PREPARED BYPREPARED BY

Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONTYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION

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ACID BASE REACTIONSACID BASE REACTIONS

Types of Chemical ReactionTypes of Chemical Reaction

1)1) CombustionCombustion::

A combustion reaction is when oxygen A combustion reaction is when oxygen combines with another compound to combines with another compound to form water and carbon dioxide. These form water and carbon dioxide. These reactions are exothermic, meaning they reactions are exothermic, meaning they produce heat. An example of this kind of produce heat. An example of this kind of reaction is the burning of napthalene: reaction is the burning of napthalene:

C10H8 + 12 O2 ---> 10 CO2 + 4 H2OC10H8 + 12 O2 ---> 10 CO2 + 4 H2O

2) 2) SynthesisSynthesis::

A synthesis reaction is when two or more A synthesis reaction is when two or more simple compounds combine to form a simple compounds combine to form a more complicated one. These reactions more complicated one. These reactions come in the general form of: come in the general form of:

A + B ---> ABA + B ---> AB One example of a synthesis reaction is the One example of a synthesis reaction is the

combination of iron and sulfur to form iron combination of iron and sulfur to form iron (II) sulfide: (II) sulfide:

8 Fe + S8 ---> 8 FeS8 Fe + S8 ---> 8 FeS

3) 3) DecompositionDecomposition::

A decomposition reaction is the opposite of a A decomposition reaction is the opposite of a synthesis reaction - a complex molecule breaks synthesis reaction - a complex molecule breaks down to make simpler ones. These reactions down to make simpler ones. These reactions come in the general form: come in the general form:

AB ---> A + BAB ---> A + B

One example of a decomposition reaction is the One example of a decomposition reaction is the electrolysis of water to make oxygen and electrolysis of water to make oxygen and hydrogen gas: hydrogen gas:

2 H2O ---> 2 H2 + O22 H2O ---> 2 H2 + O2

4) 4) Single displacementSingle displacement::

This is when one element trades places with This is when one element trades places with another element in a compound. These another element in a compound. These reactions come in the general form of: reactions come in the general form of:

A + BC ---> AC + BA + BC ---> AC + B

One example of a single displacement reaction One example of a single displacement reaction is when magnesium replaces hydrogen in water is when magnesium replaces hydrogen in water to make magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen to make magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen gas: gas:

Mg + 2 H2O ---> Mg(OH)2 + H2Mg + 2 H2O ---> Mg(OH)2 + H2

This is when the anions and cations of two This is when the anions and cations of two different molecules switch places, forming two different molecules switch places, forming two entirely different compounds. These reactions entirely different compounds. These reactions are in the general form: are in the general form:

AB + CD ---> AD + CBAB + CD ---> AD + CB One example of a double displacement reaction One example of a double displacement reaction

is the reaction of lead (II) nitrate with potassium is the reaction of lead (II) nitrate with potassium iodide to form lead (II) iodide and potassium iodide to form lead (II) iodide and potassium nitrate: nitrate:

Pb(NO3)2 + 2 KI ---> PbI2 + 2 KNO3Pb(NO3)2 + 2 KI ---> PbI2 + 2 KNO3

5) 5) Double displacementDouble displacement::

Svante Arrhenius

“ “ An acid is substance when An acid is substance when dissolved in water yield Hdissolved in water yield H +ve +ve ion”.ion”.

“ “A base is substance when A base is substance when dissolved in water yield OHdissolved in water yield OH

-ve ion”.-ve ion”.

Example:Example:

This leads to the definition that in Arrhenius This leads to the definition that in Arrhenius acid–base reactions, a salt and water is formed acid–base reactions, a salt and water is formed from the reaction between an acid and a base. from the reaction between an acid and a base. In other words, this is a In other words, this is a neutralization reaction..

acid+ + base− → salt + water acid+ + base− → salt + water The positive ion from a base forms a salt with the The positive ion from a base forms a salt with the

negative ion from an acid. For example, two negative ion from an acid. For example, two moles of the base of the base sodium hydroxide (NaOH) can (NaOH) can combine with one mole of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) combine with one mole of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to form two moles of to form two moles of water and one mole of and one mole of sodium sulfate..

2 NaOH + H2SO4 → 2 H2O + Na2SO4 2 NaOH + H2SO4 → 2 H2O + Na2SO4

Brønsted–Lowry definition Brønsted–Lowry definition

The Brønsted–Lowry definition, formulated in The Brønsted–Lowry definition, formulated in 1923, independently by Johannes Nicolaus 1923, independently by Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted in Denmark and Martin Lowry in Brønsted in Denmark and Martin Lowry in England, is based upon the idea of protonation England, is based upon the idea of protonation of bases through the de-protonation of acids—of bases through the de-protonation of acids—that is, the ability of acids to "donate" hydrogen that is, the ability of acids to "donate" hydrogen ions (H+) or protons to bases, which "accept" ions (H+) or protons to bases, which "accept" them.Unlike the previous definitions, the them.Unlike the previous definitions, the Brønsted–Lowry definition does not refer to the Brønsted–Lowry definition does not refer to the formation of salt and solvent, but instead to the formation of salt and solvent, but instead to the formation of formation of conjugate acidsconjugate acids and and conjugate conjugate basesbases, produced by the transfer of a proton from , produced by the transfer of a proton from the acid to the base.the acid to the base.

Example:Example:

The removal of H+ from hydrochloric acid The removal of H+ from hydrochloric acid (HCl) produces the chloride ion (Cl−), the (HCl) produces the chloride ion (Cl−), the conjugate base of the acid:conjugate base of the acid:

HCl → H+ + Cl− HCl → H+ + Cl−

The addition of H+ to the hydroxide ion The addition of H+ to the hydroxide ion (OH−), a base, produces water (H2O), its (OH−), a base, produces water (H2O), its conjugate acid:conjugate acid:

H+ + OH− → H2O H+ + OH− → H2O

Thank You for AttentionThank You for Attention