Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil WarDress Rehearsal for WWIIDress Rehearsal for WWII : : 1936-1936-

19391939

Background:Background:

For centuries, Spain dominated by a For centuries, Spain dominated by a coalition of:coalition of:

• wealthy landowners,wealthy landowners,• the army the army • Catholic Church. Catholic Church.

Discontented:Discontented:

• Land hungry peasantsLand hungry peasants• Industrial workersIndustrial workers• liberals who want democracyliberals who want democracy• People of Catalonia and Basque People of Catalonia and Basque

(wanted self-government)(wanted self-government)

Result:Result:

frequent revolts and civil wars b/w frequent revolts and civil wars b/w reformers & conservativesreformers & conservatives

1931 discontent reaches such a level 1931 discontent reaches such a level that the King abdicates.that the King abdicates.

> Replaced by a republic.> Replaced by a republic.

Power Struggle:Power Struggle:

Two factions quickly formed that would Two factions quickly formed that would fight for power in the new republic:fight for power in the new republic:

Armed Conflict:Armed Conflict: Fighting breaks out July Fighting breaks out July 1936.1936.

The Republicans

Coalition of:

• Socialists• Communists• Anarchists

The Nationalists

• Church• Army• Carlists• Falange (Spain’s new fascist party

* Led by General Francisco Franco (monarchist)

* Why was the Spanish Civil War * Why was the Spanish Civil War important in setting up the important in setting up the background for WWII? *background for WWII? *

  

1) foreign powers involved in the 1) foreign powers involved in the fightingfighting

  

2) 2) fascismfascism vs. vs. communism & communism & democracydemocracy – (the basis for the – (the basis for the alliances in WWII)alliances in WWII)

Foreign Involvement (or lack Foreign Involvement (or lack thereof):thereof):

Germany: Germany: - Hitler sent Luftwaffe to support the Hitler sent Luftwaffe to support the

NationalistsNationalists

Why? > Sp. Civil War would be Hitler’s Why? > Sp. Civil War would be Hitler’s

testing ground for a new form of testing ground for a new form of

warfare. warfare.

• BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg > combined operations using > combined operations using

planes and tanks planes and tanks

• GuernicaGuernica > > city in N. Spain - civilian pop. city in N. Spain - civilian pop.

viciously bombed by Luftwaffe.viciously bombed by Luftwaffe.

Hitler sent his famous “Condor Legion.” Hitler sent his famous “Condor Legion.” This was a group of skilled pilots with new This was a group of skilled pilots with new

planes that were skilled at dive bombing..planes that were skilled at dive bombing..

•Guernica > city in N. Spain - civilian population viciously bombed by Luftwaffe.

Pablo Pablo Picasso, a Picasso, a Spanish Spanish painter, painter,

chose to use chose to use the bombing the bombing of this town of this town

as the as the theme for a theme for a very large very large painting.painting.

The painting is almost the size of The painting is almost the size of one wall of your classroom. It is one wall of your classroom. It is done in black, grey, and white. done in black, grey, and white.

The images are startling. Picasso tried The images are startling. Picasso tried to be secretive about the painting’s to be secretive about the painting’s meaning…but we have clues about meaning…but we have clues about why he included certain drawings.why he included certain drawings.

He had made drawings earlier He had made drawings earlier where he did explain their where he did explain their

meanings… meanings…

Guernica Guernica took months took months to paint. It to paint. It

was was displayed in displayed in Paris. Let’s Paris. Let’s take a look take a look at some of at some of

the the symbolism…symbolism…

DISCUSS WITH PARTNER – LOOK AT DISCUSS WITH PARTNER – LOOK AT PAINTING – WHAT DO YOU NOTICE, PAINTING – WHAT DO YOU NOTICE, WONDER ABOUT?WONDER ABOUT?

Some say that Picasso painting Some say that Picasso painting an open door so that he could an open door so that he could “escape” from the violence.“escape” from the violence.

Guernica has come to be one of Guernica has come to be one of the most famous paintings of our the most famous paintings of our

modern age--modern age--

Other Foreign Involvment:Other Foreign Involvment:

2. Italy:2. Italy: Mussolini sent 60, 000 troops to Mussolini sent 60, 000 troops to Spain. Believed his involvement would be Spain. Believed his involvement would be another step in the expansion of Italian another step in the expansion of Italian influence.influence.

* Hoped that by* Hoped that by

cooperating with Hitler, cooperating with Hitler,

he would keep Hitler’s he would keep Hitler’s

ambitions limited to ambitions limited to

northern Europe. northern Europe.

3. Britain/France:3. Britain/France:

Declared that they were officially non-Declared that they were officially non-interventionist.interventionist.

* Britain didn’t want to antagonize Italy – * Britain didn’t want to antagonize Italy – drive Mussolini permanently into drive Mussolini permanently into alliance with Hitler. alliance with Hitler.

* No desire to be involved in a war.* No desire to be involved in a war.

4. Soviet Union4. Soviet Union: :

• Sent support for Republican forces.Sent support for Republican forces.

5. International Brigades:5. International Brigades:

* Approx. 60 000 communists and * Approx. 60 000 communists and socialists from European countries socialists from European countries and the Americas volunteered for the and the Americas volunteered for the Spanish Republican Army.Spanish Republican Army. (- Ernest (- Ernest Hemingway)Hemingway)

6. 6. USA:USA: Isolationist. Not interested in Isolationist. Not interested in another European conflict.another European conflict.

AtrocitiesAtrocities

By the NationalistsBy the Nationalists Executed at least 130,000Executed at least 130,000 Targeted teachers, union Targeted teachers, union

leaders, officials, and leaders, officials, and citizens of captured citiescitizens of captured cities

Targeted Protestants and Targeted Protestants and their churchestheir churches

Attempted to eradicate the Attempted to eradicate the Basque cultureBasque culture

German and Italian air German and Italian air forces conducted aerial forces conducted aerial bombing of citiesbombing of cities

50,000+ Republicans were 50,000+ Republicans were executed after the warexecuted after the war

By the RepublicansBy the Republicans Executed at least 55,000Executed at least 55,000 Targeted clergy and Targeted clergy and

desecrated Church desecrated Church propertyproperty

Killed 20% of all Spanish Killed 20% of all Spanish clergyclergy

Nationalist sympathizers Nationalist sympathizers were often killed in were often killed in retaliation for Nationalist retaliation for Nationalist atrocities or victoriesatrocities or victories

Communists frequently Communists frequently targeted other members of targeted other members of the Republican coalitionthe Republican coalition

Communist militia destroys a statue of Jesus (1936)

Results of Sp. Civil War:Results of Sp. Civil War:  

• War would rage for 3 years – Nationalists emerged War would rage for 3 years – Nationalists emerged victorious. victorious.

• Hitler learns that western democracies were Hitler learns that western democracies were unwilling to forcibly resist right-wing movements in unwilling to forcibly resist right-wing movements in Europe. He might be able to push his luck in Europe.Europe. He might be able to push his luck in Europe.

• Stalin: Learns same thing as Hitler. Would influence Stalin: Learns same thing as Hitler. Would influence his decision to sign his decision to sign Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression PactPact in 1939. in 1939.

• Spain remained a military dictatorship under Franco Spain remained a military dictatorship under Franco until his death in 1975.until his death in 1975.

END OF THE WAREND OF THE WAR

At the end of March, 1939, the Nationalists entered Madrid.The war

was finished.

Two years later, World War II Two years later, World War II began when Hitler attacked began when Hitler attacked

Poland.Poland.

But Spain did not join with But Spain did not join with Hitler’s Germany, even though Hitler’s Germany, even though Hitler had helped the national Hitler had helped the national troops in their Spanish Civil troops in their Spanish Civil

War.War.

The leader of Spain, Franco, The leader of Spain, Franco, insisted that Spain remain insisted that Spain remain independent and neutral…independent and neutral…

So Spain did not go through the So Spain did not go through the devastation of World War II—Franco devastation of World War II—Franco

died in 1975died in 1975..

Anwhat about Guernica—well, Anwhat about Guernica—well, after it was showed in Paris, it was after it was showed in Paris, it was seen in other places, then it was seen in other places, then it was sent to New York City, where it sent to New York City, where it

remained. BUT IT WAS NOT remained. BUT IT WAS NOT RETURNED TO SPAIN!!RETURNED TO SPAIN!!

Picasso said it should only return to Spain Picasso said it should only return to Spain when Franco died. When Franco died, the when Franco died. When Franco died, the

canvas was rolled up and sent back to canvas was rolled up and sent back to

SpainSpain..

In 1981, Guernica was finally sent In 1981, Guernica was finally sent back to Spain. There it can be seen back to Spain. There it can be seen

today…a masterpiece of modern today…a masterpiece of modern painting.painting.

The image is still used today to The image is still used today to protest war and the destruction protest war and the destruction

that war brings…that war brings…

Questions: Questions: from Global Forces p.64from Global Forces p.64

* Is the Nationalist excuse that they were only following * Is the Nationalist excuse that they were only following orders a valid one? This defence has been used on orders a valid one? This defence has been used on numerous occasions by military personnel brought to numerous occasions by military personnel brought to trial for alleged atrocities against civilians. What rights trial for alleged atrocities against civilians. What rights do civilians in battle areas have? Should they be do civilians in battle areas have? Should they be treated differently from combatants? If so, how and treated differently from combatants? If so, how and why?why?

  

* Guernica underlines the continuing difficulty of * Guernica underlines the continuing difficulty of attacking military targets from the air. Unable to attacking military targets from the air. Unable to separate military from civilian targets, pilots have separate military from civilian targets, pilots have resorted on occasion to the strategy of carpet-bombing resorted on occasion to the strategy of carpet-bombing the entire area. How should bombing be used in a war?the entire area. How should bombing be used in a war?

http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/22/world/asia/us-drone-strikes-reports/

Historical ContextHistorical Context Frequent revolts and civil Frequent revolts and civil

wars between reformers wars between reformers and conservativesand conservatives

1887-1931: Monarchy 1887-1931: Monarchy under Alfonso XIIIunder Alfonso XIII

1923-30: military 1923-30: military dictatorship under Miguel dictatorship under Miguel Primo de RiveraPrimo de Rivera

Liberals wished to replace Liberals wished to replace monarchy with a liberal monarchy with a liberal democratic orderdemocratic order

Carlists fought to maintain Carlists fought to maintain the traditions of monarchy the traditions of monarchy and Catholicismand Catholicism

Growing strength of Growing strength of socialism, anarchism and socialism, anarchism and separatismseparatism

Miguel Primo de Rivera

Spain before 1931Spain before 1931 Overwhelmingly agricultural Overwhelmingly agricultural

population and economypopulation and economy Aristocratic landowners Aristocratic landowners

dominated in rural areas dominated in rural areas Extremely poor and Extremely poor and

uneducated peasantryuneducated peasantry Church dominated schoolingChurch dominated schooling Vast differences in wealth Vast differences in wealth

and education between and education between cities and countryside, cities and countryside, between regions, and between regions, and between social classesbetween social classes

Rapid industrialization after Rapid industrialization after 1910 led to emergence of 1910 led to emergence of working classworking class

Growing separatist Growing separatist movements in Catalonia movements in Catalonia and the Basque countryand the Basque country

Reform Program of 1931Reform Program of 1931 King fled and Second King fled and Second

Spanish Republic was Spanish Republic was proclaimedproclaimed

President Niceto Alcala President Niceto Alcala ZamoraZamora

GoalsGoals◦ Expand power of the CortesExpand power of the Cortes◦ Separation of church and stateSeparation of church and state◦ Universal suffrageUniversal suffrage◦ Secular school systemSecular school system

Govt was unable to stop Govt was unable to stop mob violence against mob violence against Church property and Church property and landownerslandowners

Conservatives denounced Conservatives denounced the govt for anti-clericalism, the govt for anti-clericalism, ineffectiveness, and ineffectiveness, and undemocratic practicesundemocratic practices

Niceto Alcala Zamora

1933 Election & 1933 Election & AftermathAftermath

Spanish Confederation of Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right the Autonomous Right (CEDA) won a plurality (CEDA) won a plurality

Endorsed Alejandro Endorsed Alejandro Lerroux as Prime MinisterLerroux as Prime Minister

Radicals increasingly Radicals increasingly turned to violent methodsturned to violent methods

Increase in general strikes, Increase in general strikes, street conflicts, street conflicts, assassination attempts, assassination attempts, and attacks on religious and attacks on religious buildingsbuildings

Conservatives began to Conservatives began to form paramilitary and form paramilitary and vigilante groupsvigilante groups

Govt crushed all rebellionsGovt crushed all rebellions Support for the govt Support for the govt

dwindled on both left and dwindled on both left and rightright

PM Alejandro Lerroux

1936 Election1936 Election Loose coalition of left-wing Loose coalition of left-wing

parties called the Popular parties called the Popular Front won a narrow victory Front won a narrow victory over CEDAover CEDA

Socialist Party (PSOE), Liberals, Socialist Party (PSOE), Liberals, Communist Party, regional Communist Party, regional nationalist partiesnationalist parties

Socialist Party refused to Socialist Party refused to join coalitionjoin coalition

Prime Minister Manuel Azana Prime Minister Manuel Azana (liberal)(liberal)

Cortes replaced President Cortes replaced President Zamora with Azana on weak Zamora with Azana on weak constitutional groundsconstitutional grounds

Rightists were outraged and Rightists were outraged and many gave up on parliamentmany gave up on parliament

Manuel Azana

The SparkThe Spark Jose Calvo Soleto: leading Jose Calvo Soleto: leading

monarchist and monarchist and conservative in the conservative in the CortesCortes

Protested rising anti-Protested rising anti-religious terror, property religious terror, property seizures, & hasty seizures, & hasty agricultural redistributionagricultural redistribution

July 13, 1936: Murdered July 13, 1936: Murdered by police with links to the by police with links to the Socialist PartySocialist Party

Center and right parties Center and right parties were outragedwere outraged

Nationalist generals were Nationalist generals were already planning an already planning an uprising and this provided uprising and this provided the justification for a coupthe justification for a coup

Jose Calvo Soleto

Nationalist CoupNationalist Coup Organized by Generals Jose Organized by Generals Jose

Sajurjo & Emilio MolaSajurjo & Emilio Mola Prime Minister Casares Prime Minister Casares

Quiroga sent Generals Quiroga sent Generals Llopis and Francisco Franco Llopis and Francisco Franco to commands in outlying to commands in outlying islands to distance them islands to distance them from coup plotsfrom coup plots

July 17: plotters broadcast July 17: plotters broadcast the secret code to begin the the secret code to begin the coupcoup

Llopis and Franco seized the Llopis and Franco seized the Balearic and Canary IslandsBalearic and Canary Islands

Franco was flown to Spanish Franco was flown to Spanish Morocco to take command Morocco to take command of the Spanish Army of of the Spanish Army of AfricaAfrica

The Coup FailsThe Coup Fails Nationalist forces failed to Nationalist forces failed to

take control throughout take control throughout most of Spainmost of Spain

Republican leaders were Republican leaders were paralyzed by disagreement paralyzed by disagreement and indecisionand indecision

In areas, workers and In areas, workers and anarchists raided govt anarchists raided govt armories and suppressed armories and suppressed Nationalist forces Nationalist forces themselvesthemselves

Within weeks Nationalists Within weeks Nationalists gained control of most of gained control of most of western and northern western and northern SpainSpain

Republicans retained Republicans retained control of eastern and control of eastern and central Spaincentral Spain

The NationalistsThe Nationalists Cast the war as a struggled Cast the war as a struggled

between Christian civilization between Christian civilization and communism/anarchismand communism/anarchism

To protect tradition, security, To protect tradition, security, and the rule of lawand the rule of law

Opposed regional separatismOpposed regional separatism Strongly anti-communistStrongly anti-communist Staunchly CatholicStaunchly Catholic Favored strong central powerFavored strong central power To defend the Church against To defend the Church against

anti-clericalismanti-clericalism Supporters included most Supporters included most

businessmen, practicing businessmen, practicing Catholics, army officers, Catholics, army officers, landownerslandowners

Carlists – favored Carlists – favored restoration of the restoration of the monarchymonarchy

Falange – fascist party Falange – fascist party favoring a strong favoring a strong dictatorship and militarydictatorship and military

Nationalists – favored a Nationalists – favored a strong govt and unified strong govt and unified countrycountry

Military – most military Military – most military officers joined the officers joined the NationalistsNationalists

CEDA – leaders and CEDA – leaders and members of the right-members of the right-wing political partieswing political parties

Nationalist LeadersNationalist Leaders

Francisco Franco Emilio Mola

The RepublicansThe Republicans Cast the war as a struggle Cast the war as a struggle

between tyranny and between tyranny and democracydemocracy

Centrists wanted to Centrists wanted to preserve moderate preserve moderate capitalist democracycapitalist democracy

Communists wanted to Communists wanted to establish a Soviet-style establish a Soviet-style “people’s republic” “people’s republic” outlawing the right-wingoutlawing the right-wing

Republican groups/parties Republican groups/parties generally had a wider generally had a wider range of goals and range of goals and ideologiesideologies

Supported by most Supported by most workers, landless peasants, workers, landless peasants, and educated middle classand educated middle class

Republican Left – favored Republican Left – favored a liberal democracya liberal democracy

Socialists (PSOE) – favored Socialists (PSOE) – favored land distribution and land distribution and worker-controlled factoriesworker-controlled factories

Communists (POUM) – Communists (POUM) – favored a Soviet-style favored a Soviet-style communist govt/economycommunist govt/economy

Trade unions – wide range Trade unions – wide range of trade unions desired of trade unions desired varying degrees of worker varying degrees of worker control over factoriescontrol over factories

Catalans & Basques – Catalans & Basques – desired regional autonomy desired regional autonomy or independenceor independence

Republican LeadersRepublican Leaders

Manuel Azana, President Francisco Largo Cabellero, PM

Foreign InvolvementForeign Involvement League of Nations League of Nations

imposed an arms imposed an arms embargo to try to limit embargo to try to limit the fighting and carnagethe fighting and carnage

Britain & France were Britain & France were sympathetic to the sympathetic to the Republicans but chose Republicans but chose not to sell weaponsnot to sell weapons

Feared that assisting the Feared that assisting the Republicans might lead to Republicans might lead to open conflict with the open conflict with the Fascist powersFascist powers

Arms embargo proved Arms embargo proved ineffective as weapons ineffective as weapons freely entered Spain to freely entered Spain to assist both sidesassist both sides

German InvolvementGerman Involvement Franco asked Hitler and Franco asked Hitler and

Mussolini to assist the Mussolini to assist the NationalistsNationalists

Germany provided mostly Germany provided mostly aircraft, tanks, equipment aircraft, tanks, equipment and adviceand advice

19,000 troops19,000 troops 600 planes (Condor Legion)600 planes (Condor Legion) 200 tanks200 tanks 1000 artillery pieces1000 artillery pieces

Hitler’s motivesHitler’s motives To win another ally against To win another ally against

Britain and FranceBritain and France To gain access to Spanish raw To gain access to Spanish raw

materials and ports during war materials and ports during war timetime

To test and improve the To test and improve the LuftwaffeLuftwaffe

Italian InvolvementItalian Involvement Italy provided more Italy provided more

troops but less troops but less equipment than Germanyequipment than Germany

50,000 troops50,000 troops 660 aircraft660 aircraft 150 tanks150 tanks 1000 artillery pieces1000 artillery pieces

Italian Navy helped stop Italian Navy helped stop arms shipments to arms shipments to RepublicansRepublicans

Mussolini’s motivesMussolini’s motives Fascist solidarityFascist solidarity To gain concessions from To gain concessions from

Spain in the MediterraneanSpain in the Mediterranean Not to be outdone by HitlerNot to be outdone by Hitler

Soviet InvolvementSoviet Involvement Soviet Union defied the Soviet Union defied the

arms embargo and secretly arms embargo and secretly provided the Republic with provided the Republic with much equipment but no much equipment but no troopstroops

Attempted to conceal activities Attempted to conceal activities by sending old equipment and by sending old equipment and disguising shipmentsdisguising shipments

Arms shipments were usually Arms shipments were usually small and arrived unpredictablysmall and arrived unpredictably

Forced the Republic to buy the Forced the Republic to buy the arms using gold reservesarms using gold reserves

EquipmentEquipment 3000 advisers and troops3000 advisers and troops 806 aircraft806 aircraft 362 tanks362 tanks 1555 artillery pieces1555 artillery pieces

Soviet Union advised all Soviet Union advised all members of Comintern to members of Comintern to send volunteers and send volunteers and munitions to the Republicmunitions to the Republic

Soviet agents tried to Soviet agents tried to strengthen the Spanish strengthen the Spanish Communist Party and Communist Party and weaken the other weaken the other Republican factionsRepublican factions

Stalin’s motivesStalin’s motives To spread communismTo spread communism To preoccupy the German To preoccupy the German

militarymilitary To embarrass Britain and To embarrass Britain and

FranceFrance Soviet involvement enabled Soviet involvement enabled

Nationalists to paint the Nationalists to paint the Republicans as BolsheviksRepublicans as Bolsheviks

VolunteersVolunteers On the Nationalist sideOn the Nationalist side

8000 from Portugal8000 from Portugal 700 from Ireland700 from Ireland Unknown # from RomaniaUnknown # from Romania

On the Republican sideOn the Republican side Called the International Called the International

BrigadesBrigades Saw Spain as the frontline in Saw Spain as the frontline in

the fight against fascismthe fight against fascism 30,000 foreigners from 53 30,000 foreigners from 53

countriescountries mostly communists and mostly communists and

intellectualsintellectuals Over 1000 each from France, Over 1000 each from France,

Italy, Germany, Poland, US, Italy, Germany, Poland, US, Britain, Belgium, Ireland, Britain, Belgium, Ireland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Canada, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Canada, Romania, Switzerland, ChinaRomania, Switzerland, China

Only the Mexican govt supported Only the Mexican govt supported the Republic and sent a the Republic and sent a significant amount of money and significant amount of money and equipmentequipment

19361936 Nationalists Nationalists

consolidated control of consolidated control of northern and southern northern and southern SpainSpain

Franco consolidated his Franco consolidated his control over Nationalist control over Nationalist forces and forced forces and forced factions to unifyfactions to unify

Nationalists launched an Nationalists launched an offensive against Madrid offensive against Madrid but were repulsed due but were repulsed due to arrival of to arrival of International BrigadesInternational Brigades

Republic moved the Republic moved the capital to Valenciacapital to Valencia

19371937 Italian and German troops Italian and German troops

and equipment arrived in and equipment arrived in forceforce

April: Condor Legion April: Condor Legion bombed town of Guernicabombed town of Guernica

Republic launched Republic launched counter-offensive in counter-offensive in Madrid area and killed Madrid area and killed MolaMola

Nationalists consolidated Nationalists consolidated control of northern Spaincontrol of northern Spain

Republic moved the Republic moved the capital to Barcelonacapital to Barcelona

Guernica – Pablo Picasso1937

19381938 Nationalists conquered Nationalists conquered

most of northern Spain most of northern Spain and isolated Catalonia and isolated Catalonia from the southfrom the south

Major Republican Major Republican counter-offensive called counter-offensive called the Battle of the Ebro the Battle of the Ebro ultimately failedultimately failed

Munich Agreement Munich Agreement destroyed Republican destroyed Republican hope in Western hope in Western supportsupport

Republic moved the Republic moved the capital back to Valenciacapital back to Valencia

19391939 Franco conquered Franco conquered

Catalonia by FebruaryCatalonia by February Madrid and Valencia were Madrid and Valencia were

conquered in Marchconquered in March 50,000+ Republicans 50,000+ Republicans

were executedwere executed More were submitted to More were submitted to

forced laborforced labor Over 500,000 Over 500,000

Republicans fled to Republicans fled to France but most were France but most were deported back to Spaindeported back to Spain

Some were sent to German Some were sent to German concentration camps during concentration camps during WW2WW2

Some guerilla warfare Some guerilla warfare continued into the 1950scontinued into the 1950s

Nationalist aircraft bombing Madrid (1936)

Soft Construction with Boiled BeansSalvador Dali - 1936

DEVELOPMENT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WARWAR

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War

Titled: "Loyalist Militiaman at the Moment of Death, Cerro Muriano, September 5, 1936

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War

CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES Atrocities were Atrocities were

committed on both committed on both sides during the war. sides during the war. The terror was used The terror was used against civilians. In the against civilians. In the case of the Nationalist case of the Nationalist side, these atrocities side, these atrocities were ordered by fascist were ordered by fascist authorities in order to authorities in order to eradicate any trace of eradicate any trace of leftism in Spain.The leftism in Spain.The most famous victim was most famous victim was the poet and dramatist the poet and dramatist Federico García Lorca.Federico García Lorca.

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War

CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES

Atrocities on the Atrocities on the Republican side were Republican side were committed by groups committed by groups of radical leftists (not of radical leftists (not by the government) by the government) against the rebel against the rebel supporters, including supporters, including the nobility, former the nobility, former landowners, rich landowners, rich farmers, industrialists farmers, industrialists and the Churchand the Church

CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES After the end of the War, there were brutal reprisals After the end of the War, there were brutal reprisals

against Franco's leftist former enemies. Thousands of against Franco's leftist former enemies. Thousands of Republicans were imprisoned and executed.Republicans were imprisoned and executed.

Many other Republicans fled abroad, especially to France and Mexico.

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War

The Bull in the painting is a The Bull in the painting is a symbol of Spain. The bull symbol of Spain. The bull

“observes” the destruction in “observes” the destruction in front of him.front of him.

The fallen warrior is from the legend of The fallen warrior is from the legend of Parsifal—whose sword breaks in half at the Parsifal—whose sword breaks in half at the

crucial moment of battle.crucial moment of battle.

The fallen warrior is also laid The fallen warrior is also laid out in a crucifix position…out in a crucifix position…

The slashes on the horse are The slashes on the horse are representative of newsprint—the representative of newsprint—the

newspaper that lists those who have died.newspaper that lists those who have died.

The light in the middle of the The light in the middle of the painting may mean violence…painting may mean violence…

There are terrible There are terrible images—a images—a

woman holding a woman holding a dead child. dead child.

A person burning in a fire…A person burning in a fire…