Unit 4: The Industrial Revolution

During this unit, you will… Know which innovations in industry helped

shape the economics, religions, cultures and politics of the 18th-20th centuries.

Understand how industrialization transformed the societies and economics of the World and established the modern age.

Develop an essay based on an outline or graphic organizer that describes the impact of industrialization on the world as a society and the individual.

The Industrialized world begins E.Q.s:

• What happened in history to facilitate the Industrial revolution?

• What resources are necessary in order for a country to industrialize?

• How did early industrialization change society and culture?

Main points: World population explosion during the 1700’s

and 1800’s led to an increase in demand for materials

Industrial goods using iron/steel become the basis for construction of society

Invention of factories transform the way we live and work and increase the availability of material possessions

Increase in industrialized society creates new ideas in politics and society to aid industrial workers

How did industrialization begin?1. It actually began on farms in Britain!

• Enclosure Fencing off land as your own= private property

• New practices in the 1700’s: 3 year rotation Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill Mass produced cast iron plows Led to an increase in food supply

The Enclosure Movement

“Enclosed” Lands Today

2. Population Explosion!• Thanks to farms , the European population

went from 120 million to 190 million in under 100 years.

• Leads to an increased demand for necessities including construction and clothing

3. New technologies• Textile mills using water power

• Use of coal for steam engines for mills, then factories

Britain is the first industrial country Britain had money to invest,

resources (coal/iron) and people.• Population explosion

Increase in demand of goods Movement of people to cities

• Started making textile mills and factories Labor source is now in cities

The country was economically and politically prosperous. • Individuals started gaining capital.• The government was a constitutional

monarchy. Little gov’t influence Individuals start their own industries

Britain’s Infrastructure Need:

• A faster way to transport factory goods

Solutions:• Canals• Steam locomotives,

and railroads

US Canals

Important inventors James Hargreaves-

invented the spinning jenny

Richard Arkwright- made the first waterframe

Important inventors George

Stephenson- built steam powered locomotives

Robert Fulton- used a steamboat to travel up the Hudson River in 1807

Fulton’s Steamboat: the Clermont

Factories Utilized water

power at first

Coal becomes main industrial resource for factories• Steam power• Can be placed

anywhere—mainly on the edge of towns

Factories

Foundries and Iron A foundry is a

factory that smelts and casts iron• Smelt• Cast• Bessemer Process

http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/31814-industrial-revelations-bessemer-converter-video.htm

Coalbrookedale In England

Considered to be the start of the Industrial Revolution• A Foundry that made

pig iron

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOcw7Z-xyyQ&feature=related

Coalbrookedale by night

Urbanization Mass movement of people to cities;

major growth of cities

Chicago

Industrial Economics Laissez-Faire

• Keep government out of economics• Allows businesses and factories to maximize

profits and compete with each other.

Stocks• A person owns a “piece” of a company.• Individuals invest in a company and rely on

profit to earn money.

Corporations form in the late 1800’s• Large companies where several factories

are owned by one entity

Monopolies• When one company/factory controls the

entire market for a specific good Ex. Western Union, Standard Oil, U.S. Steel

Culture/Society of early Industrialization

Child labor

Children as young as 4 would be sent to work

Why send children to work?

Why send children to work?

1. Dexterity

2. Size

3. Cheap labor

4. Family needs

5. Lots in supply

Working class living Tenements

• Multi-level apartments and homes

“Shared sanitation and water”

Little or no education

Low parental involvement

What were some problems in early industrialized nations?

Life in the Industrial age E.Q.s:

• How successful were the economic, political, religious and social changes in the early 20th century to early industrial revolution society?

• What contributions did individuals make in the business, politics and the arts?

Religious Change: Methodism John Wesley founded Promoted personal sense of faith

• Take responsibility for your religion• Read and study the Bible yourself – personal

devotions Created a hopeful outlook for the

working classes

World Manufacturing Output

Henry Ford and the automobile American

automaker

Revolutionized industry by using two key ideas:• Interchangeable

parts• Assembly line

Model T

Releases the Model T in 1908 Made on an assembly

line.

Uses cheap, interchangeable parts.

15,007,034 cars produced in 19 years

Price for a Model T?$300

A new factory style Henry Ford:

• Paid his workers very well (4 times the competition)

• Set the modern 8 hr. work day/ 40 hr. week• Was constantly looking for a better, more

efficient way. Ex. Invention of the “V” engine, self-sufficient

farm, etc.

Social ideas: Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham

• The goal of society is “the greatest good for the greatest number.”

• There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net.

Socialism Theory advocating

public or state control over the means of production and distribution of goods…• promoting equal

opportunity• For use, not profit

Utopianism and Karl Marx In a perfect world,

society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals.

“From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.”

Try to build perfect communities [utopias].

Communism (Revolutionary Socialism) “The Communist

Manifesto” 1848• States that history is

made up of “haves” and “have-nots”

• Society and government should be created where everyone is equal with no social classes.

• “Classless, moneyless, stateless”

Charles Darwin Wrote “On the

Origins of Species”• All forms of life

evolved into its present state through millions of years.

• Natural selection-“Survival of

the fittest”

How do Darwin’s ideas affect us? Social Darwinism

• Society and people are always improving

• “Inferior” people will be replaced by “superior” people

• Racism• Fuel for Imperialism

and Nazism

Religion?• Not intended to

cause controversy• Observation and

theory

What does this picture mean?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HV_o3LoBjsI&feature=related

Culture and the Arts Realism

• Paint or write everything that is perceptible or in vision

• Be as accurate as possible

Gustave Courbet (1849)

The Salmon Fisher (1889)

Culture and the Arts Impressionism

• Focuses more on the “impression” or feeling a work makes rather than accuracy

• Popular impressionists: Vincent Van Gogh Claude Monet

Van Gogh

Van Gogh

Van Gogh

Monet

Monet

Monet

Culture and the Arts From Dicken’s “Oliver Twist”:

• ‘Child as he was, he was desperate with hunger, and reckless with misery. He rose from the table and advancing on the master, basin and spoon in hand, said somewhat alarmed as his own boldness. “Please sir, I want some more”’