Understanding Verb Forms

Understanding Verb Forms

What are the principal parts of verbs?

Regular verbs

Irregular verbs

Six confusing verbs

Sit/Set

Rise/Raise

Lie/Lay

Review A

Review B


Verbs “dress” differently for different occasions.

She dresses casually.

She dressed for school.

She has dressed for graduation.

Verbs have four principal parts. Each principal part has a different function.


Present Participle

Base Form

Past

Past Participle

talk draw

[is] talk [is] draw ing

talk ed dr e

[have] talk ed [have] draw n

ing

More about participles

w


These principle parts are used to form all of the different verb tenses.

Present Participle

Base Form

Past

Past Participle

They talk every day.

They are talking now.

They talked yesterday.

They have talked for hours.

Regular verbs

A regular verb generally forms its past and past participle by adding –d or –ed to the base form.

Present Participle

Base Form Past Past Participle

clean clean ed [have] clean ed

hope hope d [have] hope d

The present participle is formed by adding –ing.

clean ing

Regular verbs

Most regular verbs that end in e drop the e before adding –ing.

hope

Some verbs double the final consonant before adding –ing or –ed.

hughugg ing hughugg ed

hop ing

Regular verbs

[End of Section]

Give the correct form (past, past participle, or present participle) of the verb in italics, as indicated in parentheses.

1. The dancers are (perform) on stage. (present participle)

2. We (watch) a folk dance an hour ago. (past)

3. We are (learn) dances from different countries. (present participle)

4. Someone in the audience has (request) an Irish square dance. (past participle)

5. I had (hope) to take dance lessons. (past participle)

On Your Own

nk

Irregular verbs

An irregular verb forms its past and past participle in some way other than by adding –d or –ed.


drink

hurt hurt [have] hurt

Some verbs do not fit the regular pattern.

dr nka [have] dr u

n

Irregular verbsChanging vowels

1. Some irregular verbs form the past and past participle by changing vowels.


begin n

Other Verbs that Change Vowels

find found [have] found

hold held [have] held

ring rang [have] rung

swim swam [have] swum

beg [have] beg ua

Irregular verbsChanging consonants

2. Other irregular verbs form the past and past participle by changing consonants.


make ma [have] ma d

Other Verbs that Change Consonants

bend bent [have] bent

build built [have] built

lend lent [have] lent

spend spent [have] spent

d e e

Irregular verbsChanging vowels and consonants

3. Some irregular verbs form the past and past participle by changing both vowels and

consonants.


ride r [have] r

Other Verbs that Change Vowels and Consonants

buy bought [have] bought

see saw [have] seen

speak spoke [have] spoken

wear wore [have] worn

od e idden

Irregular verbsNo change

4. A few irregular verbs make no change at all in their past and past participle forms.


put

Other Verbs that Make No Change

cost cost [have] cost

cut cut [have] cut

hit hit [have] hit

read read [have] read

put [have] put

Irregular verbs

[End of Section]

Give the correct form (past or past participle) of each verb given in parentheses.

1. Two graceful swans ________ across the lake. (swim)

2. Gabriela ________ me her softball glove. (lend)

3. Nate ________ a fleece jacket on the hike. (wear)

4. I have already ________ the wrapping paper. (cut)

5. Have you ________ your best on the science project? (do)

On Your Own

Six confusing verbs

Six verbs in English require special attention.

lie lay sit set rise raise

• Does the baby lie still or lay still?

• Are the children ?sitting setting

• Do the fans or ?rise raise

or

Six confusing verbs

To figure out which verb is correct, ask . . .

Don usually sits up front.

Does the verb have a

direct object?

No object

They set the boxes down.They set the boxes down. Direct object

The verb sit means “to be seated” or “to rest.”

Sit / Set

They sit on the sand.

The verb set means “to put (something) in a place.” Set usually has a direct object.

He will set the books down soon.He will set the books down soon.

Direct object

Sit / Set

Principal Parts of Sit and Set

BaseForm

Present Participle

Past Past Participle

sit [is] sitting sat [have] sat

set [is] setting set [have] set

We sit on the park bench.We are sitting on the bench.We sat there all day.We have sat on the bench before.

She sets the lantern down.She is setting it down now.She set the lantern on the table.She has sat it down already.

Sit / Set

[End of Section]

Give the correct form of sit or set for each of the following sentences.

1. I ______ on a broken chair at the party yesterday.

2. Last night Kim ______ her ring on the dresser.

3. At the game, Kevin was ______ next to Paolo.

4. I have ______ here for hours waiting for you.

5. Before she left, Josie had ______ a loaf of bread on the counter.

On Your Own

Rise / Raise

The verb rise means “to go upward.”

Slowly the balloons rise into the sky.

The verb raise means “to lift (something) up.” Raise usually has a direct object.

They raised the flag.They raised the flag.

Direct object

Rise / Raise

Principal Parts of Rise and Raise

BaseForm

Present Participle


rise [is] rising rose [have] risen

raise [is] raising raised [have] raised

The sun rises in the East.The sun is rising now.The sun rose at 7:15 A.M.The sun has risen.

Shawn raises the blinds each morning.Shawn is raising the blinds for us.Shawn raised the blinds yesterday.Shawn has raised the blinds often.

Rise / Raise

[End of Section]

Give the correct form of rise or raise for each of the following sentences.

1. Please ______ the sign higher.

2. I hope the bread is ______.

3. Sparks ______ from the fire and scattered into the night sky.

4. They ______ the couch while I looked under it.

5. Prices have ______ steadily for almost a year.

On Your Own

Lie / Lay

The verb lie means “to rest,” “to recline,” or “to be in a place.”

The pigs lie in the grass.

The verb lay means “to place (something somewhere).” Lay usually takes a direct object.

The chef lays the food on the plate.The chef lays the food on the plate.

Direct object

Lie / Lay

These verbs are easy to confuse because the past form of lie is also lay.

Principal Parts of Lie and Lay

BaseForm

Present Participle


lie [is] lying lay [have] lain

lay [is] laying laid [have] laid

After his walk, the dog lay on the grass.Past formof lie

Please lay the blanket on the bed.Base formof lay

laylay

Lie / Lay

Principal Parts of Lie and Lay

BaseForm

Present Participle


lie [is] lying lay [have] lain

lay [is] laying laid [have] laid

The cat lies on the chair.The cat is lying there still.The cat lay down an hour ago.The cat has lain there a long time.

He lays the cane against the wall.He is laying the cane against the wall.He laid the cane there earlier.He has laid it there before.

Lie / Lay

[End of Section]

Give the correct form of lie or lay for each of the following sentences.

1. Then the clerk ______ the small package on the scale.

2. Those clothes will ______ on the floor until you pick them up.

3. Who ______ this paintbrush on the bare floor?

4. That wet towel has been ______ here all day long.

5. After his playtime, the puppy ______ down and slept.

On Your Own

Review A

Give the correct form (past, past participle, or present participle) of each italicized verb, as indicated in parentheses.

1. After lunch we (wash) the car and mowed the lawn. (past)

2. Marcos has (look) everywhere for his boots. (past participle)

3. My aunt is (bring) the salad. (present participle)

4. I (know) the answer, but I ran out of time. (past)

5. Most of the leaves have already (fall) from the trees. (past participle)

Review B

For each sentence, choose the correct verb form in parentheses.

1. Geraldo (rose, raised) the branch so I could get by.

2. I had (lain, laid) my hat on the back of the chair.

3. Everyone (sat, set) quietly during the recital.

4. The children were (sitting, setting) in their seats waiting for the show to start.

5. The foam has (rise, raised) to the top of the drink.

6. The baby is (laying, laying) in his crib.

The End

Understanding Verb Forms

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