UK Assessments of Air Pollution Near Roadways · 2013-09-06 · UK Assessments of Air Pollution...
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CERC UK Assessments of Air Pollution Near Roadways UK Assessments of Air Pollution Near Roadways Dr. David Carruthers CERC Dr. David Carruthers CERC US-EPA – Environment Agency Workshop on Air Quality Chapel Hill 22-23 October 2009 US-EPA – Environment Agency Workshop on Air Quality Chapel Hill 22-23 October 2009
Transcript of UK Assessments of Air Pollution Near Roadways · 2013-09-06 · UK Assessments of Air Pollution...
CERC
UK Assessments of Air PollutionNear Roadways
UK Assessments of Air PollutionNear Roadways
Dr. David Carruthers
CERC
Dr. David Carruthers
CERC
US-EPA – Environment Agency Workshop on Air Quality
Chapel Hill 22-23 October 2009
US-EPA – Environment Agency Workshop on Air Quality
Chapel Hill 22-23 October 2009
CERCContentsContents
• Motivation,
- Standards,Regulations,Guidance
• Modelling Issues/Factors
• Examples • Examples
• Future
CERCAQ Limit ValuesAQ Limit Values
• EU Air Quality Directives
- Limit values
NO2 annual mean 40µg/m3 (21 ppb ~ less than typical ozone concentration)
NO2 no more than 18 exceedences of 200µg/m3
PM10 annual mean 40µg/m3
Daily mean must not excced 50µg/m3 more than 35 times per year
(PM2.5 limit for urban background)
CERCUK Air Quality Strategy UK Air Quality Strategy
• UK Air Quality Strategy
- Adopts objectives for air qualty similar to EU limit values, but with different timescales
- Local air quality review and assessment- Local air quality review and assessment
Local authorities undertake modelling in some circumstances;
Air quality management areas (AQMAs) declared if objectives exceeded; most AQMAs adjacent to roads
Local Air Quality Management Technical Guidance (LAQM TG09, Feb 09) from DEFRA
CERCOther motivationsOther motivations
• Planning applications
• Health Impact Studies
• Traffic management
• Air Quality Forecasting• Air Quality Forecasting
ADMS User Group
Case Study: Antwerp Ring Study
York, 23 September 2009
Amanda KuffelKatharina Weigert
CERCScheme OptionsScheme Options
CERCBackground Pollutant FileBackground Pollutant File
• Background concentration file generated by VITO using Rio-corine model
• Rio-corine model uses • Rio-corine model uses underlying land use data to interpolate air quality monitoring data
• Hourly sequential data available for 4km x 4km grid squares
LegendNO2 [µg/m³]
error
1 - 10
11 - 12
13 - 14
15 - 17
18 - 20
21 - 23
24 - 26
27 - 29
30 - 33
> 33
CERCModelled Road LinksModelled Road Links
CERCContour Plots – NO2 Annual MeanContour Plots – NO2 Annual Mean
Option 1 – tunnel-bridge Option 2 - tunnel
Option 3 - tunnel
CERCContour – Difference PlotsContour – Difference Plots
Difference Option 1 - DM Difference Option 2 - DM Difference Option 3 - DM
CERCModels Used For Road Traffic ModellingModels Used For Road Traffic Modelling
• Gaussian Type Models
- e.g ADMS-Roads, CALINE, CAR, OSPM (Canyon), AERMOD, …..
• Lagrangian Particle Models
- e.g. LASAT
• CFD Models• CFD Models
• Hybrids – Nested Gaussian
- e.g. AirViro, ADMS-Urban
• Fine scale numercial models
- e.g.MM5/WRF-CMAQ ….
CERCEmission Related Modelling IssuesEmission Related Modelling Issues
• Exhaust Emissions - DEFRA, DfT
- Emission Factors
- Fleet mix
- Traffic flow and speeds
• Non Exhaust emissions – DEFRA• Non Exhaust emissions – DEFRA
- Tyre and Brake wear
- Road wear
- Resuspension
CERCEmission Related Modelling IssuesEmission Related Modelling Issues
• Account for diurnal variations in traffic speed– Example traffic flow and speed data from M4
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urly
Flo
w
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ee
d (
km/h
r)
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sday
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00
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nesd
ay 0
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ay 1
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:00
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urly
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w
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ee
d (
km/h
r)
Hourly Flow
Speed
CERCEmission Related Modelling IssuesEmission Related Modelling Issues
• Account for diurnal variations in traffic speed– Speed-emission curves for large petrol cars
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Em
issi
on
s (g
/km
)
Emissions may vary significantly at high speeds, relevant for modelling A-Roads
Emissions may vary significantly at low
speeds, relevant for modelling in urban
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Speed (km/h)
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issi
on
s (g
/km
)modelling A-Roads
and motorwaysmodelling in urban
areas
CERC
Brake
Road wear9%
Emission Related Modelling IssuesEmission Related Modelling Issues
Resuspension 12%
• Non Exhaust PM emissions (London 2002)
PM10PM2.5
Exhaust73%
Tyre11%
Brake7%
Exhaust53%
Tyre11%
Brake13%
Road wear11%
CERCModelling IssuesImpact of vehicle exhaust locationModelling IssuesImpact of vehicle exhaust location
• Current models (at most) assume initial mixing depth not dependent on traffic mix
• Study looked at impact of exhaust location and efflux parameters
• Parameterisation of effect proposed
CERCModelling IssuesDispersing vehicle exhaustModelling IssuesDispersing vehicle exhaust
CERC
CERC5(a) Low level exhaust 0km/hr
0
10
20
30
40
0 10 20 30 40Distance down stream (m)
Car
Van
Bus
Lorry horz
5(b) High level exhaust 0km/hr
0
1
2
3
4
5
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0 10 20 30 40Distance down stream (m)
Lorry horzLorry 45 deg
Lorry vert
5(c) Low level exhaust 50km/hr
30
40Car
Van
Bus
Lorry horz
5(d) High level exhaust 50km/hr
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6Lorry horz
Lorry 45 deg
Lorry vert
Annual average concentrations for each vehicle type over a range of speedsAnnual average concentrations for each vehicle type over a range of speeds
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0 10 20 30 40Distance down stream (m)
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0 10 20 30 40Distance down stream (m)
5(e) Low level exhaust 100km/hr
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0 10 20 30 40Distance down stream (m)
Car
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5(f) High level exhaust 100km/hr
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0 10 20 30 40Distance down stream (m)
Lorry horz
Lorry 45 deg
Lorry vert
CERC
• Improve street canyon modules (eg OSPM)
• Currently:– 2-dimensional solution used within the canyon
– No effect taken of canyon externally
Modelling IssuesRoad source attributes Modelling IssuesRoad source attributes
• Possible improvements:– Model end effects (junctions)– Model end effects (junctions)
– Have some account taken of effect of street canyon externally (similar to noise barriers)
– Model asymmetric canyons
– Include vertical variation
– Model multiple re-circulation regions for tall thin canyons
CERCModelling IssuesRoad source attributes IIModelling IssuesRoad source attributes II
• Cuttings– NOT appropriate to model as complex terrain
– Similarities to street canyon module
– Account for asymmetry?Model effect on concentrations
at ground level
• Cuttings
Are concentrations within the cutting of interest? cutting of interest?
CERC
• Embankments
Modelling Issues
Road source attributes IIIModelling Issues
Road source attributes III
• Embankments– NOT appropriate to model as complex terrain
– Effectively an elevated line source, shielded underneath
– Account for asymmetry?
Model effect on concentrations at ground level
Are concentrations on the embankment of
interest?
CERC
• Flyovers– NOT appropriate to model as complex terrain
– Effectively an elevated line source, shielded underneath
• Flyovers
Modelling IssuesRoad source attributes IVModelling IssuesRoad source attributes IV
Model effect on concentrations at ground level
No calculations of concentrations below
the flyover
CERC
• Tunnels• Tunnels– User enters traffic flows and speeds within the tunnel
– Emissions modelled as volume sources at tunnel exits
– Account taken for venting of emissions from tunnel?
Modelling IssuesRoad source attributes VModelling IssuesRoad source attributes V
CERCModelling Issues- Road Source Attributes VIModelling Issues- Road Source Attributes VI
Noise Barriers
• Noise barriers common throughout Europe
CERCModelling Issues- Road Source Attributes VIIModelling Issues- Road Source Attributes VII
Noise Barriers – modelled using ADMS-Urban/Roads (barrier 5m)
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No barrierWith barrier
CERCModel Output PointsModel Output Points
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View1
• Output points for Barcelona demo (northern section only -section 6 - to follow). Shows regular grid and enhanced resolution close to roads
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#
CERCModelling ExamplesModelling Examples
• London – General (DEFRA)
• London Heathrow Airport (DfT)
• Model Used – ADMS-Urban
- Gaussian Type (road, point, area, grid sources) nested within - Gaussian Type (road, point, area, grid sources) nested within ‘trajectory’ model
CERC
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400M
od
elle
d N
Ox
(µg
/m³)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Mo
del
led
NO
2 (µ
g/m
³)
Model verification at AURN Sites Annual Means NOx, NO2, O3
Model verification at AURN Sites Annual Means NOx, NO2, O3
CERC
0 100 200 300 400
Measured NOx (µg/m³)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Measured NO2 (µg/m³)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 10 20 30 40
Measured O3 (µg/m³)
Mo
del
led
O3
(µg
/m³)
CERC
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Mo
del
led
co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µg/m
³)
Model verification at AURN Sites – PM10 & PM2.5Model verification at AURN Sites – PM10 & PM2.5
PM10 PM2.5 Annual Mean
20
30
40
Mod
elle
d
CERC
0
5
10
15
20
0 10 20 30 40 50
Measured concentration (µg/m³)
Mo
del
led
co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µg/m
³)
Annual Mean0
10
0 10 20 30 40
Measured
Mod
elle
d
DefraTRAMAQ RoadsideTRAMAQ BackgroundModelled = ObservedModelled within +/- 50% of observed
CERCAnnual average NO2 concentrations for London2001, 2010 and 2020 – Base caseAnnual average NO2 concentrations for London2001, 2010 and 2020 – Base case
2001 2010
NO2 (µg/m³)> 5652 - 5648 - 5244 - 4840 - 4436 - 4032 - 3628 - 3224 - 2820 - 24< 20
2020
CERC
40
50
60
70
% P
op
ula
tio
n o
f L
on
do
n e
xcee
din
g 4
0µg
/m³
NO
2
Base
Measure Q
20% Primary NO2
Additional 20µg/m³ O3
Population of London exceeding 40µg/m³ NO2Population of London exceeding 40µg/m³ NO2
CERC
0
10
20
30
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Year
% P
op
ula
tio
n o
f L
on
do
n e
xcee
din
g 4
0µg
/m³
Additional 20µg/m³ O3
netcen base
netcen Measure Q
CERCEU Project : GENESIS EU Project : GENESIS
• EU FP7 project includes calculation of exposure and health impact (morbidity and mortality),
Image of UWS STEMS (Space-Time Exposure Time Exposure
Modelling System), showing statistics for
the route.
CERC(a) Major Roads (b) Other Roads
(c) Car (d) Taxi Source apportionment of PM10 from
vehicle exhaust emissions 2010
CERC
PM10 (µg/m³)> 3529 - 3527 - 2925 - 2723 - 2510 - 235 - 101 - 50.5 - 10.1 - 0.50 - 0.1
(e) Bus and Coach (f) LGV
(g) Rigid HGV (h) Articulated HGV
CERC
20
30
40
50C
once
ntra
tion
(µg/
m³)
MonitoredModelled:BackgroundOther sourcesExhaustTyre
Source apportionmentSource apportionment
0
10
20
Bex
ley
Bre
nt A3
Hill
ingd
on
Har
inge
y R
oads
ide
N K
ensi
ngto
n
Cam
den
Mar
yleb
one
Rd
Blo
omsb
ury
EC
Roa
dsid
e
HH
Roa
dsid
e
PL
Roa
dsid
e
SO
Roa
dsid
e
EC
Bac
kgro
und
HH
Bac
kgro
und
PL
Bac
kgro
und
SO
Bac
kgro
und
Con
cent
ratio
n (µ
g/m
³)
TyreBrakeRoad wearResuspension
Annual average PM10
concentrations
CERCLondon HeathrowLondon Heathrow
• Major study of government plans for airport expansion
SCENARIOS – Heathrow airport
Explicitly modelled road sources
NOx (g/(km/s))0 - 0.1150.115 - 0.2790.279 - 0.7930.793 - 1.5621.562 - 3.124
6 0 6 12 Kilometers
Grid sources from London Atmospheric Emissions Inventory
CERC
503000 504000 505000 506000 507000 508000 509000 510000 511000 512000
173000
174000
175000
176000
177000
178000
179000
180000
181000
Nor
thin
g(m
etr
es)
2002 Base Case 2010 SM 2015 SM
Predicted NO2 concentrations
Easting (metres)
503000 504000 505000 506000 507000 508000 509000 510000 511000 512000
Eastings (metres)
173000
174000
175000
176000
177000
178000
179000
180000
181000
Nor
thin
gs(m
etre
s)
2015 MM 2020 R3 2030 R3
CERC
503000 504000 505000 506000 507000 508000 509000 510000 511000 512000
Easting (metres)
173000
174000
175000
176000
177000
178000
179000
180000
181000
No
rthi
ng(m
etre
s)
1
2
3
4
5
10
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
503000 504000 505000 506000 507000 508000 509000 510000 511000 512000
173000
174000
175000
176000
177000
178000
179000
180000
181000
Nor
thin
g(m
etre
s)
1
2
3
4
5
10
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Easting (metres)
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
503000 504000 505000 506000 507000 508000 509000 510000 511000 512000
Easting (metres)
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
503000 504000 505000 506000 507000 508000 509000 510000 511000 512000
Easting (metres)
173000
174000
175000
176000
177000
178000
179000
180000
181000
Nor
thin
g(m
etr
es)
1
2
3
4
5
10
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
PM10 due to -All sources (top left)-Airport and other airport sources (top right)-Road sources (bottom)
CERCOperational Modelling - ForecastingOperational Modelling - Forecasting
• Operational since March 2007
• Street level pollution contours posted to the web
FORECASTING – LONDON airTEXT
CERCFuture IssuesFuture Issues• Exhaust location & buoyancy and vehicle induced turbulence
• Road source attributes
- canyons, tunnels, cuttings, embankments,
flyovers/bridges, noise barriers
• Nesting ‘local’ model in ‘regional’ model
• Emissions
- PM2.5 factors, re-suspension
• Exposure assessment
• High resolution measurements near roads
