Unit #5 Chapter 16 in Textbook Pages 506 - 529. Introduction to Digestion Organs and Organ Systems.
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Transcript of Unit #5 Chapter 16 in Textbook Pages 506 - 529. Introduction to Digestion Organs and Organ Systems.
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Unit #5
Chapter 16 in Textbook
Pages 506 - 529
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Introduction to Digestion
Organs and Organ Systems
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What is Digestion?
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the mechanical and chemical breakdown of complex food into simple nutrients that cells can use
It is considered an open system
DIGESTION IS
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Two Types of Digestion
Mechanical• Breaking food into
small pieces using
• Teeth
• Tongue
• Smooth muscle
Chemical• Breaking food into
small pieces using
• Chemicals
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Complex FoodFood that is not
in a form that could be used by cells
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Simple Nutrients Food that is broken
down to molecules that cells can absorb and use.
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Levels of Organization
Atom – Oxygen (O) Molecule – Water (H2O) Organelle - mitochondria Cell – animal cell Tissue - muscle Organ - stomach Organ System - digestive Organism - human
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Six Basic Simple Food Nutrients
Fats Carbohydrates Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water
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What does “food” give your body
Materials for growing and repairing body tissue
Energy for everything you do
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Carbohydrates (simple or complex)
Supply quick energy to cells• Sugars, glucose, starches and fiber
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Fats
Supply energy, but fats are usually stored
Two Types• Saturated – solid at room temperature
• Unsaturated – liquid at room temperature
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Proteins(complete and incomplete)
Used by cells for growth and repair Two Types
• Complete – animal sources
• Incomplete – plant sources
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Vitamins
Substances that help control growth and normal body function
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Minerals
Inorganic substances that help control growth and normal functions
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Water
Main compound in a living body • Makes up 50-60%
Needed for chemical reactions
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Food Guide Pyramid
A changing model
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New vs Old
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Updating Again
MyPlate is part of a larger communications initiative based on 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans to help consumers make better food choices.
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Food Labels
Provide Nutrition Information
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Nutrition information provided on food labels
Nutrition Facts
Ingredient List
Nutrition Claims
Health Claims
INGREDIENTS: Whole wheat, wheat bran, sugar/glucose-fructose, salt, malt (corn flour, malted barley), vitamins (thiamine hydrochloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, folic acid, d-calcium pantothenate), minerals (iron, zinc oxide).
“Good source of fibre”
“Part of a heart healthy diet…”
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What food products have Nutrition Facts?
Almost all prepackaged foods have Nutrition Facts.
Some exceptions are:
• fresh fruit and vegetables, raw meat, poultry, fish and seafood;
• foods prepared or processed at the store:
• bakery items, sausage, salads;
• foods that contain very few nutrients:
• coffee beans, tea leaves, spices;
• alcoholic beverages.
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Use Nutrition Facts…• to easily compare similar foods
• to look for foods with a little or a lot of a specific nutrient
• to select foods for special diets
…to make informed food choices
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The Ingredient List
• Lists all of the ingredients for a food by weight, from the most to the least.
• Is a source of information for certain nutrients.
• Is a source of information for people with food allergies
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Nutrition Claims
Are regulated statements made when a food meets certain criteria.
They are optional, and may be found only on some food products.
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Health Claims Disease risk reduction
claims
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Structure and Function of the Mouth and Pharynx
Human Mouth Structure
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Mouth
Structure Function Mechanical Digestion Chemical Digestion
• Enzymes and mucus
Contains• Teeth
• Tongue
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Salivary Glands
Structure Function Produce Saliva
• Breaks down starch into sugar
• Produce 1 ½ liters per day
Lubricate and hold chew food together• bolus
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Pharynx (area)
Structure Function Swallow food Respiratory and Digestive
Systems meet Area contains
• Epiglottis
• Sinuses
• Trachea
• Eustachian tubes
• Esophagus
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Structure and Function of Organs in the Digestive
System
Human Digestive System
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Esophagus
Structure Function To get food to the
stomach by muscular “squeezing”• Peristalsis
• Example:
• Tennis ball and sock
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Stomach
Structure Function Temporarily store food
• Muscular sphincters control the flow of food
Mix food with gastric juices
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Gastric Juices contain
Mucus• Protects stomach wall
Hydrochloric Acid• Kills germs
• Aids in protein digestion
Pepsin• Works with HCl to
digest protein
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Chyme
Mixture of food and gastric juice
Soupy and ready for the small intestine
Released when sphincter opens
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Small Intestine
Structure 6 meters long 3 cm across
Function Finish chemical digestion To absorb nutrient
molecules Divided into 3 parts
• Duodenum
• Jejunum
• Ileum
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Pancreas (helper organ)
Structure Function Produces pancreatic juice
• Mixture of chemicals
• containing enzymes
• Alkaline secretion of the pancreas
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Liver (helper organ)
Structure Function Produces bile
• Breaks up fats
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Gall Bladder (helper organ)
Structure Function Storage of bile
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Villi (helper structure)
Structure Function Increase surface area of
small intestine Absorb simple nutrient
molecules
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Appendix
Structure Function Unknown May be a store house for
good bacteria
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Colon (Large Intestine)
Structure Function Absorb
• Water
• Vitamins
• Minerals
Contents contain• Fiber from plants
• Bacterial
• Body wastes