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Types of ships

Ships are difficult to classify, mainly

 because there are so many criteria to base classification on. One classification

is based on propulsion; with shipscategorised as either a sailing ship or a

motorship. Sailing ships are ships whichare propelled solely by means of sails.

Motorships are ships which are

 propelled by mechanical means to propelitself. Motorships include ships that

 propel itself through the use of both sail

and mechanical means.

Other classification systems exist that

use criteria such as:

• The number of hulls, giving

categories like monohull,

catamaran, trimaran.• The shape and size, giving

categories like dinghy, keelboat,

and icebreaker.

• The building materials used,

giving steel, aluminum, wood,

fiberglass, and plastic.

•

The type of propulsion systemused, giving human-propelled,

mechanical, and sails.

• The epoch in which the vessel

was used, triremes of Ancient

Greece, man' o' wars, eighteenth

century.

• The geographic origin of the

vessel, many vessels are

associated with a particular 

region, such as the pinnace of 

 Northern Europe, the gondolas of Venice, and the junks of China.

• The manufacturer, series, or 

class.

Another way to categorize ships and

 boats is based on their use, as described

 by Paulet and Presles.[29] This system

includes military ships, commercial

vessels, fishing boats, pleasure craft and

competitive boats. In this section, shipsare classified using the first four of those

categories, and adding a section for lake

and river boats, and one for vesselswhich fall outside these categories.

Commercial vessels

Commercial vessels or merchant ships 

can be divided into three broad

categories: cargo ships, passenger ships,and special-purpose ships.[30] Cargo ships

transport dry and liquid cargo. Dry cargo

can be transported in bulk by bulk 

carriers, packed directly onto a generalcargo ship in break-bulk, packed in

intermodal containers as aboard a

container ship, or driven aboard as inroll-on roll-off ships. Liquid cargo is

generally carried in bulk aboard tankers,

such as oil tankers, chemical tankers andLNG tankers.

Passenger ships range in size from small

river ferries to giant cruise ships. This

type of vessel includes ferries, whichmove passengers and vehicles on short

trips; ocean liners, which carry

 passengers on one-way trips; and cruiseships, which typically transport

 passengers on round-trip voyages

 promoting leisure activities onboard and

in the ports they visit.

Special-purpose vessels are not used for 

transport but are designed to perform

other specific tasks. Examples includetugboats, pilot boats, rescue boats, cableships, research vessels, survey vessels,

and ice breakers.

Most commercial vessels have full hull-forms to maximize cargo capacity.[citation

needed ] Hulls are usually made of steel,

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although aluminum can be used on faster 

craft, and fiberglass on the smallest

service vessels.[citation needed ] Commercialvessels generally have a crew headed by

a captain, with deck officers and marine

engineers on larger vessels. Special- purpose vessels often have specialized

crew if necessary, for example scientists

aboard research vessels. Commercialvessels are typically powered by a single

 propeller driven by a diesel engine.[citation

needed ] Vessels which operate at the higher 

end of the speed spectrum may use pump-jet engines or sometimes gas

turbine engines.[citation needed ]

Two

modern

container ships in

San

Francisco

A ferry in

HongKong

A pilot

 boat near 

the portof 

Rotterda

m

The

research

vessel  Pourquoi

 pas? at

Brest,

France

Military vessels

There are many types of naval vessels currently and through history. Modern

naval vessels can be broken down into

three categories: warships, submarines, and support and auxiliary vessels.

Modern warships are generally dividedinto seven main categories, which are:

aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, frigates, corvettes, submarines and

amphibious assault ships. Battleships 

encompass an eighth category, but arenot in current service with any navy in

the world.[31]

Most military submarines are either 

attack submarines or  ballistic missile

submarines. Until World War II , the primary role of the diesel/electric

submarine was anti-ship warfare,

inserting and removing covert agentsand military forces, and intelligence-

gathering. With the development of the

homing torpedo, better sonar systems,and nuclear propulsion, submarines also

 became able to effectively hunt each

other. The development of  submarine-

launched nuclear missiles andsubmarine-launched cruise missiles gave

submarines a substantial and long-

ranged ability to attack both land and sea

targets with a variety of weaponsr anging from cluster bombs to nuclear 

weapons.

Most navies also include many types of support and auxiliary vessels, such as

minesweepers, patrol boats, offshore

 patrol vessels, replenishment ships, andhospital ships which are designated

medical treatment facilities.[32]

Combat vessels like cruisers anddestroyers usually have fine hulls tomaximize speed and maneuverability.[33]

They also usually have advanced

electronics and communication systems,as well as weapons.

Americanaircraft

carrier   Harry 

S. Truman

and a

replenishmen

t ship

American

 battleshipUSS Iowa 

fires anartillery

salvo

French

landing craft  Rapière near Toulon

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Fishing vessels

Main article: Fishing vessels

Fishing vessels are a subset of 

commercial vessels, but generally smallin size and often subject to differentregulations and classification. They can

 be categorized by several criteria:

architecture, the type of fish they catch,the fishing method used, geographical

origin, and technical features such as

rigging. As of 2004, the world's fishingfleet consisted of some 4 million

vessels.[26] Of these, 1.3 million were

decked vessels with enclosed areas and

the rest were open vessels.[26]

 Mostdecked vessels were mechanized, but

two-thirds of the open vessels were

traditional craft propelled by sails andoars.[26] More than 60% of all existing

large fishing vessels[34] were built in

Japan, Peru, the Russian Federation,Spain or the United States of America.[35]

Fishing boats are generally small, often

little more than 30 metres (98 ft) but up

to 100 metres (330 ft) for a large tuna or whaling ship. Aboard a fish processing

vessel, the catch can be made ready for 

market and sold more quickly once theship makes port. Special purpose vessels

have special gear. For example, trawlers

have winches and arms, stern-trawlers

have a rear ramp, and tuna seiners haveskiffs.

In 2004, 85.8 million metric tons of fish

were caught in the marine capturefishery.[36] Anchoveta represented thelargest single catch at 10.7 million

metric tons.[36] That year, the top ten

marine capture species also includedAlaska pollock , Blue whiting, Skipjack 

tuna, Atlantic herring, Chub mackerel,

Japanese anchovy, Chilean jack 

mackerel, Largehead hairtail, and

Yellowfin tuna.[36] Other species

including salmon, shrimp, lobster ,clams, squid and crab, are also

commercially fished.

Modern commercial fishermen use many

methods. One is fishing by nets, such as purse seine, beach seine, lift nets,

gillnets, or entangling nets. Another is

trawling, including  bottom trawl. Hooks and lines are used in methods like long-

line fishing and hand-line fishing).

Another method is the use of fishingtrap.

Fishing

 boat inCap-

Haïtien, 

Haïti

A trawler  

at Saint- Nazaire

An oyster 

 boat at LaTrinité-

sur-Mer 

The Albatun

 Dos, a

tuna boat

at work near 

Victoria,

Seychelles

Inland and coastal boats

Many types of boats and ships are

designed for inland and coastal

waterways. These are the vessels that

trade upon the lakes, rivers and canals.

Barges are a prime example of inland

vessels. Flat-bottomed boats built to

transport heavy goods, most barges are

not self-propelled and need to be moved by tugboats towing or towboats pushing

them. Barges towed along canals by

draft animals on an adjacent towpath 

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contended with the railway in the early

industrial revolution but were out

competed in the carriage of high valueitems due to the higher speed, falling

costs, and route flexibility of rail

transport.

Riverboats and inland ferries arespecially designed to carry passengers,

cargo, or both in the challenging river 

environment. Rivers present specialhazards to vessels. They usually have

varying water flows that alternately lead

to high speed water flows or protrudingrock hazards. Changing siltation patterns

may cause the sudden appearance of 

shoal waters, and often floating or sunken logs and trees (called snags) canendanger the hulls and propulsion of 

riverboats. Riverboats are generally of 

shallow draft, being broad of beam andrather square in plan, with a low

freeboard and high topsides. Riverboats

can survive with this type of configuration as they do not have to

withstand the high winds or large waves

that are seen on large lakes, seas, or 

oceans.

Lake freighters, also called lakers, are

cargo vessels that ply the Great Lakes.

The most well-known is the SS Edmund   Fitzgerald , the latest major vessel to be

wrecked on the Lakes. These vessels are

traditionally called boats, not ships.

Visiting ocean-going vessels are called"salties." Due to their additional beam,

very large salties are never seen inland

of the Saint Lawrence Seaway. Becausethe largest of the Soo Locks is larger 

than any Seaway lock, salties that can

 pass through the Seaway may travelanywhere in the Great Lakes. Because of 

their deeper draft, salties may accept

 partial loads on the Great Lakes,"topping off" when they have exited the

Seaway. Similarly, the largest lakers are

confined to the Upper Lakes (Superior ,

Michigan, Huron, Erie) because they aretoo large to use the Seaway locks,

 beginning at the Welland Canal that

 bypasses the Niagara River .

Since the freshwater lakes are lesscorrosive to ships than the salt water  of 

the oceans, lakers tend to last much

longer than ocean freighters. Lakersolder than 50 years are not unusual, and

as of 2005, all were over 20 years of 

age.[37]

The St. Mary's Challenger , built in 1906

as the William P Snyder , is the oldestlaker still working on the Lakes.

Similarly, the E.M. Ford , built in 1898 asthe Presque Isle, was sailing the lakes

98 years later in 1996. As of 2007 the Ford was still afloat as a stationarytransfer vessel at a riverside cement silo

in Saginaw, Michigan.

Riverboat

Temptation on theRhine

Riverboat

 Natchez 

on the

Mississip pi River 

Commute

r boat on

the Seine

The lakefreighter  

SS Edmu nd 

 Fitzgeral 

d 

Other

The wide variety of vessels at work on

the earth's waters defy a simple

classification scheme. A representativefew that fail to fit into the above

categories include:

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• Historical boats, frequently used

as museum ships, training ships,

or as good-will ambassadors of acountry abroad.

• Houseboats, floating structures

used as dwellings.• Scientific, technical, and

industrial vessels such as mobile

offshore drilling units, offshore

wind farms, survey ships, andresearch vessels.

• Submarines, for underwater 

navigation and exploration

The

Polish

sailingfrigate

 Dar  Pomorza

Ahouseboat 

near 

Kerala

A mobile

offshore

drillingunit in the

Gulf of 

Mexico

A

 bathyscap

he at theoceanogra

 phic

museumin

Monaco

Department of NaturalResources Policy -Safe Vessel Operation PolicyPolicy Number: 95:07

Effective Date: January 1, 1996(Reviewed: May 2003)

See signed policy - Adobe Acrobatfile 

I. Purpose It is the intent of this policy to identify

safe boating operational proceduresand equipment requirements for the

protection of Department employeeswho utilize vessels during their work

assignments.

A. The safe operation of vessels by

Department personnel is of utmostimportance given the great number of 

employees who use vessels duringtheir work assignments.

B. Proper safety equipment andtraining are of critical importance to

safe vessel operations.

C. While there are many different usesof vessels within the Department andmany different work tasks being

performed while personnel are on

vessels, there are fundamental safetyrequirements which must be

understood and adhered to byDepartment employees.

D. It is important that the Department

provide a good example for the safeoperation of its vessels.

II. PolicyIt is the policy of the Department of 

Natural Resources that:

A. Personal Flotation Devices (PFD’s)

1. Department vessels shall be

equipped with and/or carry

United States Coast Guard(USCG) or Department

approved PFD’s in the numberrequired by the USCG including

life rafts or launchable lifeboats.2. Employees and others shall

wear a USCG approved Type I,II, III or V or Department

approved inflatable PFD whileon deck, outside of an enclosed

cabin and/or whileoperating/working aboard an

open vessel.

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B. Anti-exposure Coveralls

1. Department units shall providesufficient quantities of anti-

exposure coveralls for use byemployees during certain water

and air temperatures asidentified below.

2. Employees may wear USCG or

Department approved anti-exposure coveralls when the

water temperature is less than59° fahrenheit unless the air

temperature is sufficient thatwearing the coveralls would be

impractical or unsafe.Supervisory personnel shall use

their discretion to determinewhen cold weather conditions

would require the wearing of anti-exposure coveralls.

C. Safety Equipment

1. A lanyard type kill-switch shallbe installed on vessels

whenever it is feasible.

Operators of such vessels shallutilize the kill-switch device

when the nature of workpermits and most particularly

when operating the vessel athigh speeds.

2. Permanently mounted steps ora boarding ladder is

recommended for vessels,particularly those 30 feet or

less in length, to enable anoperator or crew to self-rescue

in an overboard situation.3. Fire extinguishers or fire

suppressant systems shall beinstalled or provided for

Department vessels inaccordance with USCG

requirements orrecommendations.

4. Appropriate communicationsequipment should be provided

to Department vessels.

5. Other safety equipment asrequired by State and federal

laws and regulations shall beprovided for the safe operation

of Department vessels.

D. Boating Safety Courses Training

1. Non-USCG licensed employeeswho operate any Department

vessel must successfullycomplete a boating safety

course or pass an equivalencyexam.

2. In addition, employees whooperate Department vessels

shall receive training in survivalprocedures and use of safety

equipment including PFD’s,anti-exposure coveralls, fire

fighting, basic first aid andradio operations. Training logs

shall be maintained bysupervisors.

E. Cold Weather Operations

1. When the water temperature is

less than 59° fahrenheit, morethan one employee should be

aboard during the operation of a vessel; however, it is

recognized that there areemergencies and other

circumstances when anemployee must operate a

vessel without a mate.

III. Procedures

DEPARTMENT OF NATURALRESOURCES

PROCEDURES FOR SAFE

VESSEL OPERATION 

A Task force of Departmentemployees with experience and

responsibilityfor working on the water,

operating vessels and riskmanagement, developed

the following procedures for safevessel operation.

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A. Personal Flotation Devices(PFD) 

It is critical that all DNR personnel

wear a United States Coast Guard(USCG) approved PFD or one of the

various inflatable PFD’s while workingon or aboard vessels. The USCGratings for PFD’s are well understood

and such PFD’s are easily obtained.

With respect to the inflatable PFD’s,

some types are not USCG approved(the USCG has not yet approved them)

but many DNR personnel have beenwearing them with satisfactory results.

Examples are the Stearns “hiphuggers” or S.O.S. – PAK (Stearns

Overboard Survivor-PAP) that are wornon a belt and inflate automatically

upon immersion or can be activated bylanyard. These devices are designed to

be worn and inflate in front of theperson. Another example is the

SUSPENDERS, which is a vest-likeapparel similar in appearance to

suspenders. Both models are CO²

activated either manually orautomatically and with an oral inflate

back up. Both of these PFD’s are very

appropriate when personnel are doing

physical work on vessels.

Every DNR vessel should be equippedwith the appropriate number of PFD’s

in accordance with the number of personnel who would be aboard the

vessel while underway.

B. Anti-Exposure Coveralls 

Anti-exposure coveralls are similar to

 jump suits; and when worn can be

USCG approved PFD’s depending ontype and manufacturer. They reduceexposure to the elements and will

delay effects of hypothermia when one

is overboard. They are not immersionsuits (gumby suits) which are designed

for intentional, abandon ship situationsin cold water and provide hypothermia

protection for a longer period of time.

Anti-exposure suits should be wornwhen the water temperature is less

than 59° Fahrenheit. Since these arework suits, there will be times when

the air temperature is such thatwearing these coveralls will become

very uncomfortable (and even unsafe),especially when personnel are engagedin extreme physical exertion. Some

discretion is recommended on the part

of supervisors under those conditions.

It is not recommended that anti-

exposure coveralls be acquired forevery person who would ever use or

be onboard a DNR vessel. Rather, eachunit should obtain enough suits to

assure that when vessels are utilizedwithin the described water

temperature parameter, all personnelaboard a vessel can be provided with

one to wear.

There are two manufacturers: Stearns

and Mustang. The Departmentcurrently utilizes both. Catalogs and

price lists are available. In addition,

there may be available surplus suits,which while not Coast Guard approved,

may be suitable.

C. Safety Equipment 

It is realized that many DNR vessels

were not equipped with kill-switches orboarding ladders when purchased;

and, that to retrofit them may not bepossible or may be too costly. The

Department should thoroughly reviewits boat fleet with a goal toward

retrofitting for kill-switches andladders. Other USCG required fire and

safety equipment should be provided

to Department vessels.

The issue of communication equipment

is also important. Not all vessels need

a marine radio or a cellular telephone.The necessity of such equipment

depends on vessel use. There havebeen several suggestions that cellular

telephones are not efficient and

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practical. We are well aware of thesensitive nature of this issue, and it is

recommended that each unit evaluatethe need for marine radios or cellular

telephones to be made available tovessel operators particularly during

foul weather, cold weather or isolatedconditions.

D. Boating Safety Courses andTraining 

The Natural Resources Policeadministers the DNR safe boating

course and under the law issues theBoater Education Certificate. All DNR

personnel operating vessels who havenot passed the DNR course or received

a certification should receive and passthe DNR course or an equivalent one

offered by the Coast Guard Auxiliary orthe Power Squadron.

All units with vessels should work

together to offer a standardizedtraining program that covers PFD’s,

man overboard drills, anti-exposure

coveralls, firefighting, CPR, basic firstaid and radio operations. The Task

Force will work with the various unitsand provide recommendations

regarding such training.

E. Cold Weather Operations 

By necessity, there are DNR personnelwho often work alone on the water.

When possible and certainly in cold or

foul weather conditions, DNRpersonnel should not be alone in

vessels. Where this cannot be avoided,the other safety items we recommend

are all the more critical in importance.

ANTIQUE SHIPYARD ADVERTISING DRAWINGCa 1900

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PRESENTED is an original shipyard drawing by an unknown draftsman, artist of a small stasteam ship. The drawing is a rare piece of shipyard advertising art and was used to showprospective owners what the yard was capable of doing. In this case, based on the piping anvalves shown on the deck view of the drawing, this vessel was a rigged for carrying liquid camaybe fuel oil. After the plan type drawing was complete water colors were washed over cerareas to high light them. The colors range from orange to a dark blue with brown highlights.

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After sections of vessel Forward section of vessel. Note pipes andvalves

Pilot house and engine detail Bow section and tanks