Unit 3 Obj. 1.1.1, 1.1.2. The basic unit of life Discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke He thought...
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Transcript of Unit 3 Obj. 1.1.1, 1.1.2. The basic unit of life Discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke He thought...
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Cell Structure
Unit 3Obj. 1.1.1, 1.1.2
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What is a cell?
The basic unit of life Discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke He thought they looked like the
rooms monks lived in, so he called them “cells”
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Cell History Continued
Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a hand held microscope to look at pond scum and scrapings from his teeth in 1673
He thought they look like little animals
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What kinds of cells are there?
Prokaryotes = no nucleus Example: Bacteria
Eukaryotes = have a nucleus Example: Animals, plants
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What kinds of organisms are there?
Unicellular = made of only one cellMulticellular = made of two or
more cells
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Cell Theory
Contributed to by Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden in 1839 and Rudolf Virchow in 1858.
Three main ideas: 1. All living things are made of cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure
and function in all living things. 3. New cells come from pre-existing
cells.
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What are organelles?
Organelles are specialized parts of eukaryotic cells that have specific functions within the cells
Make the cell more efficient and complex
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Nucleus
Contains the genes that control the cell = DNA
Chromatin = uncoiled DNAChromosomes = coiled DNA Surrounded by nuclear envelope =
double membrane The “information center” of the cell
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Nucleolus
Makes rRNA and assembles ribosomes
Not surrounded by a membrane Cells can have 1-3 Disappears when the cell divides
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Plasma Membrane
Provides protection Helps cell communicate Transports substances in and out of cell Keeps the cell together Made of a phospholipid bilayer (phosphate head,
lipid tail, two layers) The head is hydrophilic (loves water), the tails are
hydrophobic (fears water) Selectively permeable
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Mitochondria
Where the cell performs respiration makes ATP, a molecule the cell can use as energy for work
Major site of metabolism the more mitochondria per cell you have, the higher your metabolism will be
Folded inner membrane (cristae) more surface area for chemical reactions
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER Called “rough” because it is studded
with ribosomes Makes proteins The “highway” of the cell
transports proteins
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth ER Lacks ribosomes Makes lipids Also the “highway” of the cell an
interconnected network of tubules and vesicles
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Ribosomes
Protein synthesis = making proteins using RNA from the nucleus to assemble amino acids into proteins
Can be floating in cytoplasm or attached to a membrane
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Lysosomes
Contain digestive enzymes Digest food, worn out organelles,
viruses, etc. Can also act as a “self-destruct
button” and cause the cell to lyse itself apoptosis
The “janitor,” “hit man,” and “suicide bomber” of the cell
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Golgi Apparatus
Processes and packages macromolecules that are synthesized by the cell in vesicles (membrane bound packages)
Secretion Found in eukaryotes only
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Cytoskeleton
Made of protein – microtubules and microfilaments
“Framework” of cell Provides structural support
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Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance that helps fill up the cell and suspend organelles
Site of many metabolic reactions
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Plasmid
DNA molecule that is separate from and can replicate independently from chromosomal DNA
Usually found in prokaryotes
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Flagellum
Tail-like projection from cell Helps cell move by whipping around
in a circle similar to helicopter blade
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Cilia
Small, hair-like projections Used to help cell move and sense
environment
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Pseudopodia
“False foot” Temporary projections of eukaryotic
cells Usually found in amoeba Cells use extension and contraction
to move around
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Eyespots
Photoreceptive organelle = can sense light
Usually found in unicellular photosynthetic cells, like green algae
Allows the organism to respond to light and swim towards it or away from it
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Centriole
Only found in animal cells Made of microtubules Help the cell divide
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Cell Wall
Only found in plant cells Shapes and supports the cell Provides additional protection Made of cellulose = humans cannot
digest
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Chloroplast
Found only in plant cells Contains chlorophyll = pigment
that gives plants their green color Traps sunlight to make glucose
(food) Site of photosynthesis
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Vacuole
Stores water, sugar, salts, nutrients, wastes, etc.
Large and central in plant cells Small or not present in animal cells
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Plant cells vs. Animal cells
Plant Cells Animal Cells
Membrane surrounding cytoplasm
Yes Yes
Nucleus Yes, near cell wall
Yes, near center of cell
Mitochondria Yes Yes
Chloroplast Yes No
Vacuole Yes, large and central
Small or absent
Cell Wall Yes No
Centrioles No Yes
Food storage Starch Glycogen
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To be or not to be… multicellular What are some advantages?
Differentiation each cell performs a specific task, allowing the organism to be more efficient
More control over internal conditions Greater motility able to move around and
avoid predators and find more food Genetic diversity greater chance for
positive traits What are some disadvantages?
Harder to reproduce must find a mate first Need more resources
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Some different cells in our bodies
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Cell Differentiation
Different cells have specific jobs and functions
Can only happen in multicellular organisms Structure determines function For example:
In humans, muscle cells are extra long and narrow with multiple nuclei.
However, the doughnut-shaped red blood cells lose their nuclei early in their development and contain hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen.
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How do cells differentiate?
Start out as stem cells = unspecialized, “blank slate,” can become any cell in the body
Development is usually triggered by hormones cells start to specialize
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Cell communication
Cells use multiple methods to communicate Electrical or chemical signals
Recall: The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts.
It is called the fluid mosaic model fluid = hydrophobic inner layer slides around, mosaic = made of different parts, such as proteins and lipids
Studded with transport proteins and receptors so things can pass through
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Why is it important for cells to communicate?
Cells can sense changes in environment
Processes can be activated or deactivated
Cells can communicate with other cells
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Electrical Signals
Cells are very, very close together Gap junctions = pores in cell membranes that
touch another pore in an adjacent cell membrane Nerve cells (neurons)= cells that are
specialized to send signals through the body in one direction only
Messages can be voluntary or involuntary 2 main parts of a neuron = axon and dendrite
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Chemical Signals
Can be very long distance hormones are special proteins that get released into the bloodstream and travel around the whole body Must be VERY specific to make sure that the right cell
receives the message Receptor = part of cell that receives the
message Can be very short distance or moderate distance