Unit 10. The Spanish Civil War
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Transcript of Unit 10. The Spanish Civil War
THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR
• Poors vs. rich ones• Church vs. secular State• Workers vs. industrialist• Day laborer vs. landowners• Nationalisms vs. Spanish unity• Traditional coup d’etats in the army
ESTRUCTURAL
• Economic crisis: unemployment and social tensions• Polarization of the political life• Loss of social and political supporters of the Republic• Right-wing oposition to Republican reforms.• Left-wing extremism and anticlericalism
CIRCUMSTANTIAL
• International economic crisis• European political tensiones:
Fascisms/democracies/worker revolutions• Foreign military support to both sides
EXTERNAL FACTOS
• Right-wing fear to a revolution• Worker’s revolutionary hopes• Take power using violent methos• Public order disorders• Military conspiracy
IMMEDIATE
CAUSES OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR
TERRITORIAL SUPPORT TO BOHT BLOCSSUPPORT FOR THE “NATIONALISTS”
-- SEVILLA, CÁDIZ, CÓRDOBA Y GRANADA-- CANARIAS--BALEARES EXCEPT MENORCA-- GALICIA, CASTILLA-LEÓN, NAVARRA, LA RIOJA, ÁLAVA, NORTH OF EXTREMADURAAND PART OF ARAGÓN
SUPPORT FOR THE REPUBLIC
-- CORNISA CANTÁBRICA AND BASQUE-COUNTRY-- CATALUÑA, COM. VALENCIANA,MENORCA, PART OF ARAGÓN, MURCIA. -- MADRID, ANDALUCÍA, CASTILLA-LAMANCHA AND EXTREMADURA
THERE ARE THE TERRITORIAL SUPPORT FOR BOTH BLOS.MOST OF THE PEOPLE WERE TRAPPED IN A ZONE WITH ADIFFERENT IDEOLOGY AND OTHER PEOPLE WITHOUT ANYIDEOLOGY FOUGHT FOR THE BLOC THEY WERE IN.
REPUBLIC’S SUPPORTERS NATIONALISTS’ SUPPORTERS
SOCIAL POLITICAL SOCIAL POLITICAL
INDUSTRIAL WORKERS LEFT-WING REPUBLICAN PARTIES
LANDOWNERS RIGHT-WING PARTIES (CEDA - ACCIÓN POPULAR)
DAY LABOURERS COMUNISTS (PCE - POUM) SMALL LANDOWNERS FASCISTS (FALANGE - JONS)
PART OF MIDDLE CLASSES SOCIALISTS (PSOE) INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYERS MONARCHICS (RENOVACIÓN ESPAÑOLA)
BASQUE AND CATALAN NATIONALISTS
ANARQUISTS (CNT - FAI) CATHOLIC CHURCH CARLISTS (REQUETÉ NAVARRO)
INTELLECTUALS ERC (catalan nationalism) PART OF THE MIDDLE CLASSES
PNV (basque nationalism) FINANTIAL POWER
VERY HETEROGENEOUS COMBINATION WITH OPPOSING INTERESTS. IT SUFFERED DIVISIONS AND CONFRONTATIONS.
MORE HOMOGENEOUS COMBINATIONS. SAMEINTERESTS AND OBJECTIVES. THEY WERE MORECOORDINATED AND WITHOUT DISAGREEMENTS.
APOYOS SOCIALES Y POLÍTICOS A AMBOS BANDOS
MILITARY SUPPORT TO BOTH BLOCS
REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENTMISTRUTED THE LOYALTY OF THE MILITARYAND ORDERED:-- DISSOLUTION OF “GUARDIA CIVIL” AND CREATION OF “LA GUARDIA NACIONAL REPUBLICANA”-- SUPPORT OF THE TRADE-UNION AND POLITICAL PARTIESMILITIAS.
THE REBELS-- SUPPORT OF THE MAJORITY OF THE ARMY.-- AFRICAN ARMY:
- LA LEGIÓN- TABORES DE REGULARES MARROQUÍES
LA LEGIÓN
EJÉRCITO POPULARY MILICIAS
TABORES DE REGULARES
GUARDIANACIONAL REPUBLICANA
VOLUNTEERS IN BOTH BLOCS
REBELS’ INTERNATIONAL SUPPORTERS
THE NATIONALISTS OBTAINED THE HELP OFGERMANY, ITALY, PORTUGAL AND USA.
HELP OF THE NAZI “CONDOR LEGION”
ITALIAN HELP “IL CORPO TRUPPE VOLONTARIE”
PORTUGUESE HELP“LOS VIRIATOS”
REPUBLIC’S INTERNATIONAL SUPPORTERS
THE REPUBLICANS GOT THE HELP OF THE USSR, FRANCE, MEXICO AND THE INTERNATIONAL BRIGADES
FRENCH HELP DESPITE THE “NON INTERVENTION” POLITICY
SOVIET HELP IN EXCHANGE FOR THE “MOSCOW GOLD”
MEXICAN HELP WAS USED TO COVER THE FRENCH HELP
INTERNATIONAL BRIGADES:
VOLUNTEERS FROM ALL THE
WORLD TO FIGHT AGAINST FASCISM.
GERMAN SUPPORT
ITALIAN SUPPORT
USSR SUPPORT
MEXICAN SUPPORT
FRENCH SUPPORT
INTERNATIONAL BRIGADES
PLANES 542 760 770 X 103 X
LAND FORCES 750 155 500.000 30.00 X X
NAVAL FORCES
10 APOYO Y BLOQUEO RUSO EN EL MEDITERRÁNEO
4 X X X
SOLDIERS 14.700 76.020 2.030 X X 60.00
INTERNATIONAL SUPPORTERS TO BOTH BLOCS
PHASES OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR1st: COLUMNS WAR AND
SIEGE OF MADRID(JULY 1936-MARCH DE 1937)
2nd: WAR IN THE NORTHAND FRONT OF ARAGON(APRIL-OCTUBER 1937)
4th: LAST REPUBLICAN ACTIONSAND ENF OF THE REPUBLIC
(NOV 1938-APRIL 1939)
3rd: WAR IN ARAGONAND THE MEDITERRANEAN
(DIC. 1937-NOV. 1938)
chronology
THE CONSPIRACY AND THE MILITARY REBELION
CABANELLAS FANJUL FRANCO GODED MOLA
SALIQUETQUEIPO DE LLANO
SANJURJO VARELA YAGÜE
THE CONSPIRACY AND THE MILITARY REBELION
THE REBELION STARTS ON 17th JULY 1936:
-- YAGÜE STARTS THE REBELION FROM MOROCCO-- FRANCO ESCAPES FROM CANARY ISLANDS TO TETOUAN AND LEADTHE REBELLION-- DURING THE FIRST DAYS, SEVILLA, CÁDIZ AND THE STRAIT REBEL.-- HITLER AND MUSSOLINI SUPPORT THE CROSS OF THE STRAIT.
JULY 1936
THE CONSPIRACY AND THE MILITARY REBELION
FIRST PHASE: THE COLUMNS WAR AND THE SIEGE OF MADRID
THE COLUMNS: SMALL CONTINGENTS OF SOLDIERS, LIGHT WAPONS.OBJECTIVE: TAKE CITIES AND STRATEGIC POINTS QUICKLY.
JULY 1936-MARCH 1937
THE ADVANCE ON MADRID
NORTH: MOLA FROM NAVARRA TAKES:-- IRÚN (CLOSE OF THE BORDERS)-- SAN SEBASTIÁN
SOUTHFRANCO, YAGÜE AND QUEIPO DE LLANO TAKE:-- EXTREMADURA (MÉRIDA AND BADAJOZ)-- TALAVERA (LINK)-- TOLEDO (BATTLE OF THE ALCÁZAR)
THE SLAUGHTER OF BADAJOZ
THE SIEGE AND TAKING OF THE ALCAZAR OF TOLEDO
THE COLUMNS WAR AND THE SIEGE OF MADRID
URBAN BOMBINGS AND CIVIL POPULATION
BOMBED CITIES:- GUERNIKA -BARCELONA- BILBAO - MADRID- VALENCIA - CARTAGENA- ALMERIA - DURANGO- GRANOLLERS - MALAGA- GRANADA - OVIEDO- JAÉN
GUERNIKA EL GUERNIKA- PABLO PICASSO (MUSEO REINA SOFÍA)
DURANGO GRANOLLERSBARCELONA
EVACUATION PLAN OF MADRID. IT DID NOT WORK, EVERY DAY MORE REFUGEES CAME TO THE CAPITAL.
URBAN BOMBINGS AND CIVIL POPULATION
ANTI-AIRCRAFT SHELTERS
HOSPITAL IN THE SHELTER OF ALMERÍA
IN MADRID ANDBARCELONA,THE UNDERGROUND WAS USED AS A SHELTER.
ANTI-AIRCRAFT SHELFER OF JAÉN
THE BATTLE OF MADRID AND THE TAKING OF MÁLAGA
V.ROJO J. MIAJA DURRUTI
FIGHTS IN MADRID WITH INTENSE BOMBINGS AND SIEGES.
THE COLUMNS WAR AND THE SIEGE OF MADRID
1.- FRONTAL ATTACKS:NO SUCCESS
2.- ENVOLVING MANEOUVER:-- LA CORUÑA ROAD.-- BATTLE OF JARAMA--BATTLE OF GUADALAJARA
REPRESSION OF THE “QUINTA COLUMNA”
BATTLES OF JARAMAAND GUADALAJARA
TAKING OF MÁLAGA
THE COLUMNS WAR AND THE SIEGE OF MADRID
THE BATTLE OF MADRID AND THE TAKING OF MÁLAGA
SECOND PHASE: THE WAR IN THE NORTH AND THE FRONT OF ARAGON
REBELS’ OBJETIVE: TAKING THE NORTH AND THE BASQUE COUNTRY, RICH ININFRAESTRUCTURES AND COAL DEPOSITS.
JUNE: FALL OF BILBAO (VIZCAYA) AND ALL THE BASQUE COUNTRY.
AUGUST: FALL OF SANTANDER AND ALL CANTABRIA.
OCTUBER: FALL OF GIJÓN AND ALL ASTURIAS. FASCISTS TROOPSENTERING IN BILBAO
ITALIAN CEMENTERYAFTER THE BATTLE OF SANTANDER.
THE TAKING OF GIJÓN WAS THE ENF OF THE WAR IN THE NORTH
APRIL-OCTUBER 1937
REPUBLICAN OBJECTIVE: MAKE ATTACKS IN ORDER TO DISPERSE OR STOPTHE REBEL ARMY IN THE NORTH.
THE MILITIAS JOIN THE POPULAR ARMY, MORECOORDINATED AND WITH DISCIPLINE. BELCHITE (ZARAGOZA)
BRUNETE (MADRID)
TERUEL (ARAGÓN) RUINS OF BELCHITE
SECOND PHASE: THE WAR IN THE NORTH AND THE FRONT OF ARAGON
THIRD PHASE: THE WAR OF ARAGÓN AND THE MEDITERRANEAN
THE REBEL ARMY FOCUSED ON:
-- TAKE TERUEL BACK.
-- TRY TO REACH THE MEDITERRANEANAND DIVIDE THE REPUBLICAN TERRITORYIN TWO PARTS.
DURING THE BATTLE OF TERUEL, THE WINDER AND THE COLD WERE VERY HARD
DICIEMBER 1937- NOVIEMBER 1938
AFTER TERUEL, THE REBELS REACHED VINAROZ (CASTELLÓN) AND DIVIDED THE REPUBLICANSPAIN. LATER ON, THEY TOOK CASTELLÓN ANDMURCIA.
THIRD PHASE: THE WAR OF ARAGÓN AND THE MEDITERRANEAN
JUAN NEGRÍN: “RESIST IS WINNING”
THIRD PHASE: THE WAR OF ARAGÓN AND THE MEDITERRANEAN
THE BATTLE OF THE EBRO
SOLDADOS REPUBLICANOS CRUZANDO EL EBRO
LAST GREAT REPUBLICAN OFFENSIVE WITH 2 OBJECTIVES:
-- CROSS THE EBRO RIVER, RETAKE THE LOST TERRITORIESAND JOIN THE TWO REPUBLICAN ZONES.
-- GAIN TIME FOR THE IMMINENT EUROPEAN WAR.
AFTER 4 MONTHS AND 100.000 CASUALTIES, THE REPUBLICAN ARMYIS DEFEATED AND DEPRESSED.
THIRD PHASE: THE WAR OF ARAGÓN AND THE MEDITERRANEAN
FOURTH PHASE: LAST OPERATIONS AND THE END OF THE WAR
CATALUÑA FALL IN FEW WEEKS
FRANCOIST TROOPS IN BARCELONANEXT OBJETIVE: MADRID
EXILE OF REPUBLICANS OUT OF SPAIN
NOVIEMBER 1938- APRIL 1939
THE REPUBLICAN EXILE
FRANCE, MEXICO AND USSR
FOURTH PHASE: LAST OPERATIONS AND THE END OF THE WAR
MEANWHILE THE REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT WAS BETWEEN RESISTING OR NEGOTIATING,COLONEL CASADO GAVE A COUP D’ETAT AND NEGOTIATED WITH THE SURRENDER WITH FRANCO.IN A FEW DAYS, HE GAVE MADRID TO THE REBELS AND THE LEVANTINE ZONE.THE 1st OF APRIL 1939 THE WAR HAD FINISHED.
FOURTH PHASE: LAST OPERATIONS AND THE END OF THE WAR
POLITICAL EVOLUTION IN THE REPUBLICAN ZONE
CASARES QUIROGA GOVERNMENT (JULY 1936)-- Resigned when the conflict broke out.-- is replaced by Martínez Barrios, who also resigned.
JOSÉ GIRAL GOVERNMENT (JULY- SEPTIEMBER 1936)--Masive enrollement of troops and weapon to civil people.-- No State, replaced by workers and trade-unions committees.-- Nationalization of lands and companies.-- Militia control and repression.
L. CABALLERO GOVERNMENT (SEPTEMBER 1936- MAY 1937 )-- Move to Valencia– Junta de Defensa Nacional-- Nationalizations were made legal.-- Creation of the Popular Army and control of the public order.-- Internal political division.
JUAN NEGRÍN GOVERNMENT (MAY 1937-APRIL 1939 )-- Move to Barcelona. Control of the political order.-- “Resist is winning”. Control of the nationalisations.-- Political isolation. “The Negrin 13 Points”.-- Colonel Casado’s coup d’etat.
POLITICAL EVOLUTION OF THE REBEL ZONE
GENERAL CABANELLAS (JULY- SEPTIEMBER 1936)-- President of the Junta of National Defense in Burgos-- End of the Constitution and stop of the reforms.-- Unification of the military actions of the rebel generals.--Repression and prosecution in the rebel zone.
GENERAL FRANCISCO FRANCO (FROM 1 OCTUBER 1936)-- “Generalísimo” and chief minister with absolute power: political and military union.-- Junta Técnica de Estado-- Union Decree: “El Movimiento Nacional”-- Protection and support of the Catholic Church.-- January 1938: First Franco’s Government:
• Supression of freedoms and censure.• Catholic religion is the official religion.• Labour Charter• Economic intervention: industry and crops.
REPRESSION DURING THE CIVIL WAR
160.000 VICTIMS 50.000 VICTIMS
In traditional revolutionary places like Asturias, Cataluña or Andalucía. It affected to all the country when they were conquering zones. After the war there was a harsh repression and prosecution.
It affected to zones they have controlled at the beginning. Firstly, it was “controlled”, affectin the Church, landowners, patrons and finantial elites.
REPRESSION IN THE REBEL BLOC
PSYCOLOGIC WARFARE OF QUEIPO DE LLANO IN HIS NIGHTLY SPEECHES IN UNIÓN RADIO DE SEVILLA
THEY DID NOT ONLY LOOK FOR THE VICTORY, BUT FOR THE ANIHILATION AND PURGE OF THE DEFEATED AND OPPONENTS.
FORMS
OFFICIAL: COURT-MARTIAL AND SHOOTINGS.
EXTRA-OFFICIAL: “PASEOS”, SHOOTS IN THE BACK OF THE HEAD, ETC.
LOS TOPOS DE LA GUERRA: 30 AÑOS DE OSCURIDAD
SHOOTINGS AND CONCENTRATION CAMPS
SHAVED-HEAD WOMEN
REPRESSION OF THE REBELS
REPRESSION OF THE REBELS
ZONES WERE THE REBELION FAILED.
REVOLUTIONARY COMMITTEES AND MILITIAS GOT THE POWER
POPULAR TRIBUNALS AND JAILS
LOOTINGS IN CHURCHES, FACTORIESAND LANDS.
“EL PASEO” , “SACAS DE PRESOS” AND “LA CHEKA”
VALLE DE LOS CAIDOS (MADRID) ANTICLERICALISM
REPRESSION OF THE REPUBLICANS
LA CHECA
PARACUELLOS SLAUGHTER. 3000 VICTIMS
“PASEILLO” AND “SACAS” OF PRISONERS FROM JAILS
CONSEQUENCES OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR
HUMAN LOSSES
600.000 DIED400.000 WOUNDED
ILLNESSES AND MALNUTRITION
500.000 EXILED, MUCH OF THEM INTELLECTUALS
PRISIONERS IN JAILS AND WORK CAMPS
“LOS TOPOS”PURGING IN THE
ADMINISTRATION AND SOCIAL MARGINATION
ECONOMIC LOSSES
40% HOUSES DESTROYED20% LANDS DESTROYED30% OF LIVESTOCK LOST
INFRAESTRUCTURES DESTROYED
RUINED INDUSTRY AND FALL IN PRODUCTION
BANKRUPT TREASURYNO FUND IN BANK OF SPAIN
NO ACTIVE POPULATION
POVERTY AND HUNGER