

states: Italy and Germany.

ITALIAN UNIFICATION

•Starting point: after the Congress of Viena, the Italian peninsula was divided into seven states:

ITALIAN UNIFICATION•Why was there a

nationalist movement?▫They had a common

language.▫They wanted to

increase the economic market.

▫They wanted infraestructures of transport.

ITALIAN UNIFICATION•Who was opposed to

the Italian unification?▫The Austrians (after

the Congress of Vienna, they had annexed the Kingdom of Lombardy, Parma, Módena and Toscana).

▫The Papal States

ITALIAN UNIFICATION•Who was the motor

of the unification?▫The kingdom of

Piedmont-Sardinia Italian monarchy of

Saboya. A great army. Liberal constitution. A seaport. Wealth

ITALIAN UNIFICATION

•Main characters:

Cavour:• Prime minister of

the monarchicst Piedmont.

Garibaldi:• Revolutionist who

led an army of volunteers called the «red shirts»

ITALIAN UNIFICATION• Type of unification process:

▫ Military

• Process:▫ 1859: After gaining support from

France, King Victor Emmanuel II and his prime minister, Cavour, fought successfully against Austria.

▫ Austria was defeated in the battles of Magenta and Solferino.

• Result:▫ The Austrians were expelled from

Lombardy.▫ Lombardy was given to Piedmont.

ITALIAN UNIFICATION

• Process:▫ The Piedmontese gradually

conquered and annexed the rest of the Italian Peninsula with the help of Garibaldi, including Venetia and the Kingdom of the Two Siciles.

▫ 1859: Garibaldi and the «Red Shirts» conquered the Southern States.

GERMAN UNIFICATION

•Starting point:▫1815:

German territory was divided in 39 states. The Congress of Vienna created the German Confederation, and was dominated by Austria and Prussia.

GERMAN UNIFICATION

• Starting point:▫ 1834: Prussia created a

customs union. This was the first unifying

step given by Prussia. Austria didn´t take part.

▫ 1848: the nationalist Revolution It failed because the king

didn´t accept the throne of a unified Germany in the parliament of Frankfurt.

But it consolidated the nationalism.

GERMAN UNIFICATION

Main characters from 1862:

King Wilhelm I

Chancellor Bismarck

GERMAN UNIFICATION

•Process:▫Bismarck started the

German unification process with a conflict with Denmark over the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.

▫1864: Denmark was defeated.

GERMAN UNIFICATION

•Process:▫1866:

Prussia defeated Austria in the battle of Sadowa and created the Northern German Confederation.

GERMAN UNIFICATION

• Process:▫1870:

France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War. France didn´t accept

Prussian influence. Result:

France had to surrender the region of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany.

The Southern states joined to the German Confederation.

GERMAN UNIFICATION

•Process:▫1871:

Bismarck established the Second Reich, or German Empire, with Wilhem I as its kaiser.

SPAIN: FROM LIBERAL MONARCHY TO REPUBLIC

THE REIGN OF ISABEL II

• What happened in 1833?

▫ Fernando VII died.

▫ Isabel II became Queen of Spain, but she

was only 3 years old.

▫ Fernado VII´s widow, María Cristina,

became the regent.

▫ At the same time, Fernando VII´s brother,

Carlos María Isidro de Borbón, proclaimed

himself as king of Spain:

This was the beginning of the First Carlist

War. (1833-1840).

María Cristina of Bourbon


• What were the Carlist Wars?

The Carlist Wars were military conflicts between:

the supporters of Isabel II, called liberals.

and those who believed that her uncle Carlos was the legitimate heir to the Spanish throne.

They were called carlists.

They defended the absolutism and the Ancien Régime.


• The First Carlist War

▫ In 1833 Carlos Mª Isidro

proclaimed himself king of Spain.

▫ It lasted 7 years (1833-1840)

▫ The Carlists were defeated.

▫ The «Abrazo de Vergara» put an

end to the war.

But the conflict continued through

the rest of the 19th century.

THE REIGN OF ISABEL II• What´s the importance of the reign of Isabel II?• Complete these table about the two liberal political

parties that supported Isabel II:• What kind of suffrage existed during the reign of Isabel II?• What was the military´s role during the reign of Isabel II?• What regents governed in Isabel II´s place when she was a

child?• How old was Isabel II when she reached the age of

majority?• Explain the political problems she had to deal with when

she reached the age of majority.• What did Isabel II´s government do to solve the Spain´s

economic problems?• What did they do with the expropriated lands?• What was the money obtained at public auctions used

for?• ow were the “latifundios” or agricultural estates changed

through this expropriation?• These lands were supposed to be expropriated for small

farmers to buy them. But, in fact, who had the money to buy it?

• What happened to many common lands, that had been used by ordinary people to collect wood or use them as pasture for their farm animals? What was the consequence of that?

• What was the consequence of expropriating lands to the Church?

• What happened in 1868? What did Isabel II have to do?

• What´s the name of that revolution?• Why is this revolution important in Spain?• Explain the most important characteristics of the

Constitution of 1869.• What historical period followed to the Glorious

Revolution?• What were the two political systems that existed in

Spain during that period?• Who became king of Spain in 1871?• Why did this king have to abdicate?• Who was the legitimate heir of Isabel II? • What political system was established in Spain in

1873?• How long did it last? What dates?• What were the most important problems during

these period?• What economic achievements were there during

the Six Revolutionary Years?• What happened in 1874?• What was the result of this event?

General Espartero Amadeo de Saboya

Isabel II Alfonso XII

AMERICA DURING THE 19th CENTURY

Restoration, liberalism and nationalism

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