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Two great kivas at Point of Pines ruin Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Gerald, Mary Virginia Gould, 1924- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 12/05/2018 03:07:37 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/551307

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Two great kivas at Point of Pines ruin

Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic)

Authors Gerald, Mary Virginia Gould, 1924-

Publisher The University of Arizona.

Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this materialis made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona.Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such aspublic display or performance) of protected items is prohibitedexcept with permission of the author.

Download date 12/05/2018 03:07:37

Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/551307

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TWO GREAT KIVAS

AT POINT OF PINES RUIN

b y

M. V i r g i n i a G e r a ld

A T h e s i s S u b m it te d t o th e F a c u l t y o f t h e

DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY

I n P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e R e q u ir e m e n ts • F o r t h e D e g r e e o f v

MASTER OF ARTS

I n ' t h e •G r a d u a te : C o l le g e

UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

1957

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Umv. of Arizona Library

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£ < m /nsn%

STATEMENT BY AUTHOR

T h i s t h e s i s h a s been s u b m i t t e d i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l ­ment o f r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r a n a d v an ced d e g re e a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f A r iz o n a and i s d e p o s i t e d i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r y t o be made a v a i l a b l e t o b o r r o w e r s und e r r u l e s o f t h e L i b r a r y .

B r i e f q u o t a t i o n s from t h i s t h e s i s a r e a l l o w a b l e w i t h ­o u t s p e c i a l p e r m i s s i o n , p r o v i d e d t h a t a c c u r a t e a c k n o w le d g e ­ment o f s o u r c e i s made. R e q u e s t s f o r p e r m i s s i o n f o r e x t e n d ­ed q u o t a t i o n from or r e p r o d u c t i o n o f t h i s m a n u s c r i p t i n whole or i n p a r t may be g r a n t e d by t h e head o f t h e m a jo r d e p a r t m e n t o r t h e Dean o f t h e G ra d u a te C o l l e g e when i n t h e i r judgm ent t h e p ro p o se d u se o f t h e m a t e r i a l i s i n t h e i n t e r e s t s o f s c h o ­l a r s h i p . I n a l l o t h e r i n s t a n c e s , , however , p e r m i s s i o n m ust be o b t a i n e d from t h e a u t h o r .

SIGNED:

APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR

T h is t h e s i s ha s been a p p ro v e d on t h e d a t e shown be low ;

EMIL W ZHAURYHead, D ep ar tm en t o f A n th ro p o lo g y

Date

iU PtiE t1* c o n s tr u c t ion o f

G reet K lva I I , P o in t o f P in e s ,

Arlnona

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FRONTISPIECE

A r t i s t ' s R e c o n s t r u c t io n o f

G r e a t K iv a I I , P o i n t o f P i n e s ,

A r iz o n a

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PREFACE

T h i s s tu d y i s b a s e d on th e e x c a v a t i o n o f G r e a t K iv a

I I , i t s s u b s t r u c t u r e s and e n t r y w a y , and 21 a d j a c e n t rooms i n

P o i n t o f P i n e s R u in i n e a s t c e n t r a l A r i z o n a . V*ork was c o n ­

d u c t e d under t h e j o i n t a u s p i c e s o f th e A r i z o n a S t a t e Museum

and t h e A r c h a e o l o g i c a l F i e l d S c h o o l o f t h e D e p a r tm en t o f An­

t h r o p o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y o f A r i z o n a . E x c a v a t i o n o f G r e a t K iva

I I and i t s s u b s t r u c t u r e s a l l o w s a se q u e n c e o f g r e a t k i v a s i n

t h e P o i n t o f P i n e s l o c a l i t y t o be f o r m u l a t e d , s i n c e a n a l y s i s

o f t h e f i e l d r e p o r t s i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e l a r g e s t and l a t e s t

g r e a t k i v a . G r e a t K iv a I I , t h e e x c a v a t e d s t r u c t u r e , was p r e ­

ceded by a s m a l l e r g r e a t k i v a , G r e a t K iva I .

E x c a v a t i o n o f t h e g r e a t k i v a s t r u c t u r e was accomp­

l i s h e d i n two s e a s o n s — 1947, u n d e r t h e f i e l d d i r e c t i o n o f

C a r r T u t h i l l , and 1948 , u n d e r t h e d i r e c t i o n of Donald Lehmer.

From 1947 t h r o u g h 1954 , t h e g r e a t k i v a e n t r a n c e , e n t r y w a y ,

and t h e r o u t e t h r o u g h an a d j o i n i n g p l a z a t o t h e o u t s i d e g a t e

o f t h e p u e b lo were d e f i n e d . Rooms s u r r o u n d i n g t h e g r e a t k i v a

and t h e e n t r y w a y were e x c a v a t e d d u r i n g th e summers o f 1947

t h r o u g h 1951; t h i s w r i t e r a i d e d i n t h e e x c a v a t i o n o f t h r e e

o f t h e s e room s, and o f one o f t h e p i t h o u s e s l y i n g u n d e r t h e

g r e a t k i v a s t r u c t u r e . T h i s r e p o r t i s t h e r e s u l t o f a n a l y ­

s i s o f t h e f i e l d n o t e s and maps made by t h e many i n d i v i d u a l s

who p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e above p r o j e c t s , an d o f t h e p e r t i n e n t

i

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i i

m a t e r i a l c u l t u r e c o l l e c t e d and d ocu m en ted by t h e e x c a v a t o r s .

The s t u d e n t s o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f A r iz o n a A r c h a e o lo g ic a l F i e l d

S c h o o l , and A pache I n d ia n s o f t h e San C a r lo s A pache I n d ia n

R e s e r v a t i o n , who e x e c u t e d t h e m ajor e x c a v a t io n o f t h e g r e a t

k iv a s t r u c t u r e , a r e l i s t e d b e lo w :

S t u d e n t s I n d ia n s

1 9 4 7 R o b e r t D yson A lo n z o C aseRay Thom pson L e s t e r R a n d a llR ic h a r d W oodbury Wes H i l lJ a y Rowen F r e d P h i l l i p sF r e d W endorf A lb e r t o G o n z a le sN an cy W endorf R o n a ld A s to rF e r d Okada Andy H u n terJ o e l Canby W ilf o r d A s to r

1 9 4 8 Rod S m ith Amos P ik eT ed B ueno H a rry P ik eC h a r le s W in sto nT e r r y D aw sonB r y a n t , B a n n i s t e rS t a n HamperW ilm a K a e m le inE m ily S ch u p pB a r to n W rig h tD ave H a rtB e t t y T ook erH ir o s h i D a ifu k uS t e v e B o r h e g y iR ex G e r a ld

M apping o f t h e g r e a t k iv a s t r u c t u r e w as done b y F r e d

W en d o rf, J a y R ow en, and R o b e r t D y so n , and r e v i s e d by Raymond

T hom pson , who a l s o p r e p a r e d th e r e v i s e d m a s te r map o f t h e

a d j o i n i n g s e c t i o n s o f th e r u i n . T h ese maps w ere a d a p te d

som ew hat f o r t h e p u r p o s e s o f t h i s r e p o r t . E x c a v a t io n p h o to ­

g r a p h s w ere ta k e n b y E . B . S a y l e s . D r . L . F . H . Lowe g r a c i ­

o u s l y p r e p a r e d t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e f i n a l p h o to g r a p h ic p r i n t s .

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i l l

C o n s u l t a t io n s w i t h D r . Raymond H . T hom pson , L lo y d

C o l l i n s , E l i z a b e t h M o r r is , A la n P . O ls o n , B r y a n t „ B a n n i s t e r ,

Jam es C. G if ford, and C h a r le s C . D iP e so p r o v id e d s t im u lu s and

c r i t i c i s m th r o u g h o u t th e i n i t i a l a n a l y s i s , f o r w h ic h I w o u ld

l i k e t o e x p r e s s my t h a n k s . To D r . E m il W. H aury s h o u ld go

much o f t h e c r e d i t fo r t h i s r e p o r t , i f an y i s d e s e r v e d . H is

i n t e r e s t and c o o p e r a t i o n , g u id a n c e , and e n c o u ra g m en t sm o o th ed

o u t many o f t h e bumps i n t h e r o a d t o c o m p le t io n o f t h i s

p r o j e c t .

The f r o n t i s p i e c e , f i g u r e s , and maps ( w i t h t h e e x c e p ­

t i o n o f F ig u r e 4 ) i n t h i s r e p o r t a r e t h e w ork o f my h u sb a n d ,

R ex E . G e r a ld , who g a v e u n s e l f i s h l y o f h i s t im e and t a l e n t ,

n o t o n ly i n t h i s w ay , b u t i n many d i s c u s s i o n s o f s p e c i f i c

p o i n t s , and i n t h e e n d l e s s jo b o f a s s e m b l in g t h e f i n a l c o p i e s .

F o r t h e s e a i d s , h i s p a t i e n c e , and o p t i m i s t i c e n c o u r a g m e n t,

I am t r u l y g r a t e f u l .

The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f t h e d a t a w ere d e v i s e d s o l e l y b y

t h i s w r i t e r , and a s s u c h , a r e s o l e l y h e r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y .

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

IN T R O D U C T IO N ...........................................................................................................1

E n v ir o n m e n t and e c o lo g y o f P o in t o f P in e s R u in 3T e r m i n o l o g y ...................................................... .......... . * . . 4D e s c r i p t i o n o f P o i n t o f P in e s R u in . . . . 8A r c h i t e c t u r a l H i s t o r y o f t h e Communal A rea . . 9M ethod o f E x c a v a t io n ........................................................................... 16M ethod o f P r e s e n t a t i o n ................................................................ 17

THE D A T A .........................................................................................................................18

W a ll C o n s t r u c t i o n ............................................................................................18W a ll b o n d in g , a b u tm e n ts , and r e p a i r s . . . . 32Room X .........................................................................................................................3 4D o o rw a y s , E n t r a n c e , and E n try w a y ........................................... 35F l o o r s ............................................................... ................................................... 4 3P o s t h o l e s . . . 47H e a r th A rea . 63F lo o r T r e n c h e s ............................................................................................ 67P i t s . . . . 89A s s o c i a t e d M a t e r ia l C u lt u r e ................................................... 90

P o t t e r y ............................................................................................... . 9 0P o t t e r y C ache . . . . . . . . . 91S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 C ache ...................................................... . 9 2O th er m a t e r i a l c u l t u r e ................................................................ 96

Summary . . . . . . . . . . 9 7

THE RECONSTRUCTION............................................................................................. 98

T he H ou se B l o c k ...................................................................................99The P la z a . 103G r e a t K iv a I . • 117G r e a t K iv a I I ..................................................... 13 4Summary .............................................................................................................. 1 6 8

RELATIONSHIPS IN THE POINT OF PINES LOCALITY . . . 171

C h r o n o lo g ic a l r e l a t i o n s h i p . . . . . . 171F orm al r e l a t i o n s h i p ........................................................................... 176F u n c t io n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p ................................................................ 181

GENERAL RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE GREAT KIVA COMPLEXIN THE S O U T H W E S T ...................................................... .......... . • 183

C h r o n o lo g ic a l r e l a t i o n s h i p ...................................................... 183F o rm a l r e l a t i o n s h i p .......................................................................... 18 4F u n c t io n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p ................................................................ 186

B IB L IO G R A P H Y ......................................................................................................187

Page

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FIGURES 4

Page

FRONTISPIECE. A r t i s t ' s R e c o n s t r u c t io n o f G r ea tP o in t o f P i n e s , A r iz o n a

K iv a I I ,•

FIGURE1 M ason ry T e c h n iq u e s . . . . . . • * 21

2 E a s t W a ll P r o f i l e ........................................... # P o c k e t

3„ S c h e m a t ic S e c t i o n o f F i l l . . . • 44

4 P o s t h o le D a ta ...................................................... • 51

R The H e a r th A rea ...................................................... • 64

6 The W est F lo o r T re n c h . . . . • 70

7 The S o u th F lo o r T r e n c h . . . . e 75

8 The E a s t and N o r th F lo o r T r e n c h e s . # 82

9 S e q u e n c e o f G r e a t K iv a s , P o i n t o f P in e s , A r iz o n a 178

TABLES

TABLES1 P h a se S e q u e n c e an d O c c u r r e n c e o f G r e a t

a t P o i n t o f P i n e s , A r iz o n a . .

K iv a s10

2 W a ll C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . . . . • • 20

3 P o s t h o le C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . . . . e e 48

4 P h a se A f f i l i a t i o n s o f G r e a t K iv a s I and I I , and A s s o c ia t e d S t r u c t u r e s . . . 172

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v i

MAPS

Page

MAP

1 S k e t c h Map, A r iz o n a Vi: 1 0 : 5 0 , A r iz o n a ...........................................

P o in t o f P i n e s ,. 11

2 G r ea t K iv a I I and A s s o c ia t e d F e a t u r e s . . P o c k e t

3 W a ll C o n s t r u c t io n , G r e a t K iv a I I and A s s o c ia t e d F e a t u r e s . . . • . 19

4 The H ouse B lo c k . . 100

5 C o n s t r u c t io n U n it C, . • . 10 4

6 The P l a z a , R e c o n s t r u c t io n . * * . . 106

7 G r e a t K iv a I , R e c o n s t r u c t io n * • . 1 1 8

8 G r ea t K iv a I I , The E x c a v a te d S t r u c t u r e 135

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ELATES

P age

PLATE

I G r e a t K iv a I I ............................................................................ 12

H a B anded T u f f M ason ry ................................................................. 22

l i b S p a l l R u b b le M a s o n r y .......................................................22

I l i a S p a l l e d B lo c k M ason ry , F o o t in g T e c h n iq u e . . 26

I l l b S p a l l e d B lo c k M a s o n r y .....................................................................26

1 7 a C rude R u b b le M asonry ....................................................... 29

IVb E n t r a n c e , G rea t K iv a I I .......................................................... 29

V P o s t h o l e s ..................................................................................................... 49

V I The H e a r th A r e a , G rea t K iv a I I . . 65

V II F lo o r T r e n c h e s ........................................................................... 68

V I I I The W est F lg o r T r e n c h ....................................................... 71

IX The S o u th F lo o r T r e n c h ..................................................................... 76

X The S o u th F lo o r T ren ch ........................................................ 77

X I The N o r th F lo o r T r e n c h ......................................................................85

X II C e r e m o n ia l ( ? ) C ache i n S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 . . 93

X I I I S o u t h e a s t C o r n e r , G r e a t K iv a I I . . . . 120

X lV a Room 21 and W est W a ll , G r ea t K iv a I I . . 137

XlVb P o s t h o le 1 5 , W est W all o f U n it D, and P i t h o u s e 3 137

XV S o u th w a l l . G r ea t K iv a I I .......................................................139

XVI S eco n d S t o r y H e a r th s

v i i

149

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INTRODUCTION

The a r c h a e o l o g i c a l program o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f

A r iz o n a and t h e A r iz o n a S t a t e Museum i n t h e P o i n t o f P in e s

l o c a l i t y o f e a s t c e n t r a l A r iz o n a h a s b e e n u n d erw ay s i n c e

1 9 4 5 . The f o c u s o f t h e s e e x c a v a t i o n s , fro m t h e e y e s o f

many b l i s t e r e d s t u d e n t s a t l e a s t , h a s b e e n t h e l a r g e f o u r ­

t e e n t h c e n t u r y v i l l a g e know n a s t h e P o in t o f P in e s R u in ,

d e s ig n a t e d A r iz o n a W :10:50 i n t h e A r iz o n a S t a t e Museum

s u r v e y s y s te m (W a s le y 1 9 5 7 ) (Map 1 ) . T h is s i t e , a m ason ­

r y p u e b lo c o n t a i n i n g a p p r o x im a t e ly 800 g ro u n d f l o o r room s

(H au ry 1 9 5 7 : 1 0 - 1 3 ) , i s l o c a t e d on e q u a r t e r m i l e e a s t o f

t h e F i e l d S c h o o l l o c a t i o n o n th e S a n C a r lo s A pache R e s e r v a ­

t i o n . W ith in t h e P o in t o f P in e s R u in , e x c a v a t i o n s i n a

l a r g e d e p r e s s io n e x p o s e d a r e c t a n g u la r g r e a t k i v a . T h is

g r e a t k iv a i s t h e p r o d u c t o f s e v e r a l r e m o d e l in g s o f e a r l i e r

s t r u c t u r e s (Map 2 ) . The f o l l o w i n g p a p er d e s c r i b e s t h e r e ­

sults o f t h i s e x c a v a t i o n .

The h i s t o r y o f g e n e r a l a r c h a e o l o g i c a l e x p l o r a t i o n s

i n a r e a s a d j a c e n t t o t h e P o i n t o f P in e s l o c a l i t y h a s b e e n

r e c o u n t e d b y W endorf (1 9 5 0 : 1 1 - 1 2 ) . A b r i e f resu m e o f t h e

a r c h a e o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f g r e a t k i v a s f o l l o w s . I n

th e y e a r s im m e d ia te ly p r e c e d in g t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e

U n i v e r s i t y o f A r iz o n a A r c h a e o lo g ic a l F i e l d S c h o o l a t P o in t

o f P i n e s ( 1 9 4 6 ) , c e r e m o n ia l s t r u c t u r e s w ere j u s t b e g in n in g

1

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2

t o r e c e i v e t h e i r s h a r e o f t h e a r c h a e o l o g i s t s * a t t e n t i o n .

A s e q u e n c e o f g r e a t k i v a s i n t h e F o r e s t d a l e V a l l e y had

b e e n p o s t u l a t e d (H aury 1 9 4 0 , 1 9 5 0 ; H aury an d S a y l e s 1 9 4 7 ;

R e i t e r 1 9 4 6 : 2 2 5 ) , b e g in n in g w i t h t h e l a r g e s t r u c t u r e a t

t h e B l u f f s i t e (A .D . 3 0 0 - 4 0 0 ) an d e n d in g w i t h t h e r e c t a n g u ­

l a r g r e a t k iv a a t K in i s h b a . A t t h e t im e t h i s s e q u e n c e w as

f o r m u la t e d , t h e K in is h b a s t r u c t u r e w as th o u g h t t o b e an un­

r o o f e d p la z a or p a t i o i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h e x c a v a t io n r e p o r t s

o f e a r l y w o r k e r s (B a ld w in 1 9 3 4 ; Cummings 1 9 4 0 ) . A lth o u g h

s e v e r a l P u e b lo IV p e r io d s i t e s i n a d d i t i o n t o K in is h b a had

b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d , no l a r g e r o o f e d c e r e m o n ia l s t r u c t u r e s

had b e e n r e p o r t e d . A t T u n d a s tu s a , a l a r g e f o u r t e e n t h c e n ­

t u r y s i t e i n t h e F o r e s t d a l e v a l l e y , e x c a v a t i o n s by Hough

(1 9 0 3 ) w e re n o t e x t e n s i v e e n o u g h t o p r o v id e e v id e n c e f o l

t h e p r e s e n c e o r a b s e n c e o f a g r e a t k i v a . The T h ir d N a t io n ­

a l G e o g r a p h ic S o c i e t y Beam E x p e d i t i o n t o S h ow low , F o u r m ile ,

and P i n e d a le r u i n s (H au ry and H a r g ra v e 1 9 3 1 ) r e v e a l e d no

i n d i c a t i o n s o f l a r g e c e r e m o n ia l s t r u c t u r e s , a l t h o u g h s e v e r ­

a l d i s t i n c t i v e s m a l l k iv a s w ere e x c a v a t e d . The C anyon

C reek R u in i n t h e S i e r r a A ncha b o a s t e d an u n u s u a l s e c o n d

s t o r y s m a l l k i v a , b u t no l a r g e c e r e m o n ia l s t r u c t u r e w as

fo u n d (H au ry 1 9 3 4 ) . I n t h e C h acoan a r e a , R e i t e r ( 1 9 4 6 ) ,

b y r e s t r i c t i n g h i s d e f i n i t i o n o f g r e a t k i v a s , im p l ie d t h e

d is a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e g r e a t k iv a c o m p le x a t t h e en d o f th e

P u eb lo I I I p e r i o d . B e c a u s e o f t h i s a p p a r e n t a b s e n c e o f

l a r g e r o o f e d c e r e m o n ia l s t r u c t u r e s i n P u e b lo IV t i m e s , i t

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w as s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e g r e a t k i v a s becam e c o m p le t e ly s e c u ­

l a r i z e d b y P u e b lo IV p e r io d (H au ry 1 9 5 0 ) .

A g a in s t t h i s b a c k g r o u n d , i t was n a t u r a l b e f o r e e x ­

c a v a t i o n t o i n t e r p r e t t h e la r g e d e p r e s s io n i n t h e n o r th e r n

h a l f o f t h e P o i n t o f P in e s R u in a s a p o s s i b l e p l a z a . As

e x c a v a t io n p r o g r e s s e d , i t r a p i d l y becam e c l e a r t h a t t h e

" p la z a " had a c q u ir e d a r o o f an d some r a t h e r u n u s u a l f l o o r

f e a t u r e s ; i t w as o b v i o u s l y a f o u r t e e n t h c e n t u r y W e ster n

P u e b lo G rea t K iv a .

E n v ir o n m e n t o f P o in t o f P i n e s R u in

The e c o l o g y , g e o l o g y , an d to p o g r a p h y o f t h e P o in t

o f P in e s l o c a l i t y h a v e b e e n b r i e f l y d e s c r ib e d b y W endorf

(1 9 5 0 : 1 3 - 1 9 ) , S m ile y (1 9 5 2 : 6 - 7 ) , W heat (1 9 5 4 : 9 - 1 1 ) ,

B r e t e r n i t z (1 9 5 6 : 1 - 3 ) , and H e in d l ( 1 9 5 5 ) . G i f f o r d ( 1 9 5 7 :

6 - 2 3 ) p r e s e n t s a p h y s io g r a p h ic and g e o l o g i o a p i c t u r e o f t h e

l o c a l i t y i n g r e a t d e t a i l w i t h s p e c i f i c a t t e n t i o n t o t h e

N a n ta c k C a v e s , som e 7 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t o f P o in t o f P in e s

R u in . F u r th e r d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n w i l l be l e f t t o f u t u r e

r e p o r t s a s su c h in f o r m a t io n i s n o t p e r t i n e n t t o t h i s t o p i c .

_ The P o in t o f P in e s R u in i t s e l f l i e s on t h e sam e

e r o s l o n a l rem n a n t on w h ic h t h e s i t e s A r iz o n a W :1 0 :5 1 (Wen­

d o r f 1 9 5 0 ) , A r iz o n a W :10:50A (W a s le y 1 9 5 2 ) , and A r iz o n a

W :10:50B (M o r r is 1 9 5 7 ) a r e s i t u a t e d . . The r i d g e upon w h ic h

t h e p u e b lo r e s t s , and i n t o w h ic h t h e e a r l i e s t h o u s e s o f t h e

s i t e w ere d u g , i s o r i e n t e d g e n e r a l l y n o r t h e a s t b y s o u t h w e s t .

I t i s on e o f n u m erou s f i n g e r s s l o p i n g fro m t h e h ig h e r p i n e -

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c o v e r e d f o o t h i l l s a t t h e b a s e o f N a n ta ck R id g e o n t o t h e

s o u th e r n m a r g in s o f C i r c l e P r a i r i e , a r o l l i n g g r a s s - c o v e r e d

p l a i n w h ic h s t r e t c h e s n o r t h e a s t t o t h e W illo w M o u n ta in s and

P r i e t o P l a t e a u . The r id g e i t s e l f i s com p osed o f a r e d d i s h -

y e l lo w c l a y c o n t a i n i n g t u f f p a r t i c l e s . The c o lo r and t e x ­

t u r e o f t h i s c l a y c o n t r a s t s s h a r p ly w i t h t h a t o f t h e man­

made t r a s h y f i l l w i t h i n t h e p u e b lo an d t r a s h d e p o s i t s o v e r -

l y i n g t h e r i d g e . P r io r t o e x c a v a t io n t h e r u in w as c o v e r e d

w it h b lu e gram a g r a s s ( B o u t e lo u s g r a c i l i s ) . R ock y M o u n ta in

B ee Weed ( C leom e s e r r u l a t e ) , T h i s t l e Poppy ( Argem one p l a t y -

c e r a s ) , and o t h e r g r a s s e s and p e s t w e ed s i n s m a l le r q u a n t i ­

t i e s , w ith a n o c c a s i o n a l y o u n g p in e ( P in u s p o n d e r o s a ) . .1 u n i -

p er ( J u n ip e r u s p a c h y p h lo e a ) . and G am bols Oak ( O n erou s gam -

b a l l i ) a s an e x t e n s i o n o f t h e f o r e s t m a r g in s . S u ch a p in e

had sp r u n g up on t h e ed g e o f t h e g r e a t k iv a and w as rem oved

d u r in g t h e e x c a v a t i o n s .

T e r m in o lo g y

B e f o r e t h i s s t u d y p r o c e e d s c e r t a i n te r m s w h ic h w i l l

be i n f r e q u e n t u s e s h o u ld be d i s c u s s e d . B rew (1 9 4 6 : 3 2 -

4 3 , 4 4 - 6 6 ) h a s r e v ie w e d t h e h i s t o r y and p r o b le m s o f t a x o n o ­

m ic c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s i n t h e S o u th w e s t e r n c u l t u r e a r e a , and

m ore r e c e n t l y W heat (1 9 5 5 : 7 - 1 2 ) h a s su m m arized and e la b o r ­

a t e d t h e taxon om y o f th e M o g o llo n c u l t u r e . I n t h i s p ap er

t h e P e c o s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s u t i l i z e d a s a b a s ic t im e -m a r k e r

a s s u g g e s t e d by B rew (1 9 4 6 : 6 1 ) r a t h e r th a n a s t e r m in o lo g y

d e s c r i p t i v e o f s p e c i f i c c u l t u r e c o m p le x e s . W h eat*s c o n -

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o e p t u a l i z a t i o n o f t h e G la d w in s y s te m o f p h a s e s and b r a n c h e s

i n t o m ajor d e v e lo p m e n t a l and c h r o n o l o g i c a l p e r io d s w i t h in

t h e M o g o llo n c u l t u r e p r o v id e s a n o th e r fram e o f r e f e r e n c e t o

be u se d i n t h i s r e p o r t .

I n a c c o r d w it h B rew and o t h e r s , i t i s th o u g h t t h a t

s y s t e m a t i c s a r e o n ly t h e m eans o f a n a ly z in g d a t a ; t h e r e f o r e

th e c l a s s i f i c a t o r y sch em es in t r o d u c e d i n t h i s p a p er s h o u ld

b e v ie w e d a s t e c h n iq u e s , sa n e o f w h ic h a r e e x p e r im e n t a l , t o

a id i n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f c u l t u r a l h i s t o r y .

- New ta x o n o m ic c o n c e p t s a r e in t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e

S o u th w e s t by G i f f o r d (1 9 5 7 : 2 - 3 ) when he a p p l i e s P h i l l i p s

and W i l l e y ' s t e r m in o lo g y o f " r e g io n " and " p h a se" (1 9 5 3 : 6 1 8 -

6 2 3 ) t o P o in t o f P i n e s . G i f f o r d f a i l s t o d e l i m i t th e a r e a l

e x t e n t o f t h e u n i t he c h o o s e s t o d e s i g n a t e a s t h e " P o in t

o f P in e s r e g i o n ." He d o e s i n d i c a t e t h a t p h a s e s o c c u r r in g

a t P o in t o f P in e s a f t e r A .D . 1 0 0 0 a r e e x p r e s s i o n s o f a h o ­

m o g en eo u s c u l t u r e e x t e n d in g t o " a d j a c e n t l o c a l i t i e s s u c h a s

P in e Lawn V a l l e y i n w e s t c e n t r a l New M ex ico and e v e n t u a l l y ,

d u r in g C anyon C reek P h a s e , t h e S i e r r a A ncha c l i f f d w e l l i n g s ,

t o t h e w e s t , K in is h b a r u i n t o t h e n o r t h w e s t , an d o t h e r

n e ig h b o r in g l o c a l i t i e s " ( 1 9 5 7 : 2 - 3 ) . I n o r d e r t o b e c o n s i s ­

t e n t w it h P h i l l i p s and W i l l e y ' s d e f i n i t i o n o f " p h a se" a s

n o t e x t e n d in g b ey o n d a " r e g io n " , G i f f o r d ' s p r o p o se d " P o in t

o f P in e s r e g io n " w o u ld , a c c o r d in g t o h i s s t a t e m e n t a b o v e ,

h a v e t o in c lu d e t h e a r e a s he m e n t io n s , p l u s , t h e F o r e s t d a le

V a l l e y ( p o s t A .D . 1 0 0 0 ) and t h e Show low l o c a l i t y . The u s e

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o f t h e term " P o in t o f P in e s R eg io n " t o d i s t i n g u i s h t h i s

l a r g e a r e a seem s i l l - c o n s i d e r e d , i n v ie w o f t h e f a c t t h a t

e l e v e n r e p o r t s a lr e a d y em p lo y t h e term " P o in t o f P in e s" i n

t h e i r t i t l e s t o r e f e r t o a r e s t r i c t e d l o c a l i t y . (S e e

B r e t e r n i t z 1 9 5 6 ; B r e t e r n i t z , e t . a l . 1 9 5 7 ; D iP e so 1 9 5 0 ;

H aury 1 9 4 6 ; H e in d l 1 9 5 5 ; R e e d , A .C . 1 9 5 4 ; S m ile y 1 9 4 9 , 1 9 5 2 ;

W a sley 1 9 5 2 ; W endorf 1 9 5 0 ; W heat 1 9 5 2 ) .

F o l lo w in g th e s u g g e s t i o n o f P h i l l i e s and W i l l e y

(1 9 5 3 : 6 1 9 ) t h a t " a r c h a e o l o g i c a l r e g i o n s a r e v e r y a p t t o

c o i n c i d e w it h m in or p h y s io g r a p h ic s u b d i v i s i o n s " , I p r o p o se

t h a t when s u c h r e g i o n s a r e d e f i n e d , th e p h y s io g r a p h ic term

can p r o f i t a b l y and l o g i c a l l y be a p p l i e d . The te r m , " S o u th ­

e a s t e r n Rim R eg io n " m ig h t b e s o a p p l i e d t o t h i s r e g i o n we

a r e c o n s id e r i n g ; th e term w o u ld s e r v e t o d e m o n s tr a te t h e

c o r r e l a t i o n o f th e s p e c i f i c c u l t u r e co m p lex w it h a m in or

p h y s io g r a p h ic s u b d i v i s i o n , t h e M o g o llo n R im . A p r e c e d e n t

f o r t h e u s e o f t h i s term w as s e t b y C o lt o n and H a rg ra v e

(1 9 3 7 : 1 0 1 ) i n t h e i r d e s c r i p t i o n o f W hite M o u n ta in Red W are,

t h e m ajor d e c o r a t e d p o t t e r y w are i n t h e r e g i o n .

I n t h i s r e p o r t , t h e te r m s " l o c a l i t y " and " r e g io n " ,

" com pon en t" and " p h ase" , w i l l be u s e d a c c o r d in g t o P h i l l i p s

and W il le y (1 9 5 3 : 6 1 8 - 6 2 3 ) . Thus t h e term "com pon en t" w i l l

s p e c i f y t h e m a n i f e s t a t i o n o f a p h a se w i t h r e g i o n a l o r l o c a l

e x t e n t i n a p a r t i c u l a r s i t e . A d a p t a t io n o f t h i s t e r m in o lo g y

w i l l l e a d , I b e l i e v e , t o m ore c o m p r e h e n s iv e and com prehen­

s i b l e f o r m u la t io n s p e r t a i n i n g t o c u l t u r a l s t a b i l i t y , c u l ­

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t u r e c o n t a c t , an d human g e o g r a p h y .

The te r m " t r a d i t i o n " w i l l b e u s e d a s d e f in e d by

P h i l l i p s and W i l l e y (1 9 5 3 : 6 2 6 -6 2 8 ) and a m p l i f i e d b y th e

S em in a r i n A r c h a e o lo g y (H a u ry , e t . a l . 1 9 5 6 : 3 8 - 3 9 ) .

The term " W estern P u eb lo " h a s b e e n d e f in e d by R eed

( 1 9 4 8 , 1 9 5 0 ) a s a p p ly in g t o t h e s p e c i f i c c u l t u r a l c o n f ig u r a ­

t i o n fo u n d i n e a s t c e n t r a l A r iz o n a . I n t h i s r e g io n t h e

g e n e r a l P u e b lo a n p a t t e r n , w h ic h i s common b o th t o t h e A n a-

z a s i and th e M o g o llo n , c o n s i s t s o f " p i t - h o u s e s ( e a r l y ) and

m aso n ry o r ad ob e p u e b lo s ( l a t e r , from b e f o r e 900 AD i n som e d

d i s t r i c t s , and t o th e p r e s e n t ) ; p o l i s h e d p a in t e d p o t t e r y ,

r o u g h p l a i n and p o l i s h e d a n d /o r c o r r u g a t e d u t i l i t y w a r e ;

in h u m a t io n o f t h e d e a d ; a r t i f i c i a l c r a n i a l d e f o r m a t io n ;

g r o o v e d s t o n e a x e s , f u l l - g r o o v e d g lo b u la r m a u ls , m e t a t e s ,

e t c . ; a b u n d a n ce o f b on e im p le m e n ts ." (R eed 1 9 5 0 : 1 2 5 ) .

T h e se t r a i t s c o n t r a s t s h a r p ly w it h t h o s e o f t h e Hohokam i n

s o u t h e r n A r iz o n a . The t r a i t s w h ic h d i s t i n g u i s h e a s t c e n t r a l

A r iz o n a from th e A n a s a z i a r e a a r e e x te n d e d in h u m a t io n , v e r ­

t i c a l o c c i p i t a l d e f o r m a t io n , r e c t a n g u la r s m a l l k i v a s (o r

n o n e ) , 3 / 4 g r o o v e d a x e s , and u n p a in te d p o t t e r y o f M o g o llo n

ty p e ( p o l i s h e d brow nw are ) ( i b i d . : 1 2 8 ) . R eed d o e s n o t d i s ­

c u s s t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f g r e a t k i v a s i n t h e A n a s a z i and W e ster n

P u e b lo t r a i t c o m p le x e s ; t h i s p ro b lem w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d

b r i e f l y l a t e r i n t h i s r e p o r t . The te r m " W estern P u eb lo "

w i l l b e u s e d th r o u g h o u t , a s d e f i n e d by R e e d .

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The term " g r e a t k iv a " and % iv a " w i l l h e u se d i n t e r ­

c h a n g e ah l y i n t h i s p a p er p u r e ly f o r l i t e r a r y v a r i a t i o n .

W henever a s m a l l k iv a i s r e f e r r e d t o , th e te r m " s m a ll k iv a "

w i l l be u s e d .

D e s c r i p t i o n o f P o in t o f P in e s R u in

P o in t o f P in e s R u in e x t e n d s som e 3 5 0 m e t e r s n o r t h ­

e a s t by s o u t h w e s t , p a r a l l e l i n g t h e d i r e c t i o n and l i n e a r

o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e u n d e r ly in g r i d g e . P r io r t o e x c a v a t io n

fe w la r g e r o c k s w ere p r e s e n t on th e s u r f a c e o f t h e m ound,

w it h th e e x c e p t i o n o f t h o s e i n t h r e e s m a l l h a b i t a t i o n u n i t s

w h ic h s h e l t e r e d t h e l a s t o c c u p a n t s o f t h e s i t e . W endorf

(1 9 5 0 : 1 9 ) p o s t u l a t e s t h a t t h e P o in t o f P in e s R u in w as r o b ­

b ed o f b u i l d i n g s t o n e b y t h e i n h a b i t a n t s o f t h e s e l a t e

p u e b lo s (A r iz o n a W :10:50A , W a s le y 1 9 5 2 ; A r iz o n a W:1 0 : SOB,

M o r r is 1 9 5 7 , and A r iz o n a W;1 0 : 5 0 0 , l i m i t e d t e s t i n g o n l y ) ,

and t h e o c c u p a n t s o f A r iz o n a W :1 0 :5 1 (W end orf 1 9 5 0 ) , a n o th ­

e r l a t e p u e b lo a d j a c e n t t o t h e P o i n t o f P in e s R u in .

The s i t e s t a n d s a p p r o x im a t e ly 8 m e t e r s a b o v e C i r c l e

P r a i r i e w i t h t r a s h and a r c h i t e c t u r a l d e p o s i t s r a n g in g fro m

1 t o 3 m e te r s i n d e p th a b o v e t h e s t e r i l e s u b s o i l . The ph y­

s i c a l e x t e n t o f t h e s i t e , h o r i z o n t a l l y and v e r t i c a l l y , r e ­

f l e c t s t h e lo n g o c c u p a t io n , e s t im a t e d a t a b o u t 2 0 0 y e a r s ,

b y p e r h a p s s e v e r a l th o u s a n d p e o p le d u r in g t h e t o w n 's h e y d a y .

P o in t o f P in e s R u in c o n t a i n s co m p o n en ts o f T u la r o s a ,

M a v e r ic k M o u n ta in , P i n e d a l e , C anyon C r e e k , and P o in t o f P in e s

p h a s e s , a s c u r r e n t l y i n t e r p r e t e d ( B r e t e r n i t z , e t . a l . 1 9 5 7 ;

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G if f o r d 1 9 5 7 : F i g . 1 ) . A c h a r t i n d i c a t i n g t h e l o c a l and

r e g i o n a l s e q u e n c e o f p h a s e s w i t h in t h e P o in t o f P in e s l o ­

c a l i t y r e l a t e s P o in t o f P in e s R u in , and t h e s e q u e n c e o f

g r e a t k i v a s i n t h e P o in t o f P in e s l o c a l i t y , t o v a r io u s

p h a s e s . (T a b le 1 ) .

D u r in g th e C anyon G reek p h a s e , t h e t im e o f g r e a t e s t

p o p u la t io n a s d e te r m in e d b y t h e p h y s i c a l e x t e n t o f t h e r u i n ,

t h e P o in t o f P in e s v i l l a g e p r o b a b ly h o u se d a p o p u la t io n o f

2 0 0 0 t o 3 0 0 0 (H au ry 1 9 5 7 : 1 0 - 1 3 ) . S om etim e b e f o r e t h e■■ ' ; ’

f u l l f l o w e r i n g o f th e C anyon C reek p h a se a s t o n e w a l l ,

2 l / 2 f e e t ( . 7 6 m e t e r s ) t h i c k an d a t l e a s t 6 f e e t ( 1 : 8 3

m e t e r s ) h ig h , w as e r e c t e d t o e n c i r c l e t h e c i t y ( i b i d . : 1 3 ) .

I n t h i s w a l l tw o g a t e s h a v e b e e n d i s c o v e r e d — o n e on th e

s o u t h end o f th e p u e b lo , and t h e o th e r o n t h e e a s t s i d e .

The E a s t g a t e , f la n k e d on th e i n t e r i o r by two r o o m s , l e a d s

i n t o a l a r g e , a p p a r e n t ly u n r o o f e d , p la z a from w h ic h a z i g ­

z a g p a s sa g e w a y e x t e n d s n o r th w e s t t o t h e g r e a t k iv a e n t r a n c e .

The f i n a l g r e a t k i v a , w h ich w i l l be r e f e r r e d t o a s G r ea t

K iv a IT , and t h e e a r l i e r s t r u c t u r e s u n d er i t , and i n c o r ­

p o r a te d i n i t , a r e l o c a t e d i n t h e n o r t h e r n h a l f o f t h e r u i n .

(Map 1 , P l a t e I ) .

A r c h i t e c t u r a l H is t o r y o f t h e Communal A rea

D u r in g t h e e x c a v a t io n o f G r e a t K iv a I I , i t becam e

e v i d e n t t h a t t h e s t r u c t u r e w as t h e f i n a l r e s u l t o f s e v e r a l

r e m o d e l in g s . A p p a r e n t ly t h e a r e a f i n a l l y o c c u p ie d b y t h i s

l a r g e s t s t r u c t u r e had b e e n u se d i n a t l e a s t f i v e d i f f e r e n t

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ANASAZI TIME BtoGOLLON REGIONAL SEQUENCE LOCAL SEQUENCE 1 TIME GREAT KIVAS

_ 1 a h a (W heat1 9 5 5 :1 8 5 )

P u e b loIV

• J.OUU.

1500A pache ?

‘ T o l n T ' o r p I n e a " - 1 4 5 01400 _ i A n n m' 'R e c t a n g u la r

A r iz .W ;1 0 :5 0C anyon C reek. 1 3 2 5 -

- 1300 1275 - R e c ta n g u la r< A r iz .W : l0 : 5 0P u e b lo -

I I I 1 2 0 0P e r io d T u la r o s a . 1 1 R0

n n 5P u e b lo

■ JLXUUR e s e r v e

m i n n n ■I I

. o n n -P e r io d 4 N a n ta ck

* JLUUU

» qnn «R e c ta n g u la r At* i *7 uv • i n • n i

P u e b loT A n n P e r io d

3

Dry L akey v v

. 8 0 0

k MJ* JLd* * it 0 XU • XX JL\ ( B r e t e r n i t z 1 9 5 6 )

o u u

rili ■ n n n* /u u(S an F r a n c i s c o )

- 6 0 0 -

BM I I I5 0 0

_ - a r \ t \ .

P e r io d2

C i r c l e P r a i r i e . ( L a t e )

» 4 0 0 «

R e c ta n g u la r A r iz .W :1 0 :1 5 (W heat 1 9 5 4 )

BM IT3 0 0

20 0

P e r io d1

C i r c l e P r a i r i e ( E a r ly )

RoundA r iz .W :1 0 :1 5 (W heat 1 9 5 4 )

TABLE 1 ; PHASE SEQUENCE AND OCCURRENCE OF GREAT KIVAS AT POINT OF PINESo

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A R I Z O N A

Point of Pines

Globe.

Tucson.

GREAT

KIVA

PLAZA

GREAT WALL

SKETCH OF ARIZONA W I 0 5 0 POINT OF P IN E S , ARIZONA SHOWING RELATIONSHIP OF

GREAT KIVA TO PLAZA- I AND GREAT WALLMAP 1

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P l a t e I .

G r e a t K iv a I I , l o o k i n g e a s t tow ard u n c l e a r e d e n t r a n c e .

Hto

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w a y s . T h ro u g h o u t t h i s r e p o r t t h e term ^com munal a r e a " w i l l

b e u se d t o d e s i g n a t e g e n e r a l l y t h e e x p a n se u se d f o r communal

a c t i v i t i e s a t a s p e c i f i c p e r io d i n th e l i f e o f t h e com m uni­

t y . S in c e t h e p h y s i c a l e x t e n t o f t h i s a r e a ch a n g ed som e­

w hat a s a r e s u l t o f t h e v a r io u s r e m o d e l in g s , t h e term

"com m unal a r ea " w i l l b e u s e d w i t h c o r r e s p o n d in g f l e x i b i l i t y .

The f i r s t d i s c e r n i b l e o c c u p a t io n o f t h e communal

a r e a o c c u r r e d so m etim e p r io r to t h e P in e d a le p h a s e . T h is

o c c u p a t io n i s r e v e a l e d b y P i t h o u s e s #3 and # 2 , w h ic h w ere

dug i n t o t h e s t e r i l e c o n g lo m e r a t e . A f t e r a b a n d o n m en t, th e

p i t h o u s e s w ere c r o s s e d b y t h e e a s t w a l l o f t h e f i r s t g r e a t

k iv a (G r e a t K iv a I ) , and t h e w e s t w a l l o f G r e a t K iv a I I .

The e a r l y p i t h o u s e o c c u p a t io n w i l l n o t b e d i s c u s s e d i n t h i s

p a p e r , o t h e r th a n t o s t a t e t h a t no e v id e n c e o f a w a lk e d -o n

s u r f a c e o t h e r th a n t h e t o p o f t h e c o n g lo m e r a te i t s e l f h a s

b e e n a s s o c i a t e d a s y e t w i t h t h i s o c c u p a t io n .

The s e c o n d u t i l i z a t i o n o f t h i s a r e a i s som ew hat

u n c le a r s i n c e l i t t l e d i r e c t e v id e n c e r e m a in s a s a r e s u l t

o f t h e l a t e r r e m o d e l in g . The e x i s t e n c e o f a h o u s e b lo c k

n o r t h o f th e com m unal a r e a w h ose s o u t h e r n b o u n d a ry l a t e r

becam e t h e n o r th s i d e o f t h e com m unal a r e a seem s c e r t a i n .

From t h i s h o u s e b lo c k , t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f a f o u r - s i d e d

p la z a w i t h an e a s t e r n o p e n in g c a n be d e m o n s tr a te d a s a

t h e o r e t i c a l p o s s i b i l i t y . T h e re i s som e i n d i c a t i o n t h a t

an e a r l y and d i s r u p t e d f l o o r l e v e l ( F lo o r I ) may b e a s s o ­

c i a t e d w i t h t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s .

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The t h i r d u s e o f th e a r e a o c c u r r e d w hen t h e p la z a

w as r e d u c e d som ew hat i n s i z e , and t h e r e s u l t i n g e n c lo s e d

s e c t i o n w as r o o f e d t o form t h e f i r s t g r e a t k i v a . N o th in g

i s known c o n c e r n in g th e i n t e r n a l f e a t u r e s o f t h i s r e c t a n g u ­

l a r k i v a , o th e r th a n th e p o s t h o l e p a t t e r n , g e n e r a l r o o f i n g

m e th o d s , and e a s t e r n e n t r a n c e and p a s s a g e w a y . I t i s p ro b ­

a b le t h a t a t l e a s t o n e o f t h r e e o r m ore fr a g m e n ta r y f l o o r

l e v e l s ca n b e a s s o c i a t e d w it h t h i s b u i l d i n g . T h is s t r u c t u r e

had a h a p p r o x im a te a r e a o f 2 2 0 s c . m e t e r s , ^ t w i l l b e r e ­

f e r r e d t o a s G r e a t K iv a I i n t h e r e m a in d e r o f t h e p a p e r .

The d a t in g o f G rea t K iv a I and t h e p la z a w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d

m ore f u l l y l a t e r .

The f o u r t h and f i n a l u s e o f t h e a r e a r e s u l t e d i n

t h e e n la r g e d and e la b o r a t e d s t r u c t u r e t o b e r e f e r r e d t o a s

G r ea t K iv a I I . G rea t K iv a I I i s s u r r o u n d e d b y 18 c o n t ig u o u s

m a s o n r y -w a lle d r o o m s , some o f w h ic h a t l e a s t w ere tw o s t o r i e d .

I t , t o o , w as e n t e r e d from t h e s o u t h e a s t s i d e th ro u g h a z i g -

,z a g p a s s a g e w a y l e a d i n g t o a w id e o p e n in g i n t h e e a s t w a l l .

S e v e n t e e n l a r g e p o s t s s u p p o r te d t h e r o o f o f t h i s s t r u c t u r e .

I n a r e c t a n g u la r c e n t r a l s e c t i o n , b ou n d ed b y s e v e n p o s t s ,

th e h e a r t h and fo u r u n iq u e t r e n c h e s a r e l o c a t e d . A s m a l l

t h r e e - s i d e d room o r p a r t i t i o n e d a r e a s t a n d s i n t h e n o r t h e a s t

Q u ad ran t o f t h e k iv a a g a i n s t t h e e a s t w a l l . The f l o o r l e v e l

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h i s s t r u c t u r e e x t e n d s th r o u g h th e e n t r a n c e ,

p a ssa g e w a y , and e n c lo s e d p la z a # 1 t o t h e E a s t g a t e o f t h e

p u e b lo . G r ea t K iv a I I i s n e a r l y s q u a r e ; i t h a s a f l o o r a r e a

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o f 2 6 4 sq u a r e m e t e r s (2 4 5 0 sq u a r e f e e t ) » I t I s a p p r o x im a te ly

1 6 .7 5 m e t e r s lo n g on th e e a s t - w e s t a x i s , and 1 5 .7 0 m e te r s

w id e on th e n o r t h - s o u t h a x i s . A p p r o x im a te ly 570 a d u l t s c o u ld

be s e a t e d i n G r e a t K iv a I I w it h o u t e n c r o a c h in g o n th e c e n t r a l

c e r e m o n ia l a r e a . The s t r u c t u r e w as r e m o d e le d , u s e d , and

ab an d on ed d u r in g th e C anyon C reek p h a s e .

B e f o r e p r o c e e d in g w i t h d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s i o n s o f t h e s e

t h r e e s t r u c t u r e s — th e p l a z a . G r ea t K iv a I , and G rea t K iv a I I —

th e r e a d e r s h o u ld b e c a u t io n e d a g a i n s t a s su m in g t h e i r com­

p l e t e v e r t i c a l s t r a t i g r a p h i c r e l a t i o n s h i p . G r ea t K iv a I I

u t i l i z e s many o f th e same w a l l s c o n s t r u c t e d and u s e d b y t h e

b u i l d e r s o f th e e a r l i e r p la z a and G rea t K iv a I . T h e se s t r u c ­

t u r e s a p p ea r t o h av e r e s u l t e d fro m a c c r e t i o n and r e d u c t i o n ,

a s g r e a t , i f n o t g r e a t e r , i n a h o r i z o n t a l d i r e c t i o n th a n

i n a v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n . The e x i s t e n c e o f t h e p la z a and

G r e a t K iv a I h a s b e e n i n f e r r e d from e v id e n c e p e r t a i n i n g t o

w a l l a b u tm e n ts , r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f f l o o r l e v e l s and b a s e l e ­

v e l s o f w a l l s , p o s t h o le p la c e m e n t , and p o s t h o l e c h a r a c t e r i s ­

t i c s . V e r t i c a l s t r a t i g r a p h y o c c u r s c h i e f l y a lo n g t h e e a s t

s i d e o f th e com m unal a r e a w h ere th e l a t e s t f l o o r l e v e l ( a s ­

s o c i a t e d w i t h G r e a t K iv a I I ) o v e r l i e s s t u b s o f e a r l i e r w a l l s .

S t r a t ig r a p h y h e r e p r o v id e s t h e e v id e n c e f o r a s e q u e n c e o f

m aso n ry t e c h n iq u e s ; t h i s e v id e n c e i s th e b a s i s f o r much o f

t h e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e e a r l i e r s t r u c t u r e s .

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I n g e n e r a l , e x c a v a t io n o f t h e k i v a , s u r r o u n d in g r o o m s ,

and e n tr y w a y w as a c c o m p lis h e d by o u t l i n i n g th e w a l l s o f t h e

s t r u c t u r e s , and r e m o v in g t h e t r a s h f i l l by e x t e n d in g a b r o a d

f a c e a c r o s s t h e s t r u c t u r e . E x c a v a t io n and s e g r e g a t i o n o f

m a t e r i a l 10 cm a b o v e t h e f l o o r and i n f l o o r c o n t a c t , and

f i n a l r e m o v a l o f t h e t r a s h b e lo w t h e f l o o r down t o th e s t e r i l e

c o n g lo m e r a te c o m p le te d th e o p e r a t i o n . F i l l fro m th e g r e a t

k iv a e x c a v a t io n w as h a u le d away b y w h e e lb a r ro w and t r u c k . .

W ith in t h e k iv a t h e G rea t K iv a I I f l o o r l e v e l s e r v e d a s t h e

p r im a r y v e r t i c a l c o n t r o l , an d a 2 -m e te r sq u a r e g r id w as

e s t a b l i s h e d i n th e s e c o n d s e a s o n o f d ig g i n g t o f a c i l i t a t e

t r i a n g u l a t i o n o f f e a t u r e s ; t h i s g r i d w as r e l a t e d t o th e r e ­

g u la r 10 m e te r g r i d s y s te m em p lo y ed i n t h e s i t e a s a w h o le .

The datum e s t a b l i s h e d f o r t h e s i t e a s a w h o le w as n o t u t i l ­

i z e d d u r in g e x c a v a t i o n o f G r ea t K iv a I I b e c a u s e t h e l a r g e

s c o p e o f t h e e x c a v a t io n n e c e s s i t a t e d e x p e d ie n c y . As a r e ­

s u l t , d e t a i l e d c o r r e l a t i o n o f d e p t h o f f e a t u r e s i n su r r o u n d ­

in g room s w i t h f e a t u r e s w i t h i n t h e g r e a t k iv a s i s t e n u o u s .

I n th e f i r s t s e a s o n s h e r d s w ere c o l l e c t e d from th e a r e a a b o v e

t h e G r ea t K iv a IT f l o o r ( t h e u p p erm o st f l o o r ) w it h o u t f i n e r

s e p a r a t i o n . I n t h e s e c o n d s e a s o n p o t t e r y w as e x c a v a t e d by

n u a d ra n t and m arked a s " s u b f lo o r ." P h o to g r a p h s w ere ta k e n o f

a l l im p o r ta n t f e a t u r e s .

Method o f E x ca v a tio n

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S in c e th e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e c u l t u r a l and a r c h i ­

t e c t u r a l h i s t o r y o f th e com m unal a r e a d e p e n d s , n o t upon t h e

s t r a t i g r a p h i c r e l a t i o n s h i p o f e n t i r e s t r u c t u r e s , b u t upon

t h e o t h e r t y p e s o f a r c h i t e c t u r a l e v id e n c e in c o r p o r a t e d w i t h in

t h e f i n a l g r e a t k i v a , th e d a t a p e r t a i n i n g t o t h i s f i n a l

s t r u c t u r e w i l l b e p r e s e n t e d s e p a r a t e l y and a s a f a c t u a l p r e ­

f a c e t o th e a r c h i t e c t u r a l r e c o n s t r u c t i o n s . I t i s b e l i e v e d

t h a t t h i s s e p a r a t i o n o f th e b a s i c o b s e r v a t i o n s fro m t h e r e ­

c o n s t r u c t i o n s w i l l a l lo w f o r a m ore c r i t i c a l a s s e s s m e n t by

i n t e r e s t e d r e a d e r s , th u s a c h i e v i n g th e Q u a l i t y o f Mp u b l ic

v e r i f i a b i l i t y " so n e c e s s a r y i n s c i e n t i f i c e n d e a v o r s (B la c k

1 9 4 6 : 3 2 8 ) . The t a b u la r s y s te m w h ic h h a s b e e n a d o p te d f o r

t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f d a t a i s d e s ig n e d t o c o l l e c t a s m uch o f

t h e p e r t i n e n t in f o r m a t io n a s p o s s i b l e upon on e s u b j e c t i n

o n e p l a c e . I n o r d e r t o d e c r e a s e r e p e t i t i o n o f th e f a c t s

i n t h e d i s c u s s i o n s o f t h e p o s t u l a t e d s t r u c t u r e s , and i n

o r d e r t o f a c i l i t a t e r e f e r e n c e t o t h e s e f a c t s , th e p o s t u l a t e d

s t r u c t u r a l a s s o c i a t i o n s f o r e a c h i t e m h a v e b e e n i n d i c a t e d

i n t h e t a b l e s . -**t i s h op ed t h a t no c o n f u s io n w i l l a r i s e

from t h i s s y s t e m .

Method o f P r e s e n ta t io n

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THE DATA

F ou r m a so n ry t e c h n iq u e s w ere u se d i n th e w a l l s o f

G r e a t K iv a I I . Map 3 i n d i c a t e s w h ere and t o w h at e x t e n t

t h e s e t e c h n iq u e s o c c u r r e d w i t h in t h i s f i n a l s t r u c t u r e .

T a b le 2 r e c o r d s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e v a r io u s t e c h n i ­

q u e s a t s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n s w i t h i n G rea t K iv a I I and t h e

s t r u c t u r e s u n d er t h e f l o o r o f G rea t K iv a I I . .

B anded t u f f m a so n ry : Map 3 , T a b le 2 , F i g . 1 , P l a t e I l a

M a t e r ia l s u s e d : d r e s s e d t u f f b l o c k s , from .2 5 t o .8 0 m

i n l e n g t h , t u f f s p a l l s , b a s a l t b o u ld e r s fro m .1 5 t o .3 0 m

i n d ia m e t e r , a d o b e m o r ta r .

C o n s t r u c t io n t e c h n iq u e : B a s i c a l l y t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n i s

t y p i f i e d b y c o u r s in g o f l a r g e t u f f b l o c k s , e a c h c o u r s e b e in g

s e p a r a t e d from th e n e x t o n e b y tw o or t h r e e l a y e r s o f t u f f

s p a l l s l a i d i n f a i r l y r e g u la r r o w s . M ortar f i l l s i n th e

i r r e g u l a r i t i e s . T h is ty p e o f w a l l i s o n ly on e b lo c k w id e ,

t h a t i s , i t i s a th r o u g h w a l l , n o t a c o r e w a l l ; t h i c k n e s s

.2 5 t o .3 0 m. W orkm anship i s g o o d .

W a ll f o o t i n g : The b a s a l c o u r s e o f t h i s ty p e w a l l c o n s i s t s

o f b a s a l t b o u ld e r s w h ic h w er^ L a id s o t h a t t h e j o i n t b e tw e e n

e a c h u n sh a p ed r o u n d is h s t o n e a v e r a g e s .0 5 t o .1 0 m i n w id t h .

B e tw e e n t h e s e j o i n t s and a b o v e th e b o u ld e r s , s m a l l t u f f

W all c o n s tr u o t io n

18

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GREAT KIVA I I & ASSOCIATED

STRUCTURES ARIZONA W I 0 5 0 B anded t u f f irrni S p a l l r u b b le irm S p a l l e d b lo c k g r y C rude r u b b le F7C?i

i i —• ■ ■

S-2A

MAP 3 WALL CONSTRUCTIONMeters HUD

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20

IS

H i

nii§8

eK

6HH

g ggs

io4K

-*Lito

c

NALL CROSS SECTIONS

MASONRYTSCHNiqOBS

BASE LEVEL STANDINGHEIGHT

(cm.)

CO

NST

RU

CTI

ON

UN

IT

(Map 2)

BAND

3DTU

T? d gSBco r ito* i i

s1 TR

ASH

ABO

VE

ST

2RI1

2

H

18

*K1h

ag

H

II8

II8H

5 SISL X X 175 NP 105 A

J X X NP NP 60 A

0 X X NP NP 45 A

A X X NP NP 30 C

N X X NP NP 50 C

N X X NP NP 50 C

N X X 165 140 100 D

X X X 100 90 50 D

0 X X ? NP NP 0 D

R X X 40 15 0 D

S X X NP NP 0 D

T X X NP 40 0 C

P X X NP 25 0 E

D X X NP 40 0 P

B X X NP NP 85 P

C X X NP NP 55 G

E X X NP NP 60 G

K X X NP 120 80 H

P X X NP 50 70 H

UTILIZATION OP NALLS

IE SB

A •*r

rA d

. a

rA

r7 ? A -

A

** < > A 7 ,

Aa < v

V A >^ A

r r < 7

' V -7 A

7 7 v r

NP—f l o o r n o t p resen t

TABLE 2: WALL 5HARA372RISTICS

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BANDED TUFF SPALL RUBBLE

SPALLED BLOCKS WITH RUBBLE, CRUDE RUBBLEFILL

F ig u r e 1 . M ason ry t e c h n iq u e s

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22

P l a t e I I . a . B anded t u f f m a so n r y , s o u t h w a l l Room X , l o o k i n g to w a rd n o r t h e a s t c o r n e r , G r ea t K iv a I I . N o te beam h o le h ig h in n o r t h w a l l . b . S p a l l r u b b le m a so n ry , e a s t w a l l , G rea t K iv a I I , a d j o i n i n g Room 2 4 . A tte m p te d b a n d in g on l e f t , p r e c e d in g t o s p a l l r u b b le r i g h t o f m e te r s t i c k .

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23

s p a l l s w ere f i t t e d t o s t r e n g t h e n and l e v e l th e c o u r s e . A

summary o f T a b le 2 i n d i c a t e s t h a t o f a t o t a l o f 12 c r o s s

s e c t i o n s t a k e n th r o u g h .b a n d e d t u f f w a l l s , a t s i x l o c a t i o n s

th e b a s a l c o u r s e r e s t e d on s t e r i l e g r o u n d , a t one p la c e t h e

w a l l r e s t e d on t r a s h y f i l l a b o v e t h e s t e r i l e s u r f a c e b u t

b e lo w t h e l a t e r f l o o r s ; a t on e o r p o s s i b l y tw o p o in ts , t h e

w a l l r e s t e d on or a t th e l e v e l o f F lo o r I , and a t tw o p l a c e s

t h e w a l l r e s t e d o n F lo o r I I . A t no p o in t w i t h i n G rea t K iv a

I I d o e s a b an d ed t u f f w a l l r e s t on o r a t th e l e v e l o f F lo o r

I I I , th e l a t e s t f l o o r i n G r ea t K iv a I I . I n t h e n o r th ea st

c o r n e r o f t h e s t r u c t u r e i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f s e c t i o n s "L”

and "IT t h e w a l l i s s e t i n t o a t r e n c h du g i n t o t h e s t e r i l e

c l a y . The t r e n c h i s .0 8 t o .1 0 m d e e p and a p p r o x im a te ly .3 0

t o .3 5 m w id e . T h is t r e n c h d id n o t e x t e n d b eyon d a p p r o x i­

m a t e ly 5 m a lo n g th e n o t h w a l l , fro m t h e n o r t h e a s t c o r n e r

o f G rea t K iv a I I , o r b ey o n d th e sam e d i s t a n c e a lo n g th e e a s t

w a l l from t h e sam e c o r n e r .

P l a s t e r : B u rn ed mud p l a s t e r i s r e c o r d e d on th e b a s a l c o u r s e s

o f t h e b an d ed t u f f e a s t w a l l o f G rea t K iv a I I , and on som e

o f t h e b an d ed t u f f s u b s t r u c t u r e w a l l s , s p e c i f i c a l l y on t h e

e a s t en d s o f t h e b a s a l c o u r s e s o f w a l l s d e s ig n a t e d by s e c ­

t i o n "R” and "X” . No c o v in g o f p l a s t e r fro m w a l l t o f l o o r i s

r e c o r d e d .

O c c u r r e n c e : G rea t K iv a I I , N o r th w a l l ; W est w a l l , n o r th en d ;

E a s t w a l l , n o r t h t h i r d ; S o u th w a l l , w e s t t h r e e - q u a r t e r s .

G rea t K iv a I I E n tr y w a y , N o r th and E a s t w a l l s . S u b s t r u c t u r e s

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84

1 , 8 , and t h e n o r th w e s t and s o u t h w a l l s o f 2A .

P o s t u l a t e d C o n s t r u c t io n P e r io d : On th e b a s i s o f w a l l

a b u tm e n ts , a s e a l e d d o o rw a y , and s t r a t i g r a p h i c r e l a t i o n s h i p s

w it h F l o o r s I , I T , and I I I , b an d ed t u f f m a so n ry i s b e l i e v e d

t o b e th e e a r l i e s t m a so n ry t e c h n iq u e u s e d i n t h e com m unal -

a r e a . I t i s b e l i e v e d t o b e t h e m a so n ry t e c h n iq u e em p lo y ed

d u r in g c o n s t r u c t i o n o f th e c o u r t and p l a z a .

S p a l l r u b b le m a so n ry : Map 3 , T a b le 2 , F i g . 1 , P l a t e l i b

M a t e r ia l s u s e d : C h i e f l y t u f f s p a l l s o f r e c t a n g u l o i d and

i r r e g u l a r s h a p e s , from .0 5 t o .2 0 m lo n g ; o c c a s i o n a l c r u d e ly

d r e s s e d t u f f s l a b s , .2 0 t o .5 5 m lo n g and .0 5 t o .1 5 m t h i c k ;

t u f f b l o c k s , i r r e g u l a r ; b a s a l t b o u ld e r s .1 5 t o .3 0 m d ia m e t e r .

C o n s t r u c t io n t e c h n iq u e : B a s i c a l l y t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n i s

t y p i f i e d b y e x t e n s i v e u s e o f t u f f s p a l l s i n i r r e g u l a r , som e­

t im e s m o s a i c - l i k e , p a t t e r n s . O c c a s i o n a l l y t h e s e s p a l l s a r e

i n t e r s p e r s e d w i t h t u f f s l a b s , a r r a n g e d i n i r r e g u l a r c o u r s e s

( a s i n t h e e a s t w a l l o f S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 A ) , o r t u f f b lo c k s

i n random p la c e m e n t . Adobe m o r ta r i s t h e b i n d e r . Work­

m a n sh ip i s l e s s p r e c i s e th a n t h e b an d ed t u f f w a l l s . W a lls

a v e r a g e .2 5 t o .3 0 m w id e .

W a ll f o o t i n g : The b a s a l c o u r s e o f t h i s ty p e w a l l c o n s i s t s

o f u n sh a p ed b a s a l t b o u l d e r s , p la c e d c o n t i g u o u s l y i n some

s e c t i o n s . I n o t h e r s e c t i o n s b a s a l t b o u ld e r s and u n sh a p ed

t u f f b lo c k s a r e p la c e d w i t h s m a l l s p a l l s i n t h e j o i n t s .

A summary o f T a b le 2 i n d i c a t e s t h a t o f a t o t a l o f 3 s e c t i o n s

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t a k e n th r o u g h s p a l l e d r u b b le w a l l s , o n e r e s t s o n s t e r i l e and

tw o r e s t on F lo o r I I . At no p o in t w i t h in G r ea t K iv a I I d o e s

a s p a l l e d r u b b le w a l l r e s t o n or a t th e l e v e l o f F lo o r I I I .

P l a s t e r : No e v id e n c e o f p l a s t e r i s r e c o r d e d from s p a l l e d

r u b b le w a l l s .

O c c u r r e n c e : G rea t K iv a I I , e a s t w a l l im m e d ia te ly n o r th o f

e n t r a n c e ( i d e n t i c a l w ith th e w e s t w a l l o f Room 2 4 ) . Sub­

s t r u c t u r e 3 , w e s t w a l l . Room 1 4 , w e s t and s o u t h w a l l s , un­

d e r l y i n g t h e e n t r a n c e t o G r e a t K iv a I I .

P o s t u l a t e d C o n s t r u c t io n P e r io d : On t h e b a s i s o f w a l l a b u t ­

m e n t s , s t r a t i g r a p h i c r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h F l o o r s I I and I I I

and c e r t a i n l a t e r w a l l s , and w a l l a l i g n m e n t s , s p a l l e d r u b b le

m aso n ry i s b e l i e v e d t o be t h e s e c o n d c o n s t r u c t i o n t e c h n iq u e

em p lo y ed w i t h i n t h e com m unal a r e a . I t i s b e l i e v e d t o b e

t h e t e c h n iq u e u s e d d u r in g t h e r e m o d e l in g o f t h e p la z a i n t o

G r e a t K iv a I .

S p a l l e d B lo c k w i t h R u b b le F i l l m a so n r y : Map 3 , T a b le 2 , F i g .

1 , P l a t e I I I .

M a t e r ia l s u s e d : sh a p e d t u f f s l a b s , i r r e g u l a r t u f f b l o c k ,

t u f f s p a l l s , b a s a l t b o u l d e r s , adobe m o r t a r .

C o n s t r u c t io n t e c h n iq u e : B a s i c a l l y t h i s ty p e o f c o n s t r u c ­

t i o n i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y c o u r s in g o f t u f f s l a b s and’ b lo c k s

i n tw o p a r a l l e l f i l e s , b e tw e e n w h ic h t u f f r u b b le and m o rta r

a r e p la c e d a s f i l l . The c o u r s e s a r e i r r e g u l a r , b u t d e f i n i t e ­

l y p r e s e n t . T u f f s p a l l s f i l l i n a ro u n d a lm o s t a l l o f th e

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2 6

P l a t e I I I . a . S p a l l e d b l o c k m aso n ry , f o o t i n g t e c h n i q u e , w e s t w a l l o f G r e a t K iv a I I . L ook ing w e s t i n t o Room 15 . b . S p a l l e d b l o c k m asonry w i t h r u b b l e f i l l , w es t w a l l o f G r e a t K iva I I , c r o s s i n g P i t h o u s e 2 , i n f o r e g r o u n d . S p a l l s c l e a n e d o u t on l e f t .

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27

l a r g e r s t o n e s t o m a in t a in t h e c o u r s e l e v e l s , s o t h a t I n th e

f a c e s o f th e w a l l , s p a l l s a r e nu m erou s and l i t t l e m o r ta r i s

e v i d e n t . The r u b b le f i l l a p p e a r s t o b e b a s i c a l l y o f t u f f

s p a l l s and m o r t a r . I n f o r m a t io n on t h i s ty p e m ason ry i s m ea­

g e r ; i t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e in n e r r u b b le i s a c t u a l l y f i l l p u t

i n p la c e a f t e r t h e tw o ro w s o f t u f f b lo c k s w ere e r e c t e d . The

r u b b le c e n t e r i s a p p r o x im a te ly .2 0 m t h i c k ; e a c h f a c i n g i s

fro m .2 0 t o .2 5 m t h i c k , so t h a t th e w a l l a v e r a g e s .6 5 m

w id e . W orkm anship i s s e r v i c e a b l e , b u t n o t p r e c i s e .

W a ll f o o t i n g : The b a s a l c o u r s e o f t h i s t y p e o f w a l l c o n ­

s i s t s o f a s i n g l e row o f b a s a l t b o u ld e r s u n d er th e k iv a

f a c e o f t h e w a l l . On t o p o f t h i s c o u r s e r e s t s a c o u r s e o f

t u f f s l a b s i n a t r a n s v e r s e p o s i t i o n e x t e n d in g t h e w id t h o f

t h e w a l l ( P l a t e I l i a ) . The r u b b le f i l l and th e t u f f b lo c k

f a c i n g a r e p la c e d on t h i s t r a n s v e r s e l a y e r . The o u t e r en d

o f th e t r a n s v e r s e l a y e r o f s l a b s r e s t s o n t r a s h s i n c e t h e

b a s a l t b o u ld e r s fo rm o n ly a s i n g l e row a lo n g th e i n s i d e

f a c e . A summary o f T a b le 2 i n d i c a t e s t h a t o f a t o t a l o f

tw o s e c t i o n s t a k e n th r o u g h t h e b lo c k f a c e - r u b b l e f i l l w a l l ,

o n e p o in t r e s t s on s t e r i l e and o n e on d e e p t r a s h o f P i t h o u s e

* 2 a b o v e s t e r i l e . B e c a u s e o f t h e s l o p e o f t h e u n d e r ly in g

r i d g e from n o r t h t o s o u t h w i t h i n t h e com m unal a r e a , and fro m

w e s t t o e a s t , t h e s t e r i l e u n d e r ly in g th e b lo c k f a c e - r u b b l e

f i l l e d w a l l a t s e c t i o n "C" i s o n ly .2 0 m b e lo w F lo o r I I I .

T h is m eans t h a t th e b a s a l c o u r s e o f b o u ld e r s r e s t s on s t e r i l e ,

w h i le t h e s e c o n d a r y t r a n s v e r s e c o u r s e a d j o i n s F lo o r I I I .

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P l a s t e r : No e v id e n c e o f p l a s t e r i s r e c o r d e d fro m s p a l l e d

b lo c k - r u b b le f i l l m a so n r y .

O c c u r r e n c e : G r e a t K iv a I I , l e s t w a l l , s o u t h t w o - t h i r d s .

T h is t y p e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n t e c h n iq u e a p p a r e n t ly d o e s n o t

o c c u r e ls e w h e r e w i t h i n th e s i t e .

P o s t u l a t e d C o n s t r u c t io n P e r io d : On t h e b a s i s o f w a l l a b u t ­

m e n t s , s t r a t i g r a p h i c r e l a t i o n s h i p s , and t e c h n o l o g i c a l c o n ­

s i d e r a t i o n s , s p a l l e d b lo c k - r u b b l e f i l l e d m a so n ry i s b e l i e v e d

t o b e th e t h i r d c o n s t r u c t i o n t e c h n iq u e em p lo y ed i n t h e com­

m u nal a r e a . I t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h i s t e c h n iq u e w as o n e o f

tw o em p lo y ed d u r in g t h e r e m o d e l in g o f G rea t K iv a I i n t o

G rea t K iv a I I .

C rude R u b b le m a so n ry : Map 3 , T a b le £ , F i g . 1 , P la rte U fa .

M a t e r ia l s u s e d : C h i e f l y i r r e g u l a r t u f f b l o c k s , .2 0 t o .4 0

m lo n g and .1 0 t o .2 5 m t h i c k ; o c c a s i o n a l t h i n t u f f s l a b s

.4 5 t o .7 0 m lo n g and .0 7 t o .1 2 m t h i c k ; t u f f s p a l l s o f

i r r e g u l a r and r e c t a n g u la r s h a p e s , .0 5 t o .2 0 m lo n g ; p o s ­

s i b l y some b a s a l t b o u ld e r s ; ad ob e m o r ta r .

C o n s t r u c t io n t e c h n iq u e ; B a s i c a l l y t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n i s

t y p i f i e d b y t h e l a r g e p r o p o r t io n o f b ig u n a l t e r e d t u f f

s t o n e s a r r a n g e d ra n d o m ly i n a b u n d a n t m o r t a r . O c c a s io n a l

t h i n sh a p ed t u f f s l a b s p r e s e n t s h o r t i r r e g u l a r c o u r s e s .

S p a l l s a r e a t a minimum and seem t o be l a r g e r o n th e a v e r a g e

th a n t h o s e u se d i n s p a l l r u b b le t e c h n i o u e . W a lls a r e .5 0 m

w id e . W orkm anship i s p o o r . The te r m " cru d e" i s a p p l i e d

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P l a t e IV. a . Crude r u b b l e m aso n ry , e a s t w a l l , G r e a t Kiva I I , s o u t h o f e n t r a n c e , b . E n t r a n c e , G r e a t Kiva I I , l o o k i n g w es t f rom l o w e s t f l o o r o f Room 1 4 . F l o o r I I I l e v e l u n d e r r i s e r o f t h r e e s l a b s .

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t o i n d i c a t e t h e p re d o m in a n c e o f th e r o u g h u n sh a p e d a t o n e s .

W a ll f o o t i n g : The b a s a l c o u r s e o f t h i s t y p e w a l l c o n s i s t s

o f l a r g e and s m a l l t u f f b l o c k s , l a i d e i t h e r on t h e lo n g

s i d e o r s t a n d in g o n e n d , and g e n e r a l l y c o n t ig u o u s o r n e a r ly

s o . T h e se b lo c k s a r e u s e d i n c o n j u n c t io n w i t h b a s a l t b o u ld ­

e r s , b o t h o c c u r r in g i n th e same b a s a l c o u r s e a t t i m e s . A

summary o f T a b le 2 i n d i c a t e s t h a t o f a t o t a l o f tw o s e c t i o n s

ta k e n th r o u g h c r u d e r u b b le w a l l s , on e p o in t r e s t s on F lo o r

I I and t h e o t h e r p o in t r e s t s on o r a t t h e l e v e l o f F lo o r

I I I . A t no p o i n t w i t h i n t h e com m unal a r e a d o e s t h i s ty p e

w a l l r e s t on s t e r i l e o r on F lo o r I .

P l a s t e r : No e v id e n c e o f p l a s t e r i s r e c o r d e d fro m c r u d e

r u b b le w a l l s .

O c c u r r e n c e : G r e a t K lv a I I , E a s t w a l l , s o u t h h a l f ; S o u th

w a l l a t e a s t c o r n e r , and a s a v e n e e r in g t e c h n in u e a lo n g t h e

s o u t h w a l l f o r 3 . 5 m from t h i s c o r n e r .

P o s t u l a t e d C o n s t r u c t io n P e r io d : On t h e b a s i s o f w a l l a b u t ­

m e n ts and a l ig n m e n t s , p o s t h o l e p a t t e r n , and s t r a t i g r a p h i c

r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h F l o o r s I I and I I I and w i t h b an d ed t u f f

and s p a l l r u b b le w a l l s , c r u d e r u b b le m a so n ry i s b e l i e v e d

t o b e th e f o u r t h c o n s t r u c t i o n t e c h n iq u e em p lo y ed w i t h i n t h e

com m unal a r e a . I t i s b e l i e v e d t o be o n e o f tw o t e c h n iq u e s

u se d d u r in g t h e r e m o d e lin g o f G r e a t K iv a I i n t o G r ea t K iv a

i i .

30

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The c o r r e l a t i o n o f s p e c i f i c w a l l s w i t h s p e c i f i c c o n ­

s t r u c t i o n t e c h n iq u e s h a s on t h e w h o le b e e n r e l a t i v e l y c l e a r -

c u t . H ow ever som e p ro b lem s a r i s e i n c o n n e c t io n w it h th e

w a l l s t u b s o f t h e s u b s t r u c t u r e r o o m s . M ost o f t h e s e s t u b s

s ta n d b e tw e e n . 3 5 - . 4 5 m h ig h s o t h a t l i t t l e b u t th e b a s a l

c o u r s e and th e n e x t o n e o r tw o l a y e r s r e m a in . I n g e n e r a l ,

t h e d e s i g n a t i o n s o f w a l l t e c h n iq u e u se d b y th e e x c a v a t o r s

h a v e b e e n f o l l o w e d . H o w ev er , t h e e x c a v a t o r s o r i g i n a l l y

g ro u p ed t h e s p a l l r u b b le and c ru d e r u b b le w a l l s u n d er t h e

g e n e r a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f " r u b b le ” m a so n r y . On th e b a s i s

o f s i z e and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f i n d i v i d u a l r o c k s , o f p r e d o m i­

n a n c e o f u s a g e o f c e r t a i n sh a p e d and s i z e s o f s t o n e , o f b a s e

l e v e l , f o o t i n g t e c h n i o u e s , and t h e s t r a t i g r a p h i c r e l a t i o n ­

s h i p s o f t h e w a l l s and f l o o r s , th e d u a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

a p p e a r s n e c e s s a r y and r e l e v a n t .

I n r e g a r d g e n e r a l l y t o th e l e v e l a t w h ic h w a l l b a s e s

r e s t , i t s h o u ld b e r e a l i z e d t h a t t h e s u r f a c e o f "the s t e r i l e

c o n g lo m e r a te i s i r r e g u l a r and s l o p e s g r a d u a l l y from n o r t h t o

s o u t h , and m ore s h a r p ly from w e s t t o e a s t . The am ount o f

t r a s h w h ic h sa c c u m u la te d a b o v e t h e s t e r i l e and on w h ic h t h e

w a l l s a r e b u i l t r a n g e s fro m .0 5 t o .7 5 m . ( t h i s d e e p e s t s e c ­

t i o n b e in g u n d er t h e w e s t w a l l i n t h e d e p r e s s io n o f P i t h o u s e

§ 2 ) • The n o r t h e n d s o f b o th th e e a s t and w e s t w a l l s o f G r e a t

K iv a I I a r e p la c e d on or s e t i n t o s t e r i l e s o i l , a s i s th e c e n ­

t r a l s e c t i o n o f t h e s o u t h w a l l . I n a l l o t h e r p o r t i o n s o f

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t h e s e w a l l s (h a n d ed t u f f ) th e b a s a l c o u r s e r e s t s d i r e c t l y

on t r a s h .

W a ll b o n d in g s , a b u tm e n ts , and r e p a i r s

T h ere a r e tw o b on d ed c o r n e r s i n G r ea t K iv a I I . One

o c c u r s i n th e s o u t h e a s t c o r n e r b e tw e e n w a l l s o f c r u d e r u b b le ,

and t h e o t h e r i s i n t h e s o u t h w e s t c o r n e r b e tw e e n w a l l s o f

b an d ed t u f f ( P l a t e X lV a ) . B o th o f t h e s e b o n d s a p p ea r t o

j o i n w a l l s o f s y n c h r o n a l c o n s t r u c t i o n . B o n d in g i s a cco m -

n l i s h e d by a ro u g h i n t e r f i n g e r i n g , n o t n e c e s s a r i l y b e tw e e n

e v e r y s t o n e s e t i n t h e w a l l b u t o f t e n e n o u g h t o fo rm a

s t r o n g and e a s i l y r e c o g n i z a b l e j o i n t .

A b u tm en ts c a n b e d i s c u s s e d a s j o i n t s i n w h ic h th e

end o f o n e w a l l b u t t s a g a i n s t t h e f a c e or t h e en d o f a n o t h e r

w a l l . Of t h e e l e v e n a b u t m e n t s ' w i t h i n th e p e r im e t e r w a l l o f

G r ea t K iv a I I , 4 a r e o f t h e ty p e te r m ed " e n d - t o - e n d ” a b u t ­

m e n t s , and 7 a r e ' h n d - t o - f a c d 1 a b u tm e n ts . The n o r t h e a s t and

n o r t h w e s t c o r n e r s o f G r e a t K iv a H a r e e n d - t o - f a c e a b u tm e n ts .

The r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g s e q u e n c e o f t h e v a r i o u s

w a l l s i n t h e com m unal a r e a i s d e p e n d e n t t o a g r e a t e x t e i t

on t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f th e d i r e c t i o n o f a b u tm e n t . I n th e

4 i n s t a n c e s o f e n d - t o - e n d a b u tm e n t , a n a l y s i s o f th e s e q u e n c e

h a s b e e n e a s y s i n c e i n 3 c a s e s on e o f th e w a l l s i n q u e s t io n

b u t t s a g a i n s t th e end o f t h e o t h e r w a l l and a l s o a g a i n s t

p a r t o f th e f a c e o f a w a l l r u n n in g a t r i g h t a n g l e s t o t h e

32

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e n d - t o - e n d a b u tm e n t . The p r o b a b i l i t y i s g r e a t t h a t th e l a t ­

e s t o r a b u t t i n g w a l l i s t h e o n e r u n n in g a g a i n s t th e o t h e r

two w a l l s . • The o t h e r e n d - t o - e n d a b u tm en t o c c u r s when th e

end o f on e w a l l r u n s a g a i n s t th e en d o f a n o th e r w a l l and o n e

o f t h e f a c e s o f t h i s sam e w a l l .

E n d - t o - f a c e a b u tm e n ts h a v e b e e n a n a ly z e d b y e m p lo y ­

in g t h e a s s u m p t io n t h a t i n a l l c a s e s t h e w a l l f a c e w as t h e

e a r l i e r s t r u c t u r e , and t h a t t h e w a l l end w as t h e l a t e r c o n ­

s t r u c t i o n .

The number o f a b u tm e n ts w i t h i n t h e p e r im e te r w a l l

o f G r e a t K iv a I I i n d i c a t e s t h e g r e a t am ount o f r e m o d e lin g

w h ic h to o k p la c e i n c o n j u n c t io n w i t h t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f

th e p l a z a . G r e a t K iv a I , and G r e a t K iv a I I .

F ou r o f t h e e n d - t o - f a c e a b u tm e n ts w i t h i n t h e p e r im e ­

t e r w a l l o f G r ea t K iv a I I a r e t h e r e s u l t o f in c o r p o r a t io n

o f room w a l l s t u b s . The n o r th w e s t c o r n e r o f Room 20 w as

t o r n o u t when G r ea t K iv a I I w as b u i l t and t h e w a l l s t u b s

s t a n d in g a b o v e F lo o r I I I w ere b u t t e d a g a i n s t b y t h e cru d e

r u b b le w a l l t o form th e s o u t h e a s t c o r n e r o f G rea t K iv a I I .

Room 20 i s t h e o n ly i n s t a n c e o f a c t u a l i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f room

w a l l s w i t h i n t h e p e r im e t e r w a l l o f G r e a t K iv a I I .

O th er room 6 w ere p a r t i a l l y d e s t r o y e d w hen t h e w e s t

s p a l l e d b lo c k w a l l w as e r e c t e d . T h is i s i n d i c a t e d b y t h e

i r r e g u l a r a b u tm en t o f th e e a s t e r n en d s o f Rooms 1 5 , 5 8 , 5 3 ,

and 21 a g a i n s t t h e s p a l l e d b lo c k w a l l . The e n d s o f t h e room

w a l l s a r e j a g g e d and w ere c r u d e ly m ended t o m e e t t h e f a c e

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o f t h e w id e r w a l l . T h is i s an i n s t a n c e i n w h ic h a n a l y s i s

o f t h e s i t u a t i o n a s an e n d - t o - f a c e a b u tm e n t, c o n c lu d in g t h a t

th e f a c e w a l l w as t h e e a r l i e s t , w o u ld b e i n c o r r e c t . O n ly

e x a m in a t io n i n t h e f i e l d o f t h e c o n d i t i o n o f th e w a l l end s

p r e v e n te d a m i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f th e c o n s t r u c t i o n s e q u e n c e .

I n G rea t K iv a I I s e v e r a l s e c t i o n s o f t h e p e r im e te r

w a l l h a v e b e e n r e p a i r e d . I n th e s o u t h w e s t c o r n e r , i n th e

s o u th w a l l , a b rea k * w as f i l l e d i n w i t h m o rta r and s m a l l

r o c k . T h is b r e a k may h a v e b e e n c a u s e d b y t h e s t r e s s e s farm

c o l l a p s e or d e s t r u c t i o n o f th e o r i g i n a l w e s t w a l l o f th e com ­

m unal a r e a ( o f w h ic h th e b o n d ed s o u th w e s t c o r n e r i s a p a r t )

o r b y t h e s u b s e q u e n t r e b u i l d i n g a lo n g t h e w e s t s i d e .

I n t h e n o r th w a l l o f G r ea t K iv a I I a s e c t i o n a d j o i n ­

in g Hoorn 3 1 w as r e p a ir e d b y p lh c i n g l a r g e t u f f s l a b s a t r jg it

a n g l e s t o t h e lo w e r m o s t c o u r s e s o f th e w a l l . The w ork w as

c r u d e ly don e and l i t t l e o f t h e w a l l w as s t a n d in g w hen e x ­

c a v a t e d .

Room X P l a t e I , I l a

One o t h e r m ason ry s t r u c t u r e r e m a in s t o b e d i s c u s s e d .

Room X , a p a r t i t i o n e d a r e a w h ic h r e s t e d on F lo o r I I I o r

s l i g h t l y b e lo w t h i s f l o o r , i s l o c a t e d i n th e n o r t h e a s t qu ad­

r a n t o f G rea t K iv a I I . T h is s t r u c t u r e u t i l i z e d t h e b an d ed

t u f f s o u t h w a l l o f S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 a s i t s s o u t h w a l l , and t h e

e a s t w a l l o f G r ea t K iv a I I a s i t s e a s t w a l l . I n c o n t r a s t

t o t h e r e s t o f S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 , w h ic h w as t o r n o u t s o t h a t

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o n ly t h e w a l l s t u b s r e m a in , t h e s o u t h w a l l on i t s e a s t end

p r o j e c t s a b o v e F lo o r I I I a p p r o x im a te ly .5 0 m. The s o u th

w a l l b u t t s a g a i n s t th e e a s t w a l l o f G r ea t K iv a I I w h ic h i s

a l s o th e e a s t w a l l o f S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 . A s i n g l e c o u r s e o f

t u f f s l a b s r u n s n o r th fro m t h i s w a l l , p a r a l l e l i n g t h e e a s t

w a l l o f G r ea t K iv a I I f o r a p p r o x im a t e ly 1 .5 0 m. T h is c o u r s e

c o n s i s t s o f t h r e e s t o n e s , t h e s o u th e r n m o s t o f w h ic h i s p la c e d

u p r ig h t (o n i t s s h o r t a x i s ) . T h is s t o n e b u t t s a g a i n s t t h e

s o u th w a l l o f t h e room . The s t o n e had an i r r e g u l a r d e p r e s ­

s i o n i n i t s w e s t f a c e . The n o r t h en d o f Room % i s o p e n ,

i n e f f e c t fo r m in g a t h r e e - s i d e d p a r t i t i o n . The a r e a e n c l o s e d

i s 1 .0 m w id e and 1 .5 0 m l o n g . B e lo w t h e l e v e l o f F lo o r

I I I , tw o s t o n e s p r o j e c t from t h e s o u t h w a l l o f Boom X d i r e c t ­

l y u n d er t h e s o u th e r n m o s t s t o n e i n th e w e s t w a l l o f th e

s t r u c t u r e . T h e se u n d e r ly in g s t o n e s do n o t c o n t in u e a s a

c o u r s e . T h ey do n o t r e s t a t a n y o f t h e t h r e e f l o o r l e v e l s .

D o o rw a y s, E n t r a n c e , and E n try w a y F i g . 2 , P l a t e IVb

Two s m a l l d o o rw a y s o c c u r i n t h e p e r ip h e r a l w a l l s

o f t h e com m unal b u i l d i n g . B o th a r e p i c t u r e d i n F ig u r e 2 .

The d oorw ay i n t h e n o r t h w a l l i s l o c a t e d 2 .3 0 m w e s t o f t h e

e a s t en d o f t h i s w a l l a t t h e n o r t h e a s t c o r n e r o f G r e a t K iv a

I I . The d oorw ay i s r e c t a n g u la r i n s h a p e . The t o p o f t h e

d o o r i s m i s s i n g b e c a u s e o f w a l l c o l l a p s e ; i t i s a t l e a s t

.8 0 m t a l l , and i s .6 4 m w id e . I t e x t e n d s a t l e a s t .6 0 m

a b o v e F lo o r I I I , and 1 .5 5 m a b o v e th e l e v e l o f F lo o r I .

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The b o tto m o f th e d o o r i s . 2 8 m b e lo w F lo o r I I I and .3 5 m

a b o v e F lo o r I . T h is d o o r i s l o c a t e d i n a b an d ed t u f f w a l l ,

w h ic h fo rm s t h e s o u t h w a l l o f Rooms 39 and 3 5 . When t h e d o o r

w as i n u s e t h i s a r e a w as on e l a r g e room , w i t h t h e f l o o r l e v e l

b e in g l e s s th a n .0 5 m a b o v e t h e s t e r i l e l a y e r , and t h e b o t ­

tom o f t h e d o o r b e in g .2 5 m a b o v e t h e f l o o r l e v e l o f t h e room .

The d o o r w as s e a l e d u p , u s in g a b an d ed t u f f t e c h n iq u e , an

a t t e m p t b e in g made t o m a tch th e c o u r s in g i n t h e a d j a c e n t

w a l l s .

The w a l l d i v i d i n g t h e b i g room i n t o Rooms 39 and 35

w as e r e c t e d so m etim e l a t e r . T h is w a l l b u t t e d a g a i n s t t h e

s e a l e d d o o r w a y , and e x te n d e d from t h e lo w f l o o r l e v e l i n

th e room t o a t l e a s t 1 .1 0 m a b o v e t h i s f l o o r , c o m p le t e ly c o ­

v e r in g th e w e s t s i d e o f t h e d o o r w a y . On t h e sr>uth s i d e o f

th e d oorw ay w a l l , w i t h i n t h e communal a r e a , a n o th e r w a l l

b u t t s a g a i n s t t h i s s e a l e d d o o r w a y . The w e s t w a l l o f Sub­

s t r u c t u r e # 1 s t o o d , a t t h e t im e o f e x c a v a t i o n , a t l e a s t .1 5

m a b o v e t h e b a s e o f t h i s d o o r w a y . The b o tto m o f th e w e s t

w a l l o f S u b s t r u c t u r e # 1 w as .6 5 m b e lo w th e b a s e o f t h e d o o r .

T h is s u b s t r u c t u r e w a l l o r i g i n a l l y had s t o o d much h ig h e r ; i t

i s p r o b a b le t h a t a t o n e t im e i t e x te n d e d o v e r and a b o v e t h e

e a s t s i d e o f t h e s e a l e d d o o r w a y . The s e a u e n c e o f e r e c t i o n

o f t h e tw o w a l l s and th e s e a l i n g o f t h e d oo rw a y i s n o t know n,

o t h e r th a n t h a t i t i s p r o b a b le t h e d oorw ay w as s e a l e d p r io r

t o t h e e r e c t i o n o f b o th w a l l s . O b v io u s ly t h i s w o u ld p r e c lu d e

u s a g e a f t e r e r e c t i o n o f t h e s e w a l l s .

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The o t h e r d o o rw a y , l o c a t e d i n t h e b an d ed t u f f e a s t

w a l l o f G r e a t K iv a I I , (w h ic h s e r v e d e a r l i e r a s th e e a s t

w a l l o f S u b s t r u c t u r e # 2 ) , i s a T -sh a p e d d o o r w a y . I t i s 1 .0

m t a l l , *62 m w id e a t t h e t o p o f th e T , and .4 5 m w id e a t

th e b o t to m . The t o p o f t h e d oor i s .7 0 m a b o v e F lo o r I I I ,■ v •

( t h e G rea t K iv a , I I f l o o r ) , 1 .1 0 m a b o v e F lo o r I I , and 1 . 3 m

a b o v e F lo o r I . The b o tto m o f th e d oorw ay i s .3 5 m b e lo w

F lo o r I I I , .1 0 m a b o v e F lo o r I I , and .3 2 m a b o v e F lo o r I .

The d oorw ay w as a l s o s e a l e d , u s in g a b a n d ed t u f f

t e c h n iq u e i n w h ic h t h e l a r g e t u f f s l a b s w ere a l i g h e d w i t h

s i m i l a r c o u r s e s i n t h e e a s t w a l l . A lo n g sh a p e d t u f f s l a b

s e r v e d a s a l i n t e l f o r t h i s o p e n in g , w i t h b o th e n d s o f t h i s

s la b p r o j e c t i n g som e .1 0 m b ey o n d t h e s i d e s o f t h e d o o r w a y .

A t t im e o f e x c a v a t i o n , t h i s l i n t e l s l a b w as c r a c k e d . I t

seem s p o s s i b l e t h a t i f t h e c r a c k o c c u r r e d w hen t h e d oorw ay

w as o p e n , i t m ig h t h a v e b e e n n e c e s s a r y t o s e a l t h e d o o r i n

o r d e r t o k e e p t h e w a l l , w h ic h s u p p o r te d a s e c o n d s t o r y ro o m ,

from c o l l a p s i n g .

• No w a l l s b u t t a g a i n s t t h i s s e a l e d d o o r . The d o o r

e v i d e n t l y o p e n e d i n t o S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 fro m Room 2 7 , and w as

p r o b a b ly u se d d u r in g t h e o c c u p a t io n o f F l o o r s I and I I w i t h ­

i n t h e s u b s t r u c t u r e ro o m . The b o tto m f l o o r o f Room 27 a p ­

p e a r s t o b e a t a n p r o x im a t e ly t h e sam e d e p t h a s F lo o r I w h ic h

w o u ld i n d i c a t e th e p r im a r y u s a g e w as i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h

F lo o r I . Som etim e d u r in g o r a f t e r o c c u p a t io n o f F lo o r I I ,

t h i s d o o r was s e a l e d . T r a sh a b o v e F lo o r I I and b e lo w F lo o r

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I I I b u t t s a g a i n s t t h e d o o rw a y , a s d o e s F lo o r I I I i t s e l f .

The e n tr a n c e t o G rea t K iv a 1^ i s i n th e c e n t e r o fI

th e e a s t w a l l ( F i g . 2 , P l a t e B T b ). I t i s 1 .7 m w id e a t

f l o o r l e v e l , b u t w id e n s t o 1 .8 5 m a t a p p r o x im a te ly .0 7 m

a b o v e t h e f l o o r . T h is i r r e g u l a r i t y i s c a u s e d b y a l a r g e

r o o k w h ic h b u t t s a g a i n s t t h e n o r t h s i d e o f t h e e n t r a n c e

w a l l , and r e s t s on o r a t th e l e v e l o f F lo o r I I I . The s o u t h

w a l l o f th e e n t r a n c e c o n t a i n s tw o u p r ig h t s l a b s o f t u f f ,

th e w e s te r n m o s t o f w h ic h i s .6 0 m l o n g , and i s s e t .0 5 m b e ­

lo w F lo o r I I I . T h e se s l a b s s e r v e t o d e m a r c a te and f l a n k

t h e s o u t h s i d e o f t h e e n t r a n c e . The n o r t h w a l l o f t h e e n ­

t r a n c e s t o o d a t a h e i g h t o f .7 0 m a b o v e F lo o r I I I a t t im e

o f e x c a v a t i o n . T h is w as a l s o t h e -h e ig h t o f t h e s o u t h w a l l .

F lo o r I I I e x t e n d s th r o u g h th e e n t r a n c e from G r ea t. . . . . ' i

K iv a I I i n t o t h e e n tr y w a y and o n i n t o E n c lo s e d Pla% a I ( s e e

Map 1 ) . When t h e e n t r a n c e w as e x c a v a t e d 4 r o c k s , o n e o f

w h ic h ca n b e c l a s s e d a s a s l a b , w ere a l i g n e d n o r t h - s o u t h

a c r o s s t h e e n t r a n c e o p e n in g . The b a s e o f t h e s e r o c k s w as

.1 0 m a b o v e F lo o r I I I , and .2 5 m a b o v e t h e t o p o f th e w e s t

w a l l s tu b o f Room 1 4 , The r e m a in s o f t h i s w a l l e x t e n d

n o r t h - s o u t h i n e x a c t a l ig n m e n t w i t h t h e e n t r a n c e an d w i t h

t h e s e s t o n e s ; h o w ev er n on e o f t h e s t o n e s j o i n an y s e c t i o n .

o f t h i s e a r l i e r w a l l . The 4 r o c k s a r e c o n f in e d t o t h e -

s o u t h e r n l / 2 o f t h e e n t r a n c e , b u t do n o t t o u c h t h e s o u t h

w a l l .

38

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Two p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n s o c c u r t o me: 1 ) t h e p r e ­

s e n c e and p o s i t i o n o f th e r o c k s i s th e r e s u l t o f w a l l c o l ­

l a p s e , e i t h e r from o t h e r w a l l s o r fro m t h e w a l l a b o v e th e

w ooden ( ? ) l i n t e l o f t h e e n t r a n c e ; 2 ) t h e p r e s e n c e and p o ­

s i t i o n o f t h e s e r o c k s i s i n d i c a t i v e o f p la c e m e n t t h e r e by

th e b u i l d e r s , i n w h ic h c a s e t h e r o c k s w o u ld h ave s e r v e d a s

a s t e p o r l i n e o f d e m a r c a t io n b e tw e e n t h e e n t r a n c e and t h e

e n tr y w a y . The e x p l a n a t i o n t h a t th e r o c k s f e l l from a b o v e

th e c o l l a p s e d l i n t e l see m s p o s s i b l e t o m e, a l t h o u g h no e v i ­

d e n c e , p er s e , o f a s e c o n d s t o r y s t r u c t u r e I n t h i s a r e a h a s

b e e n r e c o r d e d , t o s t r e n g t h e n t h i s h y p o t h e s i s . I f a 2 - s t o r y

room o n c e had e x i s t e d i n t h i s a r e a , Room 1 4 w o u ld h a v e

fo rm ed t h e lo w e r s t o r y ; p r e su m a b ly th e s t o r i e s w ou ld h a v e

s h a r e d t h e sam e m ason ry t e c h n i q u e , c r u d e r u b b l e . I t i s c o n ­

c e i v a b l e t h e n t h a t some o f t h e l a r g e r s t o n e s , and th e s m a l le r

s t o n e a t t h e s o u t h end o f th e a l ig n m e n t , c o u ld h a v e fo rm ed

p a r t o f t h e f i r s t c o u r s e a b o v e th e c e i l i n g o f Room 1 4 . T hen

w hen t h e e n t r a n c e w as m ade, by r e m o v in g t h e c e n t r a l s e c t i o n

o f t h e w e s t w a l l o f Room 1 4 , t h e c e i l i n g beam may h a v e r e ­

m a in ed i n p la c e t o s e r v e a s t h e e n t r a n c e l i n t e l , and t h e

room a b o v e w o u ld h a v e r e m a in e d i n p la c e u n t i l t h e c o l l a p s e

o f t h i s " l i n t e l . "

H ow ever a p p e a l i n g t h i s l o g i c may b e , I b e l i e v e ,

s i n c e a p r e c e d e n t f o r t h e p r e s e n c e o f a s t e p o r r i s e r a c r o s s

t h e e n t r a n c e o f g r e a t k i v a s d o e s e x i s t , t h a t t h i s i s th e

m o st p r o b a b le e x p l a n a t i o n . I n t h e F o r e s t d a l e V a l l e y a t

39

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A r iz o n a P : 1 6 : 2 , a p u e b lo b e l i e v e d t o be o c c u p ie d from A .D .

1 1 0 0 - 1 2 0 0 , s t a i r s o c c u r i n t h e s o u t h e a s t e n t r a n c e o f t h e

g r e a t k iv a (H au ry 1 9 5 0 : 3 8 ) . An e a r l i e r o c c u r r e n c e o f a

w id e s t e p p e d e n t r a n c e i s fo u n d i n t h e g r e a t k iv a a t N a n ta c k

T i l l a g e , P o in t o f P in e s l o c a l i t y (A .D . 9 0 0 - 1 0 0 0 ) . H ere

th e e n t r a n c e i s a l s o o r i e n t e d e a s t ( B r e t e r n i t z 1 9 5 6 : 2 8 ,

1 6 0 ) . H ouse # 1 9 a t C rook ed R id g e T i l l a g e a t P o in t o f P in e s

may b e an e a r l y e x p r e s s i o n o f t h i s t r a d i t i o n , a l t h o u g h t h e

s t r u c t u r e i t s e l f h a s b e e n c o n s id e r e d t o b e t o o s m a l l , and

t o o e a r l y , t o be term ed a n g r e a t k i v a ." T h is c e r e m o n ia l

h o u se (A .D . 4 0 0 - 6 0 0 ) c o n t a in e d a s t e p p e d e n t r y o r i e n t e d

e a s t ; a d m it t e d ly t h i s t y p e o f p i t h o u s e e n t r y i s q u i t e d i f ­

f e r e n t from th e w id e e n t r a n c e s o f t h e N a n ta c k an d P o in t o f

P in e s g r e a t k i v a s .

From t h e e n t r a n c e t o G rea t K iv a I I , an e n tr y w a y

l e a d s t o E n c lo s e d P la z a # 1 , w h ic h i s c o n n e c te d w it h t h e e a s t

g a t e o f th e p u e b lo . T h is e n tr y w a y c o n s i s t s o f a s e r i e s o f

r i g h t - a n g l e t u r n s . P r o c e e d in g from t h e e n c lo s e d p la z a t o ­

ward t h e n o r t h f o r 6 .5 m, t h e p a s s a g e t u r n s s h a r p ly l e f t

( t o th e w e s t ) , th e n a g a in t o t h e n o r t h , and f i n a l l y a g a in

t o th e w e s t and i n t o t h e g r e a t k i v a . A t t h e n a r r o w e s t p o in t

th e e n tr y w a y i s a p p r o x im a te ly 3 .6 5 m w id e ; i t i s a p p r o x im a te

l y 4 . 0 m w id e a d j o i n i n g t h e e n t r a n c e . The s h o r t e s t d i s t a n c e

from t h e m ou th o f t h e e n tr y w a y t o t h e g r e a t k i v a e n t r a n c e

i s 1 4 .5 m (Maps 1 and 2 ) .

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A l l t h e w a l l s w h ic h form th e - e n tr y w a y a r e b u i l t o f

b an d ed t u f f m a so n r y , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e w e s t w a l l

a f t e r t h e f i r s t r i g h t a n g le t u r n . T h is w a l l i s t h e e a s t w a l l

o f G r ea t K iv a I I ; i t i s b u i l t o f c r u d e r u b b l e . The e n t r y ­

way a d j o in s t h e e n c lo s e d p la z a by m ean s o f o n e b on d ed c o r n e r

and o n e w a l l a b u tm e n t . I n t h e s o u t h e a s t c o r n e r o f t h e e n t r y ­

w ay, t h e e a s t w a l l o f t h e p a s s a g e b o n d s w i t h t h e n o r t h w a l l

o f t h e e n c l o s e d p l a z a , i n d i c a t i n g o n e b u i l d i n g p e r io d f o r th e

tw o w a l l s . I n t h e s o u t h w e s t p o r t io n o f t h e e n tr y w a y , th e e a s t

w a l l o f t h e e n c lo s e d p la z a e x t e n d s som e 2 . 8 m p a s t t h e e n t r y ­

way m outh t o b u t t a g a i n s t t h e s o u t h f a c e o f t h e s o u th w a l l o f

Room 2 0 . T h is a b u tm en t i s made i n su c h a way t h a t t h e p la z a

w a l l i s e x a c t l y l i n e d up w i t h t h e w e s t w a l l o f Room 2 0 , w h ic h

a l s o b u t t s a g a i n s t t h e s o u t h w a l l o f t h e room .

F lo o r I I I e x t e n d s from G r ea t K iv a I I , th r o u g h t h e e n ­

t r a n c e , on th r o u g h t h e e n tr y w a y , and i n s p o t s i n t o e n c l o s e d

p la z a § 1 . No o t h e r d e f i n i t e f l o o r l e v e l s a r e r e c o r d e d i n t h e

e n tr y w a y . B e lo w F lo o r I I I , i n a s t r i p a d j a c e n t t o t h e e a s t

w a l l o f G r e a t K iv a I I , g r a v e l d e p o s i t s w ere p r e s e n t . T h e se

l e n s e s w ere 1 0 -2 0 cm b e lo w t h e l e v e l o f F lo o r I I I , fro m 1 .0

t o 2 .0 m s o u t h o f t h e e n t r a n c e , and a p p r o x im a t e ly .5 0 m e a s t

o f t h e e a s t k iv a w a l l . No g r a v e l w as fo u n d i n c o n t a c t w it h

t h e w e s t f a c e o f t h e w a l l . I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e s e g r a v e l

d e p o s i t s may h a v e r e s u l t e d from d r a in a g e o f f t h e r o o f o f

G r e a t K iv a I I ; b e c a u s e o f t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e s e d e p o s i t s

o u t from t h e w a l l , i t i s p o s s i b l e t o s u g g e s t

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t h a t th e w a te r w as c a r r ie d , o u t away fro m t h e w a l l b e f o r e

b e in g a l lo w e d to f a l l . T h is c o u ld h a v e b e e n a c c o m o l is h e d

b y an o v e r h a n g in g r o o f , or by u s e o f d r a in s l a b s o r t r o u g h s .

I f t h e g r a v e l d e p o s i t s a r e ta k e n a s e v id e n c e o f d r a in a g e

from t h e g r e a t k iv a r o o f , i t w o u ld a p p ea r t h a t th e p o s s i ­

b i l i t y o f th e e n tr y w a y * s b e in g r o o f e d n e e d n ' t be c o n s id e r e d

s e r i o u s l y . The h e i g h t o f t h e w a l l s a b o v e F lo o r I I I a t t im e

o f e x c a v a t i o n a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e n no g r e a t e r th a n .8 5 m,

w h ich f a i l s t o b e i n d i c a t i v e o f s e c o n d - s t o r y s t r u c t u r e s a d ­

j a c e n t t o t h e e n tr y w a y . H ow ever i t i s e n t i r e l y p o s s i b l e

t h a t th e e n tr y w a y c o u ld h a v e b e e n r o o f e d , e i t h e r a t th e

s e c o n d s t o r y l e v e l or th e f i r s t ; n on e o f t h e e v id e n c e a p ­

p e a r s c o n c l u s i v e en o u g h t o d en y t h i s p o s s i b i l i t y .

A summary o f t h e p o s s i b l e gro u n d f l o o r e n t r a n c e s

i n t o t h e com m unal a r e a d e m o n s t r a t e s t h a t tw o s m a l l i n t r a ­

w a l l d o o rw a y s e x i s t e d i n th e n o r t h e a s t c o r n e r o f G r e a t

K iv a I I . One o f t h e s e was r e c t a n g u l a r , and t h e o t h e r T -

sh a p e d ; b o th w ere s e a l e d p r io r t o c o n s t r u c t i o n o f G r ea t

K iv a I I . When o p e n , t h e s e d o o r s p r o v id e d a c c e s s fro m t h e

com m unal a r e a d i r e c t l y i n on e room a n d , i n t h e o t h e r c a s e ,

from on e room th r o u g h a n o th e r w h ic h w as a d j a c e n t t o th e

com m unal a r e a . B o th d o o r s a r e i n b an d ed t u f f w a l l s and

w ere s e a l e d u s i n g t h e sam e t e c h n iq u e w i t h m a tc h in g o f th e

c o u r s i n g . L a te r w a l l s , and, i n on e i n s t a n c y a l a t e r f l o o r ,

and t r a s h d e p o s i t s w e re p la c e d a g a i n s t t h e s e a l e d d o o rw a y s

so t h a t u s e o f them i n c o n j u n c t io n w i t h u s e o f G r ea t K iv a I I

i s i m p o s s i b l e .

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The e n t r a n c e t o G rea t K iv a I I i s on t h e e a s t s i d e

o f t h e s t r u c t u r e i n th e a p p r o x im a te c e n t e r o f t h e e a s t w a l l .

I t i s a w id e e n tr a n c e w h ic h may h a v e b e e n s t e p p e d w it h a s i l l ­

l i k e row o f r o c k s , or r i s e r . F lo o r I I I e x t e n d s th r o u g h t h i s

e n t r a n c e and i n t o ::t h e e n tr y w a y .

The e n tr y w a y p r o c e e d s fro m th e e n t r a n c e t o a l a r g e

p la z a s o u t h e a s t o f th e : g r e a t k i v a ' s t r u c t u r e by m eans o f 3

r i g h t - a n g l e t u r n s . The: p a s s a g e i s lo n g and n a rrow i n p l a c e s ,

b u t b e c a u s e o f t h e t u r n s c o u ld e a s i l y h a v e b e e n r o o f e d .

W ater d e p o s i t e d l e n s e s b e lp w t h e f l o o r o f t h e e n tr y w a y may

i n d i c a t e t h a t t h i s a r e a s t o o d e x p o s e d t o . t h e r a i n o r t o t h e

r o o f d r ip o f f t h e G r e a t K iv a I I r o o f a t som e t im e . :

The p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t a y r o o f e n t r y a l s o e x i s t e d and

w as u s e d d u r in g t h e G r e a t K iv a I I : p e r io d c a n n o t b e i g n o r e d .

The c e n t r a l l y l o c a t e d h e a r t h may h a v e s e r v e d a s a s e a t i n g

p i t f o r a la d d e r b a s e , i n a m anner s i m i l a r t o t h e - a s h p i t -

la d d e r b a s e d o cu m en ted by R e i t e r (1 9 4 6 : T a b le I I ) . No

p o s t h o l e s c l o s e e n o u g h t o g e t h e r t o s e c u r e t h e b a s e o f a

la d d e r w ere fo u n d w i t h i n t h e com m unal s t r u c t u r e .

F l o o r s . F i g s . 2 and 3 ;

R e f e r e n c e h a s b e e n made t o t h r e e f l o o r s w i t h i n t h e

com m unal a r e a . F lo o r I I I , F lo o r I I , and F lo o r I . T h e se

f l o o r s w ere t h e o n ly o n e s t r a c e a b l e o v e r a n a p p r e c ia b le a r e a .

O th er f l o o r l e v e l s w ere t r a c e d f o r s h o r t d i s c o n t i n u o u s

d i s t a n c e s ; many o f t h e s e w ere n o t r e c o r d e d s i n c e t h e y c o u ld

43

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i i i i i i i i i i i B M m i i i i i i i i i i e.......................... .............................. ......................................................... ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A. . . . . . . . . 9 99 ^^ ••••••«. ................. .................................. ........................................................................................ .................................. .. .V................ ...*AA9999 ••••••/. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .^AAA99 • • • • • • •9.##9999999 • • • • • • • • «........................... . . ...............AA.*999 9%%%w%. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 # A 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 # A • • *. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..9.999999 9 9 99... . . .999.a 99

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F ig u r e 3 . S c h e m a t ic s e c t i o n o f f i l l , n o r t h e a s t q u a d r a n t . G r e a t K iv a I I , sh o w in g F lo o r I I I l e v e l s and t r a s h d e p o s i t s . N o t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f d e p o s ­i t s i n s u b s t r u c t u r e r o o m s .

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n o t be f o l l o w e d . Some o f t h e s e l e v e l s may h a v e b e e n t h e

r e s u l t o f w a te r d e p o s i t i o n , v i a a l e a k y r o o f , o r p o s s i b l e

p r e c e d e n t t o t h e r o o f i n g o f t h e com m unal a r e a . F i g . 3 i n ­

d i c a t e s some o f t h e s e l e v e l s and th e c h a r a c t e r o f tthe f i l l

b e tw e e n th em . A p p a r e n t ly o n ly t h e to p l e v e l w as t r a c e a b l e

o v e r th e e n t i r e a r e a o f G rea t K iv a I I . T h is f l o o r , # 1 1 1 ,

was th e o n e e x t e n d in g th r o u g h t h e e n tr y w a y and i n t o e n c l o s e d

p la z a # 1 . I t i s th e l a t e s t f l o o r i n t h e com m unal a r e a .

F ig u r e 2 sh ow s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h i s f l o o r t n p o i n t s

a lo n g th e e a s t w a l l , t o t h e e n t r a n c e , and t o lo w e r f l o o r s .

G e n e r a l ly t h i s f l o o r s u r f a c e w as n o t r e g u l a r , o r c o n s i s t e n t

i n q u a l i t y . I t seem s t o h a v e s lo p e d s l i g h t l y from w e s t t o

e a s t and e v e n m ore s l i g h t l y from n o r th t o s o u t h , f o l l o w i n g

th e g e n e r a l s l o p e o f t h e u n d e r ly in g s t e r i l e s o i l .

F lo o r I I i s t h e t o p f l o o r fo u n d b e tw e e n t h e n o r t h

and s o u t h w a l l s o f S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 . T h is sam e l e v e l a p p a r e n t ­

l y w as u t i l i z e d a s a b a s e l e v e l f o r th e s p a l l r u b b le w a l l s

o f Rooms 14 and 2 4 , and o f t h e w e s t w a l l o f S u b s t r u c t u r e 3 ,

h e r e a f t e r to b e r e f e r r e d t o a s U n i t s . The p r o b le m s o f a s ­

s i g n i n g t h e s e room s t o o n e c o n s t r u c t i o n p e r io d w i l l b e d i s ­

c u s s e d l a t e r . I n S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 , t h i s f l o o r l e v e l a p p e a r s

t o h a v e b e e n p o o r ly d e f i n e d .

B e lo w F lo o r I I i n S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 , i s t h e e a r l i e s t

and d e e p e s t o f th e r e c o r d e d f l o o r l e v e l s . T h is f l o o r , # 1 ,

e x t e n d s n o r th t o form t h e o n ly f l o o r w i t h i n th e b o u n d a r ie s

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o f th e s m a l l room . S u b s t r u c t u r e § 1 . The w e s t w a l l o f S u b ­

s t r u c t u r e # 1 , w h ic h i s b e l i e v e d t o be c o n t in u o u s w it h t h e

w e s t w a l l o f S u b s t r u c t u r e i s b a s e d a t t h i s b o tto m m o st

f l o o r l e v e l . The s o u t h w a l l o f S u b s t r u c t u r e # 1 ( i d e n t i c a l

w it h t h e n o r th w a l l o f S u b s t r u c t u r e # 2 ) i s a l s o b a s e d a t

t h i s l e v e l . T h is f l o o r i s o n ly .0 5 in t o .1 0 m a b o v e s t e r i l e

s o i l i n S u b s t r u c t u r e § 1 a n d , b e c a u s e o f a p ro n o u n ced d ip

i n th e s t e r i l e l a y e r , i s fro m .15 t o .2 0 m a b o v e s t e r i l e i n

S u b s t r u c t u r e # 2 .

From t h e f i e I d n o t e s i t a p p e a r s t h e r e w as a n o th e r

f l o o r l e v e l w h ic h w as c o n s i s t e n t l y p la c e d a b o u t .0 5 m b e ­

lo w F lo o r I I I , »nd w h ic h w as r e c o r d e d i n t h e n o r t h e a s t quad­

r a n t o f G r ea t K iv a I I i n s e v e r a l d i s c o n t in u o u s a r e a s . T h is

l e v e l i s p r o b a b ly an e a r l i e r e d i t i o n o f F lo o r I I I , and a s

su c h i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h G r ea t K iv a I I . The d i s c o n t i n u i t y

o f t h i s l e v e l and i t s p h y s i c a l c l o s e n e s s t o F lo o r I I I seem

t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e tw o f l o o r s r e s u l t e d fro m a c c r e t i o n o f

t r a s h and c o n t in u o u s u s a g e . I t w as im p o s s ib l e t o s e p a r a t e

m a t e r i a l fro m t h e s e tw o l e v e l s d u r in g e x c a v a t i o n . B o th w i l l

b e in c lu d e d i n th e te r m , F lo o r I I I . F lo o r I I I e x te n d e d fro m

t h e w e s t w a l l o f G r e a t K iv a IT t o t h e e a s t w a l l o f t h i s

s t r u c t u r e ; i t o v e r l a y th e w a l l s t u b s o f S u b s t r u c t u r e s 1 , 2 ,

2A , and 3 , and t h e t o r n o u t n o r th w e s t c o r n e r o f Room 2 0 . I t

a l s o o v e r l a y a number o f p i t s , s m a l l p o s t h o l e s , and c h a n n e ls

o r t r e n c h e s l o c a t e d , f o r t h e m o st p a r t , c e n t r a l l y i n G r e a t

K iv a I I . T h is l e v e l , e x te n d e d a s i t w as th r o u g h t h e e n t r a n c e

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and e n tr y w a y , a l s o w as s u p e r im p o se d a b o v e th e w e s t and

s o u th w a l l s t u b s o f t h e e a r l i e r Room 1 4 . Two w a l l s u t i l i z e

t h i s l e v e l a s a b a s e — t h e s p a l l e d b lo c k - r u b b l e f i l l e d w e s t

w a l l o f G r ea t K iv a I I , and t h e c r u d e r u b b le e a s t w a l l o f t h e

same s t r u c t u r e . The w e s t w a l l a c t u a l l y r e s t s on s t e r i l e

w h ic h a lo n g t h i s s i d e a p p e a r s to b e o n ly .1 0 t o .2 0 m b e lo w

F lo o r I I I . The b a s a l c o u r s e o f b a s a l t b o u ld e r s r e s t s on

th e s t e r i l e , b u t t h e f i r s t c o u r s e o f t r a n s v e r s e t u f f s l a b s

i s p la c e d a t t h e l e v e l o f F lo o r I I I . On th e e a s t s i d e t h e

c ru d e r u b b le w a l l r e s t s o n o r a t t h e a p p r o x im a te l e v e l o f

F lo o r I I I w h ic h i s .7 5 t o .8 5 m a b o v e s t e r i l e .

I n sum m ary, num erous f l o o r l e v e l s e x i s t e d w i t h i n

th e com m unal a r e a ; many o f t h e s e w ere d i s c o n t i n u o u s and im ­

p o s s i b l e t o f o l l o w b eyon d t h e im m ed ia te a r e a . I t w as p o s s i ­

b l e t o r e c o r d t h r e e f l o o r s , and t o r e l a t e t h e b a s e s o f s p e ­

c i f i c w a l l s t o t h e s e l e v e l s . F lo o r I I I , t h e to p m o st and

l a t e s t f l o o r , i s t h e o n ly f l o o r t o e x te n d a c r o s s G r e a t K iv a

I I and ab ove a l l o f th e s u b - w a l l s . T h is f l o o r i s , 1 0 m

t h i c k i n s p o t s , and seem s t o be t h e p r o d u c t o f a c c r e t i o n o f

d e b r i s and s i l t d u r in g a c o n t in u o u s p e r io d o f u s e . U nder

F lo o r I I I , and on t h e e a s t s i d e o f th e com m unal a r e a , b u t

r e s t r i c t e d w i t h in th e w e s t b o u n d a r ie s o f th e s u b s t r u c t u r e s ,

a r e F l o o r s I I , and I . Of t h e s e . F lo o r I I c a n be t r a c e d

r o u g h ly fro m t h e n o r t h c o r n e r o f Room 20 t o t h e n o r t h w a l l

o f S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 . F l~ o r I i s r e c o r d e d o n ly w i t h i n S u b s tr u e

t u r e s 1 and S . I t i s a p p r o x im a te ly th e same l e v e l a s t h e

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l o w e s t f l o o r s o f Rooms 3 9 , 3 5 , an d 2 7 w M ch a r e a d j a c e n t t o

S u b s t r u c t u r e 1 . No f l o o r l e v e l s b e lo w t h a t o f F lo o r I I I w ere

fo u n d i n t h e c o n f i n e s o f S u b s t r u c t u r e 2A .

P o s t h o le s P l a t e s I , V . T a b le 3 , Map 2

D im e n s io n s and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f p o s t h o l e s i n t h e com­

m unal a r e a a r e g iv e n i n T a b le 3 . L o c a t io n an d sh a p e o f t h e s e

p o s t h o l e s ca n be s e e n b y c o n s u l t i n g Map 2 , As a m eans o f a n a ly ­

z i n g t h e sh a p e o f t h e s e h o l e s , o f w h ic h t h e r e a r e 1 7 , an I n d e x

number h a s b e e n d e r i v e d , u s in g t h e fo r m u la iW id th /L e n g th x 1 0 0 .

T h is w as t r i e d a s an e x p e r im e n t o r i g i n a l l y , t h e o b j e c t b e in g t o

r e d u c e t h e s u b j e c t i v i t y o f t e n p r e s e n t i n s p a c e o r sh a p e a n a l y s i s #

The in d e x num bers g r o u p t h e m s e lv e s i n t o t h r e e c l a s s e s , w h ic h

seem s t o me t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h r e e b a s i c s h a p e s w ere u s e d . The

sh a p e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s o n ly a m eth o d o f a n a l y s i s ; n a t u r a l l y i t

i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o s t a t e t h a t t h e s h a p e s w ere r e c o g n iz e d and p u r ­

p o s e l y u t i l i z e d by t h e d i g g e r s . H ow ever t h e c a t e g o r i e s a p p ea r

t o som e e x t e n t t o b e a f u n c t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g p r o c e d u r e . The

f o l l o w i n g in d e x c l a s s e s show t h e c l u s t e r i n g o f t h e d a t a , and

t h e name w h ic h I ( s u b j e c t i v e l y ? ) a p p ly t o e a c h c l a s s .

I n d e x C la s s E x a m p les R ange D e s ig n a t io n- ' ' ' :

9 0 -1 0 0 5 9 3 -1 0 0 Round7 5 - 8 9 .9 6 7 5 - 8 4 O v o id4 5 - 7 4 .9 6 4 6 - 6 4 E lo n g a t e d

The sh a p e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n h a s b e e n f u r t h e r e la b o r a t e d b y

i n c l u d i n g t h e s e c t i o n v ie w o f e a c h p o s t h o l e w h ic h g i v e s , t o some e x t e n t , a t h r e e - d im e n s io n a l sh a p e a n a l y s i s . The p o s t h o l e s w ere

e i t h e r s t r a i g h t — s id e d o r s t e p p e d down i n a

47

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p l a t e V . P o s t h o l e s , a . ff9 , p r i o r t o e x c a v a t i o n , b . # 1 2 , d u r i n g e x c a v a t i o n , c . # 11 , e x c a v a t i o n com­p l e t e d . d . # 15 , s e a t i n g s t o n e s , w es t w a l l o f Sub­s t r u c t u r e 2A i n b a c k g r o u n d .

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s p e c i f i c d i r e c t i o n . (Map 2 , s e c t i o n nJ-K n ; F i g . 4 a ) . As

shown i n T a b le 3 , t h e s t e p p in g o f p o s t h o l e s h a s a d e f i n i t e

c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h th e e lo n g a t e d sh a p e o f t h e s e h o l e s . I t

i s my b e l i e f t h a t t h e s e s t e p s f u n c t io n e d a s fu lc r u m s t o f a ­

c i l i t a t e t h e p la c e m e n t o f th e l a r g e u p r ig h t p o s t s . The d i ­

r e c t i o n o f s t e p p in g a p p e a r s t o me to i n d i c a t e t h e d i r e c t i o n

tow ard w h ic h t h e p o s t s w ere p u sh ed when e r e c t e d . The e l o n - -

gated and s t e p p e d h o l e s c o u ld h a v e h o u se d l a r g e r p o s t s th a n

many o f t h e o t h e r h o l e s ; th e sh a p e o f t h e s e h o l e s i s p r o b a b ly

a f u n c t i o n o f p o s t s i z e .

A summary o f t h e in f o r m a t io n i n T a b le 3 i n d i c a t e s

t h a t f i v e o f t h e s e v e n h o l e s c l a s s e d a s " c e n t r a l" a r e e l o n ­

g a te d and s t e p p e d . One o f t h e o t h e r c e n t r a l h o l e s i s o v o id

and u n - s t e p p e d . The s e v e n t h h o le (# 3 ) i s ro u n d an d n o t

s t e p p e d . D i s c u s s i o n o f t h e p e c u l i a r i t i e s o f t h i s h o l e w i l l

b e d e f e r r e d t o t h e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n s e c t i o n . T h ere a r e tw o

o th e r s t e p p e d h o l e s i n t h e com m unal a r e a , # 6 and 1 3 , b o th o f

w h ic h a r e m a r g in a l h o l e s . B o th m a r g in a l h o l e s a r e s t e p p e d

down to w a rd t h e a d j a c e n t w a l l , s u p p o r t in g t h e c o n t e n t i o n t h a t

t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e s te p -d o w n i s i n d i c a t i v e o f t h e d i r e c t i o n

to w a rd w h ich t h e p o s t w as p u sh ed a t t im e o f e r e c t i o n . I t

w o u ld h av e b e e n i m p o s s i b l e , b e c a u s e o f th e c l o s e n e s s o f t h e

w a l l s , t o p u sh t h e p o s t i n p la c e from t h e o p p o s i t e s i d e s o f

t h e h o l e s . A n a l y s i s o f th e d i r e c t i o n o f s te p -d o w n i n th e

c e n t r a l h o l e s r e v e a l s t h a t th e h o l e s o n t h e s o u t h s i d e o f

t h e h e a r t h a r e a a r e s te p p e d -d o w n to w a r d t h e n o r t h , and th e

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STERILE

SECT I Oil VIEW

a . POSTHOLE 6 END NORTH KIVA './ALL

POSTHOLE NUMBER:

i 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 9 10 n 1? 13141516 17

% 21! S?25£2iht'!!3*^115o>h15E li«ei8.-

« « : H S ; ; ,N!™ n " i i m i u H a m H r n i m ii i

POSTHOLE DEP ?1I, L.ILON VLOOR I I I .

C 3 E l o o r I LI t o S t o r l L o . S t o r l 1 n t o c t to

F ig u r e 4 . P o s t h o le d a t a

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two s t e p p e d h o l e s n o r th o f t h e h e a r t h a r e a a r e s t e p p e d down

to w a rd t h e s o u t h . I f t h e a s s u m p tio n i s c o r r e c t t h a t d i r e c ­

t i o n o f s te p d o w n i s i n d i c a t i v e , i t c a n be s t a t e d t h a t t h e

s o u th row o f p o s t s w as e r e c t e d from th e s o u t h s i d e o f th e

s t r u c t u r e , w i t h t h e b a s e s o f th e p o s t s i n i t i a l l y p o i n t i n g

n o r t h , and t h e l e n g t h o f t h e p o le b e in g r a i s e d to w a rd t h e

n o r t h a l s n . On t h e n o r t h s i d e o f t h e h e a r th a r e a , t h e p o s t s

w ou ld h a v e i n i t i a l l y p o in t e d s o u t h , and w ou ld h a v e b e e n r a i s e d

to w a rd th e s o u t h .

A l l o f t h e ro u n d h o l e s , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f # 3 ,

a r e m a r g in a l h o l e s , a lo n g t h e e a s t s i d e o f t h e g r e a t k iv a

s t r u c t u r e . T h ree o f t h e s e fo u r h o l e s a r e s m a l le r th a n # 3 , '

and t h e two e x c a v a t e d h o l e s a r e much s h a l lo w e r th a n # 3 , o r any

o t h e r h o le i n th e s t r u c t u r e . T h ere a r e s i x o t h e r m a r g in a l

h o l e s . Two o f t h e s e , # 6 and # 1 3 , h a v e b e e n d i s c u s s e d and

w ere s t e p p e d , and e i t h e r o v o id o r e l o n g a t e d . The r e m a in in g

fo u r a r e o v o id ( # 1 , 5 , 9 , 1 0 ) .

T o t a l d e p th o f p o s t h o l e s h a s b e e n a n a ly z e d a s a f u n c ­

t i o n o f tw o co m p o n en t m e a s u r e m e n ts . The f i r s t o f t h e s e m e a s u r -

m e n t s , from F lo o r I I I t o s t e r i l e , a c t u a l l y i n d i c a t e s th e i r ­

r e g u l a r i t i e s and s l o p e o f t h e u n d e r ly in g s t e r i l e and t h e o o n -

s e a u e n t v a r i a t i o n i n t h e d e p th o f th e t r a s h d e p o s i t b e lo w

F lo o r I I I . The s e c o n d m easu rm en t i s fro m t h e s u r f a c e o f th e

s t e r i l e s o i l t o t h e b o tto m o f t h e p o s t h o l e . A ssu m in g a r e ­

l a t i v e l y l e v e l f l o o r , p r e l im in a r y c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h i s ty p e

o f a n a l y s i s w o u ld l e a d t o a b e l i e f i n i t s f u t i l i t y . L o g i c a l l y

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p o s t h o l e t o t a l d e p th w o u ld b e a ssu m ed e i t h e r t o v a r y r a n d o m ly ,

a s a r e s u l t o f u s in g p o l e s o f random l e n g t h , o r t o b e r e l a t i v e ­

l y u n ifo r m , a s a r e s u l t o f u s in g p o l e s o f u n ifo r m l e n g t h .

E i t h e r r e s u l t w ou ld s u p p ly u s e f u l in f o r m a t io n p e r t a i n i n g t o

c o n s t r u c t i o n m e th o d s . A n a l y s i s o f t h e t o t a l d e p t h s o f p o s t -

h o l e s i n G r e a t K iv a I I , h o w e v e r , r e v e a l s a sk ew ed d i s t r i b u ­

t i o n w h ic h seem s n e i t h e r random nor u n ifo r m . P r io r t o t h e

a n a l y s i s o f th e t o t a l d e p th f i g u r e , i t was th o u g h t t h a t t h i s

sk ew ed d i s t r i b u t i o n w as a t t r i b u t a b l e to t h e i r r e g u l a r i t y o f

t h e s t e r i l e s o i l b e lo w t h e f l o o r l e v e l and t h e c o n s e q u e n t

v a r i a t i o n i n t h e t r a s h d e p o s i t s . H ow ever, a s i s e v i d e n t fro m

T a b le 3 and fro m F ig u r e 4 b , t h e p r o p o r t io n o f t h e t r a s h d e ­

p o s i t t o t h e d e p t h i n t o s t e r i l e m ea su rem en t i s r o u g h ly e q u i ­

v a l e n t i n a l l t h e h o l e s , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f P o s t h o l e s § 1 ,

1 3 , 1 4 , and 1 5 . B o th h o l e s # 1 an d # 1 3 a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y

e x tr e m e d e v i a t i o n from th e a v e r a g e t r a s h d e p t h . B u t e a c h o f

t h e s e h o l e s c o n fo r m s i n o t h e r r e s p e c t s t o o t h e r h o l e s i n t h e

g r e a t k iv a s t r u c t u r e . I n P o s t h o le # 1 t h e d e p th o f p e n e t r a ­

t i o n i n t o s t e r i l e c o r r e s p o n d s a lm o s t e x a c t l y w it h t h e a v e r a g e

o f t h i s m ea su rem en t t a k e n from 5 m a r g in a l h o l e s ( # 1 , 5 , 6 ,

1 0 , 1 3 ) . I n P o s t h o le # 1 3 th e t o t a l d e p th c o r r e s p o n d s a lm o s t

e x a c t l y w ith th e a v e r a g e o f t h i s m ea su rem en t ta k e n fro m t h e

same 5 m a r g in a l h o l e s .

I n c o n t r a s t t o t h e s e p a r t i a l c o n fo r m a n c e s o f p o s t h o l e s

# 1 and 1 3 , n e i t h e r P o s t h o le 14 n o r 15 co n fo rm t o an y a v e r a g e

f o r e i t h e r o f th e c o m p o s it e m e a su r em e n ts or f o r t h e t o t a l

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d e p th m e a su r e m e n ts . The d e p t h o f p e n e t r a t i o n o f t h e h o l e s

i n t o s t e r i l e i s l e s s th a n l / Z t h e a v e r a g e o f t h i s d e p th i n

th e 5 o th e r m a r g in a l h o l e s . The t o t a l d e p th o f t h e s e h o l e s

i s l / 5 l e s s th a n t h e a v e r a g e t o t a l d e p th o f th e o t h e r 5 m ar­

g i n a l h o l e s . The r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e s e m e a su r em e n ts t o th e

a v e r a g e s o f t h e sam e c l a s s e s o f m e a su r em e n ts ta k e n fro m t h e

o th e r e x c a v a t e d h o l e s i n t h e s t r u c t u r e ( t h e 7 c e n t r a l p lu s

th e o t h e r 5 m a r g in a l ) i s o f th e s a w o r d e r b u t m ore e x t r e m e . .

For a g r a p h ic i l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s s e e F i g . 4 b .

The r e l a t i v e s h a l lo w n e s s o f th e t o t a l d e p th s o f : .

P o s t h o l e s # 1 4 and 15 i s m ore s u r p r i s i n g when i t i s r e a l i z e d

t h a t b e c a u s e o f t h e g r e a t t r a s h d e p th h e r e , d i g g i n g w o u ld

h ave b e e n r e l a t i v e l y e a s y — c e r t a i n l y e a s i e r th a n d i g g i n g a

d e e p h o le i n t o t h e s t e r i l e c l a y . E v en th o u g h t h e d i g g i n g

w ou ld h av e b e e n e a s i e r , no a t t e m p t w as made t o a t t a i n e v e n

th e minimum t o t a l d e p th r e a c h e d by t h e o t h e r h o l e s . T h is

s i t u a t i o n m ig h t i n d i c a t e t h a t 1 ) i t w as n o t c o n s id e r e d e s ­

s e n t i a l , or i t w as n o t p o s s i b l e , t o su p p o r t th e p o s t s i n th e

com p act s t e r i l e , and 2 ) t h e p o s t s i n t h e n o r t h e a s t q u a d r a n t

o f G r ea t K iv a I I w ere s h o r t e r th a n a n y o t h e r s ( e x c e p t # 1 ) .

I n r e g a r d t o t h i s f i r s t p r o p o s i t i o n , P o s t h o le f f l Z

p r o v id e s e v id e n c e t h a t e v e n i n e x t r e m e ly t r a s h y a r e a s i t w as

d e s i r a b l e and w as p o s s i b l e to s u p p o r t t h e p o s t i n a h o le a s

d e e p a s t h e a v e r a g e t o t a l d e p t h . O b v io u s ly , p o s t # 1 3 and a l l

t h e o t h e r p o s t s i n t h e g r e a t k iv a a r e a e x c e p t # 1 , 1 4 , and 1 5 ,

w ere lo n g e r th a n n e c e s s a r y t o r e a c h t o r o o f h e i g h t from t h e

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f l o o r l e v e l . S in c e t h e la b o r i n v o l v e d i n s h o r t e n i n g a n o v e r ­

l y lo n g p o s t i s much l e s s th a n th e la b o r i n v o l v e d i n d i g g i n g

a m eter d e e p h o le i n t o h a rd c l a y , i t seem s e v i d e n t t h a t u s e

o f su c h lo n g p o s t s w as i n t e n t i o n a l and w as d e te r m in e d b y a d

d e s i r e t o s e a t t h e p o s t s d e e p l y .

I f th e m e a su r em e n ts f o r P o s t h o le # 1 a r e c o r r e c t ,

t h e y i n d i c a t e a p o s s i b l e b a s i s f o r t h i s d e s i r e . E v en th o u g h

t h e t r a s h d e p o s i t w as n e g l i g i b l e h e r e , t h u s r e d u c in g th e t o t a l

d e p th d r a s t i c a l l y , t h e am ount o f p e n e t r a t i o n o f t h e h o le i n t o

s t e r i l e f a l l s w e l l w i t h i n th e r a n g e o f t h e same m ea su rem en t

i n o th e r d e e p - s e a t e d m a r g in a l h o l e s ( 5 , 6 , 1 , 1 3 ) . T h i s , I

b e l i e v e , i n d i c a t e s r e c o g n i t i o n o f th e f u n c t i o n a l im p o r ta n c e

o f s o l i d ( a s o p p o se d t o " l o o s e t r a s h " ) and d e e p s e a t i n g o f

th e p o s t . From t h e e v id e n c e i n P o s t h o le g^l and 1 3 , i n c o n ­

j u n c t i o n w it h t h e 10 o t h e r d e e p p o s t h o l e s i n th e com m unal

a r e a , I f e e l i t i s p o s s i b l e t o s a y t h a t t h e u s e o f l o n g p o s t s

and t h e d e e p - s e a t i n g o f t h e s e p o s t s i n s t e r i l e o r i n a com­

b i n a t i o n o f t r a s h and s t e r i l e w as a s i g n i f i c a n t " c o n s t r u c t i o n

v a l u e ." The p r a c t i c a l b a s i s f o r t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n v a lu e may

h av e b e e n t h e n e c e s s i t y t o p r o v id e su c h s u p p o r t f o r t h e h e a v y

r o o f .

The s h a l lo w t o t a l d e p t h and t h e s h a l lo w p e n e t r a t i o n

i n t o s t e r i l e o f P o s t h o l e s # 1 4 and 15 i n d i c a t e n o t o n ly t h e

s h o r t n e s s o f t h e p o l e s h e r e , b u t a l s o t h e n o n - f u n c t io n in g

o f t h e a b o v e - d e s c r ib e d " c o n s t r u c t i o n v a l u e ."

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One o t h e r f e a t u r e c e r t a i n i n g t o t h e d e p t h o f P o s t h o le

# 15 n e e d s t o be r e c o r d e d . Two b r o k e n t u f f s l a b s , s i m i l a r t o

t h o s e u se d i n th e banded t u f f w a l l s , w ere l o c a t e d on t h e b o t ­

tom o f t h i s h o l e . The s l a b s r e s t e d d i r e c t l y on t h e s t e r i l e

s o i l , s o t h a t t h e t o p s o f t h e s l a b s w ere a p p r o x im a te ly .1 0 -

.2 0 m a b o v e t h e f l o o r o f th e h o l e ( P l a t e V d ) . T h is r e d u c e d th e

e f f e c t i v e d e p t h o f t h e h o l e and t h e l e n g t h o f t h e p o s t b y a

s i m i l a r a m o u n t. S u ch a m ism a tch o f h o le d e p th w i t h p o le l e n g t h

c o u ld h a v e o c c u r r e d a c c i d e n t a l l y , a s a r e s u l t o f th e h o le b e ­

in g dug w it h o u t r e f e r e n c e t o t h e l e n g t h o f t h e p o l e , or v i c e

v e r s a . I t a l s o c o u ld be t h e r e s u l t o f p la n n in g . P o s s i b l y

t h e s e s t o n e s w ere p u t i n p la c e t o f u n c t i o n a s s e a t i n g s t o n e s ,

t h a t i s , t o p r e v e n t th e p o s t fro m s i n k i n g i n t o t h e s t e r i l e

a s a r e s u l t o f th e c o m p r e s s io n fro m th e r o o f w e i g h t . T h is

may b e t h e c o r r e c t e x p l a n a t i o n , b u t s i n c e t h e u s e o f su c h

s t o n e s o c c u r s n ow h ere e l s e i n t h e s i t e , i t w ou ld seem t h a t

t h e p r i n c i p l e o f Ms e a t i n g s t o n e s ” may h a v e b e e n unknown a t

t h i s t im e i n t h i s l o c a l i t y . (S e e R e i t e r 1 9 4 6 : T a b le I f o r

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h i s t r a i t i n c e r e m o n ia l s t r u c t u r e s . S e a t i n g

s t o n e s o c c u r i n on e p o s t h o l e i n th e g r e a t k iv a a t W antack

V i l l a g e , P o in t o f P i n e s , B r e t e r n i t z . 1 9 5 6 ) . I p r e f e r t o t h in k

t h a t t h e d ig g i n g o f t h i s h o l e , t h e c u t t i n g o f t h e p o s t , and

th e p la c in g o f t h e s t o n e s w ere t h e r e s u l t o f p la n n in g and

w ere n e c e s s a r y t o s o l v e a s p e c i f i c p r o b le m . S in c e t h i s i s

h i g h l y c o n j e c t u r a l , I w i l l r e s e r v e d i s c u s s i o n o f t h i s p ro b lem

f o r a l a t e r s e c t i o n .

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The p a t t e r n o f th e p o s t h o l e s h a s b e e n a n a ly z e d i n

te r m s o f "row" and " p o s i t i o n * w i t h i n th e r o w . T h ere a r e fo u r

row s o f h o l e s w i t h in t h e com m unal a r e a , a row b e in g c o n s id e r e d

a s a n o r t h - s o u t h a l ig n m e n t . The w e s t e r n row h a s b e e n d e s ig n a t e .

Row A; t h e w e s t - c e n t r a l row a s B; t h e n e x t , t o t h e e a s t , a s

C ; and t h e e a s t e r n row a s D. T h ese te r m s a r e u se d p u r e ly a s

a c o n v e n ie n c e , and a r e n o t m ean t t o im p ly s e q u e n c e o f e r e c t i o n .

The term " c e n t r a l p o s i t i o n " i s c o n s id e r e d t o a p p ly t o t h o s e

h o l e s w h ic h s e r v e t o d e m a r c a te th e c e n t r a l c e r e m o n ia l a r e a

w i t h i n G r ea t & iv a IT . T h e se s e v e n h o l e s a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d

from t h e o t h e r s n o t o n ly by t h e i r c e n t r a l p o s i t i o n , b u t a l s o

by t h e i r sh a p e and d e p t h . The " m a r g in a l" h o l e s , w h ic h do n o t

d e l i m i t t h e c e r e m o n ia l a r e a , a r e a d j a c e n t t o th e p e r im e te r

w a l l s o f t h e com m unal a r e a .

The d e s i g n a t i o n o f 7 h o l e s a s " c e n t r a l" may be d i s ­

p u te d b y some f a m i l i a r w it h t h e A n a s a z i g r e a t k iv a s ( A z t e c ,

R in c o n a d a , N u t r i a , L ow ry, an d o t h e r s ) w i t h t h e i r 4 c e n t r a l

s u p p o r t p a t t e r n . S v e n th o u g h 4 h o l e s ( # 7 , 8 , 1 1 , and 1 2 ) i n

th e g r e a t k iv a a t P o in t o f P i n e s R u in form a sq u a r e a rou n d

th e c e n t r a l l y l o c a t e d h e a r t h , I o r o p o s e t h a t t h e s e h o l e s a r e

a c t u a l l y p a r t o f a " c e n t r a l p a t te r n " w h ic h i n c l u d e s 3 o t h e r

h o l e s ( # 2 , 3 , and 4 ) . T h e se t h r e e h o l e s o c c u p y a p o s i t i o n a d ­

j a c e n t t o t h e w e s t w a l l , t h a t i s , t h e y a r e t h r e e o f t h e f i v e

h o l e s i n Row A . P o s t h o le # 3 i s t h e odd h o le i n G r e a t K iv a I I ,

d i s t i n g u i s h ^ ^ i n g Row A from a l l o t h e r ro w s i n t h e k iv a w h ic h

c o n t a in o n ly fo u r h o l e s . D i s c u s s i o n o f th e r e a s o n s f o r p l a c e -

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m eat o f P o s t h o l e #3 w i l l h e d e f e r r e d t o t h e r e c o n s t r u c t io n

s e c t i o n .

The p o s t u l a t e t h a t t h e s e 7 h o l e s s h o u ld b e c o n s id e r e d

a s " c e n t r a l" i s b a s e d on t h e f o l l o w i n g e v id e n c e and r e a s o n in g :

1 ) t h e 7 h o l e s su r r o u n d t h e c e n t r a l c e r e m o n ia l a r e a w h ic h

i n c l u d e s t h e h e a r t h and th e s u r f a c e m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f t h e fo u r

u n ic u e s u b f lo o r t r e n c h e s or c h a n n e l s ; 2 ) a g la n c e a t Map 2

s h o u ld b e s u f f i c i e n t , t o c o n v in c e t h e s k e p t i c t h a t P o s t h o l e s

§ 2 and 4 d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n s i z e and sh a p e fro m t h e i r

co m p a n io n h o l e s i n Row D (# 1 5 and 1 7 ) , and a r e e x t r e m e ly s i ­

m i la r t o h o l e s # 1 1 and 12 i n Row C, and o n ly s l i g h t l y l e s s

s i m i l a r t o # 7 and 8 i n Bow B . C o m p a r iso n o f 6 o f t h e 7 c e n ­

t r a l h o l e s (m in u s # 3 ) sh ow s t h a t # 2 , 4 , 1 1 , and 12 h a v e p r a c ­

t i c a l l y t h e sam e W id th /L e n g th I n d e x ( 5 4 , 5 7 , 5 7 , and 5 7 , r e ­

s p e c t i v e l y ) , w h i le h o l e s # 7 and 8 h ave i n d i c e s o f 77 and 6 7 .

T h is c o m p a r iso n i n d i c a t e s a g r e a t e r s i m i l a r i t y b e tw e e n h o l e s

# 1 1 and 12 i n Row G and h o l e s # 2 and 4 i n Row A th a n b e tw e e n

th e Row 0 h o l e s and # 7 a n d 8 i n Row B . I n summary t h e e v id e n c e

i n d i c a t e s t o me t h a t 1 ) t h e 7 p o s t s w ou ld h a v e s e r v e d t o i s o ­

l a t e th e c e r e m o n ia l a r e a from t h e r e s t o f t h e f l o o r a r e a ,

t h u s a p p e a r in g t o b e a n a la g o u s _in t h i s r e s p e c t t o t h e c e n t r a l

f l o o r g r o o v e s a t th e C ro o k ed R id g e and T u rk ey F o o t R id g e s i t e s

(W heat 1 9 5 5 : 5 7 - 6 0 ) ; and 2 ) d i s s i m i l a r i t y i n t h e s i z e o f t h e

com p a n io n h o l e s (# 2 and 4 i n Row A w it h # 1 5 and 17 i n Row D)

and s i m i l a r i t y i n t h e s i z e o f t h e h o l e s i n Row A and C , i s ,

I b e l i e v e , i n d i c a t i v e o f d i s s i m i l a r i t y and s i m i l a r i t y , r e s p e c ­

58

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t i v e l y , i n s t a t u s and p r o b a b ly o f f u n c t i o n . I b e l i e v e th e

e v id e n c e j u s t i f i e s my d e s i g n a t i o n o f t h e s e v e n h o l e s a s c e n t r a l

A l l o f t h e 17 p o s t h o l e s i n t h e com m unal a r e a w ere

f i l l e d w i t h l o o s e t u f f r o c k s a t th e t im e o f e x c a v a t i o n . The

r o c k p i l e s p r o j e c t e d .0 5 t o .2 0 1m a b o v e F lu a o r I I I a t t h i s

t im e .

S u g g e s t io n s h a v e b e e n made t h a t t h e s e r o c k , f i l l e d

h o l e s d id n o t f u n c t i o n a s p o s t h o l e s a t a l l , b u t s e r v e d a s n

" a l t a r s " , " f i r e - p l a t f o r m s " , " d a n ce p la t f o r m s or m a r k e r s" . No

e v id e n c e t h a t th e s u r f a c e r o c k s had b e e n b u rn ed i s r e c o r d e d .

I f t h e s e h o l e s a c t u a l l y d id f u n c t i o n i n o n e o f th e a b o v e men­

t io n e d w a y s , th e c e r e m o n ia l i m p l i c a t i o n s w ould s t r e n g t h e n t h e

s u p p o s i t i o n t h a t G r ea t K iv a I I i s a c e r e m o n ia l s t r u c t u r e , i n

t h a t c a s e u n r o o f e d . H ow ever d u r in g e x c a v a t io n o f P o s t h o l e # 2

e v id e n c e w as fo u n d w h ic h s t r o n g l y s u p p o r t s t h e c o n t e n t i o n t h a t

t h e s e r o c k f i l l e d h o l e s o r i g i n a l l y h e ld w ooden p o s t s . The

e x c a v a t o r w r i t e s , "The p la c e o f t h e o r i g i n a l p o s t i t s e l f w as

d e te r m in e d by t h e p i l l a r o f s o f t e a r t h su r r o u n d e d by r o c k s .

T h is t o o k t h e fo rm o f a c i r c l e and t h e d ia m e te r w as a p p r o x i ­

m a t e ly 25 cm . I t c o n t in u e d t o t h e n a t i v e e a r t h [ s t e r i l e ] .

. . . A g r e a t d e a l o f a s h e s and s m a ll b i t s o f c h a r c o a l w ere

fo u n d i n th e d e b r i s arou n d t h e s p a c e o f t h e o r i g i n a l p o s t ."

( B a n n is t e r m s .) U n f o r t u n a t e ly t h i s i s th e o n ly h o le f o r w h ic h

d e t a i l e d in f o r m a t io n i s a v a i l a b l e . From P o s t h o l e s # 2 and 8 ,

C h a r c o a l S p e c im e n s # 2 6 and 3 1 , r e s p e c t i v e l y , w ere r e c o v e r e d .

I t seem s r e a s o n a b l e , fro m t h e e v id e n c e p r e s e n t e d a b o v e , t o

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s u p p o se t h a t t h e r o c k f i l l e d h o l e s o r i g i n a l l y h e ld u p r ig h t

p o s t s .

I n P o s t h o le # 2 t h e r o c k s t h e m s e lv e s " v a r y fro m l a r g e r

th a n a m a n 's h ea d t o a b o u t t h e s i z e o f a m a n 's f i s t " w it h th e

" a v e r a g e s i z e [ b e in g ] a b o u t t h e s i z e o f an o p en h a n d . The

h e a v ie r r o c k s w ere i n th e b o tto m and t h e s m a l le r p r e d o m in a te d

n e a r t h e t o p . T h ere seem ed t o b e no p a t t e r n t o t h e i r p l a c e ­

m e n t . [T h ey a p p e a r e d t o b e ] j u s t th ro w n i n w i t h t h e h e a v i e s t

f i r s t . " I n P o s t h o l e # 8 t h e r o c k s r a n g e d " from 30 cm . i n d i a ­

m e te r to s m a l l s t o n e s ." ( B a n n is t e r m s .)

From t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n s o f G r e a t K iv a I I (Map 2 )

and from p h o to g r a p h s , i t a p p e a r s t h a t some o f t h e r o c k s r e s t e d

o n F lo o r I I I , t h a t i s , t h e y p r o tr u d e d b ey o n d th e m a r g in s o f

t h e p o s t h o l e . T h is i s p a r t i c u l a r l y e v i d e n t i n t h e a r e a o f

P o s t h o l e s # 4 and 1 1 . I f i t i s g r a n te d t h a t t h e s e h o l e s a r e

p o s t h o l e s , t h e o n ly e x p l a n a t i o n w h ic h o c c u r s t o me f o r th e

p r e se n c e and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e s e r o c k s i s t h a t t h e y w ere

p la c e d a ro u n d t h e p o s t t o s u p p o r t i t . I t a p p e a r s t h a t r o c k s

w ere p la c e d w i t h i n th e h o l e s and a l s o a b o v e t h e t o p o f t h e

h o l e s , some o f them r e s t i n g on F lo o r I I I . The q u a n t i t y and

random a rra n g em en t o f r o c k , and la c k o f e v id e n c e o f m o r ta r

p r e c lu d e th e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e r o c k s w ere l a i d up i n a

m o r ta r e d b o x or c i r c l e aro u n d t h e p o s t s b e lo w a n d /o r a b o v e

t h e f l o o r ( s e e R e i t e r 1 9 4 6 : T a b le I I f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h i s

t r a i t ) .

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I n sum m ary, th e 17 p o s t h o l e s i n G rea t K iv a I I h a v e

b e e n a n a ly z e d i n te r m s o f s h a p e , c o n t o u r , d e p t h , p a t t e r n , f i l l ,

and f e a t u r e s . T h ere a r e 5 ro u n d h o l e s , 4 o f w h ic h a r e a lo n g

t h e e a s t s i d e and on e o f w h ich i s c e n t r a l . T h ere a r e 6 e l o n ­

g a te d h o l e s , 5 o f w h ic h a r e c e n t r a l and s t e p p e d . The o t h e r

e lo n g a t e d s t o o p e d h o le i s m a r g in a l , a s i s t h e o n ly o v o id s t e p ­

ped h o l e . The o t h e r 4 m a r g in a l h o l e s a r e o v o i d , a s i s t h e r e ­

m a in in g c e n t r a l h o l e . T h ere a r e 7 c e n t r a l h o l e s and 10 m ar­

g i n a l h o l e s , t h r e e o f t h e l a t t e r n e v e r h a v in g b e e n e x c a v a t e d

b e lo w th e t o p o f t h e s t e r i l e c l a y l e v e l . S t e p p in g o f t h e s i d e s

o f t h e h o l e , a t r a i t p r e s e n t i n 7 o f t h e 14 e x c a v a t e d h o l e s ,

a p p e a r s t o i n d i c a t e t h e d i r e c t i o n to w a rd w h ic h th e p o s t w a s

r a i s e d ; t h e t r a i t c o n t r o l s t h e s u r f a c e sh a p e o f t h e p o s t h o l e

t o some e x t e n t . P o s t h o le d e p th i s n e i t h e r random n o r u n ifo r m ;

i t i n d i c a t e s t h a t r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e v a r i a t i o n i n d e p th o f t r a s h

d e p o s i t a b o v e s t e r i l e 12 o f t h e 14 e x c a v a t e d h o l e s co n fo rm ed

i n some r e s p e c t t o a " c o n s t r u c t i o n v a lu e " o f d e e p - s e a t i n g o f

t h e p o s t s . The o t h e r tw o h o l e s do n o t co n fo rm t o t h i s s t a n d ­

a r d ; t h e s e h o l e s u s e d s h o r t e r p o s t s th a n 13 o f t h e o t h e r h o l e s

u s e d . One o f t h e s e n o n -c o n fo r m in g h o l e s w as d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y

t h e p r e s e n c e o f tw o s t o n e s l a b s i n t h e b o t to m , t h e p la c e m e n t

o f w h ic h i s b e l i e v e d t o h a v e b e e n p la n n e d a s a d e v i c e t o m e e t

a s p e c i f i c s i t u a t i o n , w h ic h may d i f f e r fro m t h a t s e r v e d b y t h e

" s e a t i n g s l a b s o r d i s c s " i n t h e C h acoan a r e a . A l l o f t h e 17

h o l e s w ere f i l l e d w i t h l o o s e r o c k o f random s i z e , w h ic h p r o ­

j e c t e d a b o v e and r e s t e d on th e f l o o r i n som e i n s t a n c e s .

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T h e se r o c k s w ere e v i d e n t l y n e c e s s a r y f o r th e s u p p o r t o f t h e

p o s t s , and w ere p r o b a b ly p la c e d arou n d t h e p o s t s i n t h e h o le

and a l s o a b o v e t h e f l o o r f o r a s h o r t d i s t a n c e .

The l e n g t h y d i s c u s s i o n o f p o s t h o l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

p r e s e n t e d a b o v e y i e l d s tw o r e s u l t s im p o r ta n t t o a r e c o n s t r u c ­

t i o n o f G r e a t K iv a s I and I I .

O b v io u s ly , G r e a t K iv a I I w as r o o f e d , w i t h 17 u p r ig h t

p o s t s fo r m in g t h e c h i e f s u p p o r t f o r t h e m a s s iv e beam ed c e i l i n g .

No d i r e c t e v i d e n c e , s u c h a s c h a r r e d t im b e r s o r c l a y r o o f o a s t s ,

w as r e c o v e r e d t o a id i n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f r o o f c o n s t r u c t i o n .

The a p p e a r a n c e and c o n s t r u c t i o n t e c h n iq u e s o f t h e r o o f o f

G r ea t K iv a I I w i l l be d i s c u s s e d i n t h e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n s e c t i o n .

E v id e n c e t o , s u p p o r t t h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t a s m a l le r

r o o f e d s t r u c t u r e e x i s t e d p r io r t o c o n s t r u c t i o n o f G r e a t K iv a

I I i s a l s o p r e s e n t e d i n t h e a b o v e a n a l y s i s . E a ch o f t h e h o l e s

i n th e e a s t e r n row d i f f e r s s h a r p ly from a l l o t h e r h o l e s i n

o th e r ro w s i n G rea t K iv a I I i n a l l o r some o f t h e s e c h a r a c t e r ­

i s t i c s — s h a p e , d e p t h , p la c e m e n t , i n t e r n a l f e a t u r e s . T h is

d i f f e r e n c e a l l o w s an i n f e r e n c e t h a t P o s t h o l e s # 1 th r o u g h 13

w ere a l r e a d y c o n s t r u c t e d and f u n c t i o n i n g a s p o s t s u p p o r t s

when th e e a s t e r n row o f h o l e s w as m ad e. T h e se d i f f e r e n c e s

i n p o s t h o le c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , i n c o n j u n c t io n w i t h s t r a t i g r a ­

p h ic f a c t o r s , a r e im p o r ta n t e v id e n c e f o r t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a

s m a l le r r o o f e d s t r u c t u r e . G r e a t K iv a I . F u r t h e r d i s c u s s i o n

o f t h i s h y p o t h e s i s w i l l f o l l o w i n t h e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n s e c t i o n .

68

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The H e a r th A rea F i g . 5 , P l a t e V I, Map 2

The h e a r t h a r e a i s lo c a te d , i n a lm o s t th e g e o m e t r ic

c e n t e r o f G r ea t K iv a I I . The a r e a a s d e f in e d c o n s i s t s o f tw o

s e c t i o n s . The f i r s t o f t h e s e i s a r o u n d , c o n c a v e , s h a l lo w

b a s in w h ic h w as f i l l e d w it h a s h a t th e t im e o f e x c a v a t io n ^ A

la y e r o f s m a l l r o c k s a p p a r e n t ly r e s t e d b e lo w F lo o r I I I w i t h i n

t h i s b a s i n . A p p a r e n t ly F lo o r I I I d id n o t e x t e n d o v e r t h e b a ­

s i n . E v i d e n t l y t h e a r e a w i t h in t h i s p i t show ed e v id e n c e o f

b e in g b u r n e d . A sh l e n s e s e x te n d e d fro m t h e b a s i n to w a r d th e

e n d s o f t h e r a d i a t i n g f l o o r t r e n c h e s , b u t t h e r e a p p e a r s t o

h ave b e e n no a c t u a l c o n t a c t b e tw e e n t h i s h e a r t h a r e a and t h e

t r e n c h e s .

The b a s i n i s 1 .3 0 m lo n g o n t h e n o r t h - s o u t h a x i s , and

1 .7 0 m lo n g on t h e e a s t - w e s t a x i s . W ith in t h i s l a r g e a r e a t h e

s m a ll r o c k s w ere a r r a n g e d i n a r o u g h sq u a r e w i t h a n o r t h w e s t

a x i s . T h is r o c k a r e a i s .7 0 m n o r t h w e s t t o s o u t h e a s t , and .6 0............i . ' .m a t r i g h t a n g l e s t o t h i s a x i s . I t s g r e a t e s t d e p th i s r e a c h e d

a t a p o in t .7 5 m from t h e w e s t e r n m a r g in a lo n g s e c t i o n l i n e

nC-DM, and .6 5 m from t h e n o r th e r n m a r g in a lo n g s e c t i o n l i n e

"G-H". At t h i s p o in t th e b a s i n i s .1 0 t o .1 2 m d e e p . B e lo w

th e c o n c a v e b o tto m o f t h e b a s i n w h ic h r e s t s on t r a s h , a d e ­

p r e s s i o n m a tc h in g t h e c o n t o u r s o f th e p i t h a s b e e n du g i n t o

th e s t e r i l e c l a y . Where th e tw o s e c t i o n l i n e s c r o s s , th e

d e p r e s s io n i n s t e r i l e r e a c h e s a d e p th o f .4 0 m b e lo w F lo o r

I I I . The lo w e s t p o in t i n t h i s d e p r e s s io n i s l o c a t e d .6 5 m

on an e a s t - w e s t a x i s from t h e w e s t e r n e d g e o f th e o v e r l y i n g

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one meter

L E G E N D_____ Stones on Floor

Subfloor Stones liC l . t j Subfloor Trenches

in Sterile VZZZA Sterile SoilI I Trnsh

•F ig u r e 5* The H e a r th A rea

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c .

P l a t e V I . a . H e a r t h a r e a , G r e a t K iv a I I , l o o k i n g s o u t h ­e a s t . b . Ash f i l l e d b a s i n , p r i o r t o e x c a v a t i o n .c . Ash f i l l e d b a s i n and r o c k a r e a be low F l o o r I I I .d . F i r e b ox , below a s h f i l l e d b a s i n r e s t i n g on s t e r i l e s o i l

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a s h p i t . The d e p t h . h e r e i s .6 0 m b e lo w F lo o r I I T . T h is m ea­

su r e m e n t i s a c t u a l l y ta k e n i n t h e m id d le o f th e s e c o n d f e a ­

t u r e o f t h e h e a r t h a r e a — t h e f i r e b o x .

T h is r e c t a n g u la r s t o n e l i n e d b o x i s l o c a t e d i n th e

c e n t e r and r e s t s on t h e b o tto m o f t h e l a r g e d e p r e s s io n i n t o

s t e r i l e . The b ox i s fo rm ed b y fo u r s m a l l sh a p e d t u f f s l a b s

s e t on e d g e i n t h e s t e r i l e s o i l . The t o p s o f t h e s e s l a b s

a r e .0 5 m b e lo w t h e b o tto m o f th e a s h - f i l l e d b a s in ; t h i s

f e a t u r e t h e n i s c o m p le t e ly b e lo w t h e b a s i n and F lo o r I I I .

T he i n s i d e d im e n s io n s o f t h i s b o x a r e g iv e n a s .1 6 m a lo n g

t h e e a s t - w e s t a x i s , and .2 1 m a lo n g t h e n o r t h - s o u t h a x i s .

The fo u r s l a b s a r e o r i e n t e d so t h a t e a c h o f them p a r a l l e l s t h e

c o r r e s p o n d in g m ain w a l l s o f th e com m unal a r e a . The b o tto m

o f t h i s b o x e d a r e a i s .2 0 m b e lo w th e t o p s o f t h e s l a b s i n th e

c e n t r a l and d e e p e s t l o c a t i o n ; t h e b o tto m i s s l i g h t l y c o n c a v e .

The b o x w as n o t f i l l e d w i t h a s h , when e x c a v a t e d . T r a sh s i m i ­

l a r t o t h a t b e lo w F lo o r I I I w as i n th e b o x a lo n g w i t h som e

r e w o r k e d n a t i v e s o i l and on e s h e r d ( t y p e u n r e c o r d e d ) . T h is

b o x i s s i m i l a r t o o t h e r room f i r e p l a c e s i n t h e s i t e . S in c e

i t w as n o t f i l l e d w i t h a s h o r - b u rn ed d e b r i s , i t s f u n c ­

t i o n c a n n o t b e d e f i n i t e l y d e t e r m in e d . The p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t

i t w as c o n s t r u c t e d , and f u n c t io n e d b r i e f l y , a s a f i r e b o x i s

s t r e n g t h e n e d b y i n d i c a t i o n s o f b u r n in g fo u n d on t h e I n s i d e s .

o f t h e s l a b s .

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F lo o r T r e n c h e s P l a t e V ia , V II

F ou r t r e n c h e s r a d i a t e from th e c e n t e r o f G rea t K iv a

I I to w a rd t h e c a r d i n a l d i r e c t i o n s . The t r e n c h e s a r e c u t i n t o

F lo o r I I I and e x te n d downward i n t o t h e s t e r i l e s o i l . The

t r e n c h e s a r e l o c a t e d f o r th e m o st p a r t w i t h i n th e r e c t a n g l e

form ed by t h e s e v e n c e n t r a l p o s t s . The c e n t r a l o r in n e r e n d s

o f t h e t r e n c h e s a r e p la c e d from .1 0 t o 1 .2 0 m from t h e e d g e s

o f th e h e a r t h a r e a , b u t f i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s f a i l e d t o d e t e c t

an y c o n n e c t io n o f t h e a s h l e n s e s o r t h e m a r g in s o f t h e h e a r t h

a r e a w i t h t h e in n e r e n d s or s i d e s o f a n y o f th e t r e n c h e s .

When t h e t r e n c h e s w ere d i s c o v e r e d , t h e y w ere f i l l e d

w it h a fe w s m a l l s t o n e s and t r a s h c o n t a i n i n g p a i n t f r a g m e n t s ,

a s h , c h a r c o a l , s h e r d s , and s o i l — i n g e n e r a l t h e same ty p e o f

f i l l fo u n d i n th e k i v a . At e x c a v a t i o n t h r e e o f t h e s e t r e n c h e s

— t h e w e s t , s o u t h , and e a s t o n e s — w ere p a r t i a l l y c o v e r e d w i t h

sh a p ed t u f f s l a b s and s m a l l s t o n e s . G e n e r a l ly t h e e n d s o f t h e

s l a b s r e s t e d on F lo o r I I I . The n o r t h e r n t r e n c h had no s t o n e s

c o v e r in g i t a t t h e t im e F lo o r I I I w as c l e a r e d . T h is t r e n c h i s

sh a p ed d i f f e r e n t l y from t h e o t h e r t h r e e , s o th e q u e s t i o n o f

w h eth er o r n o t i t w as e v e r r o c k - c o v e r e d i s a d i f f i c u l t o n e t o

• an sw er on t h e b a s i s o f a n a lo g y . S la b c o v e r in g w o u ld h a v e b e e n

p o s s i b l e o v e r p o r t i o n s o f t h e n o r t h t r e n c h .

E a ch t r e n c h i s com p osed o f a number o f d i f f e r e n t f e a ­

t u r e s o r p a r t s . None o f t h e f o u r t r e n c h e s i s i d e n t i c a l i n i t s

p a r t s , o r i e n t a t i o n , s i z e , and r e l a t i o n s h i p t o s u r r o u n d in g f e a ­

t u r e s ( s u c h a s t h e p o s t h o l e s o r h e a r t h a r e a . ) H ow ever a l l

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P l a t e V I I . a . E a s t , s o u t h , and w es t f l o o r t r e n c h e s b e ­f o r e e x c a v a t i o n . Note a b s e n c e o f f l o o r m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f n o r t h t r e n c h , and n o t c h e d s l a b , e a s t t r e n c h , b . F l o o r t r e n c h e s d u r i n g e x c a v a t i o n , l o o k i n g e a s t t o ­ward e n t r a n c e , c . West t r e n c h , l o o k i n g e a s t , d u r i n g e x c a v a t i o n . S o u th wing o f r o c k a l i g n m e n t removed t o show f e a t u r e s be low .

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fo u r o f th e t r e n c h e s s h a r e a t l e a s t o n e f e a t u r e — tw o s m a l l

p o s t h o le s f l a n k t h e s i d e s o f t h e o u t e r e n d s o f a l l t h e t r e n c h e s

I n a d d i t i o n t o t h i s s i m i l a r i t y , e a c h o f t h e t r e n c h e s c o n t a i n s

some f e a t u r e s fo u n d i n a t l e a s t tw o o t h e r t r e n c h e s .

The w e s t t r e n c h : F i g . 6 , P l a t e V i l e , V I I I .

The w e s t t r e n c h i s l o c a t e d s o t h a t i t s in n e r end i s, . - ■ ■ •

a p p r o x im a te ly 1 .0 m w e s t o f t h e c e n t r a l h e a r t h a r e a . The

l i n e a r e x t e n t o f t h e t r e n c h to w a rd t h e w e s t w a l l o f G rea t

K iv a I I i s 4 .2 0 m. The t r e n c h c o n t a i n s 6 m ajor f e a t u r e s — a

c h a n n e l , t u f f s l a b s c o v e r in g t h i s c h a n n e l , a d e e p p i t , a s e m i­

c i r c u l a r su b f ln .o r r o c k a l ig n m e n t , 3 p a r a l l e l t r o u g h s r u n n in g

a t r i g h t a n g l e s t o th e e a s t - w e s t a x i s o f th e c h a n n e l , and 6

p o s t h o l e s .

The c h a n n e l i s t h e f e a t u r e a t t h e in n e r end o f t h e

w e s t t r e n c h . I t i s a r o u n d -b o tto m e d c u t i n t o th e s t e r i l e

s o i l w h ic h e x t e n d s a p p r o x im a t e ly 1 .5 m to w a r d t h e w e s t . The

b o tto m o f t h e c u t i s .6 0 m b e lo w F lo o r I I I . The c h a n n e l i s

a p p r o x im a te ly .4 0 m w id e on t h e a v e r a g e . The s i d e s and b o t ­

tom o f t h e c h a n n e l a r e r e l a t i v e l y sm o o th and w ere e a s i l y d i s ­

t i n g u i s h e d from tB.e t r a s h and u n a l t e r e d s t e r i l e i n t o w h ic h

th e t r e n c h w as c u t .

A bove th e c h a n n e l and r e s t i n g a t t h e l e v e l o f F lo o r

I I I a r e 6 t u f f s l a b s w h ic h e x te n d a c r o s s th e a x i s o f th e

c h a n n e l fo r m in g a c o v e r . T h e se s l a b s and a fe w o t h e r s c a t ­

t e r e d s t o n e s i n t h e a r e a w ere t h e o n ly f e a t u r e s o f t h e w e s t

69

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7 0

F ig u r e 6 . The W est F lo o r T r e n c h

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Pla t© V I I I . West T r e n c h , a . Look ing n o r t h a c r o s s t r o u g h s .b . L o o k in g s o u t h a c r o s s t r o u g h s .

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t r e n c h w h ic h w ere e v id e n t w hen F lo o r I I I w as c l e a r e d . S la b s

r a n g e fr a n . 4 5 - . 5 5 m l o n g . No s la b w as fo u n d c o v e r in g th e

In n e r m o st en d o f t h e c h a n n e l .

A t t h e w e s t en d o f t h e s la b c o v e r e d c h a n n e l , a d e e p

p i t i s l o c a t e d . The b o tto m o f t h i s p i t i s .7 1 m b e lo w F lo o r

I I I . The p i t i s r o u g h ly o v o id i n s h a p e , and i s s e t so t h a t

i t s c e n t e r i s s l i g h t l y n o r th o f th e e a s t - w e s t a x i s o f th e

c h a n n e l .

I m m e d ia t e ly w e s t o f th e d e e p p i t and o v e r la p p in g som e­

w h at upon o r i n i t , i s a s e m ic i r c u la r r o c k a l ig n m e n t , w h ic h a t

e x c a v a t io n , w as a lm o s t e n t i r e l y b e lo w F lo o r I I I . H ow ever on e

s m a ll s l a b and s e v e r a l o t h e r s p a l l - s i z e r o c k s w h ic h show ed w hen

F lo o r I I I w as c l e a r e d w ere p r o b a b ly a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s e m i­

c i r c u l a r a l ig n m e n t . The r o c k s i n t h i s s e m i c i r c l e , w h ic h o p e n s

to w a rd th e w e s t , a p p a r e n t ly r e s t on t r a s h . The l i n e o f s t o n e s

i s from .1 0 t o .1 5 m b e lo w F lo o r I I I , and from .1 0 t o .5 0 m

a b o v e s t e r i l e — th e w id e v a r i a t i o n h e r e b e in g th e r e s u l t o f nu­

m erou s d e p r e s s io n s i n t h e c o n g lo m e r a t e . The bam o f t h i s a l i g n ­

m ent i s e s s e n t i a l l y a t an e v e n and u n ifo r m l e v e l . S t o n e s i n

t h i s a l ig n m e n t a r e .1 0 t o .3 5 m lo n g , and m a in ly e l l i p s o i d a l or

r o u n d . The o n ly s l a b - l i k e s t o n e i s l o c a t e d i n a l i n e w i t h t h e

a x i s o f t h e c h a n n e l t o t h e e a s t . The s l a b fo u n d o n t h e s u r f a c e

o f F lo o r I I I o r a t t h a t l e v e l i s a l s o l o c a t e d on t h i s e a s t - w e s t

a x i s . I f t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e r e m a in in g r o c k s o n F lo o r I I I c a n

be a c c e p t e d a s i n d i c a t i v e , th e s u b f lo o r l i n e o f r o c k a p p e a r s t o

h a v e a t o n e t im e s t o o d h i g h e r .

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B e lo w t h e s u b f lo o r r o c k a l ig n m e n t and d u g I n t o th e

s t e r i l e c o n g lo m e r a te a r e 3 p a r a l l e l t r o u g h s w h ic h r u n n o r t h -

s o u t h a t r i g h t a n g l e s t o th e e a s t - w e s t c h a n n e l . The e a s t e r n

and m id d le t r o u g h s a r e s e p a r a t e d fro m e a c h o th e r o n l y o n t h e

78a

[P le a s e co n tin u e on page 73]

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s o u t h e n d s ; i n t h e m id d le and a t th e n o r th a p p a r e n t ly t h e y

m erge and m a in t a in t h e sam e d e p t h , a p p r o x im a t e ly , b e lo w t h e

f l o o r . The b o tto m o f t h e s e t r o u g h s i s .5 5 m b e lo w F lo o r I I I

a lo n g t h e e a s t - w e s t s e c t i o n l i n e . The t h i r d o r w e s te r n m o s t

t r o u g h i s .5 0 m b e lo w F lo o r I I I and i s c u t i n t o t h e s t e r i l e

o l a y a p p r o x im a te ly .3 0 m . The e a s t e r n t r o u g h i s 3 , 7 m l o n g ,

t h e m id d le t r o u g h 3 . 3 m l o n g , and th e w e s t e r n t r o u g h i s 4 . 7

m l o n g . The e a s t e r n e d g e o f th e e a s t e r n tr o u g h i s d i r e c t l y

b e lo w th e e a s t e r n f a c e o f t h e s e m i c i r c u l a r r o o k a l ig n m e n t .

The w e s te r n e d g e o f t h e w e s t e r n t r o u g h a p p e a r s t o form th e

w e s te r n b o u n d a ry o f t h e w e s t e r n f l o o r t r e n c h . A t b o t h th e

n o r th and s o u th e n d s o f t h e w e s t e r n t r o u g h i s a s m a l l s l a b

w h ich r e s t s p a r t i a l l y on t h e s u r f a c e o f th e s t e r i l e and p a r ­

t i a l l y on th e t r a s h w i t h i n t h e t r o u g h . U nder t h e s e s t o n e s a r e

s e v e r a l s m a l le r s t o n e s a p p a r e n t ly , b u t t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f

t h e s m a l le r s t o n e s t o t h e b o tto m o f t h e t r o u g h i s n o t r e c o r d ­

e d .

T h ere a r e 6 p o s t h o l e s a s s o c i a t e d w ith th e w e s t t r e n c h .

A l l a r e s m a l l , .1 2 m o r l e s s i n d ia m e t e r . T hey r a n g e fro m .4 1

t o .6 4 m i n d e p th b e lo w F lo o r I I I ; tw o a r e c u t a s d e e p a s .2 4

m i n t o s t e r i l e . F our o f t h e s e h o l e s a r e a l i g n e d w i t h , o r a r e

w i t h i n , t h e m id d le p a r a l l e l t r o u g h . H o le s 2 and 4 a r e p la c e d

w it h in th e w e s t e r n and e a s t e r n t r o u g h r e s p e c t i v e l y . Of t h e

fo u r h o l e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e m id d le t r o u g h , 3 (g f l , 5 , and 6 )

a r e l o c a t e d im m e d ia te ly t o t h e e a s t o f t h e s l a b s w h ic h f l a n k

t h e w e s t e r n tr o u g h a t t h e n o r th and s o u t h e n d s . None o f th e

p o s t h o l e s w ere e v id e n t i n F lo o r I I I . B e c a u s e o f th e i r r e g u l a r

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and s o f t n a t u r e o f t h i s f l o o r , i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t , e v e n i f

a t on e t im e p o s t s s e t i n t h e s e h o l e s e x te n d e d a b o v e F lo o r I I I ,

t h e y c o u ld h a v e b e e n o v e r lo o k e d . T h e " h o le s w ere f i l l e d w i t h

t r a s h .

The c h a n n e l s e c t i o n o f t h e w e s t t r e n c h w as l a r g e

en ou gh t o h o ld a man i n p r o n e p o s i t i o n u n d er t h e s l a b c o v e r ­

i n g . S in c e a p p a r e n t ly i t w as o n ly 1 .5 m l o n g , o n ly a s h o r t

i n d i v i d u a l c o u ld h a v e b e e n a c c o m o d a te d , u n l e s s t h e d e e p p i t

a t th e w e s t end o f t h e c h a n n e l w ere u se d t o h o u se t h e lo w e r

l e g s and f e e t o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l . S u ch u s a g e a p p e a r s t o b e

a p o s s i b i l i t y p h y s i c a l l y a t l e a s t .

The s o u th t r e n c h : F i g . 7 ; P l a t e IX , X .

The s o u t h t r e n c h i s l o c a t e d so t h a t i t s in n e r en d i s

a p p r o x im a te ly .1 0 m w e s t o f t h e w e s t e r n e d g e o f th e h e a r t h

a r e a . T h is i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e s o u t h t r e n c h i s o r i e n t e d s o

t h a t i s p r o j e c t s s l i g h t l y b e tw e e n t h e h e a r t h a n d - th e in n e r

end o f t h e w e s t t r e n c h . The s o u t h t r e n c h d o e s n o t t o u c h .

e i t h e r t h e m a r g in s o f t h e w e s t t r e n c h o r o f t h e h e a r t h a r e a ,

h o w e v e r . The l i n e a r e x t e n t o f t h e t r e n c h to w a r d t h e s o u t h

w a l l o f G rea t K iv a I I i s 5 .8 0 m. The t r e n c h c o n t a i n s 6 m ajor

f e a t u r e s — a c h a n n e l , t u f f s l a b s c o v e r in g t h i s c h a n n e l , a

d e e p p i t , a s e m i c i r c u l a r s u b f lo o r r o c k a l ig n m e n t , on e o r m ore

t r o u g h s a t r i g h t a n g l e s t o t h e c h a n n e l , and 3 p o s t h o l e s .

The c h a n n e l i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f t h e w e s t t r e n c h .

I t i s a r o u n d -b o tto m e d c u t i n t o t h e s t e r i l e s o i l , w h ic h e x t e n d s

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F ig u r e 7 . The S o u th F lo o r T r e n c h

-3I-

1

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P l a t e IX. S o u th T r e n c h , a . C h a n n e l , p r i o r t o e x c a v a ­t i o n o f t r o u g h s , b . S o u th end o f c h a n n e l .

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P l a t e X . S o u th T r e n c h , a . A f t e r e x c a v a t i o n , l o o k i n g n o r t h . Rock a l i g n m e n t r e m o v e d . b . A f t e r e x c a v a t i o n . Note f i r e box i n r i g h t b a c k g r o u n d , d e ep p i t a t s o u t h end o f c h a n n e l .

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t o th e s o u t h a p p r o x im a t e ly 3 .0 m. The b o tto m o f t h e c h a n n e l

I s . 4 5 - . 5 0 m b e lo w F lo o r I I I . I t i s a p p r o x im a te ly .4 5 m

w id e .

A bove t h e c h a n n e l and r e s t i n g a t t h e l e v e l o f F lo o r

I I I a r e 9 t u f f s l a b s w h ic h e x te n d a c r o s s t h e n o r t h - s o u t h a x i s

o f th e c h a n n e l , s e r v i n g a s a c o v e r . T h ese s l a b s r a n g e fro m

. 7 0 - . 8 5 m l o n g . No s l a b c o v e r e d t h e in n e r m o s t end o f t h e

c h a n n e l . On t o p o f o n e o f t h e s l a b s n e a r t h e s o u t h en d o f

t h e c h a n n e l a r e 3 s m a l le r r o c k s . At t h i s end o f t h e c h a n n e l

tw o s l a b s s ta n d on e d g e , f l a n k i n g t h e c h a n n e l on t h e w e s t and

e a s t s i d e s . T h e se s l a b s p r o j e c t s l i g h t l y a b o v e F lo o r I I I ,

a s do a number o f o t h e r s m a l le r s t o n e s w h ic h l i e b e tw e e n t h e

u p r ig h t s l a b s i n t h e s o u t h e r n end o f t h e c h a n n e l . The s l a b s

and s m a ll r o c k s d e s c r ib e d a b o v e w ere t h e o n ly i n d i c a t i o n s

o f t h e s o u t h t r e n c h w h ic h show ed on F lo o r I I I .

A t t h e s o u t h en d o f t h e s l a b c o v e r e d c h a n n e l , and

s e t i n s i d e th e c h a n n e l a g a i n s t t h e e a s t and w e s t w a l l s a r e

tw o more s l a b s on e d g e . The t o p s o f t h e s e s l a b s a r e b e lo w

F lo o r I I I and t h e c o v e r s l a b s . The b o t to m o f t h e s e s l a b s

r e s t s on th e b o tto m o f t h e c h a n n e l c u t i n t h e s t e r i l e . Ap­

p a r e n t ly tw o m ore s l a b s l a y f l a t on t h e s t e r i l e a t t h e s o u t h ­

e r n end o f t h e c h a n n e l b e tw e e n , b u t t o th e s o u t h , o f th e up­

r i g h t f l a n k i n g s t o n e s .

A s e m i c i r c u l a r s t o n e l i n e o f r o c k s , s e t on t r a s h ,

a d j o in s t h e s o u t h e r n end o f t h e c h a n n e l , m e r g in g w it h th e

f l a n k i n g s t o n e s s e t b e lo w F lo o r I I I .

70

T h is r o c k a l ig n m e n t

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i s b e lo w F lo o r I I I , and a b o v e t h e l e v e l o f s t e r i l e . I t i s

s i m i l a r i n p la c e m e n t and c o n s t r u c t i o n t o t h a t i n t h e w e s t

t r e n c h . The s e m i c i r c l e i s o p e n on t h e s o u t h s i d e ; i t s e a s t

and w e s t w in g s c r o s s t h e m a r g in o f t h e b a s in i n w h ic h t h e

d e e p p i t i s l o c a t e d , b u t th e r o c k s do n o t e x te n d o v e r t h e p i t

i t s e l f . S t o n e s i n t h i s a l ig n m e n t a r e w i t h i n t h e s i z e r a n g e o f

t h o s e i n t h e w e s t t r e n c h a l ig n m e n t .

A d e e p p i t s e t w i t h i n a s h a l lo w o v a l b a s i n i n t h e

s t e r i l e i s l o c a t e d s o u t h o f t h e end o f t h e c h a n n e l and t h e

a d j o in in g r o c k a l ig n m e n t . The b o tto m o f t h e p i t i s .7 8 m b e ­

lo w F lo o r I I I . The m ou th o f th e p i t i s e l l i p t i c a l , b e in g .4 5

m w id e and .6 0 m lo n g w i t h th e lo n g a x i s r u n n in g g e n e r a l l y

e a s t - w e s t , a t r i g h t a n g l e s t o t h e a x i s o f t h e c h a n n e l . The

p i t i s c e n t r a l l y i n t e r s e c t e d by t h i s c h a n n e l a x i s . The o v a l

b a s i n i n w h ic h t h e p i t i s c e n t e r e d e x t e n d s b eyon d t h e s i d e s

o f t h e c h a n n e l t o t h e e a s t and w e s t , t h e m a r g in s o f t h e b a s in

c o n n e c t in g w i t h t h e m a r g in s o f t h e c h a n n e l . The b o tto m o f

th e b a s in i s fro m .4 3 t o .6 0 m b e lo w F lo o r I I I .

S o u th o f th e d e e p p i t and b a s i n a r e 3 o t h e r d e p r e s ­

s i o n s . T h e s e , a l t h o u g h s i m i l a r i n number an d g e n e r a l l o c a ­

t i o n t o th e 3 p a r a l l e l t r o u g h s fo u n d i n t h e w e s t t r e n c h , d i f ­

f e r som ew hat i n s h a p e . The in n e r o r n o r th e r n t r o u g h ( ? ) i s .7 0

m d e e p b e lo w F lo o r I I I , 1 .2 0 m l o n g an d .6 5 m w id e . I t i s

r o u g h ly o v o id , w i t h i t s a x i s p a r a l l e l i n g t h e a x i s o f t h e o v a l

b a s in and d e e p p i t t o i t s n o r t h . The m id d le t r o u g h ( ? ) l a .6 0

m d e e p , 1 .5 0 m lo n g , and .5 0 m w id e . I t i s o r i e n t e d a lo n g

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t h e same g e n e r a l a x i a , and i s c e n t e r e d b e tw e e n 3 p o s t h o l e s ,

o n e a t t h e w e s t end ( § 7 ) and two (#Q and 9 ) a t t h e e a s t end

i n a r e l a t i o n s h i p s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f $ 1 and § 5 and 6 i n th e

m id d le tr o u g h o f t h e w e s t t r e n c h . The t h i r d o r o u t e r t r o u g h ,

w h ich fo rm s th e s o u t h e r n m a r g in o f t h e s o u th t r e n c h , i s .4 4 m

d e e p , 1 .2 0 m l^ n g , and .7 0 m w id e . I t i s o v o id , w i t h a x i s

p a r a l l e l to th e o t h e r t r o u g h s . The t h r e e t r o u g h s , i f t h e s e

d e p r e s s io n s c a n be assu m ed t o be man-m ade i n i t i a l l y , a r e s h o r t ­

e r and w id e r th a n t h e t h r e e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e w e s t t r e n c h ;

h ow ever t h e i r l o c a t i o n , o r i e n t a t i o n , nu m ber, and r e l a t i o n s h i p

t o p o s t h o l e s and t h e s t o n e a l ig n m e n t a r e n e a r ly i d e n t i c a l . The

The s to f ie a l ig n m e n t d o e s n o t c r o s s an y o f t h e t r o u g h s i n t h e

s o u t h t r e n c h , a l t h o u g h t h e w in g s o f t h e a l ig n m e n t e x t e n d p a s t

t h e o u t e r m a r g in s o f t h e n o r t h e r n t r o u g h . .

T h ere a r e 3 p o s t h o l e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s o u t h t r e n c h

A l l 3 a p p ea r t o b e m ore n e a r ly a l i g n e d w i t h th e m id d le t r o u g h .

th a n w it h a n y o t h e r f e a t u r e s i n t h e t r e n c h . Two o f t h e h o l e s

a r e a p p r o x im a te ly .1 2 m i n d ia m e t e r ; t h e b o tto m o f § 7 i s .2 6 m

b e lo w F lo o r I I I , and o f § 8 i s .4 8 m b e lo w t h e sam e l e v e l . The

t h i r d p o s t h o l e , # 9 , i s .3 5 m i n d ia m e t e r , and .4 6 m b e lo w

F lo o r I I I . None o f t h e s e p o s t h o l e s w ere e v id e n t i n F lo o r I I I ,

b u t t h e same p o s s i b i l i t y e x i s t s t h a t t h e p o s t s c o u ld h a v e e x ­

te n d e d th r o u g h t h i s f l o o p a t o n e t i m e . The h o l e s w ere t r a s h

f i l l e d .

The c h a n n e l s e c t i o n o f th e s o u t h t r e n c h w as la r g e

en o u g h t o h o ld a man i n p ro n e p o s i t i o n under t h e s l a b c o v e r in g

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w it h o u t u t i l i z i n g t h e d e e p p i t a t a l l t o h o u se an y p a r t o f

t h e b o d y . ; : _ '

The e a s t t r e n c h : F i g . 9 ,

The e a s t t r e n c h i s l o c a t e d so t h a t i t s in n e r en d i s

a p p r o x im a te ly .2 0 m s o u t h e a s t o f t h e h e a r t h a r e a . T h is t r e n c h

i s o r i e n t e d w i t h th e l o n g a x i s o f t h e c h a n n e l r u n n in g from t h e

s o u th w e s t t o t h e n o r t h e a s t , so t h a t i n s t e a d o f t h e in n e r end

p o in t in g d i r e c t l y to w a rd t h e h e a r t h a r e a , i t p o i n t s s o u t h w e s t

to w a rd th e s o u t h w e s t c o r n e r o f t h e g r e a t k i v a . The e a s t■ ' ' ’ V-:'. - ! V ■ ■

t r e n c h d o e s n o t c o n n e c t w i t h t h e c e n t r a l h e a r t h a r e a , a l t h o u g h

a p e c u l ia r t r e n c h - l i k e e x t e n s i o n o f t h e h e a r t h t o t h e e a s t

com es w i t h in s e v e r a l c e n t im e t e r s o f t h e e a s t c h a n n e l o u t l i n e .

The l i n e a r e x t e n t o f t h e e a s t t r e n c h i s 1 .8 0 m ; i t i s .4 0 m

w id e and r a n g e s i n d e p th fro m .3 0 m t o .4 7 m b e lo w F lo o r I I I .

The e a s t t r e n c h c o n s i s t s o f o n ly t h r e e m a jo r f e a t u r e s — a c h a n ­

n e l , ' t u f f s l a b s c o v e r in g t h e c h a n n e l , and p o s t h o l e s . The d i ­

m e n s io n s g iv e n a b o v e a r e t h o s e o f t h e c h a n n e l a l s o , s i n c e no

t r o u g h s w ere fo u n d i n c o n n e c t io n w i t h t h e e a s t t r e n c h . T h ree

t u f f s l a b s c o v e r t h e c h a n n e l i n t h e sam e m anner i n w h ic h t h e y

c o v e r t h e w e s t and s o u t h c h a n n e l s . A t t h e in n e r o r s o u t h w e s t

h a l f o f th e c h a n n e l , n o s l a b s w ere fo u n d , th e a r e a b e in g c o ­

v e r e d w it h s m a l le r i r r e g u l a r s t o n e s a t th e l e v e l o f F lo o r I I I .

The s l a b s a v e r a g e a p p r o x im a t e ly .5 5 m l o n g . Two p o s t h o l e s

f l a n k th e o u t e r end o f t h e c h a n n e l . They a r e i n a p o s i t i o n

r o u g h ly on a l i n e a t r i g h t a n g l e s t o t h e a x i s o f t h e c h a n n e l ,

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F ig u r e 8 . The E a s t and N o r th F lo o r T r e n c h e s

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and s l i g h t l y n o r t h e a s t o f t h e n o r t h e a s t e d g e o f t h e c h a n n e l .

P o s t h o le § 1 0 i s .4 0 m i n d ia m e te r and e x t e n d s .5 0 m b e lo w

F lo o r I I I . P o s t h o le § 1 1 i s .2 5 m i n d ia m e t e r , e x t e n d in g ,4 7

m b e lo w F lo o r I I I .

The e a s t t r e n c h i s d i s t i n g u i s h e d from t h e w e s t and

s o u t h t r e n c h e s b y i t s l a c k o f e x a c t a l ig n m e n t , and i t s l a c k

o f a d e e d p i t , s t o n e a l ig n m e n t , o r p a r a l l e l t r o u g h s , h o w ev er

t h i s t r e n c h c o n t a in s tw o f e a t u r e s w h ic h a r e fo u n d i n n on e o f

t h e o th e r t r e n c h e s . The f i r s t o f t h e s e i s an i r r e g u l a r l y

sh a p ed p i t o r b a s in l o c a t e d t o th e s o u t h e a s t o f t h e c h a n n e l

a d j a c e n t t o t h e s o u t h e a s t m a r g in o f t h e c h a n n e l . T h is p i t

i s o n ly .0 5 m s o u t h e a s t o f t h e c h a n n e l; i t i s .2 2 m b e lo w

F lo o r I I I an d r o u g h ly .7 5 b y .6 0 m a t t h e m o u th . The s e c o n d

f e a t u r e i s a n o t c h e d t h i n t u f f s l a b w h ic h l a y f l a t , r e s t i n g

on e end on t h e o u t e r e d g e o f t h e o u te r m o s t t u f f c o v e r in g s l a b

a t th e n o r t h e a s t end o f t h e c h a n n e l . The o t h e r end o f t h e

t h i n s la b r e s t e d on F lo o r I I I . The s l a b i s a p p r o x im a te ly

.6 0 m lo n g by .3 5 m w id e . The t h i c k n e s s i s n o t know n. Two

c o r n e r s o f t h e s la b a r e c u t o f f , fo r m in g a s l i g h t p r o j e c t i o n

i n t h e c e n t e r o f on e o f t h e lo n g e d g e s .

The e a s t c h a n n e l c o u ld h ave s h e l t e r e d a man i n p ro n e

p o s i t i o n u n d e r n e a th t h e s l a b c o v e r in g (a s s u m in g t h e c h a n n e l

a t one t im e w as c o m p le t e ly s l a b c o v e r e d ) .

83

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The n o r th t r e n c h i s l o c a t e d so t h a t i t s in n e r en d i s

a p p r o x im a te ly 1 .2 0 m n o r t h o f t h e n o r th e r n m a r g in s o f t h e

h e a r th a r e a . The t r e n c h i s s e t som ew hat t o t h e w e s t o f t h e

h e a r th a r e a , and i s a lm o s t d i r e c t l y l a l i n e w i t h t h e in n e r

end o f t h e s o u t h t r e n c h . The t r e n c h c o n n e c t s w ith n o o t h e r

f e a t u r e s . The l i n e a r e x t e n t o f t h e n o r t h t r e n c h to w a r d th e

n o r t h w a l l o f G r e a t K iv a I I i s a p p r o x im a te ly 3 .3 0 m . The

t r e n c h c o n t a i n s 5 m a jo r f e a t u r e s — a c h a n n e l , a d e e p p i t , an

o v a l b a s i n , on e o r m ore t r o u g h s a t r i g h t a n g l e s t o t h e c h a n n e l

a x i s , and 2 p o s t h o l e s .

The c h a n n e l d i f f e r s fro m t h a t o f t h e w e s t , s o u t h , and

e a s t t r e n c h e s i n t h a t a t i t s in n e r end t h e n o r t h c h a n n e l b e ­

com es b u lb o u s , w i t h a b fo a d c i r c u l a r o u t l i n e i T h is a r e a o f

t h e c h a n n e l i s a p p r o x im a te ly .7 0 m a lo n g t h e n o r t h - s o u t h a x i s

o f th e r e s t o f t h e c h a n n e l . From th e in n e r e d g e o f t h e c h a n ­

n e l ( i n c l u d i n g t h e ro u n d p o r t io n ) t o t h e o u t e r e n d , t h e c h a n ­

n e l i s a p p r o x im a t e ly 1 .6 0 m lo n g * W here t h e s i d e s o f th e

c h a n n e l a r e p a r a l l e l , t h e f e a t u r e i s .4 0 m w id e . I n t h e b u l ­

b o u s s e c t i o n t h e b o tto m o f t h e c h a n n e l i s .8 6 m b e lo w F lo o r

I I I . I n th e p a r a l l e l s id e d s e c t i o n , t h e b o tto m i s fro m .5 1

t o .6 5 m b e lo w F lo o r I I I .

I m m e d ia te ly n o r t h o f t h e c h a n n e l , and fo r m e d a c t u a l l y

by an e x t e n s i o n o f t h e c h a n n e l m a r g in s i s a n o v a l b a s i n i n

w h ic h a d e e p p i t i s l o c a t e d . The d e e p p i t i s e l l i p t i c a l , .4 0

b y 1 .3 0 m w it h i t s lo n g a x i s r u n n in g a t r i g h t a n g l e s t o t h a t

o f t h e c h a n n e l . I t i s s e t s l i g h t l y t o t h e e a s t o f t h e lo n g

The n orth tr e n c h i F ig . 8 , P la t e XI

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P l a t e X I . N o r th T r e n c h , a . P r i o r t o e x c a v a t i o n o f t r o u g h s , l o o k i n g n o r t h .b . L oo k in g s o u t h , showing t r o u g h s , d e e p o i t , and c h a n n e l . Rocks rem oved .

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8 6

a x i s o f th e c h a n n e l . The b o tto m o f t h e d e e p p i t i s 1 .0 2 m

b e lo w F lo o r I I I , b e in g c u t i n t o t h e s t e r i l e so m e .7 5 m . The

o v a l b a s in i n w h ic h t h e p i t i s e n c lo s e d e x t e n d s b ey o n d th e

e a s t and w e s t m a r g in s o f t h e n o r t h c h a n n e l , th e m a r g in s o f t h e

b a s i n c o n n e c t in g w i t h t h o s e o f t h e c h a n n e l . The b o tto m o f t h e

b a s in i s fro m .6 5 t o .8 1 b e lo w F lo o r I I I .

I t i s 1 .8 0 m lo n g and .7 0 m b e lo w F lo o r I I I . A d j o in in g i t t o

th e s o u t h i s a s h a l lo w e r and i r r e g u l a r l y sh a p e d d e p r e s s i o n ,

w h ic h may o r may n o t be a n o th e r t r o u g h , p a r a l l e l t o t h e i n ­

n er t r o u g h . I t i s .5 3 m b e lo w F lo o r I I I and 1 .2 5 m lo n g b y

.3 5 m w id e . S l i g h t l y n o r t h o f t h i s q u e s t i o n a b l e t r o u g h i s

a n o th e r i r r e g u l a r l y sh a p ed d e p r e s s io n w h ic h i s s e t t o th e

w e s t and c u r v e s s l i g h t l y t o t h e s o u t h o f t h e in n e r and m id d le

( ? ) t r o u g h s . The t h i r d d e p r e s s i o n c o n s i s t s o f tw o e l l i p t i c

a r e a s c o n n e c te d by a s h a l lo w e r s e c t i o n . D ep th o f t h e e l l i p t i c

s e c t i o n s a v e r a g e s .5 5 m. L e n g th o f t h e o u t e r d e p r e s s i o n i s

1 .5 m. The number and g e n e r a l l o c a t i o n o f th e d e p r e s s i o n s

a r e s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f th e t r o u g h s i n t h e w e s t and s o u t h

e v id e n t t h a t t h e in n e r d e p r e s s io n c a n s a f e l y b e te r m e d a

" tr o u g h ” — a m an-m ade f e a t u r e — s i n c e i t i s f la n k e d on t h e e a s t

and w e s t e n d s by p o s t h o l e s # 1 2 and 1 3 . T h e se h o l e s a r e a p ­

p r o x im a t e ly .1 2 m i n d ia m e te r and a r e .4 7 and .4 8 m r e s p e c ­

t i v e l y b e lo w F lo o r I I I .

N o r th o f t h e d e e p p i t and b a s in i s th e in n e r tr o u g h

t r e n c h e s . H ow ever I t i s

The n o r t h t r e n c h i s d i s t i n g u i s h e d fro m t h e w e s t .

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s o u t h , and e a s t t r e n c h e s b y t h e b u lb o u s e x t e n s i o n a t t h e i n ­

n er end o f t h e c h a n n e l , and t h e la c k o f s t o n e s l a b c o v e r i n g .

L ik e t h e e a s t t r e n c h , i t c o n t a i n s no s e m i c i r c u l a r s t o n e a l i g n ­

m e n ts . I t seem s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e two in n e r m o s t d e p r e s s i o n s

a t l e a s t ca n b e c o n s id e r e d a s m an-m ade t r o u g h s . The n o r t h

t r e n c h c o n t a in s a n o th e r f e a t u r e n o t fo u n d i n a n y o f t h e o t h e r

t r e n c h e s — s u b f lo o r s l a b s r e s t i n g on t r a s h a b o v e t h e b o tto m

o f th e c h a n n e l . Two o f t h e s l a b s l i e f l a t i n t h e b u lb o u s

in n e r end o f t h e c h a n n e l w it h t h e i r lo n g a x i s p a r a l l e l t o

t h a t o f th e c h a n n e l . Two o t h e r s l a b s s t a n d on t h e i r s h o r t

e n d s , u p r ig h t , b e tw e e n t h e p a r a l l e l s i d e s o f t h e c h a n n e l .

A p p a r e n t ly t h e b o t to m s o f t h e s e r o c k s r e s t e d a t t h e same l e ­

v e l , w h ic h w as some . 4 0 - . 5 0 m b e lo w F lo o r I I I .

Summary:

I n sum m ary, on and b e lo w F lo o r I I I i n G r ea t K iv a I I

4 t r e n c h e s r a d i a t e to w a r d t h e c a r d i n a l d i r e c t i o n s . A l l 4 o f

th e t r e n c h e s c o n t a i n c h a n n e l s , t h e w e s t , s o u t h , and e a s t

c h a n n e ls b e in g c o v e r e d w i t h t u f f s l a b s . T h ree o f t h e t r e n c h e s ,

t h e n o r t h , w e s t , and s o u t h , c o n t a i n d e e p p i t s , w h ic h i n th e

n o r th and s o u t h t r e n c h e s a r e s e t w i t h i n w e l l - d e f i n e d s h a l lo w

o v a l b a s i n s . The w e s t and s o u th t r e n c h e s c o n t a i n s e m i c i r ­

c u la r s u b f lo o r r o c k a l ig n m e n t s w i t h t h e o p e n end o u tw a rd from

th e h e a r t h a r e a . The n o r t h t r e n c h c o n t a i n s s u b f lo o r s l a b s ,

two on end and tw o f l a t w i t h i n t h e c h a n n e l . T h ree t r e n c h e s ,

th e n o r t h , w e s t , and s o u t h , a r e b e l i e v e d t o c o n t a i n a s e t

87

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o f 3 p a r a l l e l t r o u g h s r u n n in g a t r i g h t a n g l e s t o t h e a x i s o f

th e c h a n n e l . A l l 4 t r e n c h e s c o n t a in a t l e a s t tw o p o s t h o l e s ,

w ith a s many a s 6 h o l e s o c c u r r in g i n one t r e n c h . I n 3 t r e n c h ­

e s — th e n o r t h , w e s t , and s o u t h — tw o p o s t h o l e s f l a n k t h e e n d s

o f th e p a r a l l e l t r o u g h s ; i n th e e a s t t r e n c h tw o p o s t h o l e s

f l a n k th e en d and s i d e s o f t h e c h a n n e l . The l o c a t i o n o f t h e

c h a n n e l , t h e d e e p p i t s (a n d t h e o v a l b a s i n i f p r e s e n t ) , and

th e 3 t r o u g h s i s c o n s i s t e n t i n th e 3 t r e n c h e s i n w h ic h t h i s

c o m b in a t io n o c c u r s ( t h e n o r t h , w e s t , and s o u t h ) . N one o f t h e

4 t r e n c h e s c o n n e c t w i t h th e h e a r t h a r e a . The m a jo r s e c t i o n s

o f e a c h t r e n c h a r e w i t h i n t h e b o u n d a r ie s e s t a b l i s h e d b y th e

7 c e n t r a l p o s t s .

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M t B . , .....

One l a r g e " b orrow p i t " w as fo u n d b e lo w F lo o r I I I i n

G rea t K iv a I I . T h is p i t i s l o c a t e d i n t h e n o r t h w e s t e r n qu ad­

r a n t o f th e s t r u c t u r e , i n an a r e a e n c l o s e d b y P o s t h o l e s # 1 ,

6 , and 7 . The p i t i s som ew hat i r r e g u l a r i n s h a p e , b e in g 1 .9 0

m lo n g i n a n o r t h - s o u t h d i r e c t i o n , and 1 .5 0 nt i n an e a s t - w e s t

d i r e c t i o n . C o r n e r s o f t h e p i t a r e r o u n d e d . The b o tto m o f th e

p i t i s f l a t , s i d e s a r e a l m o s t ; p e r p e n d ic u l a r . The p i t i s d u g

.4 0 m i n t o t h e s t e r i l e s o i l ; t h e b o tto m b e i n g . a p p r o x im a t e ly

jS5 m b e lo w F lo o r I I I . A l l th e s h e r d s i n t h i s p i t w ere c o r r u ­

g a t e d t y p e s .

N um erous o t h e r s m a l le r p i t s , a l l i r r e g u l a r l y s h a p e d ,

and l o c a t e d s p o r a d i c a l l y a lo n g t h e w e s t and n o r t h w e s t s i d e s

o f th e g r e a t k iv a s t r u c t u r e , o c c u r r e d i n t h e s t e r i l e s o i l .

N one o f t h e s e p i t s o r d e p r e s s i o n s w ere r e v e a l e d i n o u t l i n e a t

t h e l e v e l o f F lo o r I I I . The v a r i a t i o n i n s i z e , s h a p e , l o c a t i o n ,

and d e p th do n o t a l l o w g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s a s t o f u n c t i o n o r p e r ­

io d o f o c c u p a t io n w i t h w h ic h t h e p i t s a r e a s s o c i a t e d . I t i s

p o s s i b l e t h a t some o f th em c o u ld h a v e b e e n u t i l i z e d d u r in g

c e r e m o n ia l a c t i v i t y i n G r e a t K iv a I I ; i t i s e q u a l l y a s p o s s i ­

b l e t h a t a l l w ere u t i l i z e d d u r in g t h e e a r l i e r o c c u p a t i o n s .

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A a a o o la te d M a t e r ia l C u lt u r e

I t i s n o t w i t h i n t h e s c o p e o f t h i s r e p o r t t o d i s c u s s

i n d e t a i l or t o a n a ly z e d e s c r i p t i v e l y t h e m a t e r i a l c u l t u r e

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h G r e a t K iv a I I and t h e e a r l i e r s t r u c t u r e s .

S u ch d e s c r i p t i o n w i l l he l e f t t o t h e f i n a l r e p o r t on P o i n t o f

P in e s R u in . H ow ever c e r t a i n i t e m s o r c l a s s e s o f m a t e r i a l p e r ­

t i n e n t t o t h e d a t i n g o f t h e s t r u c t u r e s o r t o t h e p o s t u l a t e

o f c e r e m o n ia l u sa g e w i l l b e c o n s id e r e d b r i e f l y .

P o t t e r y :

S in c e no t r e e - r i n g d a t e s w ere o b t a in e d from w i t h i n

th e g r e a t k iv a s t r u c t u r e , p o t t e r y c r o s s - d a t i n g i s t h e b a s i s

o f t h e c h r o n o l o g i c a l p la c e m e n t o f G r e a t K iv a I I and t h e e a r l i e r

s t r u c t u r e s . R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p le s o f p o t t e r y , w h ic h w ere

s a v e d and b r o u g h t t o t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f A r iz o n a , T u c so n , w e re

c o n s u l t e d and r e - a n a l y z e d f o r v a r i o u s c r u c i a l a r e a s and l e v e l s

w i t h i n G r e a t K iv a I I , t h e e n tr y w a y , t h e s u b s t r u c t u r e s , and

some o f th e s u r r o u n d in g r o o m s . T a b le 4 i n d i c a t e s t h e p h a se

a f f i l i a t i o n s o f th e v a r io u s u n i t s a s d e te r m in e d by t h i s s t u d y

o f t h e c e r a m ic s a m p le s . I n g e n e r a l , d a t i n g b y p o t t e r y t y p ­

o lo g y i n t h e P o i n t o f P i n e s l o c a l i t y i s d e p e n d e n t u p on . t h e

o c c u r r e n c e and g e n e r a l p r o p o r t io n s o f c e r t a i n m em bers o f t h e

L i t t l e C o lo r a d o r e d w a r e s , s p e c i f i c a l l y o f t h e F o u r -M ile s e r i e s .

I n t r u s i v e s s u c h a s G i la and P in t o P o ly c h r o m e s , Z u n i g l a z e s ,

T u cso n P o ly c h r o m e , and G i la B a s in t y p e s a l s o a id i n t h e d a t i n g .

D i a g n o s t i c s o f th e T u la r o s a and M a v e r ic k M o u n ta in p h a s e s a r e

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r e s p e c t i v e l y T u la r o s a B la c k o n W h ite , W h ite on B e d , and Mc­

D onald t y p e s , and t h e l o c a l l y made M a v e r ic k M o u n ta in t y p e s

w h ich h ave n o t y e t b e e n d e s c r i b e d . D a t in g o f t h e M a v e r ic k

M o u n ta in o c c u p a t io n a t P o in t o f P i n e s i s s u b s t a n t i a t e d by

d e n d r o c h r o n o lo g y .

P o t t e r y w as n o t a b u n d a n t i n t h e f i l l a b o v e F lo o r

I I I i n G r e a t K iv a I I . The f i l l w as c l e a n and a p p a r e n t ly

s i m i l a r t o t h a t d i s c u s s e d b y H e ih d l ( 1 9 5 5 ) . The a b u n d a n ce

o f C edar C r ee k and F o u r m ile p o ly c h r o m e s , and t h e l a c k o f s i g ­

n i f i c a n t q u a n t i t i e s o f t h e l a t e r P o in t o f P in e s P o ly ch ro m e

c o n c l u s i v e l y d a t e G rea t K iv a I I a s a C anyon G reek p h a se

s t r u c t u r e , a b a n d o n e d som ew hat b e f o r e t h e en d o f t h i s p h a se

(A .D . 1 3 2 5 - 1 4 0 0 ) .

P o t t e r y c a c h e : .

C o n s id e r a t io n o f a c a c h e o f 3 r e s t o r a b l e p o t s l o c a t e d

b e lo w F lo o r I I I i n G rea t K iv a I I i s n e c e s s a r y b e c a u s e o f i n ­

fo r m a t io n r e c e n t l y p u b l i s h e d b y E l l i s (1 9 5 2 : 1 5 1 ) p e r t a i n i n g

t o th e c e r e m o n ia l u t i l i z a t i o n o f s u c h c a c h e s d u r in g t h e r e ­

d e d i c a t i o n cerem o n y i n t h e g r e a t k iv a a t Jem ez p u e b lo .

The c a c h e fo u n d i n t h e P o in t o f P in e s R u in g r e a t

k iv a w as l o c a t e d .9 0 m e a s t o f t h e h e a r t h a r e a i n a p o c k e t

i n t h e s t e r i l e s o i l . Two o f t h e v e s s e l s fo u n d a r e in d e n t e d

c o r r u g a t e d b o w ls w i t h sm udged i n t e r i o r s ; o n e o f t h e s e b o w ls

i s s h a l lo w , ( A - 6 5 7 4 ) , and t h e o t h e r i s d o u b le - s h o u ld e r e d

( A - 6 5 7 5 ) . The t h i r d v e s s e l i s an in d e n t e d c o r r u g a t e d u n -

91

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.92sm udged j a r ( A - 6 5 7 6 ) . The v e s s e l s r a n g e d i n s i z e from 7 . 6

cm. i n h e i g h t t o 1 0 .1 c m ., and i n d ia m e te r o f o r i f i c e from

1 0 .5 cm. t o 1 2 .8 cm . When th e p o t s w ere e x c a v a t e d , s p e c i f i c

t y p e s o f in d e n t e d c o r r u g a t e d w are w ere n o t y e t d e f in e d ; p o s ­

s i b l y t h e s e s p e c im e n s c a n b e m ore a c c u r a t e l y t y p e d w hen th e

p o t t e r y from P o in t o f P in e s R u in i s a n a ly z e d . The p r e s e n t

k n o w led g e o f u t i l i t y w a r es i n t h e P o in t o f P in e s l o c a l i t y

i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h r e e t y p e s o f in d e n t e d c o r r u g a t e d p o t t e r y a r e

fo u n d i n t h e a r e a ; t o d a t e t h e te m p o r a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e

o c c u r r e n c e s o f t h e s e t y p e s h a s n o t b e e n d e f in e d ( B r e t e r n i t z ,

e t . a l . 1 9 5 7 ) . A l l t h r e e t y p e s , a s f a r a s i s known now ,

o c c u r from N a n ta c k th r o u g h P o in t o f P i n e s p h a s e s ( i b i d . : 4 1 4 ) .

I t i s n o t known w h e th e r t h e s e v e s s e l s w e r e a s s o c i a t e d

w it h t h e e a s tw a r d t r e n c h - l i k e e x t e n s i o n o f t h e h e a r t h a r e a

w h ic h f a l l s w i t h i n t h e .9 0 m d i s t a n c e fro m t h e f i r e b o x . T he

l o c a t i o n o f t h i s c a c h e , i n t h e c e n t e r o f t h e g r e a t k iv a and

b e tw e e n t h e h e a r t h and t h e e a s t f l o o r t r e n c h , i s t h e s t r o n g ­

e s t i n d i c a t i o n o f p o s s i b l e c e r e m o n ia l f u n c t i o n . T he v e s s e l s

c o n t a in e d no " o f f e r i n g s . "

S u b s t r u c t u r e #2 C a c h e : P l a t e X I I

S u b s t r u c t u r e # 2 w as o r i g i n a l l y a room a lo n g t h e e a s t

s i d e o f th e com m unal a r e a w h ic h -w a s t o r n o u t a t t im e o f c o n ­

s t r u c t i o n o f G r e a t K iv a I I ; i n d i c a t i v e o f t h i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

i s t h e f a c t t h a t F lo o r I I I i s s u p e r im p o se d o v e r t h e w a l l s t u b s

o f t h e room . I n t h i s room a c a c h e o f s t o n e t o o l s and p o t t e r y

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P l a t e X I I . C e re m o n ia l ? cache i n S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 . a . L oo k in g e a s t . Note t o p o f s e a l e d T - d o o r . Base o f e a s t w a l l n o t c l e a n e d o f f . b . Looking s o u t h , t o w a rd S u b s t r u c t u r e 2A. Note s t u b of wes t w a l l o f Room X t o l e f t o f bo w l .

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was fo u n d . T h is c a c h e i s a p p a r e n t ly a s s o c i a t e d w it h F lo o r I ,

t h e l o w e s t f l o o r i n S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 . T he c a c h e c o n t a in e d t h e

f o l l o w i n g i t e m s : 2 m e t a t e s , 8 s t o n e " d i g g in g t o o l s " , 1 p a i n t

p a l e t t e , 21 m anos (3 b r o k e n ) , 9 p o l i s h i n g s t o n e s , 2 c o n c r e ­

t i o n s o r t u f f b a l l s , 2 a x e s , 1 m a u l, 2 c h o p p e r s , 1 a rro w

s t r a i g h t e n e r , 1 k n i f e , 1 t u r n u o is e b e a d ( b r o k e n ) , 1 b on e a w l ,

1 w orked s l a t e , l / 2 s h e l l b r a c e l e t , 2 p i t c h w a d s , l o o s e p a in t

ch u n k s o f a z u r i t e , h e m a t i t e , m a l a c h i t e , l i m o n i t e , m in e r a l s

su c h a s a s b e s t o s , q u a r t z c r y s t a l , s p e c u la r h e m a t i t e ? , 1 c o r ­

r u g a t e d j a r f u l l o f h e m a t i t e , an d a q u a n t i t y o f s h e r d s .

None o f t h i s m a t e r i a l w i l l b e d e s c r ib e d i n t h i s r e ­

p o r t . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e s h e r d s a s t o t y p e i s n o t r e c o r d e d

The n a tu r e o f many o f t h e i t e m s seem s i n d i c a t i v e o f a c t i v i t y

d o n n e c te d w i t h p r e p a r a t io n o f p a in t o r p a in t e d i t e m s an d w i t h

m a g ic . U n t i l t h e s t o n e " d ig g in g t o o l s " and c o n c r e t i o n s o r

t u f f b a l l s a r e e x a m in e d , i t i s p o s s i b l e o n ly t o s p e c u l a t e a s

t o w h e th e r o r n o t t h e i t e m s i n q u e s t io n c o u ld b e " tc a m a h ia s"

o r k iv a th u n d e r b a l l s , r e s p e c t i v e l y ( s e e W oodbury 1 9 5 4 ; 1 6 5 -

1 7 3 ) . P a in t p a l e t t e s a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c e r e m o n ia l u s a g e

th r o u g h o u t t h e W e ste r n P u e b lo a r e a and a r e u se d i n c o n ju n c ­

t i o n w it h r u b b in g s t o n e s , p o t t e r y , w o o d -w o r k in g t o o l s , and

v a r io u s p ig m e n ts " t o p ro d u ce p a in t o f t h e p r o p e r c o n s i s t e n c y

and c o lo r f o r d e c o r a t in g c a r v e d w ooden o b j e c t s , d a n ce c o s tu m e s

and th e d a n c e r s* b o d i e s ." ( i b i d . : 1 1 4 - 1 1 6 ) . q u a r t z c r y s t a l s

a r e w e ll-k n o w n r i t u a l o b j e c t s among m odern P u e b lo s , and i ns u g g e s t i n g

a r c h a e o l n g i o a l c o n t e x t s h av e b e e n r e c o v e r e d fro m s i t u a t i o n s ^

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r i t u a l or s y m b o lic u s a g e . A " lo v e s o r c e r e r ' s m e d ic in e b u n d le"

c o n t a i n i n g " t u r q u o is e , s h e l l , c r y s t a l , e t c . " h a s b e e n r e c o r d e d

f o r t h e H o p i, a s h a v e many o t h e r s p e c i f i c m a g ic a l or c e r e m o n ia l

u s e s o f t h e q u a r t z c r y s t a l ( i b i d . : 1 9 1 - 1 9 2 ) . The c e r e m o n ia l

n a t u r e o f t h e c a c h e i n S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 seem s e v i d e n t .

U n f o r t u n a t e ly t h e c a c h e i s l o c a t e d u n d er F lo o r I I I ,

t h e f l o o r l e v e l a s s o c i a t e d d i r e c t l y w i t h t h e f i n a l u s a g e o f

G r ea t K iv a I I . T h is f a c t i s d e m o n s tr a te d b y th e s u p e r p o s i t i o n

o f th e w e s t w a l l o f Room X w h ic h r e s t s o n F lo o r I I I . T h is

w a l l p a s s e s a b o v e and d i r e c t l y a c r o s s a p o r t io n o f t h e a r t i ­

f a c t c a c h e . T h is l o c a t i o n , com b in ed w i t h t h e f i e l d i n v e s t i ­

g a t i o n o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f F lo o r I I I w i t h th e c a c h e , i n d i ­

c a t e s t h a t t h e a r t i f a c t s w e re p la c e d i n p o s i t i o n p r io r t o

c o n s t r u c t i o n o f F lo o r I I I ; t h e r e f o r e t h e c a c h e c a n n o t be a s ­

s o c i a t e d w i t h c e r e m o n ia l a c t i v i t y o f G r e a t K iv a I I .

The r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e c a c h e t o F lo o r IT , t h e m id ­

d le f l o o r i n S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 , i s l e s s d e f i n i t e . The n a t u r e

o f t h e c a c h e w as su c h t h a t many o f t h e o b j e c t s fo u n d r e s t e d

c o n s id e r a b le a b o v e F lo o r I ; e x c a v a t o r s s u r m is e d t h a t p a r t

o f t h e c a c h e may h a v e b e e n i n p la c e on F lo o r I and p a r t may

h a v e f a l l e n o r b e e n dumped fro m a b o v e F lo o r I . T h is u n c e r ­

t a i n t y may i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e c a c h e , i n f u l l o r i n p a r t , i s

a c t u a l l y a s s o c i a t e d w it h F lo o r I I , h a v in g b e e n p u t down fro m

t h i s l e v e l . The s t a c k i n g o f many o f t h e t o o l s , p a r t i c u l a r l y

th e m a n o s, c o n t r a s t s s t r a n g e l y w i t h t h e random a r r a n g e m e n t

o f t h e b r o k e n p o t t e r y . The e x a c t r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e a r t i ­

95

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f a c t s t o F l o o r s I and I I , and t h e q u e s t i o n o f i n t e n t i o n a l a s ­

s o c i a t i o n o f a l l t h e i t e m s fo u n d c a n n o t b e s a t i s f a c t o r i l y

r e s o l v e d .

In sum m ary, th e c a ch e p r e d a t e s c o n s t r u c t i o n and u s e o f

G r e a t K lv a I I . I t i s d e f i n i t e l y c o n t a in e d w i t h i n c o n f i n e s o f

S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 , and i s o v e r l a i n b y F lo o r I I I an d t h e w e s t w a l l

o f Boom X, i n d i c a t i n g u s a g e o f t h e room , p r o b a b ly i n som e

c e r e m o n ia l m anner i f t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e c a c h e i s i n t e r p r e t e d

c o r r e c t l y , p r io r t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f G rea t K lv a I I . Ap­

p a r e n t ly t h e c a c h e i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h F lo o r I , S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 .

Many i t e m s known t o b e u s e d r i t u a l l y o r a s an a i d t o c e r e ­

m o n ia l p e r fo r m a n c e s a r e c o n t a in e d i n t h e c a c h e .

O th er M a t e r ia l C u lt u r e :

V a r io u s o t h e r i t e m s r e c o v e r e d from w i t h i n t h e com­

m unal s t r u c t u r e and t h e s u r r o u n d in g room s w i l l be l i s t e d h e r e

m e r e ly t o i n d i c a t e th e t y p e and c u a n t i t y o f e v id e n c e f o r

c e r e m o n ia l u s a g e o f t h e a r e a . W ith in G r e a t K iv a I I i n t h e

w e s t f l o o r t r e n c h a b o n e a w l and t u r q u o i s e b ea d w ere fo u n d

s i d e by s i d e i n t h e c h a n n e l; p o s s i b l y t h e s e w ere a n o f f e r i n g

o f some k in d . A c o p p e r b e l l , b a t t e r e d and b e n t , w as fo u n d

a p p r o x im a te ly .1 0 m a b o v e F lo o r I I I i n t h e n o r t h e a s t c o r n e r

o f G rea t K iv a I I . O th er i t e m s o f p o s s i b l e c e r e m o n ia l s i g ­

n i f i c a n c e w ere fo u n d i n s u r r o u n d in g r o o m s— 2 p a r r o t o r macaw

b u r i a l s i n Room 3 1 , a l a r g e Q u a n t ity o f l a r g e s h e l l a r t i f a c t s

i n Room 2 2 , and i n Room 24 a "hawk*1 b u r i a l u n d er a n o tc h e d

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s t o n e s l a b . A l l o f t h e s e i t e m s o c c u r r e d i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h

th e d e e p f l o o r l e v e l s w i t h i n t h e s e r o o m s , and do n o t seem

t o h av e r e s u l t e d fro m c a r e l e s s d e p o s i t i o n o f t r a s h . Room

24 c o n t a in e d g r e a t q u a n t i t i e s o f p a in t o f a l l t y p e s w it h

many fr a g m e n ts o f l a r g e s i z e b e in g r e c o v e r e d .

A summary o f t h e a s s o c i a t e d m a t e r i a l c u l t u r e d i s ­

c u s s e d a b o v e i n d i c a t e s t h a t i t e m s c o n n e c te d w it h c e r e m o n ia l

u s a g e h a v e b e e n c o n s id e r e d i n th e m a in , and t h a t n on e o f

t h e s e i t e m s h a s b e e n g i v e n m ore th a n a b r i e f m e n t io n . P o t ­

t e r y i s c o n s id e r e d o n ly a s a d a t in g t e c h n iq u e , and a s su c h

w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d a g a in i n a l a t e r s e c t i o n .

Summary:

The d a t a s e c t i o n h a s p r e s e n t e d d e t a i l s c o n c e r n in g

w a l l c o n s t r u c t i o n , b o n d in g s , an d a b u tm e n ts , d o o r w a y s , t h e

e n t r a n c e ,a n d e n tr y w a y , f l o o r s , p o s t h o l e s , h e a r t h a r e a , f l o o r

t r e n c h e s an d p i t s , and a s s o c i a t e d m a t e r i a l c u l t u r e o f G r e a t

K iv a I I . F ou r m a so n ry t e c h n iq u e s w ere u t i l i z e d b y t h i s l a t ­

e s t s t r u c t u r e — b an d ed t u f f , s p a l l r u b b l e , s p a l l e d b lo c k w i t h

r u b b le f i l l , an d c r u d e r u b b l e . The l a t t e r t w o ' t e c h n iq u e s

w ere em p lo y ed w hen G r e a t K iv a I I w as c o n s t r u c t e d ; t h e o t h e r

tw o a p p ea r i n e a r l i e r w a l l s o f t h e com m unal a r e a . Two s e a l e d

d o o rw a y s o c c u r i n t h e w a l l s o f G r e a t K iv a I I , an d p a r t i a l l y

b e lo w t h e f l o o r o f t h i s s t r u c t u r e . The e n t r a n c e , o r i e n t e d

s o u t h e a s t , i s w id e w i t h a s i n g l e c o u r s e o f s t o n e s fo r m in g a

r i s e r o r s t e p . I t l e a d s i n t o a l o n g z i g z a g e n tr y w a y c o n n e c t ­

in g w it h e n c l o s e d p l a z a 1 t o t h e s o u t h . S e v e n t e e n p o s t h o l e s ,

97

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97a

d e s c r ib e d i n te r m s o f s i z e , s h a p e , d e p t h , t y p e o f p r o f i l e ,

p o s i t i o n , f i l l , and f u n c t i o n , h e ld t h e l a r g e p o s t s w h ic h su p ­

p o r te d th e p o s t -a n d -b e a m ty p e r o o f o f G r ea t K iv a I I . The

e a s t e r n row o f p o s t h o l e s d i f f e r s i n many r e s p e c t s from a l l t h e

o t h e r h o l e s . The h e a r t h a r e a , c o n s i s t s o f a s t o n e - l i n e d

f i r e b o x b e lo w F lo o r I I I , t h e f l o o r o f G r ea t K iv a I I , and a

s h a l lo w a s h - f i l l e d b a s in a b o v e t h e b ox a t t h e l e v e l o f t h i s

f l o o r . F our f l o o r t r e n c h e s , w h ic h r a d i a t e from t h e h e a r t h

to w a r d t h e w a l l s o f G r e a t K iv a I I a r e a n a ly z e d i n te r m s o f

t h e i r com p on en t p a r t s — c h a n n e l s , d e e p p i t s , o v a l b a s i n s ,

t r o u g h s , and p o s t h o l e s . S e v e r a l p i t s o c c u r w i t h i n t h e g r e a t

k iv a s t r u c t u r e ; a l l a r e w e l l b e lo w F lo o r I I I , b u t c o u ld h a v e

b e e n u t i l i z e d d u r in g l i f e t i m e o f G r e a t K iv a I I and l a t e r s e a l ­

ed o v e r . T hey may b e t h e w ork o f a n e a r l i e r o c c u p a t io n a l s o .

M a t e r ia l c u l t u r e i s d i s c u s s e d i n r e g a r d t o o n ly tw o i t e m s —

i t s t im e - d e t e r m a t iv e v a l u e , and i t s p o s s i b l e c e r e m o n ia l n a t u r e .

P o t t e r y i s t h e s o l e m eans o f d a t in g G r e a t K iv a I I and th e

e a r l i e r s t r u c t u r e s . G r e a t K iv a I I w as c o n s t r u c t e d and u t i l i z e d

d u r in g C anyon G reek p h a s e , A .D . 1 3 2 5 - 1 4 0 0 . Two c a c h e s — o n e o f

t h r e e p o t t e r y v e s s e l s , and t h e other o f s t o n e t o o l s , p o t t e r y ,

and v a r io u s m in e r a l s and p a i n t s — i n d i c a t e c e r e m o n ia l u s e o f

th e communal a r e a . The f i r s t c a c h e may w e l l h a v e b e e n u s e d by

o c c u p a n t s o f G r e a t K iv a I I , a s i t i s l o c a t e d e a s t o f th e h e a r t h

a r e a . The s e c o n d c a c h e o c c u r s b e lo w t h e w e s t w a l l o f Room X ,

a s m a ll p a r t i t i o n e d a r e a r e s t i n g o n t h e f l o o r o f G r ea t K iv a I I ,

so t h a t i t c o u ld b e a s s o c i a t e d o h ly w i t h e a r l i e r o c c u p a t io n .

S e v e r a l o t h e r ite m s o f m a t e r i a l c u l t u r e i n d i c a t e t h e c e r e m o n ia l

f u n c t i o n o f t h e s t r u c t u r e .

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THE RECONSTRUCTION

The d a t a p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e e x c a v a t io n o f t h e com­

m unal a r e a have b e e n p r e s e n t e d i n th e p r e c e d in g s e c t i o n . From

a s tu d y o f t h e s e d a t a , p a r t i c u l a r l y th o se c o n c e r n e d w i t h w a l l

c o n s t r u c t i o n , t e c h n i q u e s , a b u tm e n ts , b a s e l e v e l s , and f l o o r

l e v e l s , t h e f o l l o w i n g r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e c u l t u r a l an d a r c h i ­

t e c t u r a l h i s t o r y o f t h e a r e a h a s b e e n m ad e. T h is i s p r e s e n t e d

i n a n o r d e r p r o g r e s s in g fro m th e e a r l i e s t o c c u p a t io n o f t h e

a r e a a f t e r t h e p i t h o u s e u t i l i z a t i o n t o th e l a t e s t u s a g e o f

t h e l o c a t i o n . The r e c o n s t r u c t i o n i s p r e s e n t e d a s a p o s t u l a t e ,

th e f a c t u a l d a t a f o r w h ic h have b e e n p r e s e n t e d p r e v i o u s l y , and

th e r e a s o n in g f o r w h ic h i s b e in g p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n .

I t i s p o s t u l a t e d t h a t a h o u se row may h a v e b e e n t h e f i r s t

p u e b lo o c c u p a t io n o f t h e a r e a , f o l l o w e d by a p l a z a , th e n

by a g r e a t k iv a w h ic h u t i l i z e d some o f t h e m a in p la z a w a l l s ,

and f i n a l l y b y G r e a t K iv a I I w h ic h w as c o n s i d e r a b l y la r g e r

th a n t h e e a r l i e r s t r u c t u r e s and w as made by r a z i n g s e v e r a l

p r e - e x i s t i n g r o o m s .

A n a l y s i s o f t h e v a r io u s b u i l d i n g p e r io d s w i l l be

b a se d p r im a r i ly on t h e s e q u e n c e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n o f c e r t a i n

a r c h i t e c t u r a l u n i t s . T h e se u n i t s a r e d e te r m in e d b y an a n a l y ­

s i s o f th e w a l l b o n d in g s and a b u tm e n t^ , i n c o n j u n c t io n w i t h

m ason ry t e c h n i q u e s . G r e a t K iv a I I w as c o n s t r u c t e d by com­

b in in g f i v e b u i l d i n g u n i t s , tw o o f w h ic h w ere p r o b a b ly a d d ed

98

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a t th e t im e th e f i n a l s t r u c t u r e w as b u i l t . I t i s d i f f i c u l t

t o d e te r m in e t h e d i r e c t i o n o f g r o w th or t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n s e ­

q u en ce i n a l l c a s e s , p a r t i a l l y b e c a u s e o f t h e e l u s i v e n a t u r e

o f many o f t h e a b u tm e n ts , and t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t many o f t h e

s u r r o u n d in g room s w h ic h w ere in c lu d e d i n t h e b u i l d i n g u n i t s

may h ave b e e n c le a n e d o u t o f t h e a s s o c i a t e d t r a s h and r e -

o c c u p ie d , o r o c c u p ie d c o n t i n u o u s l y . I n g e n e r a l t h e o l d e s t

s e c t i o n o f t h e s i t e a p p e a r s t o b e i n t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t o f

t h e mound n o r th o f th e com m unal a r e a . G row th a p p e a r s t o

h a v e b e e n from n o r t h t o s o u th g e n e r a l l y w ith m ore c o n c e n t r a ­

t i o n o f p o p u la t io n on t h e e a s t s i d e o f t h e mound i n e a r l i e r

p e r i o d s . T h is a w a i t s c o n f ir m a t io n b y f u r t h e r d i g g i n g .

The a l p h a b e t i c a l d e s i g n a t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g u n i t s

i s n o t m eant t o im p ly c o n s e c u t i v e c o n s t r u c t i o n . S u ch i n s t a n c e s

w i l l b e s p e c i f i c a l l y d i s c u s s e d i n t h e t e x t .

The H ou se B lo c k

The s o u t h e r n p o r t i o n o f t h e a r e a b e l i e v e d t o h a v e b e e n

o c c u p ie d i n i t i a l l y a s a h o u se b lo c k i s i n d i c a t e d i n Map 4 .

The h o u se b lo c k p r o b a b ly c o n s i s t e d o f Rooms 8 an d 2 5 ;

p o s s i b l y Rooms 10 and 1 1 ; Rooms 1 6 , 3 1 , 1 8 , 2 2 , 3 9 - 3 5 , 4 3 , and

4 4 ; and a s e r i e s o f u n e x c a v a te d room s t o t h e n o r t h . The

s o u th e r n b o u n d a ry o f t h i s h o u se b lo c k w as m arked b y U n it A ,

c o n s i s t i n g o f Rooms 1 6 , 3 1 , 1 8 , 2 2 , 3 9 - 3 5 , 4 3 , an d 4 4 . U n it

A i s b e l i e v e d t o b e t h e e a r l i e s t one a d j o i n i n g t h e com m unal

a r e a ; f i v e o f i t s room s s ta n d i n p o s i t i o n t o l a t e r form t h e

99

Univ. of Arizona Library

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a o r t h s i d e o f th e oommunal a r e a . U n it A b u t t s a g a i n s t and

n a y h av e b e e n b u i l t i n t h e same e o n s t r u o t i o n p e r io d a s Room

25 t o t h e n o r th w e s t o f t h e com m unal a r e a . T h is u n i t w as

b u i l t i n su c h a way t h a t t h e r e a r e s i x i n t e r l o c k i n g b o n d in g s

or a b u tm e n ts , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t i f th e room s w ere n o t c o n s t r u c t ­

ed i n a s i n g l e s t o n e - l a y i n g o p e r a t i o n , a t l e a s t t h e y w ere c o n ­

c e i v e d o f a s a d e s i r a b l e and p r e -p la n n e d e n t i t y . T h is d o e s

n o t mean n e c e s s a r i l y t h a t a l l t h e room s o f t h e l a t e s t p e r io d

i n t h i s u n i t w ere b u i l t w hen t h e o r i g i n a l m a in w a l l s o f t h e

u n i t w ere e r e c t e d ; i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t some o f t h e c r o s s w a l l s

w ere b u i l t a t a l a t e r d a t e t o a l t e r t h e s i z e o f o r i g i n a l room s

The o b v io u s ex a m p le o f t h i s s i t u a t i o n i s t h e w a l l b e tw e e n

Rooms 35 and 3 9 , d i s c u s s e d n e x t .

I n th e s o u t h w a l l o f Rooms 35 and 39 i s t h e o n ly

g r o u n d - l e v e l d oorw ay i n U n it A . T h is d o o rw a y and t h e F lo o r

I l e v e l a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i t i n d i c a t e t h a t w hen t h e u n i t w as

b u i l t , n e i t h e r t h e w a l l b e tw e e n Rooms 35 and 39 n or t h e w e s t

w a l l o f S u b s t r u c t u r e 1 w ere i n p l a c e , and t h a t t h i s d oorw ay

c o u ld th e n h a v e b e e n u t i l i z e d a s an o p e n in g i n t o t h e o p en

a r e a s o u th o f U n it A .

U n it B , c o n s i s t i n g o f Rooms 10 and 1 1 , e x t e n d s U n it

A t o t h e w e s t and w as b u i l t so m etim e a f t e r U n it A w as c o n ­

s t r u c t e d , a s d e m o n s tr a te d b y t h e a b u tm en t o f t h e en d o f t h e

s o u t h w a l l o f U n it B a g a i n s t th e f a c e o f t h e w e s t w a l l o f

U n it A .- U n it B a l s o b u t t s a g a i n s t tw o e a r l i e r r o o m s , 8 and

2 5 . P r o b a b ly t h i s u n i t w as th e f i r s t t o be c o n s t r u c t e d

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a f t e r c o m p le t io n o f U n it A. S in c e i t i s n o t in c o r p o r a t e d

i n an y way i n th e l a t e r c e r e m o n ia l s t r u c t u r e s , o r i n th e

p la z a , i t i s d e s c r ib e d o n ly f o r c l a r i t y i n r e g a r d t o c o n ­

s t r u c t i o n o f o t h e r u n i t s .

B o th U n it A and B a r e c o n s t r u c t e d o f b an d ed t u f f

m a so n ry , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f s e v e r a l c r o s s w a l l s w h ic h a r e

e i t h e r s p a l l r u b b le or b an d ed t u f f w it h a r u b b le v e n e e r .

S in c e t h e e x t e n t o f t h e h o u se b lo c k i s unknow n, no g e n e r a l i ­

z a t i o n s w i l l b e made a s t o th e m o st p r e v a le n t m a so n ry t e c h ­

n iq u e e m p lo y e d .

The u s e o f t h e row o f room s w h ic h fo rm U n i t A p r io r

t o c o n s t r u c t i o n o f room s a lo n g t h e e a s t s i d e o f th e com m unal

a r e a i s s u b s t a n t i a t e d b y t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e d o o r i n t h e

s o u th w a l l o f t h e u n i t , and b y th e l e v e l o f t h e a s s o c i a t e d

F lo o r I . U n it B c o u ld h a v e s t o o d a s a n e x t e n s i o n o f t h e

h o u se b lo c k , i n c o n j u n c t io n w i t h Rooms 8 and 25 and o t h e r

u n e x c a v a te d room s t o t h e n o r t h . T h ere i s no way t o d e t e r ­

m in e w h e th e r or n o t t h e s e u n i t s w ere e r e c t e d and o c c u p ie d a t

th e same g e n e r a l t im e ; h o w ev er t h e f a c t t h a t a l l a r e o f

b an d ed t u f f m a so n r y , and w ere b u i l t p r io r t o c o n s t r u c t i o n

o f t h e w e s t and e a s t ro w s o f room s see m s t o a l lo w t h e i n ­

f e r e n c e t h a t a l l w ere p a r t o f a l a r g e r b lo c k o f room s n o r t h

o f th e communal a r e a . The r e l a t i o n s h i p o f U n i t A t o t h e

room s on t h e w e s t , s o u t h , and e a s t s i d e s o f t h e com m unal

a r e a w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d b e lo w i n d e t a i l .

102

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The P la z a

The a r e a d e l i n e a t e d b y t h e p la z a and t h e e o n s t r n o ­

t i o n u n i t s w h ic h fo rm ed t h e p la z a a r e show n i n Map 6 . The

p la z a w as fo rm ed b y a d d i t i o n o f s e v e r a l c o n s t r u c t i o n u n i t s

t o t h e s o u t h e r n s e c t i o n p f t h e e a r l i e r h o u se b l o c k . U n it A .

U n it 0 i s t h e d e s i g n a t i o n g iv e n t o t h e room s and

w a l l s on t h e w e s t and s o u t h s i d e s o f t h e com m unal a r e a (Map

5 ) . E x a m in a t io n o f t h e b o n d in g and a b u tm e n ts o f t h e s e w e s t

and s o u th w a l l s i n d i c a t e s t h a t o r i g i n a l l y t h e y w e re bon ded

i n t h e s o u t h w e s t c o r n e r , fo r m in g o n e c o n t in u o u s w a l l from

t h e n o r th w e s t c o r n e r t o Room 2 0 i n t h e s o u t h e a s t C o r n e r .

T h is w a l l w as o r i g i n a l l y o f b an d ed t u f f c o n s t r u c t i o n . E r e o -""

t i o n o f t h i s w a l l , t h e m a in w a l l o f U n it G, o b v i o u s l y com ­

m enced a f t e r c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e s o u t h w a l l o f U n it A, a s

e v id e n c e d by th e e n d - t o - f a c e a b u tm e n t . T h ree b lo c k s o f

room s a r e b u i l t a g a i n s t t h i s lo n g m ain w a l l , and f o r p u r p o s e s

o f s i m p l i c i t y w i l l be c o n s id e r e d a s p a r t s o f t h e l a r g e U n it

C . U n it C - l (Rooms 9 and 1 3 ) w as c o n s t r u c t e d so m etim e a f t e r

t h e s o u th w a l l o f U n it B and t h e m a in e a s t w a l l o f U n it C

w ere c o m p le t e . U n it C -2 (Room s 1 5 , 5 8 , and 5 3 ) i s b u i l t

a g a i n s t 0 - 1 ; t h e s e room s a r e u n i t e d b y a b on d ed s o u t h w e s t

c o r n e r ( i n Room 5 3 ) and p a r a l l e l and c o n t in u o u s w a l l a l i g n ­

m e n t s .

U n it C -3 (Rooms 2 1 , 3 4 , 2 3 , 1 7 , 1 9 , 2 6 , and 2 0 ) c o n ­

t a i n s s e v e r a l c r o s s w a l l s w h ic h w ere p r o b a b ly e r e c t e d a t a

l a t e r d a t e . Room 19 i s a p a r t i c u l a r l y g ood e x a m p le o f t h is

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GREAT KIVA AREA

ARIZONA W I 0 5 0 C o n s t r u c t io n U n i t sc a * c-2 nmC - l V 77i C -3 n~rn

S-2A

MAP 5 CONSTRUCTION UNIT CMeters

104

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a s d e m o n s tr a te d b y a b u tm en t o f th e s o u t h w a l l a g a i n s t a s e a l e d

doorw ay w h ic h o r i g i n a l l y c o n n e c t e d Boodi 1 9 -3 0 w i t h Room 2 6 .

U n it 0 - 3 p o s e s a s l i g h t p ro b lem i n t h a t i t i s im p o s s ib l e t o

d e te r m in e w h e th e r o r n o t i t ' s s o u t h w a l l w as e r e c t e d p r io r t o

o r c o n te m p o r a n e o u s ly w i t h i t ' s n o r t h w a l l , th e m a in w a l l o f

TJtoit 0 . The a b u tm en t o f th e n o r t h w a l l o f 0 - 3 a g a i n s t t h e

w e s t w a l l o f Room 20 see m s t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h i s room and t h e

s o u th w a l l o f 0 - 3 w ere b u i l t so m etim e b e f o r e c o m p le t io n , o f

th e n o r th w a l l . I t see m s r e a s o n a b le t o a ssu m e t h a t t h e w e s t

w a l l o f Room 8 0 n e v e r s t o o d a s a w in g w a l l , s i n e # t h e c o u r s e s

o f b an d ed t u f f i n t h i s w a l l and t h e s o u t h w a l l o f s a i d room

c o i n c i d e , i n d i c a t i n g c o n te m p o r a n e o u s c o n s t r u c t io n #

Room 20 u t i l i z e s t h e l e v e l o f F lo o r I I f o r t h e b a s e

l e v e l o f t h e w a l l s , and t h e f l o o r l e v e l o f t h e room .

A t h i r d c o n s t r u c t i o n u n i t w h ic h b u t t s aga% #et U n it A

i s U n it D (Map 6 ) . U n it D i s b e l i e v e d t o c o n s i s t o f S u b s tr u c ­

t u r e s 1 and 2 , Room 2 7 , Room T , and p r o b a b ly Room 4 8 and t h e

e a s t and w e s t w a l l s (b a n d ed t u f f ) o f t h e e n tr y w a y . The w a l l

a b u tm e n ts and b o n d in g s i n t h i s s e r i e s o f room s a r e p e c u l i a r l y

n o n - i n f o r m a t i v e ; i n f a c t , i f t h i s e v id e n c e a lo n e i s c o n s id e r e d

i t i s t h e o r e t i c a l l y p o s s i b l e t o c o n s id e r t h a t e a c h o f t h e s e

room s w as b u i l t a s a s i n g l e u n i t . The c o n c e p t u a l i z a t i o n o f

t h e s e room s a s an e n t i t y e r e c t e d d u r in g a s p e c i f i c p e r io d

o f b u i l d i n g i s a r r iv e d a t b y t h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f in f o r m a t io n

p e r t a i n i n g t o f l o o r l e v e l s , d o o r w a y s , i d e n t i c a l m a so n ry t e c h ­

n iq u e s , and w a l l a l ig n m e n t s , i n c o n j u n c t io n w i t h t h e m eager

in f o r m a t io n y i e l d e d b y a s tu d y o f a b u tm e n ts an d b o n d in g s .

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The en d s o f t h e e a s t and w e s t w a l l s o f Room 27 and

S u b s t r u c t u r e 1 and 2 b u t t a g a i n s t th e f a c e o f t h e s o u t h w a l l

o f U n it A . T h is f a c t i s t a k e n t o be i n d i c a t i v e o f a l a t e r

• o n s t r u o t i o n o f U n it D . The n o r t h e r n p o r t io n o f U n it D

(Boom s 2 7 , S u b s t r u c t u r e s 1 and 2 ) a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e n b u i l t

a s an e n t i t y i f t h e f o l l o w i n g e v id e n c e i s i n t e r p r e t e d c o r r e c t ­

l y . The c o u r s e s o f t u f f b l o c k s i n t h e b an ded t u f f w e s t

w a l l o f Room 2 7 a r e i d e n t i c a l i n a l ig n m e n t and c h a r a c t e r

w it h t h o s e i n t h e s o u t h w a l l o f S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 . The l e v e l

a t w h ic h t h e b a s e s o f t h e s e w a l l s r e s t i s a l s o i d e n t i c a l , a s

i s t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p t o F l o o r s I , I I , and I I I , w i t h i n Su b­

s t r u c t u r e 2 . The T -d o o r i n t h e common w a l l b e tw e e n Room 27

and S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 c o n n e c t s t h e tw o room s w h ic h u t i l i z e d t h e

sam e f l o o r l e v e l , F lo o r I , a t t h e t im e t h e d oor w as f i r s t

u s e d . T h e se f a c t s a r g u e f o r t h e c o n te m p o r a n e o u s c o n s t r u c t i o n

o f Room 27 and S u b s t r u c t u r e s 1 and 8 .

I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e h e r e t h a t F lo o r I i s t h e

l e v e l a s s o c i a t e d w i t h th e l a r g e room i n th e v i c i n i t y o f t h e

l a t e r r o o m s , 35 and 3 9 , and w i t h t h e d oorw ay i n t h e s o u t h

w a l l o f t h e s e room s ( U n i t A ) . The s e a l i n g o f t h i s d o orw ay

and t h e e r e c t i o n o f t h e w e s t w a l l o f S u b s t r u c t u r e 1 a g a i n s t

t h e s e a l do n o t i n d i c a t e t h e ab an d on m en t o f F lo o r I , s i n c e

t h i s l e v e l i s u t i l i z e d i n th e b lo c k o f room s j u s t d i s c u s s e d

— Room 27 and S u b s t r u c t u r e 1 and 8 . F u r th e r e v id e n c e t o su p ­

p o r t t h i s v ie w , t h a t F lo o r I w as t h e o r i g i n a l f l o o r o f t h e

n o r th e r n room s i n U n it D, c a n b e r e c o u n t e d . The b o tto m o f

107

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She T -d o o r i n t h e e a s t w a l l o f S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 i s c l o s e r t o

t h e l e v e l o f F lo o r I , e v e n th o u g h F lo o r I I i n t e r c e d e s b e tw e e n

th em , th a n i s t h e b o tto m o f t h e d oor i n t h e n o r t h w a l l o f

th e communal a r e a . S in c e F lo o r I i s t h e o n ly f l o o r i n Boom s

35 and 3 9 , i t m u st b e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e d oorw ay; i t i s

r e a s o n a b le t h e n t o assu m e t h a t t h e T -d o o r b e tw e e n Room 2 7

and S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 i s a l s o a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h i s f l o o r l e v e l

s i n c e i t s t a n d s i n a c l o s e r s p a t i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p t o i t . The

p o s i t i o n o f th e c e r e m o n ia l c a c h e i n S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 , w h ic h

e i t h e r r e s t e d on F l o o r I o r b e tw e e n F l o o r s I and I I , i n d i ­

c a t e s u sa g e o f t h e room p r io r t o ab an d on m en t o f F lo o r I I , and

p r o b a b ly p r io r t o ab an d on m en t o f F lo o r I a l s o . T h a t i s ,,

t h e c a c h e c o n t a in e d w i t h i n th e c o n f i n e s o f S u b s t r u c t u r e 2

m u st be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h i s s t r u c t u r e , an d p r o b a b ly c a n be

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h F lo o r I .

The b a s i s f o r t h e c o n t e n t i o n t h a t S u b s t r u c t u r e 1 w as

b u i l t a s an i n t e g r a l p a r t o f U n it D i s fo u n d i n t h e f a c t t h a t

t h e b an d ed t u f f s o u t h w a l l o f S u b s t r u c t u r e 1 r e s t s on F lo o r

I , and fo r m s th e n o r t h e r n b o u n d a ry a g a i n s t w h ic h F lo o r H

b u t t s . The w a l l i n q u e s t i o n m u st h av e b e e n i n p la c e d u r in g

t h e p e r io d i n w h ic h F lo o r I w as lu t i l i z e d and p r io r t o c o n -

s t r u c t i o n o f F lo o r I I . F lo o r I I d o e s n o t o c c u r i n S u b s t r u c ­

t u r e 1 .

S u b s t r u c t u r e 1 c o n t a in e d t h e o n ly w a l l p o s t h o l e , o r

beam s o c k e t , t o b e fo u n d w i t h i n t h e communal a r e a ( P l a t e I l a ) .

The h o le w as 1 .5 m a b o v e F lo o r I i n t h e n o r t h w a l l o f t h e

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ro o m , and .3 0 m from t h e n o r t h e a s t c o r n e r o f t h e ro o m . I t

was .0 6 m i n d ia m e te r and .0 4 m d e e p and w as fo r m e # i n a

lo n g t u f f s l a b i n t h e n o r th w a l l . A lth o u g h a lo w c e i l i n g

c o u ld h ave e x i s t e d i n S u b s t r u c t u r e 1 , p o s s i b l y e x t e n d in g t o

S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 , th e s m a l ln e s s o f th e h o l e , i t s c l o s e n e s s t o

th e e a s t w a l l , and i t s p o s i t i o n , w h ic h s u g g e s t s a n o r t h - s o u t h

o r i e n t a t i o n f o r th e beam p r e c lu d e t h e c o n j e c t u r e t h a t t h e

h o le o n ce h e ld a beam w h ic h s u p p o r te d t h e r o o f . P e r h a p s t h e

p o le h e ld i n t h i s s o c k e t s e r v e d i n th e same c a p a c i t y a s t h o s e

d e s c r ib e d f o r th e K e r e s p u e b lo s : " G ir l s sw eep t h e w h ite w a s h e d

room s and g a t h e r t h e s l e e p i n g r u g s from t h e f l o o r t o han g o n

t h e ’ p o le o f t h e s o f t g o o d s* w h ic h i s t h e c u p b o a r d ." (U n d er­

h i l l 1 9 4 6 : 9 9 ) .

The q u e s t i o n o f t h e p e r io d i n t h e l i f e o f t h e com m unal

a r e a i n w h ich t h e beam h o le i n S u b s t r u c t u r e 1 w as m ade and

u se d c a n n o t b e a n s w e r e d . I t seem s u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e h o l e

w as made and u s e d p r io r t o c o n s t r u c t i o n o f S u b s t r u c t u r e 1 ,

b u t i t c o u ld h a v e b e e n made an y tim e a f t e r t h i s room w as

b u i l t and b e f o r e d e s t r u c t i o n o f G r e a t K iv a I I .

Room Y i s th e n e x t s e c t i o n o f U n it D t o m e r i t d i s c u s ­

s i o n . A c t u a l l y t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h i s room ca n o n ly b e p o s ­

t u l a t e d ; e v id e n c e w h ic h i n d i c a t e s p r e s e n c e o f s u c h a room i s

s l i g h t and m a in ly c i r c u m s t a n t i a l . P o s t u l a t e d Room Y i s b e ­

l i e v e d t o h a v e b e e n l o c a t e d i n t h e p o s i t i o n l a t e r o c c u p ie d

b y Room 24 and S u b s t r u c t u r e 2A . The room w as la r g e r th a n

S u b s t r u c t u r e s 1 and 2 w h ic h w ere o c c u p ie d a t t h e sam e t im e .

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b u t co m p a res f a v o r a b l y w i t h Room 2 7 d i r e c t l y t o t h e n o r t h i n

a r e a . The lo n g a x i s o f Room Y r u n s e a s t - w e s t ; i f t h e room

e x i s t e d i t w ou ld h a v e b e e n lo n g e r and n a rro w er th a n an y o t h e r

o c c u p ie d a t th e t im e U n it D w as b u i l t .

I n b r i e f , t h e e v id e n c e f o r th e b e l i e f i n t h e e x i s t e n c e

o f Room Y c o n s i s t s o f t h r e e i t e m s . The m a in r e a s o n i s t h a t

th e w e s t w a l l o f U n it D ( a l s o t h e w e s t w a l l o f S u b s t r u c t u r e s

1 and 2 ) c o n t in u e s s o u th o f t h e s o u t h e r n w a l l o f S u b s t r u c t u r e

2 som e2 . 0 m ( P l a t e X lV b ) . . T h is w a l l a p p e a r e d t o h a v e b e e n t o r n

o u t a t i t s s o u t h e r n end a t t im e o f e x c a v a t i o n i The s o u t h w a l l

o f t h e l a t e r r o o m s , 2A and 2 4 , g a v e th e same a p p e a r a n c e . P r o ­

j e c t i o n o f t h e s e w a l l s d e m o n s t r a t e s t h a t , i f t h e w a l l s w ere

e v e r c o m p le te d , and e n d - t o - f a c e a b u tm en t w ou ld h a v e e x i s t e d .

I t i s p o s s i b l e t o s p e c u l a t e t h a t th e w e s t w a l l o f U n i t D w as

no m ore th a n a w in g w a l l o r i g i n a l l y ; h o w ev er a d d i t i o n a l e v i ­

d en ce m akes th e c a s e f o r a n e a r l y room s t r o n g e r .

The p r e s e n c e o f a l a r g e a s h a r e a s e a l e d b e lo w t h e

h ard p a ck ed f l o o r o f th e l a t e r R oom .2 4 s o u t h w e s t o f t h e f l o o r

h e a r t h seem s t o i n d i c a t e t h a t some s o r t o f e a r l i e r u s e o f t h e

a r e a had o c c u r r e d , ^o f l o o r l e v e l s ( e x c e p t F lo o r I I I ) w ere

fo u n d i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f S u b s t r u c t u r e 2A , i n c o n t r a s t t o th e

w e l l - d e f i n e d lo w f l o o r o f Room 2 4 and S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 . I t

a p p e a r s from t h e l a c k o f lo w e r f l o o r s i n S u b s t r u c t u r e 2A

and t h e m is s in g s o u t h w e s t w a l l c o r n e r t h a t t h e s t r u c t u r e

w as d e s t r o y e d a t som e t im e p r io r t o t h e l a y i n g o f F lo o r I I I

o f G r e a t K iv a I I . T h is d e s t r u c t i o n m u st b e t h e e x p la n a t io n

110

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I l l

f o r th e l a c k o f c o n c r e t e e v id e n c e o f an e a r l i e r s t r u c t u r e .

The tw o p o in t s d i s c u s s e d a b o v e — t h e e x t e n s i o n o f t h e

w e s t w a l l o f U n it D, and t h e s o u t h w a l l o f t h e l a t e r r o o m s ,

2 1 and 2 4 ; and t h e a s h a r e a s e a l e d under t h e lo w e s t f l o o r o f

Room 2 4 — s u g g e s t an e a r l i e r o c c u p a t io n o f some t y p e . A c o n ­

s i d e r a t i o n o f m a so n ry t e c h n i q u e s , b a s e d on s e q u e n c e s o f t h e s e

t e c h n iq u e s d e te r m in e d by a b u tm en t p a t t e r n s and v e r t i c a l

s t r a t i g r a p h y , i n d i c a t e t h a t th e a r e a i n q u e s t i o n w as in d e e d

a room . The n o r t h w a l l o f p o s t u l a t e d Room Y w as o f b an d ed

t u f f , and w as fo rm ed b y t h e s o u t h w a l l s o f S u b s t r u c t u r e 2

and Room 27 and th e end o f t h e common w a l l b e tw e e n t h e s e

r o o m s . The w e s t w a l l , th e s o u t h w a l l , and th e e a s t w a l l o f

p o s t u l a t e d Room Y a r e a l s o b u i l t o f b an d ed t u f f , a p p a r e n t ly

t h e ty p e o f t e c h n iq u e a s s o c i a t e d w it h U n i t s A and C , w i t h

t h e n o r th e r n room s o f U n it D , and w i t h t h e r e s t o f U n it D

(w h ic h h a s n o t y e t b e e n d i s c u s s e d ) . A b u tm en ts th r o u g h o u t

th e communal a r e a d e m o n s tr a te t h a t b a n d ed t u f f c o n s t r u c t i o n

i s e a r l i e r th a n a l l o t h e r t y p e s ; t h e y a l s o i n d i c a t e t h a t

s p a l l r u b b le m a so n ry c o n s i s t e n t l y b u t t s a g a i n s t t h e b an d ed

t u f f , b u t d o e s n o t b u t t a g a i n s t an y o t h e r ty p e o f c o n s t r u c ­

t i o n . T h is i s t h e b a s i s f o r th e c o n t e n t i o n t h a t th e s p a l l

r u b b le w e s t w a l l o f Room 2 4 , w h ich d i v i d e s p o s t u l a t e d Room

Y w as b u i l t i n a l a t e r c o n s t r u c t i o n p e r io d ( t o b e f u r t h e r

d e s c r ib e d i n c o n j u n c t io n w it h t h e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f G r e a t

K iv a I ) a f t e r c o m p le t io n and o c c u p a t io n ( o f som e s o r t ) o f

t h e b an d ed t u f f ro o m . The e v id e n c e i s n o t c o n c l u s i v e , b u t

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I b e l i e v e a l o g i c a l b a s i s i s p r e s e n t f o r t h e p o s t u l a t e t h a t

a la r g e r room e x i s t e d p r io r t o i t s d i v i s i o n i n t o S u b s t r u c t u r e

2A and Room 2 4 , and t h a t t h i s room w as an i n t e g r a l p a r t o f

U n it D .

The s u g g e s t i o n t h a t U n it D a l s o i n c l u d e s Room 4 8

and th e e a s t and w e s t w a l l s o f th e e n tr y w a y i s b a s e d s o l e l y

on th e u t i l i z a t i o n o f b an d ed t u f f c o n s t r u c t i o n t e c h n iq u e i n

t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s , and t h e a l r e a d y d i s c u s s e d e a r l y u s e o f t h i s

t e c h n iq u e i n t h e com m unal a r e a . B anded t u f f w a l l s a r e s t r a -

t i g r a p h i c a l l y e a r l i e r th a n F lo o r I I I o f G r ea t K iv a I I ; h o r i -

z p n t a l s t r a t i g r a p h y , i n t h e n a tu r e o f w a l l a b u tm e n ts , demon­

s t r a t e s th e p r e - e x i s t e n c e o f b an d ed t u f f w a l l s to s p a l l ru b ­

b l e , s p a l l e d b lo c k , and c r u d e r u b b le w a l l s . Room 4 8 and

th e e a s t w a l l o f t h e e n tr y w a y b u t t a g a i n s t th e lo n g e a s t -

w e s t r u n n in g w a l l w h ic h l a t e r fo r m s t h e s o u t h w a l l o f Room

24 and S u b s t r u c t u r e 2A . The b an d ed t u f f e a s t w a l l o f p o s t u ­

l a t e d Room Y a l s o b u t t s a g a i n s t t h i s lo n g w a l l , and o n t h e

o t h e r end a g a i n s t th e b an d ed t u f f c o r n e r o f Room 2 7 . I f

o n ly t h i s e v id e n c e i s c o n s i d e r e d , t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e

room s s o u t h o f t h i s lo n g w a l l t o t h o s e n o r t h o f th e w a l l i s

i n d e f i n i t e , t h e o n ly c o n c l u s i o n p o s s i b l e b e in g t h a t t h e

lo n g w a l l e x i s t e d p r io r t o c o n s t r u c t i o n o f Rooms Y and 4 8 .

I f t h e w e s t w a l l o f U n it D i s c o n s id e r e d a s e x t e n d in g t o

m eet th e end o f th e lo n g w a l l , t h e n , no m a t t e r w h ic h d i r e c ­

t i o n t h i s a b u tm en t may h a v e t a k e n , t h e n o r t h e r n room s o f

U n it D w ou ld in c o r p o r a t e th e lo n g w a l l a s an i n t e g r a l p a r t

112

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o f t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s . I t s o b v io u s i n c o r p o r a t i o n a s a p a r t o f

t h e s o u th e r n room s (4 8 a t l e a s t ) i n c o n j u n c t io n w i t h t h e i n ­

t e r n a l e v id e n c e o f t h e e a r l y u s e o f b an d ed t u f f m a so n ry

c o u ld i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e n o r t h e r n and s o u th e r n s e c t i o n s w ere

b u i l t d u r in g t h e same c o n s t r u c t i o n p e r i o d . T h is i s t h e b a ­

s i s fo r d e s i g n a t i n g t h e s e room s a s p a r t o f U n it D .

A summary o f t h e o u t l i n e s o f t h e p la z a a s j u s t d e s ­

c r ib e d sh ow s t h a t i t w as a f o u r - s i d e d s t r u c t u r e , e s s e n t i a l l y ,

w it h an e n t r a n c e on th e e a s t s i d e . T h is e n t r a n c e w as 7 .6 5 m

w id e , e x t e n d in g from t h e s o u t h w a l l o f Room Y t o th e n o r th

w a l l o f Room 2 0 . The e n t r a n c e o p e n e d o n to a h a l lw a y , or

e n tr y w a y , b y m eans o f a r i g h t tu r n t o t h e s o u t h . The p o s i ­

t i o n o f t h i s e n tr y w a y i s s u c h t h a t t h e p la z a w o u ld h av e b e e n

s e c lu d e d , and c o u ld v a l i d l y b e c o n s id e r e d t o h a v e b e e n " en ­

c l o s e d ." S u r r o u n d in g t h e p la z a w ere a t l e a s t 17 r o o m s , t h e

m a j o r i t y o f w h ic h a r e o f b a n d ed t u f f c o n s t r u c t i o n . No e v i ­

d e n c e e x i s t s t h a t t h i s s t r u c t u r e w as e v e r r o o f e d ; i f i t had

b e e n r o o f e d , p o s t h o l e s s h o u ld h a v e b e e n fo u n d un der o r a d j a ­

c e n t t o t h e l a t e r s p a l l r u b b le w a l l d e s ig n a t e d a s "P* o n

Map 3 and 3 , and d i s c u s s e d i n t h e n e x t s e c t i o n a s U n it E .

The p o s t h o l e s w h ic h w ere fo u n d i n t h i s a r e a (# 1 6 and 1 7 ) a r e

d e f i n i t e l y l a t e r th a n U n it E . I t seem s h i g h l y im p r o b a b le t h a t

t h e p la z a a r e a w as e v e r r o o f e d .

S in c e no o v e r a l l f l o o r l e v e l , f l o o r f e a t u r e s , o r p o s t -

h o le p a t t e r n ca n be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h i s s t r u c t u r e , t h e q u e s ­

t i o n a r i s e s a s t o w h e th e r or n o t t h e p l a z a e v e r e x i s t e d a s a

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f u n c t i o n i n g i n s t i t u t i o n i n t h e co m m u n ity . The q u e s t i o n i s

d i f f i c u l t t o a n s w e r , p a r t i c u l a r l y b e c a u s e th e a r t i f a c t u a l c o n ­

t e n t o f th e s u r r o u n d in g room s w i t h 3 e x c e p t i o n s i n d i c a t e s a

Canyon C reek p h a se o c c u p a t i o n , h o w e v e r , t h e t h r e e e x c e p t i o n s

o c c u r i n some o f t h e l a t e s t room s t o b e e r e c t e d a d j o i n i n g th e

p l a z a . S u b s t r u c t u r e s 1 and 2 , w h ic h w ere s e a l e d o v e r b y t h e

f l o o r o f G r e a t K iv a I I , and Room 2 4 c o n t a i n P in e d a le p h a se

m a t e r i a l ; t h i s d i s c r e p a n c y i n d i c a t e s s e v e r a l t h i n g s , a l l o f

w h ic h w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d i n g r e a t e r d e t a i l l a t e r . The im p o r­

t a n t f a c t f o r t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e p la z a i s t h a t " tim e"

e la p s e d fro m t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e p la z a t o t h e c o n s t r u c ­

t i o n o f G r ea t K iv a I I , so t h a t u s e o f t h e p la z a b y th e com­

m u n ity w o u ld h a v e b e e n t e m p o r a l ly p o s s i b l e .

E v id e n c e o f f l o o r l e v e l s i n t h e e a s t e r n room s ( 3 5 - 3 9 , ,

2 7 , 1 , 2 , and 2 0 ) c o n t r i b u t e s t o th e c o n t e n t i o n t h a t t h e

p la z a w as u t i l i z e d , s i n c e t h e y i n d i c a t e o c c u p a t io n o f t h e

s u r r o u n d in g room s p r io r t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f f l o o r I I I and

G rea t K iv a I I . H o w ev er , s i n c e U n it D u t i l i z e s a lo w e r f l o o r

( F lo o r I ) th a n Room 2 0 , U n it C -3 , ( F lo o r I I ) , q u e s t io n a r i s e s

a s t o w h ic h o f t h e s e f l o o r l e v e l s w as u t i l i z e d b y t h e p l a z a .

T h is p ro b lem c a n n o t be s o l v e d d e f i n i t e l y from t h e e v id e n c e

a t h a n d , a l t h o u g h F lo o r I I seem s t o b e t h e o n ly f l o o r l e v e l

fo u n d i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e p la z a e n t r a n c e , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t

i f th e p la z a f l o o r w ere r e a s o n a b ly l e v e l , F lo o r I I w ou ld

h av e e x te n d e d i n t o t h e p l a z a . T h is im m e d ia t e ly p o i n t s up

t h e d is c r e p a n c y b e tw e e n th e f l o o r l e v e l s u t i l i z e d by U n i t s

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C and D; u l t i m a t e l y t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e s e u n i t s i s d e p e n ­

d e n t upon t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n g iv e n t h e f l o o r l e v e l s , and upon

i n d u c t i v e a n a l y s i s o f t h e a l ig n m e n t o f t h e s e u n i t s .

I t i s p o s t u l a t e d t h a t U n it C w as c o n s t r u c t e d p r io r t o

U n it D. ^ t i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o r e l a t e th e two u n i t s b y w a l l

a b u tm e n ts o r s t r a t i g r a p h y . E v id e n c e a g a i n s t t h i s h y p o t h e s i s

i s fo u n d i n th e u t i l i z a t i o n b y Room 2 0 , t h e e a s t e r n m o s t room

o f U n i t C, o f F lo o r I I i n i t i a l l y , w h i le U n it D a d j o in in g t h e

p la z a u se d F lo o r I i n i t i a l l y . I f t h e a s s u m p t io n i s made t h a t

t h e same p h y s i c a l l e v e l w as o c c u p ie d a t t h e sam e t im e o v e r

th e com m unal a r e a o r e v e n o v e r t h e e a s t s i d e o f t h i s a r e a ,

i t i s l o g i c a l t o b e l i e v e t h a t U n it D w as c o n s t r u c t e d f i r s t ,

u s in g F lo o r I , and t h a t a f t e r c o n s t r u c t i o n o f U n it C, u s i n g a

h ig h e r l e v e l a s i t s f l o o r , t h i s l e v e l ( F lo o r I I ) w as b u i l t

i n S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 . H ow ever t h e a s s u m p t io n s t a t e d a b o v e i s

n o t a lw a y s c o r r e c t ; i n P o in t o f P in e s R u in and i n o t h e r p r e ­

h i s t o r i c and h i s t o r i c p u e b lo v i l l a g e s th r o u g h o u t t h e S o u th ­

w e s t , f l o o r l e v e l s o f t e n v a r y from room t o room , a l l o f w h ic h

a r e o c c u p ie d a t t h e sam e t i m e . The p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h i s i s

t h e c a s e i n t h i s s i t u a t i o n s h o u ld n o t b e d i s r e g a r d e d . The

g r e a t e r d e p t h o f t h e t r a s h d e p o s i t w h ic h i s d e p e n d e n t upon

th e s l o p i n g o f t h e s t e r i l e s u b s o i l i n t h e s o u t h e a s t c o r n e r o f

t h e com m unal a r e a may h a v e had some b e a r in g upon t h e l e v e l

o f f l o o r u t i l i z e d b y Room 2 0 .

E v id e n c e w h ic h t e n d s t o s u p p o r t t h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t

U n it C w as c o n s t r u c t e d p r io r t o U n it D i s b a s e d on t h e i n ­

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t e r p r e t a t i o n o f th e p o s i t i o n o f Room 2 0 , and on t h e p r e s e n c e

o f t h e c e r e m o n ia l ? c a c h e i n S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 . The la c k o f

a lig n m e n t o f t h e w e s t w a l l o f Room 2 0 w i t h t h e w e s t w a l l o f

U n it D, and t h e s l a n t i n g p r o j e c t i o n o f t h e n o r th e r n w a l l o f

t h i s room i n t o th e com m unal a r e a i n d i c a t e t h a t Room 20 w as

b u i l t p r io r t o e r e c t i o n o f U n it D , i f t h e a s s u m p tio n i s made

t h a t a l ig n m e n t o f w a l l s and room s w as g e n e r a l l y t h e p r a c ­

t i c e i n t h i s co m m u n ity . T h is a s s u m p t io n c a n b e c h a l l e n g e d ,

o f c o u r s e ; h ow ever a ro u n d th e com m unal a r e a t h e r e i s a t e n ­

d e n c y to w a r d a l ig n m e n t o f room s and w a l l s , e v id e n c e d b y U n i t s

A, C—1 , C -2 , and 0 - 3 , i n w h ich w a l l s a r e p a r a l l e l t o o t h e r s

w it h in th e u n i t . The s t r o n g e s t e v id e n c e f o r t h e p r i o r i t y o f

U n it C i s s t i l l c i r c u m s t a n t i a l . The c e r e m o n ia l c a c h e i n S u b ­

s t r u c t u r e 2 , w h ic h i s b e l i e v e d t o h a v e r e s t e d on F lo o r I , i s

u n e x p la in a b le i f i t i s p o s t u l a t e d t h a t U n it D w ere e r e c t e d

f i r s t . No r e a s o n f o r t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e c a c h e i s o b v io u s

u n l e s s i t c a n b e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a s t r u c t u r e i n w h ic h c e r e ­

m o n ia l f u n c t i o n s t o o k p l a c e . S u ch a s t r u c t u r e e x i s t e d o n ly

when th e p la z a w as fo r m e d ; t h e p la z a d ep en d ed on e r e c t i o n

o f U n it s G and D; s i n c e t h e c a c h e w as on F lo o r I o f U n it D ,

U n it C m u st h a v e a lr e a d y b e e n e r e c t e d a t th e t im e t h e c a c h e

w as u t i l i z e d .

A d m it te d ly th e s e q u e n c e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n o f U n i t s C

and D c a n be c h a l l e n g e d . H ow ever t h e s e q u e n c e i t s e l f i s n o t

v i t a l t o t h e p o s t u l a t e t h a t su c h a p la z a e x i s t e d . O nce b o th

u n i t s w ere b u i l t , t h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l e n t i t y w as fo r m e d . The

c a c h e and f l o o r l e v e l s i n a d j o i n i n g room s i n d i c a t e u s a g e o f

t h e a r e a .

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G r e a t K iv a I: ' - ' ' 4

The a r e a d e l i n e a t e d by G r e a t K iv a I an d t h e c o n s t r u c ­

t i o n u n i t s w h ic h fo rm ed t h i s s t r u c t u r e a r e show n i n Map 7 .

G r ea t K iv a I w as fo rm ed by a d d i t i o n o f tw o c e a a t r m o t io n u n i t s

t o |h e: p la z a s t r u c t u r e .

C o n s t r u c t io n u n i t s A, C, and D o f t h e p la z a s t r u c ­

t u r e w ere r e t a i n e d t o fo rm t h r e e and o n e - h a l f s i d e s o f G r ea t

K iv a I , and p o r t i o n s o f t h e e n tr y w a y t o t h i s s t r u c t u r e .

U n it E w a s ^ b u i l t t o fo rm t h e new " h a l f - s i d e . " <■ U n it E i s

com posed o f a s p a l l r u b b le w a l l w h ic h r u n s g e n e r a l l y n o r t h -

s o u t h and i s l i n e d up w i t h th e w e s t w a l l o f U n it D . No w a l l s ,

o r e v id e n c e f o r th em , w ere fo u n d r u n n in g e a s t - w e s t a n d b u t ­

t i n g a g a i n s t e i t h e r s i d e o f th e s i n g l e w a l l c o n s t i t u t i n g ' *

U n it E . The n o r t h e r n end o f t h i s w a l l w h ic h s t o p s som e 3

m e te r s s o u t h o f S u b s t r u c t u r e 2A seem s n e v e r t o h a v e c o n t in u e d

f a r t h e r n o r t h . I t a p p e a r s t h a t t h i s w a l l w as b u i l t a s a s i n ­

g l e u n i t , w h ic h w o u ld h a v e c r e a t e d a v i s u a l and p h y s i c a l

b a r r i e r b e tw e e n t h e in n e r s t r u c t u r e an d t h e a p p a r e n t l y u n in -

h a b i t e d a r e a im m e d ia te ly t o t h e e a s t . I n o t h e r w o r d s , th e

w a l l n e v e r fo rm ed p a r t o f a room o r s e r i e s o f r o o m s . U n it

E w as b u i l t so m etim e a f t e r t h e e r e c t i o n o f U n i t s A , C, and

D, a s w i l l b e d e t a i l e d b e lo w . I t s h o u ld b e u n d e r s to o d t h a t

a t t h i s t im e a l l o f t h e s e e a r l i e r u n i t s , i n c l u d i n g : t h e room s

d e s ig n a t e d by t h e term " S u b s t r u c t u r e " , s t o o d a t l e a s t one

s t o r y h i g h .

U n it E b u t t s a g a i n s t t h e f a c e o f th e s o u t h w a l l o f

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t h e p la z a , U n it C -3 , and r e s t s on F lo o r I I , t h e sam e f l o o r

l e v e l w h ic h e x t e n d s u n d er Rooms 80 and 14 ( P l a t e X I I I ) .:

T h is f l o o r l e v e l c a n be p r o j e c t e d from t h e n o r t h e r n te r m in u s.

o f U n it S (w h ere e x c a v a t o r s e n c o u n t e r e d s e v e r a l l i n e s o f d e ­

m a r c a t io n i n sa n d y m a t e r i a l w h ic h sh ow ed d i f f e r e n t f l o o r.

l e v e l s ) , t o S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 w h ere i t i s a g a in r e c o r d e d , i n.

t h i s i n s t a n c e a s t h e m id d le f l o o r i n th e room . The r e l a t i o n ­

s h ip o f t h e s e f l o o r l e v e l s h a s b e e n d i s c u s s e d i n t h e s e c t i o n

d e a l i n g w i t h t h e p l a z a . U n i t E w as e r e c t e d a f t e r c o n s t r u c ­

t i o n o f th e s o u th w a l l o f th e p l a z a , and d u r in g o r a f t e r c o n ­

s t r u c t i o n o f F lo o r I I .

U n it E c a n b e p la c e d s e q u e n t i a l l y a f t e r c o n s t r u c t i o n

o f U n it D a l s o o n t h e b a s i s o f c i r c u m s t a n t i a l e v i d e n c e . The

e a r l i e r p la z a w as d e m a r c a te d i n t h e s o u t h e a s t b y t h e j u t t i n g

w a l l s o f Room 2 0 , show n p r e v i o u s l y t o h a v e b e e n , b ey o n d d i s ­

p u t e , an i n t e g r a l p a r t o f U n i t C - 3 . I f , w hen t h e d i e i s i o n

t o b u i l d t h e w a l l fo r m in g U n i t E w as m ad e, S u » % tr n c tu r e s 1

and 2 and p o s t u l a t e d Room Y had n o t y e t b e e n e r e c t e d , i t

w o u ld seem l i k e l y t h a t U n it E w o u ld h a v e b e e n b u i l t a s a.

c o n t i n u a t i o n o f t h e w e s t w a l l o f Room SO . Ho p s s p o s e w o u ld

b e s e r v e d b y b u i l d i n g th e w a l l o f U n it E a m e te r w e s t o f- • .

Room 2 0 ; a s m a l l u n u s a b le s p a c e w o u ld h a v e b e e n t h e o n ly

r e s u l t . The l o g i c a l i n f e r e n c e i s t h a t t h e w e s t w a l l o f

U n it D w as i n p la c e a t th e t im e U n it E w as c o n s t r u c t e d ,

p r o v id in g t h e r e a s o n f o r t h e p o s i t i o n o f U n i t E . The p r io r

e x i s t e n c e o f U n it D may h a v e p r o v id e d p a r t o f t h e s t im u lu s

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1 2 0

P l a t e X I I I . S o u t h e a s t c o r n e r , G r e a t K iv a I I , lo o k i n g e a s t . a . U n it E , e a s t w a l l o f G r ea t K iv a I i n f o r e ­g r o u n d , on F lo o r I I . F lo o r I I I i n b a c k g r o u n d , b . A f t e r e x c a v a t i o n , n o r th w e s t c o r n e r o f Room 2 0 , and e a s t w a l l s o f G rea t K iv a I and G r ea t K iv a I I .

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f o r e r e c t i o n o f G rea t K iv a I , s i n c e i t a l lo w e d f o r a s im p le

m o d i f i c a t i o n o f th e p la z a a r e a t o form t h e e a r l y g r e a t k i v a .

O th er e v id e n c e b e s i d e s p o s i t i o n s t r e n g t h e n s t h e p o s ­

t u l a t e t h a t U n it E w as b u i l t a f t e r U n it D*s c o m p le t io n .

U n it E i s c o n s t r u c t e d u s in g a s p a l l r u b b le m a so n ry t e c h n iq u e

w h ic h d i f f e r s from t h e b an d ed t u f f m ason ry o f t h e p l a z a .

A n o th er s p a l l r u b b le c o n s t r u c t i o n s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f U n i t 1

i s fo u n d in th e w e s t w a l l s o f Rooms 24 and 1 4 , U n it F . A l l

o f t h e s e s p a l l r u b b le w a l l s b u t t a g a i n s t e a r l i e r b a n d ed t u f f

m aso n ry (Map 2 ) . Two o f t h e w a l l s . U n it E and Room 1 4 , r e s t

o n F lo o r I I ; t h e w e s t w a l l o f Room 2 4 i s s e t s l i g h t l y i n t o

s t e r i l e s o i l . I t seem s p r o b a b le t h a t U n it E and F w ere e r e c t ­

ed i n th e sam e g e n e r a l b u i l d i n g p e r io d , s i n c e a l l w a l l s i n

t h e s e u n i t s a r e o f s p a l l r u b b le m a so n r y , a l l b u t t a g a i n s t

b an d ed t u f f w a l l s , an d i n tw o i n s t a n c e s , Room 14 and U n it E ,

t h e s p a l l r u b b le w a l l s a r e s t r a t i g r a p h i c a l l y u n d er c ru d e

r u b b le m a so n r y .

The a p p e a r a n c e and b a s e l e v e l o f t h e w e s t w a l l o f

Room 24 may i n d i c a t e t h a t t h i s w a s t h e f i r s t s p a l l r u b b le

w a l l t o be b u i l t i n t h e com m unal a r e a . T h is w a l l , w h ic h

d i v i d e s p o s t u l a t e d Room Y t o fo rm S u b s t r u c t u r e 2A and Room

2 4 , b u t t s a g a i n s t th e t h r e e b an d ed t u f f w a l l s o f Room 27

and S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 . A t t h i s en d o f t h e w a l l a c r u d e a ttem p t

w as made t o m a tch th e s t y l e and l e v e l s o f c o u r s in g i n th e

e a r l i e r b an d ed w a l l s . H ow ever t h e w ork m an sh ip i n t h i s s e c ­

t i o n o f t h e w a l l i s s lo p p y ( P l a t e l i b ) ; t h e t u f f s l a b s a r e

p o o r ly sh a p e d and s m a l l com pared w it h t h e e a r l i e r w a l l s ,

121

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and t h e c o u r s e s a r e o u t o f a l ig n m e n t fro m t h e b e g in n in g o f

t h e a t t e m p t . The w a l l d i s i n t e g r a t e s i n t o th e s im p le r s p a l l

r u b b le ty p e a f t e r a b o u t a m e te r o f c ru d e b a n d in g . The b a s e

l e v e l o f t h e w a l l i s i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h a t o f th e b an d ed t u f f

w a l l s i t b u t t s a g a i n s t a t t h e n o r th e n d . On t h e s o u t h end

t h i s w a l l b u t t s a n o th e r b an d ed t u f f w a l l w h ic h r e s t s o n F lo o r

I I . From t h e a b u tm e n ts i t i s e v id e n t t h a t t h e w e s t w a l l o f

Room 24 w as e r e c t e d a f t e r c o m p le t io n o f t h e n o r t h and s o u t h

b an ded t u f f c r o s s w a l l s . T h is w a l l i s p r e c i s e l y l i n e d up

w it h t h e w e s t w a l l o f Room 14 t o t h e s o u t h . On t h e b a s i s o f

e n d - t o - f a c e a b u tm e n ts a g a i n s t b an d ed t u f f w a l l s , a l ig n m e n t

w it h th e s p a l l r u b b le w e s t w a l l o f Room 1 4 , and b a s i c s i m i l a r ­

i t y o f m a so n ry t e c h n i q u e , i t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e w e s t w a l l

o f Room 24 w as e r e c t e d d u r in g th e p e r io d o f G r e a t K iv a I

c o n s t r u c t i o n . The i m i t a t i v e q u a l i t y o f t h e n o r t h e r n en d o f

t h i s w a l l m ig h t i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e b u i l d e r had some k n o w led g e

o f b an d ed t u f f c o n s t r u c t i o n t e c h n iq u e , and a s l i g h t d e s i r e

t o u t i l i z e t h i s t e c h n i q u e . L a ck o f f o l l o w - t h r o u g h w i t h t h i s

t e c h n iq u e may i n d i c a t e l a c k o f m a t e r i a l s , o r s k i l l , o r p o s i ­

t i v e v a l u e s f o r t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n . The a t t e m p te d u s e o f th e

b an d ed t u f f t e c h n iq u e i n t h e n o r th e r n end o f t h e w a l l may

a l s o i n d i c a t e t h a t n o t m ore th a n tw o g e n e r a t i o n s e la p s e d b e ­

tw e e n t im e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n o f th e p la z a and c o n s t r u c t i o n o f

G r ea t K iv a I ; t h i s i s o h ly s p e c u l a t i o n .

I n Room 14 t h e w e s t and s o u t h w a l l s b u t t a g a i n s t t h e

e a r l i e r b an d ed t u f f w a l l s o f Room 4 8 and t h e lo n g w a l l o f

182

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U n it D . The s o u t h w a l l i n t h i s room w as t h e l a s t t o b e e r e c t *

ed ; i t w as b u i l t b e f o r e t h e f i n a l r e m o d e l in g o f t h e a r e a t o

c o n s t r u c t G r ea t K iv a I I , a s t h e s u p e r p o s i t i o n o f th e c r u d e

r u b b le w a l l a t t e s t s . W h ile t h e s o u t h w a l l o f Room 14 c o n ­

t a i n e d some t u f f b lo c k s o n i t s s o u t h f a c e , i t r e s t e d o n a

r u b b le b a s e , and p r e s e n t e d a r u b b le f a c e o n t h e n o r t h s i d e .

T h is w a l l i s c o n s id e r e d t o b e a m in o r v a r i a t i o n o f t h e s p a l l

r u b b le t e c h n i q u e . The p o s i t i o n o f th e w a l l a s th e f i n a l ad ­

d i t i o n t o Room 14 a s d e te r m in e d by w a l l a b u tm e n ts , an d t h e

r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e b a s e o f t h i s w a l l t o F lo o r I I u p on w h ic h

i t r e s t s i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e w a l l w as p r o b a b ly b u i l t d u r in g

t h e g e n e r a l c o n s t r u c t i o n p e r io d i n w h ic h G r ea t K iv a I w as

e r e c t e d . A p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e u se o f t u f f b lo e k

on t h e s o u t h s i d e o f t h i s w a l l may b e fo u n d i n t h e f a c t t h a t

t h i s w a l l fo rm ed a s e c t i o n o f t h e n o r t h e r n en d o f t h e e n tr y w a y

i n t o G rea t K iv a I . A l l o t h e r s e c t i o n s o f t h i s en d o f t h e

e n tr y w a y , and , i n f a c t , m o st o f t h e e a s t and w e s t w a l l s o f

t h e e n tr y w a y , w ere b u i l t o f b an d ed t u f f . P o s s i b l y t h e b u i l d ­

e r s o f G r e a t K iv a I t r i e d t o m a tch t h i s e a r l i e r m a so n ry t o

u n i f y t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e e n tr y w a y . Of c o u r s e , i f b o th

t y p e s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n w ere p l a s t e r e d o v e r , f u n c t i o n a l , r a t h ­

e r th a n a e s t h e t i c r e a s o n s may h a v e b e e n a f a c t o r .

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G r ea t K lv a I E n tr a n c e and E n try w a y :

The e n t r a n c e t o G rea t K iv a I w as l o c a t e d b e tw e e n t h e

n o r th e r n te r m in u s o f U n it E and t h e s o u th e r n en d o f t h e w e s t

w a l l o f U n it D . S u p p o r t o f t h i s id e a i s fo u n d i n t h e p o s t -

h o le p a t t e r n o f G rea t K iv a I I , a s w e l l a s th e w a l l and e n t r y ­

way p l a n s . The e n t r a n c e w as s l i g h t l y o v e r 3 .0 m w id e , t h u s

c o r r e s p o n d in g t o t h e w id t h o f e n t r a n c e s i n o t h e r l u e b l o I I I

and P u eb lo 1 7 g r e a t k i v a s (D a n so n 1 9 5 7 : 8 2 ) . No s t o n e p a v in g

w as fo u n d i n t h e e n t r a n c e o r e n tr y w a y t o G rea t K iv a I , n or

i s t h e r e e v id e n c e o f a s t e p or r i s e r a t t h e e n t r a n c e .

The e n tr y w a y t o G r ea t K iv a I a p p a r e n t ly f o l l o w e d a

z i g z a g p a t t e r n fro m t h e s o u t h e a s t e n c l o s e d p la z a a d j o i n i n g

th e e a s t g a t e o f t h e p u e b lo . A l o n g p a s s a g e w a y r a n n o r t h

from t h i s p l a z a , t o o k an a b r u p t t u r n t o t h e w e s t , a n o t h e r

a b r u p t t u r n t o t h e n o r t h , p a r a l l e l i n g U n it E , an d a f i n a l

tu r n t o t h e w e s t th r o u g h t h e e n t r a n c e t o G r e a t K iv a I . O n ly

s p o t t y f l o o r l e v e l s w ere fo u n d i n t h e f i r s t tw o s e c t i o n s o f

t h i s e n tr y w a y b e lo w th e w e l l - d e f i n e d f l o o r ( I I I ) o f G r ea t

K iv a I I . I n t h e l a s t tw o s e c t i o n s o f th e e n tr y w a y , t h a t i s ,

i n th e a r e a e a s t o f U n it E an d s o u t h o f S u b s t r u c t u r e 2A ,

nu m erou s f r a g m e n ta r y f l o o r l e v e l s w ere o b s e r v e d b e tw e e n t h e

f l o o r o f G rea t K iv a I I and t h e lo w e r m o st f l o o r fo u n d i n t h e

a r e a . F lo o r I I . S in c e t h e b a s e s o f t h e s o u th w a l l o f Sub­

s t r u c t u r e 2A , o f t h e w a l l fo r m in g U n i t E , and o f t h e w e s t

w a l l o f Room 14 a l l r e s t on F lo o r I I , i t i s a ssu m ed t h a t t h i s

f l o o r l e v e l w as u s e d i n c o n j u n c t io n w i t h t h e e n tr y w a y t o

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G rea t K lv a I , when t h e s t r u c t u r e w as i n i t s e a r l y s t a g e s

o f u s e a t l e a s t .

T h ere i s no d i r e c t e v id e n c e i n t h e form o f p o s t h o l e s

o r c h a r r e d beam s t o s u p p o r t t h e c o n t e n t i o n t h a t t h i s e n t r y ­

way w as r o o f e d . H ow ever r o o f i n g w o u ld n o t h a v e b e e n a d i f ­

f i c u l t p r o c e d u r e . S in c e t h e maximum w id th o f t h e p a s s a g e i s

o n ly 3 .5 m , th e r o o f c o u ld h a v e b e e n e n t i r e l y w a l l and beam

s u p p o r t e d . I f a r o o f e x i s t e d o v e r th e e n tr y w a y , i V s h e i g h t

and r e l a t i o n t o t h e r o o f o f G rea t K iv a I w i l l r e m a in som e­

w h at o f a q u e s t i o n .

P e r ip h e r a l and F la n k in g R oom s:

The number o f p e r i p h e r a l room s w h ic h e n c i r c l e G r e a t

K iv a I c a n n o t b e e x a c t l y d e te r m in e d b e c a u s e i t i s im p o s s i b l e

t o d a t e th e v a r io u s d i v i d i n g w a l l s w h ic h s e p a r a t e som e o f t h e

o r i g i n a l l a r g e b an d ed t u f f r o o m s . P r o b a b ly 16 room s a d j o i n ­

ed G r e a t K iv a I on t h e n o r t h , w e s t , s o u t h , and p a r t o f t h e

e a s t s i d e ( 3 9 , 2 2 , 1 8 , 3 1 , 9 , 1 5 , 5 8 , 5 3 , 2 1 , 3 4 , 2 3 , 1 7 ,

1 9 , 2 6 , S u b s t r u c t u r e s 1 and 2 ) . Rooms 17 and 19 may h a v e

b e e n l a r g e r a t t h i s t im e , a l t h o u g h t h e s p a l l r u b b le d i v i d i n g

w a l l s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s e room s w ere r e d u c e d i n s i z e i n t h i s

p e r i o d . Ho d o o rw a y s o p e n e d i n t o G rea t K iv a I fro m t h e s e

room s a p p a r e n t ly , a l t h o u g h s i n c e o n ly t h e s t u b s o f t h e w a l l s

o f S u b s t r u c t u r e s 1 and 2 r e m a in e d a t e x c a v a t i o n , d o o rw a y s

c o u ld h a v e e x i s t e d o n c e i n t h e s e r o o m s . No e v id e n c e o f s u c h

w as f o u n d .

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S u b s t r u c t u r e 2A c a n be c o n s id e r e d a s b e in g e i t h e r a

p e r ip h e r a l room on th e e a s t s i d e o f G r e a t K iv a I , o r a room

w h ich f la n k e d t h e e n t r a n c e t o t h e c e r e m o n ia l s t r u c t u r e . T h is

room , a s d i s c u s s e d i n t h e p la z a s e c t i o n , w as e v i d e n t l y d e s ­

t r o y e d p r io r t o o r w hen F lo o r I I I w as l a i d . No lo w e r f l o o r s

w ere fo u n d i n t h i s room , th e s o u t h e a s t c o r n e r o f t h e room

was t o r n o u t , an d an a n a l y s i s o f t h e p o t t e r y c o n t a in e d i n

t h i s room b e lo w F lo o r I I I r e v e a l s e x t e n s i v e m ix in g o f c e r a ­

m ic c o m p le x e s . S in c e t h e w a l l d i v i d i n g p o s t u l a t e d Room Y

i n t o Room 2 4 and S u b s t r u c t u r e 2A i s b e l i e v e d t o h a v e b e e n

b u i l t d u r in g t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n p e r io d o f G rea t K iv a I , Sub­

s t r u c t u r e 2A i s th o u g h t t o h a v e e x i s t e d a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y a t

t h i s t i m e . I f t h e s o u t h e a s t c o r n e r o f t h i s room w ere n e v e r

j o i n e d , th e p a r t i t i o n e d a r e a c o u ld h a v e f u n c t i o n e d a s a d r e s ­

s i n g room f o r p a r t i c i p a n t s i n t h e c e r e m o n ie s i n G r e a t K iv a I .

More s i g n i f i c a n t l y , t h e room c o u ld h a v e b e e n u se d t o e x c e l ­

l e n t a d v a n ta g e f o r s e g r e g a t i o n o f th e a g e d and in f i r m and t h e

women and c h i l d r e n d u r in g c e r t a i n p o r t i o n s o f t h e c e r e m o n y ,

t h u s f u n c t i o n i n g a s t h e p la t f o r m s and r a i s e d k e y h o le s e c t i o n s

i n o th e r r e g i o n s may h a v e d o n e . A room l o c a t e d m uch a s t h i s

w it h a w indow th r o u g h w h ic h th e s e g r e g a t e d p e o p le may w a tc h

i s r e c o r d e d a s an i n t e g r a l p a r t o f t h e r e c t a n g u la r g r e a t

k iv a a t J em ez ( E l l i s 1 9 5 2 : 1 5 0 ) .

The r e l a t i o n s h i p of F l o o r s I and I I i n S u b s t r u c t u r e

2 t o t h e F lo o r I I l e v e l b e l i e v e d t o be t h e l e v e l u t i l i z e d by

t h e e n tr y w a y t o G r e a t K iv a I c a n n o t b e d e t e r m in e d . The

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a s s u m p tio n c a n b e made t h a t s i n c e F lo o r I I i s th e .s a m e p h y­

s i c a l l e v e l i n b o t h a r e a s i t was t h e o n e u se d d u r in g l i f e o f

G r ea t K iv a I . H ow ever t h e lo w e r f l o o r c o u ld h a v e b e e n u se d

i n i t i a l l y i n c o n j u n c t io n w i t h t h e e a r l y g r e a t k iv a a l s o .

The s p e c u l a t i o n s l e a d t o a d ea d e n d ; I f e e l th e p ro b lem c a n ­

n o t be r e s o l v e d .

The q u e s t i o n o f t h e e x i s t e n c e o f an e a r l i e r f l o o r

l e v e l w i t h i n G r e a t K iv a I i t s e l f p o s e s a n o th e r p r o b le m . No

o v e r a l l lo w e r f l o o r w as fo u n d i n t h e a r e a , a l t h o u g h t r a c e s

o f c o n s o l i d a t e d l a y e r s w e re e n c o u n t e r e d . T h e se w ere t o o

f r a g m e n ta r y t o b e r e c o r d e d a t t h e t i m e . B e c a u s e o f th e

s lo p e o f t h e s t e r i l e t o t h e e a s t , i t w o u ld h a v e b e e n im p o s ­

s i b l e t o c o n t in u e th e f l o o r l e v e l o f t h e e n tr y w a y ( F lo o r I I )

o v e r G r e a t K iv a I ( s e e Map 2 , s e c t i o n B - F ) ; f o r t h i s r e a s o n ,

and b e c a u s e no c o n t in u o u s l e v e l s w ere fo u n d b e lo w F lo o r I I I

w i t h i n t h e c o n f i n e s o f G r e a t K iv a I , i t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e

f l o o r o f G r ea t K iv a I w as h ig h e r th a n F l o o r . I I . The f l o o r

w i t h i n t h e s t r u c t u r e c o u ld h a v e b e e n on e o f t h e l a y e r s fo u n d

w i t h i n . 0 5 - . 1 0 m b e lo w F lo o r I I I , and c o n s id e r e d d u r in g e x ­

c a v a t i o n and i n t h i s p a p er a s a p a r t o f F lo o r I I I ( s e e d i s ­

c u s s i o n i n d a ta s e c t i o n . c o n c e r n in g f l o o r s . ) I f s u c h a l e v e l

w e re u t i l i z e d , a s t e p p e d o r ram ped e n t r a n c e from G r e a t K iv a I

down t o th e e n tr y w a y f l o o r w o u ld h a v e b e e n n e c e s s a r y . The

f a c t t h a t no d e f i n i t e l e v e l s w ere r e c o r d e d im m e d ia t e ly t o

t h e w e s t o f Room 14 i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e e n t r a n c e o f G r e a t

K iv a I may i n d i c a t e t h a t e i t h e r o f t h e s e t y p e s o f e n t r a n c e s

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had e x i s t e d and w ere d e s t r o y e d d u r in g c o n s t r u c t i o n o f G r e a t

K iv a H .

The R o o f:

The r o o f o f G rea t K iv a I was f l a t o r s l i g h t l y p i t c h e d ,

p r o b a b ly t o t h e e a s t . I t w as s u p p o r te d b y t h i r t e e n p o s t s s e t

i n t o s t e r i l e s o i l ( P o s t h o l e s 1 th r o u g h 1 3 ) . Upon t h e s e p o s t s

r e s t e d t h e p r im a r y beam s o f t h e r o o f . T h e se beam s r a n n o r t h -

s o u t h , and r e s t e d on t h e n o r th and s o u t h w a l l s o f G r e a t K iv a

I f o r a d d i t i o n a l s u p p o r t . The s e c o n d a r y beam s o r s t r i n g e r s

r a n e a s t - w e s t and r e s t e d o n t h e e a s t and w e s t w a l l s o f G r ea t

K iv a I , and on t h e p r im a r y n o r t h - s o u t h b e a m s. F u r th e r l a y e r s

i n t h e r o o f c o n s t r u c t i o n c a n b e c o n j e c t u r e d o n l y , a s no r o o f i n g

m a t e r i a l w as r e c o r d e d . M in d e le f f d e s c r i b e s s e v e r a l t e c h n i ­

q u es o f r o o f c o n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e H o p i and ZuEi a r e a s w h ic h. . . . t

co n fo rm t o t h e g e n e r a l p u e b lo r o o f s t y l e , a s y s te m o f l a y e r s

o f b ea m s, s t r i n g e r s h a k e s ( s o m e t im e s ) , and g r a s s , p la c e d a t

r i g h t a n g l e s t o e a c h o t h e r an d p l a s t e r e d o v e r on t o p w i t h m ud.

(1 8 9 1 : 1 4 9 ) . P o s s i b l y t h e r o o f o f G rea t K iv a I w as f i n i s h e d

i n a s i m i l a r m a n n er .

D im e n s io n s and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e p o s t h o l e s a r e

g iv e n i n T a b le 3 . A n a ly s i s o f t h e p o s t h o l e s i n th e d a t a s e c ­

t i o n d e m o n s tr a te s t h a t t h e s e t h i r t e e n h o l e s a r e sh a p e d d i f ­

f e r e n t l y and a r e l a r g e r , d e e p e r , and m ore r e g u l a r l y s p a c e d

th a n th e r e m a in in g h o l e s ( 1 4 , 1 5 , 1 6 , and 1 7 ) , w h ic h w ere

d u g l a t e r when G r e a t K iv a I I w as b u i l t . O r i g i n a l l y t h e p o s t s

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i n G r ea t K iv a I w ere a r r a n g e d i n t h r e e ro w s o f f o u r h o l e s

e a c h , th e a l ig n m e n t o f t h e h o l e s b e in g s l i g h t l y m ore r e g u la r

i n a n o r t h - s o u t h (ro w ) d i r e c t i o n th a n i n an e a s t - w e s t d i r e c t i o n

T h is r e g u l a r i t y , i n c o n j u n c t io n w i t h t h e c l o s e n e s s o f th e

n o r th and s o u t h h o l e s i n a l l ro w s t o th e n o r th and s o u t h w a l l s

r e s p e c t i v e l y i s th e b a s i s f o r t h e b e l i e f t h a t t h e m ain r o o f

beam s r a n i n a n o r t h - s o u t h d i r e c t i o n . The h o l e s n e x t t o t h e

w a l l c o u ld t h e n a id i n s u p p o r t in g t h e w e ig h t o f t h e beam and

th e r o o f b y d i s t r i b u t i n g th e w e ig h t b e tw e e n t h e u p r ig h t su p ­

p o r t and t h e a d j a c e n t w a l l . I f t h e beam s r a n e a s t - w e s t , a s ­

su m in g t h a t t h e som ew hat i r r e g u l a r e a s t - w e s t a l ig n m e n t o f th e

h o l e s p e r m it t e d t h i s . , t h e a d j a c e n t n o r t h and s o u t h w a l l s w o u ld

b e a r o n ly t h e n e g l i g i b l e w e ig h t o f th e e n d s o f t h e s e c o n d a r y

s t r i n g e r s , a l r e a d y s u p p o r te d c o m p le t e ly b y t h e p a r a l l e l b ea m s.

P o s t h o le # 3 i s t h e odd h o le i n t h e s e r i e s , b e in g t h e

f i f t h and c e n t r a l h o le i n Row A, t h e w e s t e r n r o w . B e c a u s e o f

i t s odd p o s i t i o n and i t s ro u n d sh ^ a p e i n c o n t r a s t t o a l l o t h e r

12 h o l e s , i t i s b e l i e v e d t o h a v e b e e n dug a f t e r G r e a t K iv a I

w as r o o f e d . A p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e e x i s t e n c e and

p la c e m e n t o f t h i s h o le f o l l o w s . I n t h i s a r e a P i t h o u s e 2 l i e s

u n d er th e w e s t w a l l o f t h e k iv a and e x t e n d s e a s tw a r d so t h a t

P o s t h o l e 4 ( im m e d ia t e ly s o u t h o f 3 ) r e s t s p a r t i a l l y i n th e

s o f t f i l l i n th e e a s t e r n s i d e o f t h i s p i t h o u s e , r a t h e r th a n

i n s t e r i l e s o i l ( s e e Map 2 , s e c t i o n E - F ) . T hus from t h e b e ­

g in n in g o f t h e r o o f i n g o f G r ea t K iv a I , P i t h o u s e 2 m u st h a v e

c a u s e d a p r o b le m . P o s t h o le 4 w as f i l l e d w i t h s t o n e s , a s w ere

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a l l t h e o t h e r p o s t h o l e s i n G r ea t K iv a I , i n an e f f o r t t o

s t e a d y th e r o o f s u p p o r t . E v id e n t l y t h e t r a s h p e r m it t e d th e

r o c k w e d g in g t o s l i p som ew h at, so t h a t P o s t 4 w as n o t t o o

s t e a d y , t h u s i n f l u e n c i n g t h e s t a b i l i t y o f th e m a in beam and

o f t h e r o o f i t s e l f i n t h i s s e c t i o n . P o s t 3 , s e t j u s t a d j a c e n t

t o t h e c u t i n t o s t e r i l e c a u s e d b y P i t h o u s e 2 , w o u ld h a v e

s e r v e d t o s t a b i l i z e t h e m ain beam . The p la c e m e n t o f P o s t 3

may a l s o h a v e b e e n an e a r l^ a t t e m p t t o r e c t i f y o t h e r p r o b le m s

c a u s e d by P i t h o u s e 2 • T he f a c t t h a t t h e w e s t w a l l o f t h e

communal a r e a was t o r n o u t and r e b u i l t a t a l a t e r d a t e i n d i ­

c a t e s t h a t t h e d e e p t r a s h u n d er t h e o r i g i n a l w a l l , i n P i t -

h o u se 2 , co m b in ed w i t h t h e p r e s s u r e from t h e r o o f , c a u s e d t h e

w a l l t o s a g and p e r h a p s e v e n t u a l l y t o f a l l . I t a p p e a r s l i k e ­

l y t h a t P o s t 3 w as p u t i n p la c e w hen t h e o r i g i n a l b an d ed t u f f

w e s t w a l l w as s t i l l i n p o s i t i o n , b u t s a g g i n g , s o t h a t th e

p o s t c o u ld g i v e im p e r a t iv e s u p p o r t t o t h e m a in r o o f beam , i n

l i e u o f t h e s t e a d y n e s s o f P o s t 4 , and c o u ld a l s o r e l i e v e t h e

lo a d and s h i f t i n g o f t h e r o o f o n t h e s a g g in g w a l l .

The e n t r a n c e t o G r e a t K iv a I , b e tw e e n th e o p p o s in g e n d s

o f th e w e s t w a l l o f U n it D an d t h e w a l l o f U n it E , w as p r o b a b ly

r o o f e d w i t h t h e a id o f a w ooden l i n t e l w h ic h p a r a l l e l e d t h e

p r im a ry r o o f beam s o f t h e k i v a , and p r o v id e d s u p p o r t f o r t h e ;

s e c o n d a r y e a s t - w e s t s t r i n g e r s .

I f th e e n tr y w a y and t h e room s a lo n g t h e e a s t s i d e o f

G r e a t K iv a I w ere r o o f e d , t h e s e r o o f s c o u ld h a v e b e e n a t a

lo w e r l e v e l th a n t h e g r e a t k i v a r o o f , p r o v id i n g t h e p r im a r y

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beam s i n th e room r o o f s r a n n o r t h - s o u t h , T h e se beam s c o u ld

t h e n h a v e s u p p o r te d s e c o n d a r y e a s t - w e s t s t r i n g e r s w h ic h f i t t e d

a g a i n s t t h e h ig h e r e a s t w a l l o f G r e a t K iv a I , S u ch an i n t e r ­

p r e t a t i o n d o e s n o t ta k e i n t o a c c o u n t th e e v id e n c e w h ic h i n d i c a t e s

t h a t t h e o r i g i n a l r o o f s o f S u b s t r u c t u r e s 1 , 2 , an d 2A becam e

p a r t o f t h e r o o f o f G r e a t K iv a I I , when i t w as c o n s t r u c t e d l a ­

t e r . A ssu m in g t h a t t h e r o o f o f G r e a t K iv a I I w as o f 2 - s t o r y

h e i g h t , and t h a t G r e a t K iv a I I u se d t h e o r i g i n a l r o o f s o f t h e

s u b s t r u c t u r e room s ( t o b e d i s c u s s e d l a t e r ) , i t seem s t h a t t h e

s u b s t r u c t u r e room s and G r e a t K iv a I w o u ld h a v e t o h a v e b e e n

2 - s t o r y s t r u c t u r e s a l s o . I f G r e a t K iv a I had had o n l y a 1 -

s t o r y r o o f o v e r i t s 2 2 0 sq u a r e m e te r a r e a , t h e room w o u ld h a v e

b e e n e x t r e m e ly d a r k , h a rd t o v e n t i l a t e , and som ew h at uncom­

f o r t a b l e and u n i n v i t i n g i n a p p e a r a n c e .

F lo o r F e a t u r e s :

I f a n y f l o o r f e a t u r e s e x i s t e d i n G r e a t K iv a I , t h e y

w ere e i t h e r o b l i t e r a t e d b y t h e b u i l d e r s an d u s e r s o f G r e a t K iv a

I I , o r w ere in c o r p o r a t e d and r e - u s e d s o t h a t t h e i r i d e n t i f i c a ­

t i o n i s i n d o u b t . The r e c t a n g u la r s t o n e - l i n e d f i r e b o x d i s c u s s e d

a b o v e i s n o t c o n s id e r e d t o b e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h G r e a t K iv a I s o l e ­

l y on t h e b a s i s o f i t s o f f - c e n t e r l o c a t i o n i n r e l a t i o n t o t h i s

s t r u c t u r e . T h is l o g i c i s n o t i n f a l l i b l e ; i t i s e n t i r e l y p o s s i ­

b l e t h a t t h e f i r e b o x w as b u i l t a s a p a r t o f G r e a t K iv a I and

a s t h e com m u n ity e x p a n d e d , n e c e s s i t a t i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n o f th e

l a r g e r G r e a t K iv a I I , t h e h e a r t h ex p a n d ed a l s o , so t h a t i t had

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o u tg ro w n t h e b o u n d s o f t h e s m a l l f i r e b o x when G r e a t K iv a I I

w as u s e d .

Summary o f G r e a t K iv a I ;

G r ea t K iv a I w as c o n s t r u c t e d b y t h e a d d i t i o n o f tw o

u n i t s , E and F , t o th e e x i s t i n g p l a z a . B o th o f t h e s e u n i t s

a r e com p osed o f s p a l l r u b b le m a so n r y . The u n i t s o c c u r s t r a -

t i g r a p h i c a l l y a f t e r b a n d ed t u f f m a so n ry c o n s t r u c t i o n and un­

d er c r u d e r u b b le c o n s t r u c t i o n . The e n t r a n c e w as c e n t r a l l y

l o c a t e d i n t h e e a s t s i d e , and l e a d i n t o a z i g z a g e n tr y w a y b e ­

tw e en U n it E , t h e w e s t and s o u t h w a l l s o f Room 1 4 , and th e

n o r th w a l l o f Room 2 0 . The e n tr y w a y l e a d i n t o t h e e n c lo s e d

p la z a c o n n e c te d w i t h t h e e a s t g a t e o f t h e p u e b lo . The l e v e l

o f t h e e n tr y w a y f l o o r i s b e l i e v e d t o h a v e b e e n lo w e r th a n

t h e l e v e l o f t h e f l o o r o f G r ea t K iv a I , i n i t i a l l y a t l e a s t ,

s u g g e s t i n g t h e p o s s i b l e p r e s e n c e o f a s t e p p e d o r ram ped

e n t r a n c e .

G r e a t K iv a I w as r o o f e d w i t h a p o s t and beam ty p e

s t r u c t u r e , w h ic h o r i g i n a l l y u t i l i z e d 12 p o s t s , r e g u l a r l y s p a ­

c e d i n 3 r o w s , a s t h e m a in u p r ig h t s u p p o r t s . L a t e r , a s a

r e s u l t o f s lu m p a g e o f t h e w e s t w a l l and t i p p i n g o f o n e o f

t h e p o s t s , b o th o f w h ic h s i t u a t i o n s a r o s e b e c a u s e o f t h e d e e p

t r a s h f i l l i n P i t h o u s e 2 , t h e t h i r t e e n t h u p r ig h t p o s t w as

a d d ed ( # 3 ) . R o o f beam s r a n n o r t h - s o u t h , w i t h t h e s e c o n d a r y

p o l e s r u n n in g a t r i g h t a n g l e s . The r o o f o f G r e a t K iv a I

w as p r o b a b ly o f s e c o n d - s t o r y h e i g h t a s w as t h a t o f th e

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a d j o i n i n g e n tr y w a y , i f i t w ere r o o f e d . No f l o o r f e a t u r e s

c a n be d e f i n i t e l y a s s o c i a t e d w it h G rea t K iv a I a l t h o u g h a n y

o f t h o s e i n G rea t K iv a I I c o u ld h a v e b e e n u t i l i z e d , a c c o r d in g

t o t h e r e c o r d e d e v i d e n c e . I t seem s h ig h l y p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e

f i r e b o x may be a s s o c i a t e d w it h G r e a t K iv a I .

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G r e a t K iv a I I...........

The f i n a l s t r u c t u r e t o o c c u p y t h e comnAmal a r e a w asr

G r e a t K iv a I I (Map 8 , P l a t e 1 , F r o n t i s p i e c e ) . T h e form o f ?

t h i s b u i l d i n g w as a t t a i n e d a f t e r t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f c e r t a i n

p a r t s o f U n i t s C, D, B , and F , and th e e r e c t i o n o f U n i t s G

and H .

I n U n it C a s e c t i o n o f t h e w e s t w a l l o f G rea t K iv a I ,

a g a i n s t w h ic h U n it C -2 b u t t e d , w as r ip p e d o u t (o r f e l l ) , and

w as r e p la c e d b y t h e w id e s p a l l e d b lo c k - r u b b l e f i l l e d w a l l

d e s ig n a t e d U n it G. U n i t "G in c o r p o r a t e d n o t o n ly t h e b a s a l

c o u r s e s o f t h e o r i g i n a l b a n d ed t u f f w a l l , b u t a l s o t h e r e -

m a in in g n o r t h an d s o u th s e c t i o n s o f t h e o ld e r w a l l , e v e n t o

th e e x t e n t o f u t i l i z i n g t h e o r i g i n a l b on d ed c o r n e r * E v i d e n t l y ,;

t h e n , t h e m o t iv e t o r e m o d e l i n t h i s i n s t a n c e w as n o t a d e s i r e' ; '

t o ch a n g e t h e p o s i t i o n o r a l ig n m e n t o f t h e w e s t w a l l* ©* t h er

s i z e o r sh a p e o f t h e com m unal a r e a . The o n ly e x p l a n a t i o n s

f o r th e r e p la c e m e n t o f t h e o r i g i n a l w a l l b y o n e a lm o s t t h r e e

t im e s a s t h i c k and b u i l t i n t h e same p o s i t i o n a r e 1 ) t h a t f o r

som e r e a s o n t h e o r i g i n a l w a l l w as n o t f u n c t i o n i n g p r o p e r ly —

i t c o l l a p s e d or s lu m p ed e a s t o r w e s t , o r s a g g e d o v e r t h e

t r a s h y a r e a a b o v e P i t h o u s e 2 ; o r 2 ) i t w as n o t ju d g e d s t u r d y

en o u g h t o b e a r t h e w e ig h t o f t h e e x te n d e d r o o f o f G r e a t K iv a

I I , o r o f s e c o n d s t o r y room s w h ic h may h a v e b e e n b u i l t o v e r

Rooms 1 5 , 5 8 , 5 3 , and 2 1 ; o r 3 ) t h e o r i g i n a l w a l l w as n o t

a e s t h e t i c a l l y p l e a s i n g . The f i r s t tw o r e a s o n s i n c o m b in a t io n

seem t o o f f e r t h e m o st p l a u s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n s , and a r e

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f a v o r e d b y e v id e n c e p r o v id e d b y P o s t h o l e s 3 an d 4 ( d i s c u s s e d

p r e v i o u s l y . )■ ■ , , ■ ,

I n Room 15 t h e new w id e n e d w a l l made i t im p o s s i b l e

t o u se t h e d o u b le m e a l in g b i n s i n t h e s o u t h e a s t c o r n e r o f t h e' , : . ^

room . I n Room 2 1 t h e a l t e r a t i o n r e s u l t e d i n a p e e t t i i a f o f f -

s e t i n th e common w a l l ( P l a t e X lV a ) , I n Room 5 8 , so m etim e

a f t e r th e new w a l l w as f i n i s h e d , f u r t h e r s h o r t e n in g o c c u r r e d

when a n arrow w a l l ( . 2 5 m) o f r u b b le ( p o s s i b l e o n ly u s e d a s

a v e n e e r in g t e c h n iq u e i n t h i s i n s t a n c e , s i m i l a r t o u s e i n th e

s o u t h e a s t c o r n e r o f G r e a t K iv a I I ) w as th ro w n u p a g a i n s t t h e

w e s t f a c e o f t h e new w a l l .

The b a s e o f U n it G r e s t s o n s t e r i l e , wit tb it a lo n g t h i s

s id e o f th e s t r u c t u r e i s o n l y s l i g h t l y b e lo w F lo o r I I I , e x -

c e p t when t h e w a l l c r o s s e s th e t r a s h - f i l l e d d e p r e s s io n o f

P i t h o u s e 2 . , ,

The c r u d e r u b b le w a l l i n th e s o u t h e a s t c o r n e r o f G r ea t

K iva I I i s d e s ig n a t e d U n it H. The a s s ig n m e n t o f a l p h a b e t i c a l

te r m s t o U n i t s G and H d o e s n o t h e r e im p ly t h a t t h e s e q u e n c e

o f e r e c t i o n o f t h e s e u n i t s i s i n th e same r e l a t i o n s h i p . I

know o f no way t o r e l a t e t h e s e u n i t s s e q u e n t i a l l y ; a l l t h a t

c a n b e s a i d i s t h a t t h e y w e re b o t h b u i l t d u r in g c o n s t r u c t i o n

o f G r ea t K iv a I I , a s su m in g t h e s e q u e n c e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n o f

P o s t h o l e s 4 and 3 and U n it G, a s d i s c u s s e d i n t h e s e c t i o n o n

G r e a t K iv a I , i s c o r r e c t .

U n it H w a s b u i l t c o i n c i d e n t w i t h t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f

t h e s o u t h and w e s t w a l l s o f Room 1 4 . The n o r t h w e s t c o r n e r

136

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P l a t e XIV. a . Room 2 1 , l o o k i n g e a s t a t U n i t G, G r e a t Kiva I I w e s t w a l l . Note o r i g i n a l w a l l t o r i g h t and bonded c o r n e r b e tw ee n o ld and new w a l l s , b . P o s t h o l e 15, l e f t , w es t w a l l o f U n i t D, and P i t h o u s e 3 , p a r ­t i a l l y e x c a v a t e d . S o u th w a l l o f S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 im­m e d i a t e l y n o r t h o f p o s t h o l e .

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-' 138‘ . r :: ' . :;: v: / • '■% *

o f Room 20 w as d e s t r o y e d d u r in g t h e p r o c e s s oj a c t i o n

o f t h e w id e w a l l a l s o ( P l a t e X V a). T he r u b b le v e n e e r o n th e■ - ,v.' - - -

n o r th f a c e o f t h e s o u th w a l l o f G r e a t K iv a I I , i n t h e s o u t h -

e a s t c o r n e r , w as a p p l i e d t o t h i s w a l l a f t e r d e s t r u c t i o n o f

U n it E ( P l a t e I T b ) » T h is i s d e te r m in e d b y t h # f « * t t h a t t h e

v e n e e r , a b o v e F lo o r I I I , c r o s s e s t h e a r e a w h ic h t h e s o u t h end

o f U n it E w o u ld h a v e b u t t e d a g a i n s t . B e lo w F lo o r I I I , t h e

v e n e e r b u t t s a g a i n s t b o t h f a c e s o f th e w a l l o f U n i t E , w h ic h

s t a n d s t o a h e i g h t j u s t b e lo w F lo o r I I I , and e x t e n d s s o u t h t o

b u t t a g a i n s t t h e b a n d ed t u f f w a l l . The p o s i t i o n o f t h i s v e n e e r

a t t im e o f e x c a v a t i o n may i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s p a c e b e tw e e n t h e

v e n e e r and t h e e a r l i e r b an d ed t u f f : s o u t h w a l l "Was a f H i e d a t

on e t im e ; h o w ev er i t may a l s o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e v e n e e r and

th e b an d ed t u f f w a l l b o th s lu m p ed i n o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n s ,

c a u s in g th e w id e g a p b e tw e e n th em . The l a t t e r e x p la n a t io n

seem s m ore p l a u s i b l e , s i n c e no i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t t h e a r e a w as

f i l l e d i n t e n t i o n a l l y a r e r e c o r d e d i n t h e f i e l d n o t e s .

The d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e room s a lo n g t h e e a s t s i d e o f

G rea t K iv a I ( S u b s t r u c t u r e s 1 , 2 , and 2A) and o f U n i t E t o a

h e i g h t b e lo w F lo o r I I I , o c c u r r e d a f t e r t h e e x c a v a t i o n o f

P o s t h o le s 1 4 , 1 5 , 1 6 , and 1 7 , and th e e r e c t i o n o f t h e c o r r e s ­

p o n d in g p o s t s w as a c c o m p l i s h e d . S in c e t h e e v id e n c e f o r t h i s

s t a t e m e n t i s d e r iv e d c h i e f l y fro m th e p o s t h o l e s , t h e y w i l l

be d i s c u s s e d n e x t .

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P l a t e XV. S o u th w a l l , G r e a t K iva I I . a . Abutment o f U n i t H i n s o u t h e a s t c o r n e r , G r e a t K iv a I I , a g a i n s t w e s t w a l l o f Room 2 0 . S tu b i n f o r e g r o u n d s t a n d s below F l o o r I I I . b . O r i g i n a l banded t u f f s o u t h w a l l o f G r e a t K iv a I , b a c k g r o u n d . U n i t E w a l l s t u b b u t t s a t r i g h t a n g l e s a g a i n s t t h i s w a l l . R u b b le v e n e e r , c e n t e r , a p p l i e d a f t e r d e s t r u c t i o n o f U n i t E , below F l o o r I I I .

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The R o o f:

The r o o f o f G r e a t K iv a I I w as t h e same r o o f u t i l i z e d

and e o n s t r u c t e d f o r G r ea t K iv a I , t h e row o f room s a lo n g i t s

e a s t e r n s i d e , and th e a s s o c i a t e d e n tr y w a y . T h e r e f o r e t h e

r o o f o f G rea t K iv a I I w as a l s o f l a t or s l i g h t l y p i t c h e d t o

t h e e a s t . H ow ever fo u r new p o s t s w e re a d d e d , m a k in g a t o t a l

o f 17 p o s t s w h ic h s u p p o r t e d t h e r o o f o f t h e l a s t g r e a t k i v a .

T h e se p o s t s w ere a d d ed a lo n g t h e e a s t s i d e ( 1 4 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 7 ) .

D im e n s io n s and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e p o s t h o l e s a r e

g i v e n i n T a b le 3 . A n a l y s i s o f t h e p o s t h o l e s i n t h e d a t a s e c ­

t i o n i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s e f o u r h o l e s a r e sh a p e d d i f f e r e n t l y

from 12 o f t h e 13 e a r l i e r h o l e s , t h a t t h r e e o f t h e h o l e s a r e

s m a l le r i n d ia m e te r th a n an y o f t h e e a r l i e r h o l e s , and t h a t

t h e tw o e x c a v a t e d h o l e s i n t h i s row a r e much s h a l lo w e r t h a t

a n y o f t h e o t h e r h o l e s . T h e se d i f f e r e n c e s , when c o n s id e r e d

i n c o n j u n c t io n w i t h th e i r r e g u l a r p la c e m e n t o f P o s t h o l e s 16

and 1 7 , and t h e c o n t ig u o u s r e l a t i o n s h i p e a c h o f th e h o l e s h a s

w it h c e r t a i n o f t h e s u b s t r u c t u r e w a l l s , i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e h o l e s

w ere n o t made a t th e same t im e o r by t h e sam e i n d i v i d u a l s

(p r o b a b ly ) a s t h o s e who d u g t h e f i r s t 13 h o l e s .

P o s i t i o n i n g o f t h e f o u r p o s t s s o c l o s e t o t h e w a l l s

o a n h a r d ly be a c c i d e n t a l ; th e a d j a c e n t w a l l s m ig h t h a v e p r o ­

v id e d a d d i t i o n a l s u p p o r t f o r t h e s h a l lo w and s m a l l h o l e s , b u t

i f t h i s w ere t h e s o l e r e a s o n f o r t h e i r p la c e m e n t t h u s , why

w as P o s t h o le 15 n o t dug i n t h e n o r t h w e s t c o r n e r o f S u b s t r u c ­

t u r e 2 A?

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The e v id e n c e d i s c u s s e d a b o v e c a n b e s t b e e x p la in e d

b y t h e s u g g e s t e d r e c o n s t r u c t i o n p r e s e n t e d i n t h e n e x t fe w

p a g e s . The h o l e s w ere dug and t h e p o s t s s e t i n p l a c e b e f o r e

t h e w e s t w a l l o f U n it D and t h e w a l l o f U n it 1 w ere d e s t r o y e d .

A t t h i s t im e th e r o o f s o f room s 1 , 3 , and EA arid t h e G r e a t

K iv a I e n tr y w a y w ere i n p la c e a t t h e s e c o n d s t o r y l e v e l . I n

o r d e r t o m an eu ver th e p o s t s i n t o p o s i t i o n , s e c t i o n s o f t h e

s o u t h w a l l s o f S u b s t r u c t u r e 1 and S u b s t r u c t u r e EA had t o b e

r em o v ed . The m id d le p o r t i o n o f t h e s o u t h w a l l i n S u b s t r u c t u r e

Tl w as t o r n o u t , l e a v i n g a s t u r d y s t u b i n th e s o u t h w e s t c o r ­

n e r o f t h e room t o s e r v e a s a d d i t i o n a l s u p p o r t f o r p o s t 1 4 *

The s o u th w e s t c o r n e r o f S u b s t r u c t u r e EA w as r e m o v e d , s o

t h a t p o s t 15 c o u ld b e c a r r i e d i n t o t h i s room , and e r e c t e d a s

d e t a i l e d b e lo w . N e i t h e r o f t h e rem o v ed w a l l s e c t i o n s s u p p o r te d

t h e ro o ^ _ js, th e beam s o f w h ic h r a n e a s t - w e s t and r e s t e d b n

t h e e a s t and w e s t w a l l s o f t h e s t r u c t u r e s . •

S o u th o f t h e e n t r a n c e t o G rea t K iv a I t h e c e n t r a l

s e c t i o n o f t h e w a l l o f U n it E w as rem oved t o a l lo w f o r t h e

p la c e m e n t o f P o s t h o l e and P o s t 1 7 . P o s t 1 6 , l a r g e r th a n t h e

o t h e r s i n t h i s row i f d ia m e t e r o f h o l e i s a v a l i d c r i t e r i a ,

w as p la c e d so t h a t t h e h o le n e a r ly u n d e r c u t t h e n o r t h en d

o f t h e w a l l o f U n i t E . W ith t h e p o s t s i n p o s i t i o n , tw o b ea m s,

e a c h a p p r o x im a t e ly 6 .5 m l o n g , w e re r e a d y t o b e s l i p p e d i n t o

p o s i t i o n a to p t h e u p r ig h t p o s t s . B e f o r e t h i s c o u ld b e accom ­

p l i s h e d i n t h e n o r t h e r n h a l f , t h e s h o r t c r o s s w a l l ' b e tw e e n

S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 and EA had t o b e t o r n o u t o n t h e w e s t e n d .

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When t h i s w as d on e t h e n o r th e r n beam w as p o s i t i o n e d s o t h a t

i t s n o r th e r n end r e s t e d o n t o p o f t h e n o r t h e r n w a l l o f S u b s tr u e

t u r e 1 , and i t s s o u th e r n end p r o j e c t e d t o t h e t o r n o u t c o r n e r

o f S u b s t r u c t u r e 2A . T h is beam w as p u sh ed i n t o p la c e fro m t h e

e a s t s i d e o f t h e u p r i g h t s , w h ic h w e re c u t s h o r t en o u g h s o t h a t

th e beam s r e s t e d j u s t u n d er t h e w e s t e r n e n d s o f t h e room

s t r i n g e r s . The room s t r i n g e r s , h a v in g b e e n e r e c t e d d u r in g

c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e p l a z a , w ere o v e r l a i n by t h e e a s t - w e s t

s t r i n g e r s o f G rea t K iv a I . Some o v e r la p p in g o f t h e s e l a y e r s

o f s t r i n g e r s m u st h a v e o c c u r r e d b e c a u s e o f th e n a r r o w n e ss

o f th e w a l l upon w h ic h t h e y r e s t e d . B y p l a c i n g t h e p o s t a s

f a r w e s t a s p o s s i b l e , b o t h s e t s o f s t r i n g e r s w ere f i r m l y

s u p p o r t e d .

I n t h e s o u t h e r n h a l f o f G rea t K iv a I th e sam e p r o c e s s

w as g o in g o n , w i t h o u t t h e c o m p l i c a t i o n o f t h e c r o s s w a l l s .

U n it H had b e e n c o n s t r u c t e d d i r e c t l y u n d er a w ooden l i n t e l

w h ic h had r e s t e d on th e so u th w est c o r n e r o f Room 14 and t h e

n o r th w a l l o f Room 20 w hen th e e n tr y w a y to G r e a t K iv a I w as

i n u s e . U n it H b o r e th e e a s t e r n en d s o f t h e s t r i n g e r s w h ic h

fo r m e r ly had r e s t e d on t h i s l i n t e l . The w e s t e r n e n d s o f

t h e s e s t r i n g e r s r e s t e d on U n i t s , and w ere e i t h e r a l t e r n a t e d

w it h or o v e r l a i n by. t h e s t r i n g e r s w i t h i n G r e a t K iv a I . A f­

t e r t h e u p r ig h t p o s t s , 16 and 1 7 , w ere p u t i n p l a c e , t h e

n o r t h - s o u t h beam w as p la c e d on t o p and u n d er t h e e n d s o f

b o th s e t s o f s t r i n g e r s . A t t h i s p o in t t h e t r a n s f e r o f th e

w e ig h t o f t h e r o o f fro m t h e w a l l s u p p o r t s t o t h e p o s t su p ­

p o r t s w as a lm o s t c o m p le t e .

142

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A l l t h a t r e m a in e d w as th e j o c k e y in g o f th e n o r t h e r n

end o f t h e w ooden l i n t e l w h ic h e x t e n d e d a c r o s s th e e n t r a n c e

t o G r e a t K iv a I fro m t h e n o r t h e r n end o f U n it E t o th e s o u t h ­

w e s te r n c o r n e r o f S u b s t r u c t u r e 2A . i ’o s t 16 had a lr e a d y b e e n

s l i p p e d i n p la c e d i r e c t l y u n d er th e s o u t h end o f t h e l i n t e l .

The n o r th en d o f th e l i n t e l w as s h i f t e d from th e t o p o f t h e

w a l l e a s t t o r e s t on t o p o f th e end o f th e n e w ly - e r e c t e d

n o r t h - s o u t h beam . When U n it H w as c o n s t r u c t e d , t h e o l d l i n ­

t e l p o le w h ic h had f o r m e r ly e x te n d e d a c r o s s th e e n tr y w a y b e ­

tw e e n Rooms 14 and 2 0 , w as p u sh ed n o r t h a s t h e t o p c o u r s e

o f t h e w e s t w a l l o f Room 14 w as r em o v ed , s o t h a t i t c o u ld

s u p p o r t t h e room r o o f and t h e s t r i n g e r s w h ic h r e s t e d

a t t h e w e s t end on t h e e n t r a n c e l i n t e l . W ith t h e beam and

p o s t s u p p o r t o f t h e e n t r a n c e l i n t e l a r r a n g e d , a l l o f th e ,

S u b s t r u c t u r e w a l l s c o u ld b e t o r n o u t t o a l e v e l b e lo w F lo o r

I I I . The f l o o r w as e x t e n d e d a c r o s s t h e s e w a l l t o p s an d i n t o

Room 14 a b o v e t h e s e t o r n o u t w a l l s t o fo rm t h e new a d d i t i o n

t o th e e n tr y w a y .

The a b o v e d e s c r i p t i o n i s o f f e r e d a s a s u g g e s t i o n t o

e x p l a i n t h e p e c u l i a r i t i e s o f t h e e a s t e r n row o f p o s t h o l e s ,

and t h e s e q u e n c e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n and d e s t r u c t i o n a lo n g th e

e a s t s i d e o f G r ea t K iv a I I . T h is e x p l a n a t i o n a l s o a n sw e r s

s e v e r a l o t h e r q u e s t i o n s . P o s t h o l e 1 6 , l o c a t e d a s i t i s

d i r e c t l y i n f r o n t o f th e e n t r a n c e t o G rea t K iv a I I , seem s

t o b e p la c e d so t h a t i t w o u ld i n t e r f e r e w i t h e n t r y i n t o t h e

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s t r u c t u r e b y l a r g e g r o u p s o f p e o p l e . The n certh ern en d o f

t h e w a l l o f U n i t E c o u ld h a v e b e e n rem oved c o m p le t e ly s o t h a t

th e p o s t c o u ld h a v e b e e n s e t so u th w a rd i n l i n e w i t h t h e end

o f U n it H and t h e e n t r a n c e . The f a c t t h a t t h i s w as n o t

d on e i s i n d i c a t i v e t h a t i t c o u ld n o t b e d o n e , b e c a u s e o f

t h e d e s i r e t o u t i l i z e t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e o f G r e a t K iv a I ,

The o b v io u s - e x p l a n a t i o n i s t h a t a l i n t e l r e s t e d o n t h e en d

o f U n it E , and s u p p o r t e d s t r i n g e r s w h ic h e x te n d e d w e s t t o th e

lo n g beam r u n n in g b e tw e e n P o s t s 1 1 and 12 (an d a b o v e t h e e a s t

f l o o r t r e n c h , i f t h i s f e a t u r e w ere p a r t o f G r ea t K iv a I . )

C o l la p s e o f th e h e a v y r o o f i n e v e n a s m a l l a r e a w o u ld h a v e

b e e n d i s a s t r o u s t o t h e p o s t and beam a r r a n g e m e n t p r o b a b ly ;

t h e r e f o r e a p p e a r a n c e and c o n v e n ie n c e w ere f o r g o t t e n and P o s t

16 w as p la c e d i n f r o n t o f t h e new e n t r a n c e and d i r e c t l y un der

th e l i n t e l o f t h e o l d e n t r a n c e .

P o s t h o l e 15 i s d i s t i n g u i s h e d fro m a l l o t h e r p o s t h o l e s

i n G r ea t K iv a I I b y t h e p r e s e n c e o f tw o t u f f s l a b s i n t h e

b o tto m o f t h e h o le ( P l a t e Y d, X IY b ) . The h o l e i t s e l f i s

q u i t e s h a l lo w , p e n e t r a t i o n i n t o t h e s t e r i l e s o i l b e in g o n ly

.2 5 m. The s l a b s d e c r e a s e d t h i s d e p th c o n s i d e r a b l y . I t

seem s u n r e a s o n a b le t o s u p p o se t h e s e s t o n e s s e r v e d t o k e e p

P o s t 15 from s i n k i n g i n t o t h e co m p a ct c o n g lo m e r a te on w h ic h

th e y r e s t e d — p a r t i c u l a r l y when no o t h e r p o s t s i n t h e s t r u c ­

t u r e w ere s e t o n s u c h s t o n e s . I n o r d e r t o u t i l i z e t h e r o o f s

o f G r e a t K iv a I and t h e S u b s t r u c t u r e r o o m s , P o s t 15 w as p u t

i n p la c e w h i le m o st o f th e w a l l s o f S u b s t r u c t u r e 2A w ere

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s t i l l s t a n d in g , a s m e n t io n e d a b o v e . I n o r d e r t o "get t h e

p o s t i n t o Room 2A , u n d er t h e r o o f , and s t a n d in g u p r ig h t i n

t h e h o l e , t h e p o s t w o u ld h a v e had t o be s h o r t , much s h o r t e r

th a n t h o s e u se d i n G r e a t K iv a I . W hen"the s h o r t p o s t w as

f i n a l l y u p r ig h t i n t h e s h a l lo w h o l e , t h e n o r t h - s o u t h beam

w as p u sh ed on t o p o f i t . Of c o u r s e , i f t h e p o s t w ere f o r k e d ,

and i f P o s t 14 w ere a l s o f o r k e d , t h e n o r t h - s o u t h beam c o u ld

h a v e b e e n la s h e d i n t o t h e c r o t c h , and t h e t h r e e l o g s e r e c t e d

a s a u n i t . H ow ever t h e beam w as p o s i t i o n e d , , i t had t o f i tI

un der th e r o o f s t r i n g e r s a lr e a d y in p l a c e , b u t i t h a d t o f i t

s n u g ly a g a i n s t th em so t h e r o o f w o u ld n ’ t s a g w hen t h e w a l l

w as r em o v ed . P o s t 15 w as t o o s h o r t t o p u sh t h e beam t i g h t l y

a g a i n s t t h e s t r i n g e r s , so th e tw o f l a t s l a b s w ere s l i p p e d

un der t h e b a s e o f t h e p o s t t o j a c k i t up f o r a f i r m f i t .

The f i l l rem o v ed fro m th e fo u r p o s t h o l e s , and a d d i ­

t i o n a l t r a s h m a t e r i a l w h ic h had t o b e rem o v ed from S u b s t r u c ­

t u r e s 1 and 2A i n o r d e r t o m an u ever t h e p o s t s may h a v e b e e n

dumped i n t o Room 2 4 . A p p a r e n t ly Room 24 w as a b a n d o n ed p r io r

t o c o n s t r u c t i o n o f G rea t K iv a I I . T h is i s i n d i c a t e d b y t h e

s h e r d c o n t e n t o f th e room w hich i s d e f i n i t e l y P i n e d a le p h a s e ,

and a l s o b y t h e p r e s e n c e o f s e v e r a l o v e r a l l c o n s o l i d a t e d

l a y e r s o f c h a r c o a l and a d o b e , w h ic h o c c u r r e d i n t h e room

a t a l e v e l s l i g h t l y b e lo w t h a t o f F lo o r I I I o f G r e a t K iv a I I .

A bove t h i s l e v e l i n Room 2 4 , t h e room was f i l l e d w i t h t r a s h

c o n t a i n i n g p a in t f r a g m e n t s , c h a r c o a l , and a fe w s h e r d s ( i n

p r o p o r t io n t o t h e v o lu m e o f e a r t h r e m o v e d .) The p o t t e r y

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148a b o v e t h i s l e v e l t o t h e s u r f a c e i s a l s o c h i e f l y P i n e d a le

P o ly c h r o m e ,

One im p o r ta n t a s p e c t o f t h e r o o f o f G r ea t K iv a I I

h a s n o t y e t b e e n d i s c u s s e d . The h e i g h t o f t h e r o o f o f t h i s

s t r u c t u r e , and a l s o o f G rea t K iv a I , i s th o u g h t t o h a v e b e e n

t h e e q u iv a l e n t o f a 2 - B t o r y b u i l d i n g . As p o in t e d o u t i n th e

d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e h e i g h t o f th e r o o f o v e r G r ea t K iv a I , a 1 -

s t o r y r o o f w ou ld h a v e g r e a t l y d e c r e a s e d t h e am ount o f l i g h t

a b le t o e n t e r t h e s t r u c t u r e th r o u g h t h e e n t r a n c e , and w o u ld

h a v e h in d e r e d t h e v e n t i l a t i o n a l s o . I f f i r e s and t o r c h e s

had t o be k e p t b u r n in g day and n ig h t t o p r o v id e e n o u g h l i g h t

f o r a c t i v i t i e s , t h e v e n t i l a t i o n p r o b le m m ig h t b e c r u c i a l .

W ith o n ly a 1 - s t o r y h e i g h t o p e n in g a t t h e e n t r a n c e an d a

c e n t r a l o p e n in g i n t h e r o o f a b o v e t h e h e a r t h a r e a t h e d a n g er

o f c a r b o n m o n o x id e p o i s o n i n g c o u ld becom e a s e r i o u s m e n a c e .

A 2 - s t o r y r o o f o v e r t h i s l a r g e an a r e a w o u ld seem t o b e a

n e c e s s i t y from t h i s v ie w p o in t a t l e a s t .

The la r g e and d ep p p o s t h o l e s i n G r ea t K iv a I i n d i c a t e

t h a t th e p o s t s i n them w e re l a r g e and c u t lo n g e r th a n t h e

l e n g t h n e c e s s a r y t o r e a c h from f l o o r t o c e i l i n g . The d e e p -

s e a t i n g o f t h e s e p o s t s an d t h e i r s i z e i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e w e ig h t

o f th e r o o f w as c o n s i d e r a b l e .

M ontgom ery (1 9 4 9 : 2 4 1 ) , i n h i s s t u d y o f t h e F r a n c is c a n

c h u r c h a t A w a to v i, e s t im a t e d t h a t a c l a y r o o f a p p r o x im a te ly

18 i n c h e s t h i c k w o u ld w e ig h t a b o u t 162 p ou n d s p er sq u a r e f o o t .

He c o n s i d e r s t h a t t h e s e c o n d a r y s t r i n g e r s and t h e y u c c a m a t t in g

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u se d a c r o s s th em w e ig h a n o t h e r 3 p o u n d s p e r sq u a r e f o o t .

I f t h e s e f i g u r e s a r e a p p l i e d t o G r e a t K iv a I I a t P o i n t o f

P in e s R u in th e r o o f w o u ld h a v e w e ig h e d 4 0 ,4 0 0 p o u n d , a p p r o x i­

m a t e ly , n o t c o n s i d e r i n g t h e w e ig h t o f th e m a in beam s w h ic h

r e s t e d on t h e u p r ig h t p o s t s . I t see m s p r o b a b le , i n v ie w o f

M in d e le f f * s (1 8 9 1 : 1 2 0 , 1 4 9 - 1 5 0 ) d i s c u s s i o n o f r o o f i n g me­

th o d s . i n H opi and Z u n i p u e b lo s , t h a t t h e c l a y l a y e r o v e r t h e

r o o f o f G rea t K iv a I I w ou ld n o t h ave b e e n 18 in c h e s t h i c k ;

e v e n i f i t w ere t h i n n e r , t h e r o o f w o u ld h a v e b e e n a h e a v y

on e t o s u p p o r t . A 1 - s t o r y s t r u c t u r e w i t h a maximum h e ig h t

h e ig h t o f 8 f e e t ( 2 . 4 4 m) w o u ld h a v e r e q u ir e d t h e l o n g e s t

u p r ig h t p o s t t o be o n ly 12 f e e t ( 3 .6 6 m) lo n g ; s i n c e t h e

p o s t s had t o be o f l a r g e g i r t h , t h i s w o u ld c r e a t e a p r o b le m

i n t h a t t h e l a r g e t r e e s n e c e s s a r y w o u ld hav_e had t o be /

s h o r te n e d c o n s i d e r a b l y . I f t h e u p r ig h t s w ere f o r k e d , a

c o n d it io n w h ic h w o u ld seem a lm o s t im p e r a t iv e t o f a c i l i t a t e

h a n d l in g o f th e tw o e n d s o f t h e a d j o i n i n g s p a n s , o n ly t h e

p o r t io n o f th e t r e e n e a r e s t t o th e b r a n c h in g s e c t i o n c o u ld

b e u t i l i z e d , w h ic h w o u ld s e r i o u s l y l i m i t t h e d ia m e te r a t t h e

b a s e o f t h e s h o r t p o s t . T h is i s h i g h l y s p e c u l a t i v e r e a s o n ­

in g ; h ow ever I b e l i e v e i t i l l u s t r a t e s a n o t h e r o b s t a c l e t o

t h e c o n c e p t io n o f a 1 - s t o r y r o o f f o r e i t h e r o f t h e g r e a t

k i v a s .

The m o st o b v io u s e v id e n c e f o r t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a

s e c o n d s t o r y r o o f o v e r t h e c e r e m o n ia l s t r u c t u r e s i s fo u n d i n

tw o room s a d j a c e n t t o G r e a t K iv a I I . Room 1 6 , l o c a t e d 1m-

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m e d ia t e ly n o r th w e s t o f t h e WtiSthWeat e o r n e i1 o f - th e k i v a ,

c o n t a in e d a f a l l e n s e c o n d s t o r y h e a r t h , h a l f o f w h ic h w as fo u n d

i n t a c t h ig h i n t h e f i l l a b o v e th e f l o o r ( P l a t e X V X a). T h is

room a l s o had a tu m b led s e c t i o n o f w a l l w h ic h h ad f a l l e n and

w as r e s t i n g a g a i n s t t h e e a s t w a l l o f th e room When i t w as

e x c a v a t e d . The h e a r t h r e s t e d on a l a y e r o f adobe" w h ic h w as

a t a s t e e p a n g le i n th e f i l l an d w as n o t c o n t in u o u s .

I n Room 2 7 , on t h e e a s t s i d e o f G r e a t K iv a I I and

j o i n i n g th e n o r t h e a s t c o r n e r , a n o t h e r f a l l e n s e c o n d - s t o r y

h e a r th w as fo u n d ( P l a t e X V Tb)• T h is h e a r t h w as i n t a c t e x c e p t

t h a t t h e e a s t e r n m o s t h e a r t h s t o n e had f a l l e n i n t o t h e h e a r t h

a r e a . The p h o to g r a p h i l l u s t r a t e s th e f a c t t h a t t h i s h ig h

f i r e b o x w as a lm o s t d i r e c t l y o v e r t h e f i r e b o x o n t h e lo w e r

f l o o r o f t h e room . U nder t h i s s e c o n d s t o r y h e a r t h , a l a y e r

o f adobe o r s t e r i l e s o i l w as fo u n d i n h o r i z o n t a l a l ig n m e n t

w it h th e b o tto m o f t h e f i r e b o x .

I n Room 2 4 , d i r e c t l y s o u t h o f 27 an d a d j o in in g t h e

e a s t w a l l o f G rea t K i v a v l l and t h e n o r th w a l l o f t h e e n t r y ­

way t o G rea t K iv a I I , a s e c t i o n o f f a l l e n w a l l w as f o u n d .

T h is s e c t i o n , fo u n d i n a h o r i z o n t a l p o s i t i o n w i t h th e b a n d in g

s t i l l i n t a c t , w as l o c a t e d n e x t t o th e s o u t h w a l l o f t h e , ro o m .

T h is w a l l i s r e c o r d e d a s s t a n d i n g a p p r o x im a t e ly 1 .6 5 m a b o v e

t h e f l o o r o f t h e room w hen e x c a v a t e d ; t h e l e n g t h o f th e f a l ­

l e n s e c t i o n i s n o t r e c o r d e d . The h e i g h t o f t h i s w a l l i s n o t

known t h e n , a l t h o u g h i t w as p r o b a b ly n o t s t a n d in g m ore th a n

2 . 0 m h ig h by t h e t im e i t f e l l . T h is s t a t e m e n t r e s u l t s fro m

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P l a t e XVT. S e c o n d - s t o r y h e a r t h s . a . F a l l e n h e a r t h , Rnom 16, r e s t i n g on adobe l a y e r .b . F a l l e n h e a r t h , Room 27 , l o c a t e d above h e a r t h of low er room f l o o r . F a l l e n h e a r t h r e s t s on adobe l a y e r . G r e a t K iv a I I e a s t w a l l t o r i g h t .

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a n a n a l y s i s o f t h e h e i g h t s o f room w a l l s s u r r o u n d in g t h e

g r e a t k iv a w h ic h r e v e a l s t h a t e v e f i i n t h e room s known t o

h a v e b e e n s e c o n d s t o r y s t r u c t u r e s — Booms 16 and 2 7 — w a l l s

d id n o t s t a n d h ig h e r th a n 2 . 0 m a b o v e t h e f l o o r . I n many

c a s e s t h e h e i g h t o f t h e mound a b o v e t h e t o p s o f t h e room s

a d d s c o n s i d e r a b l y t o t h e im p r e s s io n o f e x i s t e n c e o f a s e c o n d -

s to r y ; i n o n e i n s t a n c e t h e mound r e a c h e d a h e i g h t o f 3 . 4 m

a b o v e t h e f l o o r l e v e l ( i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f Rooms 35 an d 4 3 ) .

The h e i g h t o f t h e mound ab o v e th e w a l l s o f G rea t K iv a

I I a l s o i n d i c a t e s t h a t h ig h e r s t r u c t u r e s had o n c e o c c u p ie d

th e a r e a . The f a c t t h a t t h e f i l l i n G r e a t K iv a I I w as

- m ounded a ro u n d t h e p e r im e t e r o f t h e s t r u c t u r e and s lo p e d

s t e e p l y downward t o t h e c e n t e r o f t h e s t r u c t u r e , b e in g o n ly

.2 0 m d e e p a b o v e t h e c e n t r a l h e a r t h a r e a w hen t h e k iv a w as

c l e a r e d , i n d i c a t e s t h a t d e b r i s from t h e h ig h w a l l s w as r e ­

s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e c o n t o u r . The n a t u r e o f t h e t r a s h h a s a l ­

r e a d y b e e n d i s c u s s e d i n t h e d a t a s e c t i o n . H e in d l (1 9 5 5 ) d e ­

m o n s t r a t e s t h a t t r a s h su c h a s t h i s , w h ic h h e c a l l s " c l e a n , ”

m u st b e t h e r e s u l t o f w a l l f a l l .

E s t im a t e s c a n be made c o n c e r n in g t h e maximum h e i g h t

p o s s i b l e f o r t h e r o o f o f t h e c e r e m o n ia l s t r u c t u r e s . I f i t

b e a c c e p t e d t h a t t h e c e n t r a l p o s t s an d th e m a r g in a l p o s t s i n

s t e p p e d h o l e s w ere r a i s e d to w a r d t h e s te p p e d -d o w n s i d e o f

t h e p o s t h o l e ( a s d i s c u s s e d i n t h e d a ta s e c t i o n ) , t h e n i t i s

p o s s i b l e t o s u g g e s t t h a t th e d i s t a n c e from a c e n t r a l p o s t h o le

t o t h e w a l l b e h in d i t w o u ld l i m i t t h e l e n g t h o f t h e p o s t .

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S in c e t h e s h o r t e s t p o s t w ou ld d e te r m in e th e h e i g h t o f t h e

r o o f , t h e minimum d i s t a n c e b e tw e e n t h e p o s t h o le and th e w a l l

s h o u ld b e t h e d e te r m in a n t o f r o o f h e i g h t . An a d d i t i o n a l f a c ­

t o r may be c o n s i d e r e d . The p o s t w as c a r r i e d l a b o r i o u s l y

th r o u g h t h e z i g z a g e n tr y w a y an d j o c k e y e d i n t o p o s i t i o n b e ­

tw e e n t h e w a l l and i t s h o l e ; i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t d u r in g t h i s

m a n eu v er , and p r io r t o th e d r o p p in g o f t h e p o s t en d i n t o t h e

h o l e , t h e t o p en d o f t h e p o s t w as e l e v a t e d th e h e i g h t o f a

man and d ro p p ed t o t h e g ro u n d a t th e h o l e e n d , b e c o m in g , s o

t o s p e a k , th e h y p o te n u s e o f a t r i a n g l e fo rm ed by t h e k iv a

f l o o r and t h e w a l l . T h is p r o c e d u r e w o u ld h a v e a l lo w e d t h e

p o s t t o b e a l i t t l e l o n g e r th a n t h e s t r a i g h t d i s t a n c e b e tw e e n

th e w a l l and t h e h o l e .

The minumum d i s t a n c e from t h e f a r e d g e o f a c e n t r a l

p o s t h o l e ( # 1 2 ) t o t h e s o u t h w a l l o f G r ea t K iv a I I i s 5 .1 2 m.

A l l o t h e r c e n t r a l h o l e s a r e a p p r o x im a t e ly 5 .7 5 m fro m t h e

a s s o c i a t e d w a l l s . S in c e P o s t h o l e 12 i s 1 . 1 8 m d e e p , t h e t o p

o f t h e p o s t w o u ld h a v e b e e n 3 . 9 4 m a b o v e F lo o r I I I o f G rea t

K iv a I I . The a d d i t i o n a l d ia m e t e r s o f t h e c r o s s beam s and

s e c o n d a r y s t r i n g e r s w o u ld p r o b a b ly r a i s e t h e c e i l i n g h e i g h t

o f t h e g r e a t k i v a r o o f t o a p p r o x im a t e ly 4 .2 5 m ( 1 3 .9 6 f e e t ) .

The r o o f m ig h t h a v e b e e n a l i t t l e h i g h e r , i f a l lo w a n c e i s

made fo r a d d i t i o n a l l e n g t h o f t h e p o s t g a in e d b y m a n e u v e r in g

i t p r io r t o e r e c t i o n . The f i g u r e g iv e n a b o v e t h e n i s t h e

a p p r o x im a te maximum h e i g h t o f t h e r o o f o f G r e a t K iv a I I ; i f

G r ea t K iv a I u s e d F lo o r I I I a l s o , a s d i s c u s s e d p r e v i o u s l y ,

151

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t h e sam e f i g u r e w o u ld be a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e e a r l i e r s t r u c t u r e .

The e v id e n c e and h y p o t h e s e s m a r s h a l le d a b o v e a r e n o t

c o n c l u s i v e i n t h e i r d e t e r m in a t io n o f th e h e i g h t o f t h e r o o f

o f G r e a t K iv a I I . H ow ever t h e y seem h i g h l y i n d i c a t i v e o f a

s e c o n d s t o r y h e i g h t f o r t h i s s t r u c t u r e , and som e, i f n o t a l l ,

o f t h e s u r r o u n d in g r o o m s . I f t h i s a s s u m p t io n i s c o r r e c t , t h e

same h e i g h t w o u ld b e a p p l i c a b l e t o G r e a t K iv a I .

Room X:

Room X , t h e s m a l l p a r t i t i o n e d a r e a b u i l t a g a i n s t t h e

e a s t w a l l o f G r e a t K iv a H i n t h e n o r t h e a s t q u a r t e r o f t h e

s t r u c t u r e , h a s b e e n d e s c r ib e d i n d e t a i l i n th e d a t a s e c t i o n .

B e c a u s e o f t h e f a c t t h a t w hen e x c a v a t e d t h e w e s t w a l l o f t h i s

s t r u c t u r e s t o o d o n ly o n e c o u r s e h ig h a b o v e F lo o r I I I , i t i s

im p o s s ib l e t o a s c r i b e d e f i n i t e l y a n y s e c r e t i v e f u n t i o n s t o

th e e n c l o s u r e . I t i s o f c o u r s e p o s s i b l e t h a t a b r u s h s c r e e n

o r a b la n k e t o r m at c o u ld h a v e b een u se d a lo n g t h i s w e s t s i d e

t o p r o v id e p r iv a c y ; i t i s e q u a l l y a s p o s s i b l e t h a t o r i g i n a l l y

t h e w e s t w a l l o f Room X s t o o d much h ig h e r an d w as t o r n down b y

t h e u s e r s o f G r e a t K iv a I I o r b y t h e l a t e r i n h a b i t a n t s o f t h e

P o in t o f P in e s p h a se room c l u s t e r s .

The s o u t h w a l l o f t h i s room , o r i g i n a l l y t h e e a s t e r n

s e c t i o n o f t h e s o u t h w a l l o f S u b s t r u c t u r e 3 , s t o o d t o a h e i g h t

o f .5 0 m a b o v e F lo o r I I I a t t im e o f e x c a v a t i o n , so t h a t c o n ­

c e a lm e n t i n t h e so u t h e a s t c o r n e r o f Room X o f s m a l l o b j e c t s

m ig h t h a v e b e e n p o s s i b l e . A n o th er r e a s o n f o r th e f a c t t h a t

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t h i s s o u th w a l l w as u t i l i z e d an d p e r m it t e d t o e x te n d a b o v e

F lo o r I I I may b e s u g g e s t e d b y t h e beam s o c k e t i n t h e n o r t h

w a l l o f G r e a t K iv a I I . T h is s o c k e t , d e s c r ib e d i n th e p la z a

s e c t i o n , may w e l l h a v e b e e n m ade a t t h e t im e G r e a t K iv a I I

w as c o n s t r u c t e d , or i t m ay h a v e b e e n made a s e a r l y a s th e

p e r io d o f t h e p la z a c o n s t r u c t i o n . W henever i t w as c u t i n t o

t h e b u i l d i n g s t o n e , t h e s o c k e t and p o le i n i t c o u ld h a v e b e e n

u se d i n c o n j u n c t io n w i t h Room X and G r e a t K iv a I I . The p o le

c o u ld h a v e e x te n d e d t o t h e s o u th w a l l o f Room X; th e s o c k e t

w as a p p r o x im a t e ly .7 5 m a b o v e F lo o r I I I so t h a t i t i s e n t i r e ­

l y p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e p o le c o u ld h a v e b e e n s u p p o r t e d o n th e

s o u t h by t h e w a l l o f Room X , w h ic h w o u ld h a v e n e e d e d t o be

o n ly .2 5 m h ig h e r th a n fo u n d when i t w as e x c a v a t e d - B l a n k e t s ,

h i d e s , o r m a ts d r a p e d o v e r t h i s p o le w o u ld h a v e p r o v id e d an

e x c e l l e n t s c r e e n , w h ic h w o u ld n o t n e c e s s a r i l y h av e had t o b e

o n .3 0 m w e s t o f t h e e a s t w a l l o f th e ro o m , a s th e s o c k e t h o le

i s — t h e p o le c o u ld h a v e b e e n s e t a t an a n g le s o t h a t i t r e s t e d

m ore n e a r l y i n t h e s o u t h w e s t c o r n e r o f Room X . th a n i n th e

s o u t h e a s t .

T h ere i s a n o t h e r p o s s i b i l i t y t o e x p l a i n t h e e x i s t e n c e

o f t h i s p a r t i t i o n e d a r e a . I t c o u ld h a v e s e r v e d a s a s h i e l d

f o r a s m a l l h a tc h w a y e n t r a n c e i n t o G r e a t K iv a I I . C o n s id e r a ­

t i o n o f t h e o r i g i n o f Room X r e c a l l s t h e f a c t t h a t d u r in g t h e

l i f e o f G r e a t K iv a I , a l a r g e r room e n c lo s e d t h e a r e a i n w h ic h

Room X l a t e r w as b u i l t . S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 had b e e n p o s t u l a t e d

a s b e in g a s e c o n d s t o r y h e ig h t s t r u c t u r e , t h e t o p r o o f o f

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w h ic h w as s a v e d and in c o r p o r a t e d w hen G r e a t K iv a I I w as b u i l t .

I f t h e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e r o o f i n g m e th o d s and t h e h e i g h t o f

t h e r o o f o f G r e a t K iv a I , G r e a t K iv a I I , and Room 27 t o th e

e a s t i s c o r r e c t , t h e i m p l i c a t i o n i s t h a t S u b s t r u c t u r e 2 w as a

2 - s t o r y a p a r tm e n t w i t h a g ro u n d f l o o r room , t h e f l o o r o f w h ic h

w as som ew h at b e lo w t h e l e v e l o f t h e f l o o r s o f G r ea t K iv a I

and I I , and w i t h a n u p p er s t o r y room c o r r e s p o n d in g g e n e r a l l y

w it h t h e u p p er s t o r y i n Room 2 7 . S u ch a s i t u a t i o n w o u ld mean

t h a t when t h e lo n g n o r t h - s o u t h beam w as p la c e d i n p o s i t i o n

on t o p o f P o s t s 1 4 and 1 5 , i t s u p p o r te d t h e c e i l i n g beam s o f

t h e f i r s t s t o r y o f S u b s t r u c t u r e s 1 and 2 so t h a t a s e c o n d s t o r y

room r e s t e d on t h i s b eam . I n e f f e c t t h e n a g a l l e r y t y p e

s t r u c t u r e w o u ld b e c r e a t e d i n t h e n o r t h e a s t c o r n e r o f G r ea t

K iv a I I , w i t h P o s t s 14 and 15 s u p p o r t in g a l a r g e o v e r h a n g in g

u p p er room , u n d er w h ic h , i n t h e s o « ju th e a s t c o r n e r . Room Z p a r ­

t i t i o n e d o f f t h e h a tc h w a y la d d e r l e a d i n g up t o t h e f l o o r o f

t h e u p p er ro o m . S u ch an a r r a n g e m e n t w o u ld c e r t a i n l y f a c i l i ­

t a t e t h e m ir a c u lo u s a p p e a r a n c e s o f a n y number o f m y t h ic a l or

m a g ic a l b e i n g s . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e m e c h a n ic s o f th e c o n s t r u c ­

t i o n becom e e x t r e m e ly n e b u lo u s and d i f f i c u l t t o i n t e r p r e t i n

t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e e n t r a n c e s t o G r e a t K iv a s I and I I , and

t h e e n tr y w a y s t o b o t h s t r u c t u r e s . I t w o u ld seem m ore l i k e l y ,

s i n c e t h e r e i s no p r e c e d e n t (w h ic h I am aw are o f a t l e a s t ) f o r

o v e r h a n g in g p o s t - s u p p o r t e d s e c o n d s t o r y room s b o r d e r in g a

c e r e m o n ia l s t r u c t u r e , and s i n c e t h e m e c h a n ic s a r e q u i t e com­

p l i c a t e d , t h a t t h e f i r s t s t o r y c e l l i n g m s d e s t r o y e d s o t h a t

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P o s t s 14 and 15 c o u ld d i r e c t l y s u p p o r t t h e t o p r o o f . I f t h i s

w ere t h e c a s e , and i t r e a l l y se e m s much m ore p l a u s i b l e t o m e,

i t i s d o u b t f u l i f Hoorn X w o u ld h a v e b e e n t h e r e c e i v i n g room

f o r a la d d e r r e a c h in g t o t h e s e c o n d s t o r y r o o f ' .

G r e a t K iv a I I E n tr a n c e and E n try w a y :

The e n t r a n c e and e n tr y w a y t o G r e a t K iv a I I h a v e b e e n

d i s c u s s e d i n t h e d a t a s e c t i o n and i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e r o o f i n g

p r o c e d u r e f o r t h e s t r u c t u r e . L i t t l e m ore c a n be ad d ed h e r e .

The z i g z a g p la n o f t h e e n tr y w a y w o u ld h a v e s e r v e d tw o w ays

p r i m a r i l y . A s a m a t te r o f c o m fo r t f o r t h e s p e c t a t o r s and

p e r fo r m e r s and a s a p h y s i c a l b a r r i e r t o t h e e l e m e n t s , t h e

e n tr y w a y w o u ld h a v e h e lp e d t o m a in t a in h e a t w i t h i n t h e b u i l d ­

i n g , w o u ld h a v e r e d u c e d d r a f t s t o some e x t e n t , and w ou ld h a v e

p r e v e n t e d f l o o d i n g o f t h e s t r u c t u r e by s h u n t in g o f f t h e r a i n s

i n t o th e e n c l o s e d patjLo w h ic h p r e su m a b ly d r a in e d th r o u g h

t h e e a s t g a t e o f t h e p u e b lo . The p a s sa g e w a y w o u ld h a v e a l s o

s e r v e d a s a v i s u a l and a u d i t o r y b a r r i e r , p e r m i t t in g d a n ce

g r o u p s o r v i s i t i n g k a c h in a s p r iv a c y p r io r t o t h e i r e n t r a n c e

i n t o th e c e r e m o n ia l a r e a .

T h is s p e c u l a t i o n r a i s e s an im p o r ta n t p o in t w h ic h up

t o now h a s n o t b e e n m e n t io n e d . I t seem s h i g h l y p r o b a b le t h a t

a l a r g e c e n t r a l l y l o c a t e d h a tc h w a y e n t r a n c e e x i s t e d i n th e

r o o f o f G r e a t K iv a I I . No e m p i r i c a l e v id e n c e f o r t h i s h a t c h ­

way. w as r e c o v e r e d d u r in g e x c a v a t io n ; h o w ev er t h e e x i s t e n c e o f

t h e c e n t r a l h e a r t h m u st h a v e r e q u ir e d a sm o k e h o le a b o v e i t .

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i f t h e k iv a w ere t o b e h a b i t a b l e . S u ch a m o k e h o le s t r a d i t i o n ­

a l l y f u n c t i o n i n c o n n e c t io n w it h a r o o f e n tr y * M in d e le f f

(1 8 9 1 : 1 2 3 , 1 2 5 , 1 2 7 , 2 0 5 -2 0 7 } d i s c u s s e s t h e H o p i, ZuEi, and

Acoma v a r i e t i e s o f r o o f o p e n in g s i n t h e s m a ll r e c t a n g u la r

k iv a s i n t h e s e a r e a s , a l l o f w h ic h com b in e t h e sm o k e h o le w i t h

th e la d d e r e n t r a n c e . Many o f t h e m od ern g r e a t k i v a s i n t h e

R io G rande p u e b lo s c o n t a i n r o o f h a tc h w a y s u s e d i n c o n j u n c t io n

w it h i n t e r i o r l a d d e r s , an d o f t e n f u n c t i o n i n g a l s o a s t h e sm o k e-

h o le . The i n s t a n c e s o f o c c u r r e n c e o f t h i s t r a i t i n p r e h i s t o r i c

g r e a t k iv a s a r e r e l a t i v e l y f e w , p r o b a b ly b e c a u s e o f th e d i f ­

f i c u l t y o f d e t e r m in in g d e f i n i t e l y t h e p r e s e n c e o f a n e n t e r i n g

l a d d e r , i n l i e u o f d i r e c t e v id e n c e p r o v id e d b y/th e p r e s e n c e o f

a r o o f . A lth o u g h G r e a t K iv a I I h ad an im p r e s s iv e gro u n d f l o o r

e n t r a n c e s y s t e m , i t i s s t i l l p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e r o o f h a tch w a y

w o u ld h a v e b e e n d e s i r a b l e t o p r o v id e a m ean s o f e x i t f o r t h e

h e a r t h sm o k e , and t o a l l o w f u l f i l l m e n t o f c e r t a i n r i t u a l i s t i c

p r o c e d u r e s *

F lo o r F e a t u r e s o f G r ea t K iv a I I :

The c e n t r a l h e a r t h and t h e f o u r f l o o r t r e n c h e s w h ic h

r a d i a t e d to w a r d t h e c a r d i n a l d i r e c t i o n s a r e t h e o n ly f l o o r

f e a t u r e s w i t h i n G r e a t K iv a H . D e t a i l s o f t h e s e f e a t u r e s a t

t im e o f e x c a v a t i o n h a v e b e e n p r e s e n t e d i n t h e d a t a s e c t i o n .

The a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e h e a r t h d u r in g t h e l i f e t i m e o f

G r e a t K iv a I I c a n n o t h a v e b e e n g r e a t l y d i f f e r e n t from i t s

a p p e a r a n c e w hen e x c a v a t e d . I t i s e s s e n t i a l l y a s h a l lo w b a ­

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s i n w i t h a b o tto m l i n e d w it h s p a l l - s i z e s t o n e s i n a l o o s e and

random a r r a n g e m e n t . No g r e a t q u a n t i t y o f a s h o r b u rn ed m a te r ­

i a l w as fo u n d i n t h e b a s i n , a l t h o u g h i t w as e v i d e n t from th e

b u rn ed c h a r a c t e r o f t h e s t o n e s and s u r r o u n d in g f l o o r a r e a

t h a t f i r e s had b e e n b u i l t o n t h e s p o t .

R e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e f l o o r t r e n c h e s

p r e s e n t s a k n o t t y p r o b le m . No o t h e r f e a t u r e s s i m i l a r t o t h e s e

t r e n c h e s h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d i n t h e s o u t h w e s t , e i t h e r from p r e ­

h i s t o r i c o r m od ern p u e b lo s or p i t h o u s e s , g r e a t k i v a s , o r l i t t l e

k i v a s . F o r t h i s r e a s o n a s c r i p t i o n o f s p e c i f i c fo rm or f u n -

t i o n t o t h e s e t r e h e h e s i s d i f f i c u l t . Many s u g g e s t i o n s h a v e

b e e n made a s t o t h e u s e o f t h e s e t r e n c h e s . T h e se w i l l b e

d i s c u s s e d b e lo w .

B e c a u s e o f th e l o c a t i o n o f t h e t r e n c h e s n e a r th e h e a r t]}

o n e o f t h e m o st o b v io u s e x p l a n a t i o n s t o b e o f f e r e d i s t h a t

t h e y f u n c t io n e d a s v e n t i l a t o r s , b r in g in g f r e s h a i r i n t o t h e

h e a r t h a r e a . T h is e x p l a n a t i o n c a n n o t b e e n t e r t a i n e d s e r i o u s l y

s i n c e t h e e n d s o f t h e c h a n n e ls seem t o h a v e o p e n e d u n d er F lo o r

I I I i n t o a s e r i e s o f t r o u g h s i n t h r e e i n s t a n c e s . I n t h e e a s t

t r e n c h t h e en d o f t h e c h a n n e l i s c l o s e d o f f b e lo w t h e s la b

l i n i n g , s i n c e no t r o u g h s o r d e e p p i t s a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

t h i s t r e n c h . N one o f t h e t r e n c h e s e x te n d e d g r e a t l y b ey o n d

t h e c o n f i n e s o f t h e s e v e n c e n t r a l p o s t s ; t h e e a s t t r e n c h , . -

n e a r e s t th e e n t r a n c e t o G r e a t K iv a I I w h ere t h e s u p p ly o f a i r

w ou ld h a v e b e e n t h e f r e s h e s t and c o o l e s t , e n d s a b r u p t ly i n

t h e t r a s h o n ly a s h o r t d i s t a n c e fro m t h e h e a r t h a r e a . The

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In n e r e n d s o f t h e c h a n n e l s ( t h o s e n e a r e s t t h e h e a r t h ) do n o t

c o n n e c t w i t h t h e h e a r t h a r e a I n a n y way w h ic h m ig h t i n d i c a t e

t h a t a i r f l o w i n g th r o u g h t h e d u c t s c o u ld r e a c h or i n f l u e n c e

t h e f i r e . I t seem s im p o s s ib l e t h a t t h e t r e n c h e s c o u ld h a v e

f u n c t i o n e d a s v e n t i l a t o r s f o r t h e r e a s o n s l i s t e d a b o v e .

Many o f t h e sam e r e a s o n s c a n b e a p p l ie d t o t h e e x p la n a ­

t i o n o f t h e t r e n c h e s a s " h e a t in g u n i t s . " W h ile i t i s t r u e

t h a t t h e o u t e r e n d s o f t h e s e t r e n c h e s ( a t l e a s t t h e n o r t h ,

w e s t , and s o u t h f e a t u r e s ) i f o v e r l a i n w i t h b o a r d s o r m a ts i n

t h e t r o u g h s e c t i o n s , c o u ld h a v e d i s t r i b u t e d h e a t , t h e in n e r

e n d s o f t h e c h a n n e l s c o u ld n o t v e r y w e l l h a v e c o l l e c t e d t h e

h e a t . T h ree o f t h e t r e n c h e s — t h e n o r t h , w e s t , and e a s t o n e s —

had a b s o l u t e l y no c o n n e c t io n w it h t h e b a s i n or f i r e b o x i n t h e

h e a r t h a r e a . The s o u t h t r e n c h m ig h t h a v e b e e n c o n n e c te d a l ­

th o u g h i f so t h e j o i n t w as s m a l l an d v e r y s h a l lo w ( P l a t e X ) .

/ B u t t h e f a c t . t h a t h o t a i r : r i s e s w o u ld seem t o p r o v id e

an an sw er t o t h i s h y p o t h e s i s . U n le s s a s t r o n g d r a f t w ere

c r e a t e d t o p u l l t h e h o t a i r fro m t h e f i r e p l a c e th r o u g h t h e

s o u t h t r e n c h , h o t a i r w o u ld h a v e r i s e n to w a r d t h e c e i l i n g and

s m o k e h o le . B e c a u s e o f th e p e c u l i a r i t i e s o f t h e in n e r and

o u t e r e n d s o f t h e t r e n c h e s , i t i s im p o s s ib l e t o b e l i e v e t h e y

c o u ld f u n c t i o n a s h e a t d i s t r i b u t o r s , e i t h e r . A c o m b in a t io n -

f u n c t i o n a s a " h e a t in g an d v e n t i l a t i n g u n i t " o r a " r e - c i r c u ­

l a t i n g h e a te r " se e m s e v e n l e s s p l a u s i b l e a n e x p l a n a t i o n .

A n o th er p r o p o s e d e x p la n a t io n i s t h a t t h e t r e n c h e s

s e r v e d a s d r a i n s . I t h a s a lr e a d y b e e n d e m o n s tr a te d t h a t t h e

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t r e n c h e s l e a d n o w h e r e , and c o n n e c t w i t h n o t h in g . I t m ig h t

h a v e b e e n p o s s i b l e f o r w a te r t o h a v e c o l l e c t e d i n t h e t r e n c h e s ,

and a l l t h e i r a s s o c i a t e d f e a t u r e s , i f som e c a r e l e s s c u s t o d ia n

had l e f t th e h a tc h w a y c o v e r o f f d u r in g t h e r a i n y s e a s o n ; how­

e v e r an y w a te r i n t h e t r e n c h e s w o u ld h a v e had t o s in k i n t o

t h e g ro u n d b e lo w i n o r d e r t o d r a in a w ay , ^ t i s d i f f i c u l t t o

im a g in e t h a t su c h an e l a b o r a t e m ech a n ism w o u ld h a v e b e e n

b u i l t s o l e l y f o r t h i s p u r p o s e .

A re t h e r e o t h e r f u n c t i o n s p e r t a i n i n g t o th e p h y s i c a l

c o m fo r t o f t h e s p e c t a t o r s w h ic h t h e s e t r e h c h e s m ig h t f u l f i l l ?

N one come to my m in d , n or h a v e a n y m ore b e e n s u g g e s t e d .

T hen t h e e x p l a n a t i o n o f th e t r e n c h e s w o u ld seem t o be

th e o ld s t a n d - b y — " c e r e m o n ia l . ” A v a r i e t y o f g r o o v e s , p i t s ,

t u n n e l s , v a u l t s , and p o s t h o l e s h a v e b e e n r e c o r d e d i n p r e h i s ­

t o r i c g r e a t k i v a s — t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e s e h a v e b e e n c o n s id e r e d

t o p e r t a i n t o c e r e m o n ia l u s a g e . J u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t h i s e x ­

p l a n a t i o n c a n be f o u n d . i n a number o f e t h n o l o g i c a l a c c o u n t s

d e s c r i b i n g t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o r u t i l i z a t i o n o f som ew hat s i m i ­

l a r f e a t u r e s . The o n ly l e n g t h l y e t h n o l o g i c a l a c c o u n t p e r t a i n ­

in g s p e c i f i c a l l y t o f e a t u r e s i n g r e a t k i v a s i s t h e d e s c r i p ­

t i o n o f Jem ez k i v a m a g ic ( E l l i s 1 9 5 2 ) . I n i t E l l i s d e s c r i b e s

t h e p r e p a r a t io n s f o r , and t h e cerem o n y o f r e d e d i c a t i o n o f ,

th e tw o r e c t a n g u la r g r e a t k i v a s a t J em ez p u e b lo . U n f o r t u n a t e ly

f o r ou r i n t e r e s t s , no t r e n c h e s or s i m i l a r e x c a v a t i o n s w e re

u se d i n t h i s c e r e m o n y . H ow ever c e r t a i n i d e a s a r e p r e s e n t e d

w h ic h may b e a p p l i c a b l e t o i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f s p e c i f i c f e a t u r e s

o f t h e t r e n c h e s .

159

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B i l l s d e s c r i b e s t h e n e c e s s i t y o f s h i e l d i n g t h e e n t r y

o f s u p e r n a t u r a l s from t h e s p e c t a t o r s ( 1 9 5 2 : 1 5 6 ) . T h is may b e

an e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e p o s t h o l e s w h ic h o c c u r a t t h e o u t e r e n d s

o f e a c h t r e n c h . S u ch p o s t h o l e s c o u ld h a v e s u p p o r te d b l a n k e t s ,

m a t s , or e v e n s m a l l e v e r g r e e n s , fo r m in g a v i s u a l b a r r i e r o n

a l l f o u r s i d e s o f t h e c e n t r a l c e r e m o n ia l a r e a i n t h e m id d le

o f w h ic h a r o o f e n t r y may h a v e b e e n l o c a t e d . H o w ev er , i f th e

b a r r ie r w ere a c t u a l l y t o p r o h i b i t o b s e r v a t i o n o f a s u p e r n a ­

t u r a l ’ s e n t r a n c e , i t seem s p e c u l i a r t h a t th e p o s t h o l e s a r e

c o n f in e d e x c l u s i v e l y t o t h e im m ed ia te e n d s o f t h e t r e n c h e s .

The r e g u l a r i t y o f t h e i r p o s i t i o n i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e t r o u g h s

fo u n d i n t h r e e o f th e t r e n c h e s seem s t o me t o i n d i c a t e t h a t ,

w h i le t h e p o s t s may h a v e s u p p o r te d b a r r i e r s o f b r u s h , o r

o th e r t y p e s , t h e b a r r i e r s w ere d e s ig n e d t o f u n c t i o n i n r e l a ­

t i o n t o a c t i v i t y c o n c e r n in g t h e t r e n c h e s t h e m s e l v e s . The

p o l e s c o u ld a l s o h a v e s u p p o r t e d a j a c a l - t y p e a l t a r ; no o t h e r

e v id e n c e o f s u c h an a l t a r w a s f o u n d . The m o st o b v io u s e x p la n a ­

t i o n i s t h a t o f a b a r r i e r .

The t r o u g h s i n t h e n o r t h , w e s t , an d s o u t h t r e n c h e s

may h a v e h o u se d h a l f o r w h o le l o g s or p e e l e d beam s w h ic h

s e r v e d a s loom a n c h o r s . Ho e v id e n c e o f l o g s o r l o g im p r e s ­

s i o n s w ere fo u n d i n an y o f t h e t r o u g h s , t h e w e s t o n e s o f w h ic h

w o u ld a p p ea r to b e t h e o n ly o n e s lo n g e n o u g h f o r th e t r a d i ­

t i o n a l ^ u e b lo lo o m . Loom h o l e s or a n c h o r s a r e n o t a f e a t u r e

com m only a s s o c i a t e d w i t h g r e a t K iv a s ; n e i t h e r R e i t e r (1 9 4 6 :

T a b le I I ) n or W heat ( 1 9 5 5 : 5 7 ) r e c o r d t h i s t r a i t i n t h e i r

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s t u d i e s o f A n a s a z i an d M o g o llo n g r e a t k i v a s r e s p e c t i t

T h e r e fo r e t h i s e x p l a n a t i o n d o e s n o t seem t o o v a l i d ,

p la c e d i n t h e s e t r o u g h s c o u ld a l s o h a v e s e r v e d a s s u |

f o r t h e b a r r i e r s ; i n f a c t th e t r o u g h s t h e m s e lv e s may-

s u p p o r t e d s m a l l t r e e s , o r w ood en s l a t s i n a n u p r ig h t

T he s e m i - o i r e u l a r s u b f lo o r r o c k a l ig n m e n t s i i

w e s t and s o u t h t r e n c h e s r e s t e d a b o v e p a r t s o f t h e tr<

T h is m ig h t i n d i c a t e t h a t th e t r o u g h s w ere f i l l e d wh<

s t o n e s w e re p u t i n p o s i t i o n . The r o c k s a p p a r e n t ly r<

a t h i n l a y e r o f t r a s h a b o v e t h e t r o u g h s , b u t s p e c u l a -

t o t h e e x a c t r e l a t i o n s h i p c a n n o t be a n s w e r e d . I t se i

t h e p o s i t i o n o f r o c k s a b o v e F lo o r I I I i n th e v i c i n i t ;

s u b f lo o r s e m i - c i r c l e s t h a t t h e s e o n e - c o u r s e w a l l s ma;

a t o n e t im e s t o o d h ig h e r ; n o t en o u g h r o c k w as p r e s e n

f l o o r t o j u s t i f y a h e i g h t a b o v e tw o c o u r s e s , t h e to p

w h ic h w o u ld h a v e r e s t e d a p p r o x im a te ly o n F lo o r I I I .

s u p e r im p o se d p o s i t i o n o f t h e s e r o o k a l ig n m e n t s m ig h t

c a t e a p u r p o s e f u l p la c e m e n t a l s o . The r o c k s c o u ld h

p o r te d p la n k s l a i d a c r o s s th em s o t h a t t h e e n d s o f e

r e s t e d o n t h e w in g s o f t h e s e m i - c i r c l e . A s p a c e wou

h a v e e x i s t e d b e tw e e n th e p la n k s and t h e b o t to m s o f t

T h is id e a p r e s e n t s many i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f p o s s ib le .u

a n a r r a n g em en t w o u ld h a v e p r o d u c e d a trem en d o u s- dan

form o r f o o t drum . T he v a r y in g d e p t h s an d l e n g t h s c

t r o u g h s , som e o f w h ic h e x te n d e d b ey o n d t h e w in g s o f

w a l l s , w o u ld h a v e p r o d u c e d a w id e v a r i e t y o f p i t c h s

w h ic h c o u ld b e u t i l i z e d b y d a n c in g o r s to m p in g i n dj

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p l a c e s o v e r t h e p la t f o r m . I n t h e s o u t h t r e n c h th e l o c a t i o n

o f t h e d e e p p i t , s e t I n t o a s h a l lo w e r o v a l b a s i n , w o u ld h a v e

b e e n d i r e c t l y u n d er s u c h a p la n k p la t f o r m s e t on t h e s u b f lo o r

r o c k s . T h is t r e n c h f i t s t h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t i t c o u ld h a v e

s e r v e d a s a mammoth and e la b o r a t e f o o t drum , b e c a u s e t h e su b ­

f l o o r r o c k s an d t h e d e e p p i t and some o f t h e t r o u g h s w ere d e f ­

i n i t e l y o p e n t o , or c o n n e c t e d w ith th e lo n g s l a b - c o v e r e d

c h a n n e l . . T h is w o u ld h a v e p e r m it t e d th e c h a n n e l t o a c t a s a

r e s o n a t i n g cham ber f o r th e so u n d s p r o d u ce d by p e r c u s s i o n o n

t h e w ooden p la f t o r m o v e r t h e d e e p p i t and th e n o r t h e r n t r o u g h .

And w h at a drum i t w o u ld h a v e m ad el I f a l l f o u r o f t h e

t r e n c h e s w ere u s e d a t th e same t im e i n t h i s m anner t h e n o i s e

w o u ld h a v e b e e n d e a f e n in g — and som ew hat f r i g h t e n i n g i f i t

h e r a ld e d t h e a p p r o a c h o f a p o w e r fu l d i e t y .

The w e s t t r e n c h c o u ld h a v e b e e n u t i l i z e d i n th e a b o v e

m a n n er, e v e n th o u g h t h e d e e p p i t i s s e t in w a r d fro m t h e r o o k

a l ig n m e n t . A p la n k c o u ld e a s i l y h a v e b e e n p la c e d d i r e c t l y

o v e r t h i s p i t , w i t h e n d s r e s t i n g o n F lo o r I I I , o r s l i g h t l y

b e lo w i t , o r t h e p la n k s c o u ld h a v e b r id g e d t h e g a p b e tw e e n

t h e s t o n e a l ig n m e n t and t h e s l a b s o v e r th e c h a n n e l , w h ic h

m eth od w o u ld h a v e h e lp e d t o d i r e c t th e sou n d w a v e s i n t o th e

c h a n n e l . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , b e c a u s e t h e r o c k a l ig n m e n t had c o l ­

la p s e d s l i g h t l y , and b e c a u s e o f th e s t r a n g e n e s s o f t h e f e a ­

t u r e , i t i s im p o s s i b l e t o s a y fr o m t h e f i e l d n o t e s w h e th e r

o r n o t a n o p e n in g had e x i s t e d i n t h e r o c k a l ig n m e n t i n l i n e

w it h th e end o f t h e c h a n n e l . I f s u c h an o p e n in g e x i s t e d ,

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c o n n e c t in g t h e o u t e r t r o u g h s w it h th e c h a n n e l , t h e p e r c u s s i v e

p o s s i b i l i t i e s w o u ld h av e e q u a l l e d t h o s e o f th e s o u t h t r e n c h .

I t i s e a s y t o i n t e r p r e t th e n o r th t r e n c h i n s i m i l a r

m an n er, e v e n th o u g h i t i s som ew hat s m a l l e r . I t c o n t a in s a l l

t h e f e a t u r e s p r e s e n t i n t h e w e s t an d s o u t h t r e n c h e s , e x c e p t

f o r t h e s l a b s o v e r t h e c h a n n e l and th e q u e s t i o n a b l e e x i s t e n c e

o f t h e tw o o u t e r t r o u g h s , and th e la c k o f a s u b f lo o r s t o n e

a l ig n m e n t . N e v e r t h e l e s s , p la n k s p la c e d d i r e c t l y on th e g r o u n d ,

r e s t i n g a lo n g t h e m a r g in s o f t h e e x c a v a t i o n , w o u ld h a v e c o v e r e d

t h e d eep p i t an d t h e t r o u g h ( s ) . I t i s e n t i r e l y p o s s i b l e t h a t

t h e p la n k s c o u ld h av e e x te n d e d o v e r th e c h a n n e l i n t h i s t r e n c h

s i n c e no e v id e n c e o f s t o n e s l a b s w as f o u n d . S u ch an a r r a n g e ­

m ent w o u ld h a v e i n c r e a s e d t h e s to m p in g a r e a i n t h i s t r e n c h .

The p u r p o se o f t h e u p r ig h t s l a b and th e tw o s l a b s i n th e en d

o f t h e c h a n n e l c a n n o t b e e x p la in e d r e a d i l y , no m a t te r w h at

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i s g i v e n t h e t r e n c h e s . I f t h e n o r t h t r e n c h

w ere u s e d a s a f o o t drum , p la n k s m ig h t h a v e r e s t e d o n t h e s e

s t o n e s w i t h i n t h e m a r g in s o f t h e c h a n n e l r a t h e r th a n e x t e n d ­

in g b e y o n d th em — a sou n d s t i l l c o u ld h a v e b e e n p r o d u ce d i f

an a i r s p a c e w ere l e f t b e tw e e n t h e p la n k s and t h e b o tto m o f

t h e c h a n n e l . B e f o r e p r o c e e d in g t o th e e a s t t r e n c h , a f u r t h e r

w ord on t h e d e e p p i t s i s w a r r a n te d .

The d e e p p i t s i n t h e n o r t h and s o u th t r e n c h e s a r e

i d e n t i c a l i n p la c e m e n t . B o th a r e s e t i n th e c e n t e r o f s h a l ­

lo w e r o v a l b a s i n s im m e d ia te ly a d j a c e n t t o th e e n d s o f th e

c h a n n e ls and n e a r l y c e n t e r e d o n th e m id l in e o f t h e c h a n n e l s .

163

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The sh a p e o f t h e c o m p le x o f d e e p p i t w i t h i n t h e b a s i n i s

s t a r t l i n g l y r e m i n i s c e n t o f c e r t a i n f o o t drum s r e c o r d e d i n s m a l l

k i v a s a t P o i n t o f P in e s i n t h e P o i n t o f P in e s p h a se ( S m ile y

1 9 5 2 : F i g . 5 , 3 6 - 3 9 ) , p o s s i b l y a t S h ip a u lo v i ( M ln d e le f f 1 8 9 1 :

1 2 1 - 1 2 2 ) , an d a t t h e D a v is P u n ch ^ i t e i n s o u t h e a s t e r n A r iz o n a

( G e r a ld , R .E . , m s . ) . P i t s c l o s e l y s i m i l a r to t h i s w ere fo u n d

a t T e ’ e w i a l s o (W end orf 1 9 5 3 : 4 8 ) . T h ese s i m i l a r i t i e s i n v i t e

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e d e e p p i t s and b a s i n s , a t l e a s t , a s f o o t

d ru m s. A lth o u g h t h e d e e p p i t i n t h e w e s t t r e n c h i s som ew hat

d i f f e r e n t i n sh a p e and l o c a t i o n , i t i s th o u g h t t o be s i m i ­

l a r en o u g h t o w a r r a n t t h e same i n t e r p r e t a t i o n .

The e a s t t r e n c h , u n f o r t u n a t e l y , l a c k s t h e d e e p p i t

and b a s i n , t h e t r o u g h s , and t h e s u b f lo o r r o c k a l i g n m e n t s .

U n le s s so u n d c o u ld b e p r o d u c e d b y s to m p in g o n t h e s u r f a c e o f

t h e s l a b s o v e r th e c h a n n e l , i t seem s t o c o n t a i n no p o s i b i l i -

t i e s f o r f u n c t i o n i n g i n t h i s m a n n er . I do n o t t h in k i t i s

c o m p le t e ly im p o s s ib l e t h a t som e so u n d c o u ld h a v e b e e n p r o ­

d u ced b y th u m p in g o n t h e s t o n e s l a b s , b u t i t w o u ld n o t h a v e

e q u a l l e d i n vo lu m e o r q u a l i t y t h e so u n d p r o d u c e d i n t h e o t h e r

t r e n c h e s .

B e c a u s e o f t h e p r o b le m s p r e s e n t e d b y t h e v a r ia n c e o f

t h e e a s t t r e n c h , p e r h a p s som e o t h e r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f a l l o f

t h e t r e n c h e s s h o u ld be p r e s e n t e d . E l l i s (1 9 5 2 ) d e s c r i b e s th e

u s e o f v a r i o u s s u b f lo o r p i t s d u r in g t h e r e d e d i c a t i o n cerem o n y

o f t h e b i g k i v a s a t J e m e z . o n e o f t h e p i t s d e s c r ib e d w as

l a r g e en o u g h t o h o ld a man i n a c r o u c h in g p o s i t i o n . I n t h e

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Jem ez cerem o n y th e man i n t h i s s e a l e d - o v e r p i t im p e r s o n a t e s

t h e C orn M o th e r . A l l o f t h e c h a n n e ls o f t h e t r e n c h e s i n

G rea t K iv a I I w ere l a r g e en o u g h to h o ld a man i n a p ro n e

p o s i t i o n . Any number o f m a g ic a l m a n i f e s t a t i o n s , su c h a s

c o r n g r o w in g , smoke b lo w in g , or s p i r i t v o i c e s , c a n b e im a g in e d

a s r e s u l t i n g from s u c h c o n c e a lm e n t o f i n d i v i d u a l s .

E l l i s ( i b i d . ) a l s o d e s c r i b e s s e v e r a l o t h e r p i t s or

w a l le d b i n s w h ic h w ere u se d t o c o n t a i n r a t s , r a b b i t s , o r i n

e a r l i e r p e r i o d s , a d e e r o r b e a r * W h ile non e o f t h e t r e n c h e s

i n G r ea t K iv a I I c o u ld h a v e h e ld la r g e (a n d a c t i v e ) a n im a ls ,

t h e y c e r t a i n l y c o u ld h a v e h o u se d r a t s , r a b b i t s , s k u n k s , and

t h e l i k e . H ow ever b e c a u s e o f t h e e x t e n t and th e v a r i e t y o f

d e p r e s s i o n s , i t m ig h t h a v e b e e n som ew hat d i f f i c u l t t o p r o d u ce

t h e r e q u ir e d a n im a l a t t h e r e q u ir e d m om ent— a som ew h at em bar­

r a s s i n g s i t u a t i o n f o r t h e m a g ic ia n , I s h o u ld t h i n k . I t seem s

m ore p r o b a b le t h a t t h e p o t t e r y c a c h e t o t h e e a s t o f t h e h e a r t h

i n G r e a t K iv a I I ( d e s c r i b e d i n t h e d a t a s e c t i o n ) w o u ld h a v e

b e e n u se d t o h o ld t h e s m a l l a n im a ls , j u s t a s th e j a r c a c h e

i n t h e J em ez g r e a t k iv a w a s u s e d ( E l l i s 1 9 5 2 : 1 5 1 ) i n c o n ­

n e c t i o n w i t h t h e M o u n ta in L io n s o c i e t y an d t h e H unt C h i e f .

One o t h e r s u g g e s t i o n w i l l b e made c o n c e r n in g th e p o s ­

s i b l e u s e o f t h e f l o o r t r e n c h e s , b u t i t m e e ts w i t h m a p y d i f f i ­

c u l t i e s . H odge (1 9 3 7 : P l a t e X V II) p i c t u r e s a r o c k - l i n e d

sn a k e p en a t H aw lk u h . I h a v e b e e n u n a b le t o f i n d a n y r e f ­

e r e n c e s i n h i s t e x t t o t h i s sn a k e p e n , i t s l o c a t i o n w i t h i n

t h e s i t e , and t h e b a s i s f o r h i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f i t s u s e .

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The o u t l i n e s o f t h i s p e n a r e c e r t a i n l y n o t i d e n t i c a l w i t h

an y o f t h e f l o o r t r e n c h e s we a r e d i s c u s s i n g . The sn a k e p en

c o n s i s t s o f a c h a n n e l , a p p a r e n t ly a b o v e g ro u n d and fo rm ed by

r o c k s l a b s s e t on end i n a r o o k c o v e r e d f l a t f l o o r , o v e r w h ic h

a t on e en d a s t o n e r i n g w ith a h o l e i n t h e c e n t e r r e s t s on t h e

t o p e d g e s o f t h e s la b and on s e v e r a l s m a l l s u p p o r t in g p o l e s

w h ic h a l s o r e s t on t h e u p r ig h t s l a b s . To t h e l e f t o f t h i s

c h a n n e l , w h ic h i s o p e n a t t h e end o p p o s i t e t h e s t o n e r i n g ,

i s a s t o n e - l i n e d b o x . The b o x h a s a s e m i c i r c u l a r o p e n in g a t

t h e b a s e o f t h e f r o n t s i d e . T h is o p e n in g and t h e o p e n en d o f

t h e c h a n n e l f a c e o u t u p on t h e a to n e c o v e r e d f l o o r ; t h e o p e n

end o f t h e c h a n n e l i s i n l i n e w i t h a sq u a r e f e a t u r e w h ic h

a p p e a r s t o b e an a s h - f i l l e d f i r e b o x , w it h s t o n e s l a b s on tw o

s i d e s i n l i n e w i t h t h e o u t l i n e s o f th e c h a n n e l . From t h e

d e s c r i p t i o n i t i s e a s y t o s e e t h a t t h e sn a k e p en and t h e

f l o o r t r e n c h e s a r e n o t i d e n t i c a l . N e v e r t h e l e s s , th e t r e n c h e s

c o u ld h av e f u n c t i o n e d a s h o u s in g f o r s n a k e s — a g a in i t w o u ld

h a v e b e e n d i f f i c u l t t o c a t c h t h e i n h a b i t a n t s o f t h e t r e n c h e s ,

b u t b y u s e o f a lo n g sn a k e w h ip , su c h a s t h o s e d e s c r ib e d f o r

t h e ffo p i b y S t e p h e n ( P a r s o n 1 9 3 6 : 6 1 5 , 6 5 6 ) t h e s n a k e s c o u ld

b e h e r d e d w h ere n e c e s s a r y , p r o v id in g t h e t r o u g h s and d e e p

p i t s w ere n o t c o v e r e d . I f t h e o u t e r e n d s o f t h e t r e n c h e s

w ere l e f t o p e n , s h i e l d e d from t h e s p e c t a t o r s p e r h a p s b y b r u s h

b a r r i e r s , p o s s i b l y r e s e m b l in g t h e b o w e r s f o r s n a k e s d e s c r ib e d

b y S te p h e n ( P a r s o n s 1 9 3 6 : 5 8 2 ) , t h e s n a k e s c o u ld h a v e b e e n

c o n t a in e d i n t h e d e e p p i t o r i n th e t r e n c h , and p o s s i b l y e v e n

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d r iv e n th r o u g h t h e c h a n n e l t o em erg e a t t h e o t h e r en d w hen

some o f t h e s l a b s w ere l i f t e d , o r w hen a p o k er u n e a r th e d them

( s i m i l a r t o u s e o f t h e p o k er d e s c r ib e d b y E l l i s , 1 9 5 2 : 1 5 1 ) .

The a s s o c i a t i o n o f t h e c o tto n w o o d bow er ( k i a l ) o f t h e H op i

sn a k e d a n c e s w it h a f o o t d r u a - s ip a p u c o m b in a t io n " fe a tu r e i s

d o cu m en ted by S te p h e n (P a r s o n s 1 9 3 6 ) , D o r se y and T o th ( 1 9 0 2 ) ,

and V o th ( 1 9 0 3 ) . I t seem s p o s s i b l e th e n t h a t t h e s p e c i f i c

c o m b in a t io n o f f e a t u r e s a s s o c i a t e d i n t h e f l o o r t r e n c h a t

P o i n t o f P in e s R u in c o u ld be r e l a t e d t o t h e s n a k e p e n , th e

bow er ( k i s i ) and t h e fo o t d r u m - s ip a p u a s s o c i a t e d w i t h H awikuh

and t h e H op i t o w n s . A lth o u g h no S n ake cerem o n y e x i s t s i n

p r e s e n t - d a y Z u a i to w n a s i t d o e s i n th e H o p i v i l l a g e s , t h e

d e s i g n a t i o n b y H odge o f t h e s t o n e a l ig n m e n t s a t H aw ikuh a s

Msn a k e pens" and t h e e x i s t e n c e i n Z u n i o f t h e R a t t l e s n a k e

M e d ic in e S o c i e t y may i n d i c a t e a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h a S n ak e c e r e ­

mony a t some e a r l i e r p e r i o d .

The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e c h a n n e l a s a r e s o n a n c e

ch am b er, a s s o c i a t e d w i t h u s e o f t h e d e e p p i t s , t r o u g h s , and

s u b f lo o r r o c k a l ig n m e n t s a s f o o t dru m s, i s b a s e d on s e v e r a l

r e a s o n s . The f i r s ^ t o f t h e s e i s o b v i o u s l y t h a t t h e c h a n n e ls

c o u ld p h y s i c a l l y h a v e f u n c t i o n e d i n t h i s m a n n er . S e c o n d a r y

s u p p o r t i s g i v e n t h i s h y p o t h e s i s b y in f o r m a t io n p e r t a i n i n g

t o a c e r t a i n t y p e o f M ohave drum . T h is M ohave drum i s n o t

i d e n t i c a l i n a c t u a l p h y s i c a l d e t a i l s w i t h t h e c h a n n e ls ;

h o w ev er K r o e b e r ’ s d e s c r i p t i o n i n d i c a t e s a s i m i l a r i t y o f

c o n s t r u c t i o n and i n t e n t :

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. . . a t r e n c h p e r h a p s 4 f e e t lo n g and a fe w i n c h e s w id e i s s c o o p e d o u t w it h t h e f o o t and s p r i n k l e d t o co m p a ct i t s w a l l s . At o n e en d a t r a y - s h a p e d G h e a e h u e v i b a s k e t i s l a i d and b e a t e n ; a t t h e o t h e r , a l a r g e p o t i s s e t a s a r e s o n a n c e c h a m b e r . . . .w h e n t h e b a s k e t i s s t r u c k w it h t h e p a lm , t h e j a r g i v e s o u t a d e e p b o o m in g , and t h e p e o p le a s s e m b le . . . . H e s h o u t s : *Hu£ o n c e , o n c e , o n c e , * t h e drummer s m i t e s h i s b a s k e t , and a l l c l a p h a n d s . A g a in t h e r u n n er c o m e s , b u t c a l l s : ’ T w ic e , t w i c e , t w i c e . . . ’ and a s a l l a n s w e r , ’Y e s , ’ and c la p a g a in , t h e drummer and s in g e r b e g i n .(K ro eb er 1 9 2 5 : 7 2 4 - 7 6 5 ) .

I t i s n o t c l e a r fro m t h i s d e s c r i p t i o n how m uch o p e n

s p a c e e x i s t s b e tw e e n t h e e d g e o f t h e b a s k e t and t h e r im o f

th e j a r , b u t o b v i o u s l y t h e g r o u n d t r e n c h s e r v e d t o c o n d u c t

and a m p l i f y t h e p e r c u s s i v e e f f e c t s i n t o th e e c h o in g p o t .

The c h a n n e ls i n G r e a t K iv a I I may h a v e b e e n u se d i n a s i m i ­

l a r f a s h i o n .

Summary:

The r e c o n s t r u c t i o n s e c t i o n h a s a t t e m p te d t o d e s c r i b e

t h e s e q u e n c e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e com m unal a r e a o f P o i n t o f

P in e s R u in , and t h e f e a t u r e s a n d e x t e n t o f e a c h o f th e s t r u c ­

t u r e s w h ic h o c c u p ie d t h i s a r e a .

The e a r l i e s t o c c u p a t i o n , t h e p i t h o u s e o c c u p a t io n , h a s

n o t b e e n d i s c u s s e d a s i t h a s no b e a r in g on t h e c e r e m o n ia l o r

communal u s e o f t h e a r e a .

The h o u se b l o c k , w h o se s o u t h row o f room s l a t e r form ed

t h e n o r th s i d e o f t h e p l a z a , an d t h e tw o g r e a t k i v a s , w as t h e

e a r l i e s t p u e b lo t y p e u n i t i n t h e v i c i n i t y t o b e in c o r p o r a t e d

i n th e l a t e r s t r u c t u r e s . The h o u se b lo c k w as b u i l t o f b a n d ed

t u f f m a so n r y .

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The p la z a w as form ed, b y t h e a d d i t i o n o f s e v e r a l b u i l d ­

in g u n i t s t o t h e s o u t h row o f t h e e a r l i e r h o u se b l o c k . The

p la z a had a w id e e a s t e r n e n t r a n c e ; i t w as & u l l t o f b an d ed

t u f f m aso n ry a l s o .

G r e a t K iv a I w as fo rm ed by t h e a d d i t i o n o f Room 1 4 o n

t h e e a s t s i d e and a w in g w a l l i n t h e s o u t h e a s t c o r n e r . The

r o o f o f G r ea t K iv a I w as s u p p o r te d b y 12 o r 13 p o s t s . En­

t r a n c e w as on t h e s o u t h e a s t s i d e , l e a d in g i n t o a z i g z a g p a s ­

sa g ew a y w h ic h c o n n e c t e d w i t h a n e n c lo s e d p la z a t o t h e s o u t h .

C o n s t r u c t io n t e c h n iq u e u s e d d u r in g t h i s p e r io d w as s p a l l e d

r u b b le . I t i s im p o s s i b l e t o a s s o c i a t e s p e c i f i o f l o o r f e a t u r e s

w it h G r e a t K iv a I .

G rea t ^ i v a I I i s l a r g e r t h a n a l l t h e p r e v io u s s t r u c t u r e s ,

a s a r e s u l t o f d e s t r u c t i o n o f s e v e r a l room s and t h e w in g w a l l

on t h e e a s t s i d e o f G r ea t K iv a I . The r o o f o f t h e s t r u c t u r e ,

b e l i e v e d t o h a v e s t o o d a t a h e i g h t o f tw o s t o r i e s , w as su p ­

p o r te d b y 17 l a r g e p o s t s . E n tr a n c e w as a g a in on t h e s o u t h ­

e a s t s i d e , i n t o a som ew h at e x te n d e d e n tr y w a y w h ic h l e a d t o t h e

sam e p la z a on t h e s o u t h . G r ea t K iv a I I w as c h a r a c t e r i z e d by

a c e n t r a l b a s in - s h a p e d h e a r t h , f o u r t r e n c h e s w h ic h r a d i a t e d

from th e h e a r t h to w a r d t h e fo u r c a r d i n a l d i r e c t i o n s , and a

s m a l l p a r t i t i o n e d a r e a a g a i n s t t h e n o r t h e a s t w a l l . The

t r e n c h e s h a v e b e e n a n a ly z e d i n te r m s o f t h e i r co m p on en t

p a r t s , and c a n b e com p ared w i t h e a c h o t h e r on t h i s b a s i s .

T hey a r e u n l ik e a n y o t h e r a r c h a e o l o g i c a l o r e t h n o l o g i c a l

f e a t u r e s known t o d a t e . I t i s p o s t u l a t e d t h a t t h e t r e n c h e s

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1 7d

f u n c t io n e d a s f o o t drum s, w i t h e la b o r a t e d r e s o n a n c e ch a m b ers

i n t h e form o f s l a b - c o v e r e d c h a n n e l s , and w i t h a b r u s h b a r r i e r

a t t h e o u t e r e n d . T h ere i s a p o s s i b i l i t y , on t h e b a s i s o f

a n a lo g o u s u se o f v a r i o u s co m p o n en ts o f t h e s e t r e n c h e s , t h a t

th e c h a n n e ls c o u ld a l s o h a v e b e e n u se d i n c o n j u n c t io n w i t h

a Snake c er e m o n y , su c h a s t h e w e ll-k n o w n cerem o n y a t Ho p i ,

i n w h ic h a bow er o f b r u s h , and a p la n k ty p e fo o td r u m a r e

u se d i n t h e p l a z a . The c h a n n e l p a r t o f t h e t r e n c h t h e n

may h av e f u n c t i o n e d a s t h e sn a k e p en p ic t u r e d by H o d g e , a s

w e l l a s a r e s o n a t o r . N a t u r a l l y , n o n e o f t h e s e s u g g e s t i o n s

c a n b e c o n f ir m e d , b u t i f t h e y a r e o f f e r e d a t t h i s t im e , t h e y

may s e r v e t o s t i m u l a t e t h o u g h t and o b s e r v a t io n among o t h e r s .

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RELATIONSHIPS IN THE POINT OF PINES LOCALITY

C h r o n o lo g ic a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s :

D a t in g m e th o d s h a v e b e e n d i s c u s s e d g e n e r a l l y i n t h e

d a ta s e c t i o n u n d er ” p o t t e r y .* 1 I n g e n e r a l , p r o c e d u r e f o l l o w e d

i s s ta n d a r d t o t h e f i e l d o f s o u t h w e s t e r n a r c h a e o lo g y i n t h a t

c e r t a i n p o t t e r y t y p e s , b e l i e v e d t o h a v e som e t e m p o r a l a f f i l ­

i a t i o n a s s i g n e d by d e n d r o c h r o n o lo g ic a l d a t in g w i t h i n th e s i t e ,

h a v e b e e n a c c e p t e d a s i n d i c a t o r s o f a t im e h o r iz o n . T h e se

t y p e s , w hen c o n s id e r e d w i t h o t h e r t y p e s o c c u a in g i n th e sam e

c o n t e x t i n P o i n t o f P i n e s l o c a l i t y , s u p p ly th e b a s i s f o r th e

assign m en t o f. p h a se n a m es . S in c e fe w d e n d r o c h r o n o lo g ic a l d a t e s

h a v e b e e n o b t a in e d from P o i n t o f P in e s ( S m ile y 1 9 5 1 ) , d a t in g

o f t h e p h a s e s i n t h i s l o c a l i t y i s b a s e d p r im a r i ly on c e r a m ic

c r o s s - d a t i n g , ^ o t r e e - r i n g d a t e s w ere o b t a in e d from G r ea t

K iv a I I .

T a b le 4 i n d i c a t e s t h e p h a s e a f f i l i a t i o n o f v a r io u s

p o t t e r y s a m p le s c o l l e c t e d w i t h i n and b e lo w G r ea t K iv a I I ,

from a d j a c e n t r o o m s , and from t h e e n tr y w a y . T h e se a f f i l i a t i o n s

w ere a s s i g n e d , w i t h o n e e x c e p t i o n , a f t e r e x a m in a t io n o f t h e

p o t t e r y i n T u c so n b y D r . E m il W. H aury and t h i s a u th o r i n t h e

f a l l o f 1 9 5 7 . A s s ig n m e n t o f p h a se a f f i l i a t i o n f o r room s i t e m ­

i z e d un der t h e c a p t i o n , MS u r r o u n d in g R oom s," i n T a b le 4 w as

made on t h e b a s i s o f p o t t e r y a n a l y s i s made b y t h e i n d i v i d u a l

e x c a v a t o r u n d er t h e d i r e c t i o n o f D r . H aury i n t h e f i e l d l a b o -

1 7 1 '

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LOCATION OF SHERD SAMPLE PHASE ASSIGNMENT

%8< Q

l lOMZ oO M *)

M < M

#-4

9S

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If)CMr-4

O N4I no o

oo

If)CM3

H rs j H\

5 ^

G rea t K iv a I I — F i l l

r p r e a t K iv a I I — E n try w a y F i l l

> 2i r

> V

S u r r o u n d in g Rooms— F i l l ( 2 7 , 3 5 , 3 9 , 2 2 , 1 8 , 3 1 ,

1 6 , 9 , 1 5 , 5 8 , 5 3 , 2 1 , 3 4 , 2 3 , 1 7 , 1 9 , 2 6 , 2 0 )

G reat K iv a I I — S u b f lo o r£ h

< ^ o o m 2 4 — F i l l t o s t e r i l e03 M j

iji^^ jp oom 1 4 - - F 1 1 1 ( b e lo wi i l

4 S u b s tr u c tu r e 2

L-. | O-

- M■HVjj

E l

F lo o r I I I . G .K , I I )

* S u b s tr u c tu r e 1

G reat K iv a I E n try w a y . S u b f lo o r ( I I I )

P i th o u s e 2

P ith o u s e 3

L i < 4

A y A

^ ^

7

/i

■ 1ill

_ 2 _

»hisi$W *M «5SI55|BGGRR*

TABLE 4 : PHASE AFFILIATIONSOF GREAT KIVA I AND I I ,

AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES.

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1 7 3

r a t o r y . •

A summary and I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f T a b le 4 r e v e a l s t h a t

G rea t & iv a I I w as b u i l t , o c c u p ie d , and a b a n d o n ed d u r in g t h e

C anyon C r ee k p h a s e , o r from a b o u t A .D . 1 3 2 5 - 1 4 0 0 . G r ea t K iv a

I w as b u i l t and u t i l i z e d d u r in g P in e d a le p h a s e , r o u g h ly fro m

A .D . 1275 t o 1 3 8 5 . A bandonm ent o f G r ea t K iv a I and t h e r e ­

m o d e lin g o f t h i s s t r u c t u r e i n t o G r e a t K iv a I I m u st h a v e o c ­

c u r r e d p r a c t i c a l l y s i m u l t a n e o u s l y , t h u s m a rk in g th e en d o f

o n e p h a se ( P i n e d a l e ) and u s h e r in g i n a n o th e r (C anyon C r e e k ) .

The p la z a and t h e e a r l i e r h o u se b lo c k w ere b u i l t e i t h e r e a r l y

i n t h e P i n e d a le p h a s e , or p o s s i b l y i n M a v e r ic k M o u n ta in t i m e s ,

i f t h e m ix e d c h a r a c t e r o f t h e s u b f lo o r p o t t e r y i s i n t e r p r e t e d

c o r r e c t l y . T h e se s h e r d s , i d e n t i f i e d i n T a b le 4 a s " G rea t

K iv a I I — S u b f l o o r ," a c t u a l l y com e from th e n o r t h e a s t and

s o u t h e a s t q u a d r a n ts o f t h e s t r u c t u r e d e s c r ib e d h e r e i n a s

G r e a t K iv a I . T h at i s , t h e s h e r d s do n o t come from w i t h i n t h e

c o n f i n e s <bf a n y o f t h e S u b s t r u c t u r e room s o r w in g w a l l s . I t

i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e M a v e r ic k M o u n ta in m a t e r i a l w as s p r e a d

o v e r t h i s a r e a a b o v e t h e s t e r i l e la y e r a t t h e t im e U n i t s A

and C w ere b u i l t , and t h a t t h i s m a t e r i a l was m ix ed w i t h th e

l a t e r s h e r d s d u r in g o c c u p a t io n o r e x c a v a t i o n . No r e c o r d o f

a lo w o v e r - a l l s u r f a c e w h ic h m ig h t s u p p o r t t h i s c o n t e n t i o n

h a s b e e n fo u n d , h o w e v e r . B e c a u s e o f t h e c e r a m ic m ix t u r e and

th e f a c t t h a t many o f t h e e x c a v a t e d M a v e r ic k M o u n ta in p h a se

room s i n t h e a r e a s o u t h o f G r e a t K iv a I I a r e c o n s t r u c t e d o f

b a n d ed t u f f m a s o n r y , i t seem s p o s s i b l e t o s p e c u l a t e t h a t

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U n i t s A and C may h a v e b e e n b u i l t d u r in g o r a t t h e c l o s e o f

t h i s p h a s e , and c o n s e q u e n t ly t h a t t h e h o u s e b lo c k an d p la z a

may h a v e b e e n u s e d b y t h e M a v e r ic k M o u n ta in o c c u p a n t s . Un­

f o r t u n a t e l y b e c a u s e o f t h e g r o s s n e s s o f t h e e x c a v a t i o n d a t a

w i t h i n t h e com m unal a r e a , c h i e f l y a t t r i b u t a b l e t o th e b u lk o f

t h e f i l l r em o v ed and t im e l i m i t a t i o n s o n t h e e x c a v a t i o n , i t i s

n o t p o s s i b l e t o a t t r i b u t e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f e i t h e r o f t h e s e e n ­

t i t i e s to a s p e c i f i c p h a s e ; t h e h o u se b lo c k and th e p la z a

c o u ld h a v e b e e n b u i l t e i t h e r i n l a t e M a v e r ic k M o u n ta in o r

P in e d a le p h a s e s .

The M a v e r ic k M o u n ta in t r a s h b e lo w t h e f l o o r o f t h e

e n tr y w a y t o G r e a t K iv a I I com es from a s e c t i o n s o u t h o f t h e

s o u t h w a l l o f Boom 1 4 . The r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h i s t r a s h t o

t h e b a s e o f t h e b a n d ed t u f f w a l l s o f th e s o u t h e r n s e c t i o n o f

th e e n tr y w a y i s n o t known s i n c e t h i s a r e a h a s b e e n o n ly

s l i g h t l y t e s t e d . When t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p i s d e t e r m in e d , i t

may be p o s s i b l e t o d a t e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e p la z a m ore d e f ­

i n i t e l y . W ith t h e p r e s e n t s t a t e o f ou r k n o w le d g e , t h i s

M a v e r ic k M o u n ta in t r a s h see m s t o i n d i c a t e t h a t so m etim e

p r io r t o c o n s t r u c t i o n o f b o t h o f t h e g r e a t k i v a s t h i s a r e a

w as u s e d a s a dump b y t h e M a v e r ic k M o u n ta in i n h a b i t a n t s .

The tw o p i t h o u s e s u n d er G r ea t K iv a I I a r e a p p a r e n t ly

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f T u la r o s a p h a s e . C eram ic m a t e r i a l from

P i t h o u s e 2 i s b a d ly m ix e d , b e c a u s e o f t h e s u p e r p o s i t i o n and

r e m o d e l in g o f t h e s p a l l e d b lo c k w a l l p o s s i b l y , a n d , m ore p r o ­

b a b ly , b e c a u s e o f e x c a v a t i o n s made i n t o t h e p i t h o u s e t r a s h

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o r a d j a c e n t s t e r i l e s o i l b y t h e o c c u p a n t s o f Rooms 53 and

5 8 , and th e d i g g e r s o f P o s t h o le 4 . P i t h o u s e 3 m u st h a v e

b e e n a b a n d o n ed p r io r t o th e end o f t h e T u la ro sa p h a s e , s i n c e

C r em a tio n f 2 , c o n s i s t i n g o f a M cD onald C o r r u g a te d b o w l i n v e r t e d

o v e r a T u la r o s a B la c k -o n - W h ite j a r , w as fo u n d h ig h up i n t h e

s o u t h w e s t p o s t h o l e o f th e p i t h o u s e , r e s t i n g o n f i l l i n t h i s

p o s t h o l e . F i l l and f l o o r s h e r d s fro m t h i s s t r u c t u r e w ere a l s o

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f T u la r o s a p h a s e .

From t h e i n f o r m a t io n a v a i l a b l e i n t h e room r e p o r t s , i t

a p p e a r s t h a t t h e s u r r o u n d in g ro o m s, e x c e p t i n g Rooms 1 4 and

2 4 , w ere l a s t o c c u p ie d d u r in g t h e C anyon G reek p h a s e , and w ere

a b a n d o n ed so m e tim e p r io r t o t h e i n c e p t i o n o f t h e l a t e r P o i n t

o f P i n e s p h a s e . From a r c h i t e c t u r a l e v id e n c e p r e s e n t e d i n th e

f o r e g o i n g t e x t , i t i s o b v io u s t h a t m o st o f t h e s e room s w ere

c o n s t r u c t e d p r io r t o C anyon C reek p h a s e , and p r io r t o , o r a t

t h e i n c e p t i o n o f P i n e d a le p h a s e . I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e Can­

yon C reek p h a se p o t t e r y d a t i n g o f t h e f i l l and f l o o r s o f t h e s e

room s m u st d ep en d upon t h e e x p la n a t io n t h a t t h e room s w ere

c o n t i n u o u s l y o c c u p ie d and t h e r e f o r e k e p t c l e a n o f t h e d a y - t o -

d ay and y e a r - t o - y e a r l i t t e r so m e a n in g f u l t o a r c h a e o l o g i s t s .

T h e se room s a l s o c o u ld h a v e b e e n a b a n d o n e d , f i l l e d , c l e a n e d -

o u t , and r e - o c c u p i e d w hen p o p u la t io n p r e s s u r e n e c e s s i t a t e d

e x p a n s io n . B e c a u s e o f t h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l e v i d e n c e , and th e c e r ­

am ic d a t in g o f t h e S u b f lo o r m a t e r i a l i n G r e a t K iv a I I , t h e

c o n c l u s i o n see m s i n e s c a p a b l e t h a t p o t t e r y d a t i n g , a p p l i e d t o

t h e s e r o o m s , c a n s e r v e o n ly t o i n d i c a t e t h e p e r io d o f f i n a l

o c c u p a t io n o f t h e r o o m s .

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The lo n g w a l l w h ic h r u n s e a s t - w e s t , fo r m in g th e com­

mon member i n Rooms 14 and 2 4 , ca n b e d a te d a t l e a s t a s e a r l y

a s P i n e d a le p h a s e , s i n c e t h e c e r a m ic c o m p le x i n b o t h t h e s e

room s a t t h e w a l l b a s e and r e s t i n g a g a i n s t th e w a l l f a c e , i s

P i n e d a l e . U n f o r t u n a t e ly , t h e m a t e r i a l b e lo w th e f l o o r s o f

t h e s e room s and a b o v e s t e r i l e s o i l i s n o t v o lu m in o u s o r d ia g ­

n o s t i c e n o u g h t o i n d i c a t e an e a r l i e r e r e c t i o n o f t h i s w a l l .

D a t in g o f t h i s w a l l c a n b e im p o r ta n t t o i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f th e

e n t i r e s i t e , s i n c e t h e e a s t e r n end o f t h i s w a l l b u t t s a g a i n s t

t h e i n s i d e f a c e o f th e m a s s iv e " G r e a t W all" w h ic h s u r r o u n d s

th e m a in p o r t i o n s o f t h e p u e b lo . B e f o r e an y d a t i n g c a n be

a t t e m p t e d , h o w e v e r , t h i s w a l l w i l l h a v e t o be c l e a r e d o f d e ­

b r i s f o r i t s e n t i r e l e n g t h t o a s c e r t a i n i t s c o n t i n u i t y , and

t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e n a t u r e o f t h e t r a s h a b u t t i n g t h e b a s e o f

t h e w a l l , o r o n w h ic h t h e w a l l r e s t s . I f t h e w a l l i s c o n t in u ­

o u s , i t a p p e a r s fro m t h e s t r o n g c e r a m ic d a t i n g o f Rooms 2 4 a n d

1 4 , t h a t t h e " G r e a t W all" o f t h e p u e b lo w as b u i l t d u r in g o r

p r io r t o P i n e d a le p h a s e , a p e r io d b e l i e v e d t o b e s p a r s e l y

r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e P o in t o f P i n e s l o c a l i t y .

F o rm a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s :

The tw o g r e a t k i v a s d i s c u s s e d i n t h i s p a p er a r e t h e

c u lm in a t io n o f a lo n g t r a d i t i o n o f g r e a t k i v a s i n t h e P o in t

o f P in e s l o c a l i t y . F ig u r e 9 i l l u s t r a t e s t h i s s e q u e n c e o f

g r e a t k i v a s m uch m ore g r a p h i c a l l y th a n w ord s c a n . Some may

d i s p u t e t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e tw o C i r c l e p r a i r i e c e r e m o n ia l

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FIGURE 9;

SEQUENCE OF GREAT KIVAS,

POINT OF PINES, ARIZONA

N o r th i s up

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178POINT OF PINES TILLAGE, A RIZ. W:1 0 :5 0

A .D . 1 3 2 5 -1 4 0 0 PUEBLO IT

SIZE: 2 6 4 s q , m DEPTH: S u r f a c e ENTRY: S B ; S te p p e d ROOF: 17 P o s t s HEARTH: C e n t r a l WALLS: S t o n e LOCATION: I n c o r p o r a t e d FEATURES: 4 C e n t r a l F lo o r T r e n c h e s

POINT OF PINES TILLAGE, ARIZ. W :1 0 :5 0 . A .D . 1 2 7 5 -1 3 2 5 PUEBLO I I I - I T

SIZ E : 2 2 0 s q . m DEPTH: S u r f a c e ENTRY:SE; S t e p , Rmp?ROOF: 12 P o s t s HEARTH: C e n t r a l ? WALLS: S t o n e LOCATION: I n c o r p o r a t e d FEATURES: ?

NANTACK TILLAGE, A RIZ. W:1 0 ; 11 1 A .D . 9 0 0 -1 0 0 0 PUEBLO I I

SIZ E: 153 s q . m DEPTH: . 1 5 - 1 . 1 5 m ENTRY: E? S t e p , R asp ROOF: 10 P o s t s HEARTH: N . C e n t r a l WALLS: C la y LOCATION: I n d e p e n d e n t FEATURES: N one

CROOKED RIDGE TILLAGE, A RIZ. W :10:15 A .D . 4 0 0 -6 0 0 MDGOLLON 2 (BM I I I )

SIZE: 112 s q . m DEPTH: 1 .7 0 m ENTRY: E;Step,Ram pRO O F: 4 P o s t HEARTH: C e n t r a l W A L L S :P la stered LOCATION: I n d e p e n d e n t . C la yFEATURES: C e n t r a l F lo o r G r o o v es

CROOKED RIDGE TILLAGE, ARIZ. W :10:15 A .D . ? - 4 0 0 MDGOLLON 1 (BM I I )

SIZ E: 6 4 s q . m DEPTH: 1 .5 0 m ENTRY:SW; StepjRampROOF: 4 P o s t s HEARTH: C e n t r a l WALLS: C la y LOCATION: I n d e p e n d e n t FEATURES: C e n t r a l F lo o r G r o o v e s

SCALE 1 : 3 3 6

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s t r u c t u r e s a s g r e a t k i v a s . H ow ever t h e in f o r m a t io n p r e s e n t e d

b y W heat (1 9 5 5 : T a b le 5 7 ) i n d i c a t e s th e w id e e x t e n t o f s i m i ­

l a r s t r u c t u r e s i n t h e M o g o llo n c u l t u r e a r e a s i n p e r io d s p r io r

t o A .D , 1 0 0 0 . The r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s t o s e t t l e ­

m ent p a t t e r n o f th e v i l l a g e , and th e n u m erou s p e c u l i a r f l o o r

g r o o v e s a s s o c i a t e d w it h t h e s e l a r g e h o u s e s i n d i c a t e a cerem o n ­

i a l u s a g e . I p r e f e r n o t t o r e s t r i c t th e d e f i n i t i o n o f " G rea t

K iv a s" i n t h e way E e i t e r (1 9 4 6 : 2 8 7 - 2 8 8 ) d id , n or do I in t e n d

t o e n t e r i n t o th e arg u m en t o v e r o r i g i n o f t h e " G rea t K iv a

com p lex" a t t h i s t i m e . The d o c u m e n ta t io n o f t h e l a r g e c e r e ­

m o n ia l h o u s e s i n su c h number and a t su c h a n e a r l y d a t e i n th e

M o g o llo n a r e a a s W heat (1 9 5 5 ) and H u gh es (1 9 5 4 ) h a v e d o n e ,

n e e d s t o be a n sw e r e d w i t h s i m i l a r d o c c u m e n ta t io n f o r t h e

A n a s a z i a r e a s b e f o r e a n y r e a l i s t i c c o n c l u s i o n s a s t o o r i g i n o f

t h e c o m p le x may b e r e a c h e d .

The g r e a t k iv a a t N a n ta o k V i l l a g e ( B r e t e r n i t z 1 9 5 6 : 2 1 )

i s sa id to be u n iq u e i n i t s e a s t e r n o r i e n t a t i o n and s i z e w hen

com pared w i t h o t h e r M o g o llo n c e r e m o n ia l h o u s e s o f t h e M o g o llo n

4 p e r i o d . H ow ever a l l o f t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n

o f th e L una D an ce P i t , a r e q u a d r a n g u la r ; an d o f t h e f o u r quad­

r a n g u la r s t r u c t u r e s l i s t e d b y W heat (1 9 5 5 : 5 7 ) , t h r e e h a v e a

s t e p p e d e n t r a n c e s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f t h e N a n ta o k V i l l a g e g r e a t

k i v a . Some p a r a l l e l s c a n b e d i s c e r n e d t h e n b e tw e e n t h i s r e c ­

t a n g u la r c e r e m o n ia l s t r u c t u r e , and o t h e r M o g o llo n c e r e m o n ia l

s t r u c t u r e s i n t h i s p e r i o d .

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The P i n e d a le p h a s e s t r u c t u r e . G r ea t K iv a I a t P o in t

o f F in e s R u in , w h i l e d e f i n i t e l y i n t h e A n a s a z i t r a d i t i o n o f

s t o n e p u e b lo c o n s t r u c t i o n , d o e s n o t c o n fo r m t o t h e d e f i n i t i o n

o f A n a s a z i g r e a t k iv a a g i v e n b y R e i t e r (1 9 4 6 : 2 8 7 - 2 8 8 ) . G r ea t

K iv a I seem s t o me t o be a m ore f o r m a l iz e d e x p r e s s i o n o f th e

^ a n ta c k V i l l a g e g r e a t k i v a , b u t d e f i n i t e l y i n t h e sam e t r a d i ­

t i o n —u rect a n g u la r , w i t h s o u t h e a s t e r n e n t r y , an d a r o o f s u p p o r te d

b y n u m erou s p o s t s . P e r h a p s t h i s s e e m in g " f o r m a l i z a t io n " o r

e l a b o r a t i o n o f t h e c e r e m o n ia l c o m p le x , i n d i c a t e d by in c o r p o r a ­

t i o n o f t h e c e r e m o n ia l s t r u c t u r e w i t h i n a l a r g e e o n t j Z o u s s t o n e ­

w a l le d p u e b lo , i s a c t u a l l y t h e r e s u l t o f th e c o n v e r g e n c e o f

t h e A n a s a z i an d M o g o llo n t r a d i t i o n s . T h is c o n v e r g e n c e o f c e r e ­

m o n ia l c o m p le x e s a p p a r e n t ly r e s u l t s i n a d i s t i n c t W e ste r n

P u e b lo s t y l e o f g r e a t k i v a — r e c t a n g u la r o r s q u a r e w i t h p o s t -

s u p p o r t e d r o o f . No o t h e r g e n e r a l s t a t e m e n t s a s t o i n t e r n a l

f e a t u r e s o f W e ste r n P u e b lo g r e a t k i v a s c a n b e made s i n c e o n ly

3 s u c h s t r u e t u n e s a r e known— K in is h b a , G r e a t K iv a I , and G r e a t

K iv a I I a t P o in t o f P i n e s .

G r e a t K iv a I I , t h e C anyon C reek p h a se s t r u c t u r e , i s

t h e f i n a l and m o st e l a b o r a t e e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e " W estern P u eb lo "

t r a d i t i o n , w h ic h e v i d e n t l y d i e d , i n t h i s l o c a l i t y w i t h th e

b r e a k u p o f l a r g e v i l l a g e s , and t h e d i s p e r s a l o f t h e p o p u la t io n

d u r in g t h e P o in t o f P i n e s p h a s e .

O ut o f f i v e g r e a t k iv a s e x c a v a t e d i n t h e P o in t o f P in e s

l o c a l i t y , f o u r a r e q u a d r a n g u la r o r r e c t a n g u l a r , t h e sam e fo u r

a r e o r i e n t e d e a s t o r s o u t h e a s t , a l l h a v e p o s t - s u p p o r t e d r o o f s ,

and a l l a r e c o n s i d e r a b l y la r g e r th a n t h e d o m e s t ic h o u s e s o f

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e a c h s i t e . T h is s e q u e n c e o f g r e a t k i v a s e x t e n d s from p r o -

A .D . 4 0 0 th r o u g h 1 4 0 0 , w i t h tw o n o t i c e a b l e g a p s , from A .D .

4 0 0 - 9 0 0 and 1 0 0 0 t o 1 2 7 5 . T h e se t im e p e r io d s a r e t h e l e a s t

i n v e s t i g a t e d i n t h e P o ip t o f P i n e s l o c a l i t y a t t h i s d a t e ,

w h ic h p a r t i a l l y e x p l a i n s t h e h i a t u s i n t h e s e q u e n c e .

F u n c t io n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s :

The q u e s t i o n o f t h e f u n c t i o n o f t h e tw o g r e a t k i v a s

a t P o in t o f P in e s R u in c a n o n ly b e a n sw e r e d b y c o m p a r is o n

w it h e t h n o l o g i c a l r e c o r d s o f v a r i o u s a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n g r e a t

k i v a s . S in c e no m od ern d e s c e n d a n t s o f t h e P o in t o f P in e s

v i l l a g e r s a r e know n, a n a la g o u s r e a s o n in g from v a r io u s e t h ­

n o l o g i c a l g r o u p s c a n b e c r i t i c a l l y r e j e c t e d . H ow ever i t seem s

o b v io u s from E l l i s ' s w ork (1 9 5 0 : 1 9 5 2 ) that^ i n t h e R io G rande

a r e a , g r e a t o r " b ig " k i v a s s e r v e to d a y a s a s s e m b ly p l a c e s f o r

t h e e n t i r e com m u n ity ( i f t h e y d e s i r e t o a t t e n d ) i n o r d e r t o

w i t n e s s c e r e m o n ie s c o n n e c t e d w i t h s p i r i t im p e r s o n a t io n , an d

c r o p p r o d u c t io n . G r e a t K iv a I and I I i n t h e P o i n t o f P i n e s

v i l l a g e p r o b a b ly f u n c t io n e d i n t h e sam e w a y . H ow ever n e i t h e r

o f t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s c o u ld h o u se th e e n t i r e com m u n ity a t o n e

t im e i f t h e e s t i m a t e o f p o p u l a t i o n d u r in g t h e C anyon G reek

p h a se i s anyw ay n e a r c o r r e c t (2 0 0 0 t o 3 0 0 0 p e o p l e ) . N e v e r -

th e l e a s , t h e r e i s no i n d i c a t i o n t h a t an y o t h e r g r e a t k i v a s

e x i s t e d w i t h i n w a lk in g d i s t a n c e o f P o i n t o f P i n e s v i l l a g e ,

w h ic h s u g g e s t s t h a t a m o ie t y s y s te m w as n o t i n u s e , and t h a t

t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s w ere n o t m o ie t y h o u s e s . B e c a u s e o f th e

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c e r e m o n ia l f e a t u r e s i n G r e a t K iv a I I , and t h e a p p a r e n t l a c k

o f o t h e r l a r g e s t r u c t u r e s i n t h e a r e a d u r in g P in e d a le and

C anyon G reek p h a s e s , th e a s c r i p t i o n o f " g r e a t k iv a f u n c t io n s "

(w h a te v e r t h e s e may h a v e b e e n a t t h i s t im e and p l a c e ) t o t h e

b u i l d i n g s d e s c r ib e d h e r e i n seem s j u s t i f i e d .

T h e se g r e a t k i v a s w h ic h w ere u s e d p r im a r i ly by i n ­

h a b i t a n t s o f P o i n t o f P in e s v i l l a g e p r o b a b ly s e r v e d a number

o f o t h e r v i l l a g e s and s m a ll fa r m in g s i t e s i n th e im m e d ia te

v i c i n i t y a l s o . G i f f o r d (1 9 5 7 ) m e n t io n s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t

i n h a b i t a n t s o f t h e N a n ta c k c a v e s may h a v e t r a v e l e d o v e r t h e

r i d g e t o P o in t o f P in e s v i l l a g e w hen c e r t a i n im p o r ta n t c e r e ­

m o n ie s w ere t o b e c o n d u c t e d .

From t h e d a t a a t hand p e r t a i n i n g t o m od ern u s a g e o f

g r e a t k i v a s , and t h e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l o c c u r r e n c e s and f e a t u r e s

o f s u c h s t r u c t u r e s , l i t t l e c a n b e i n f e r r e d a s t o t h e s p e c i f i c

a c t i v i t i e s c o n d u c te d w i t h i n th e two g r e a t k i v a s a t P o in t o f

P i n e s R u in . I f t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f th e fo u r f l o o r t r e n c h e s

i n G r e a t K iv a I I i s a ssu m ed t o b e c o r r e c t , d a n c in g — u s i n g t h e

fo o t d r u m s , sn a k e h a n d l in g i n som e fo r m , and p r o b a b ly m asked

im p e r s o n a t io n s w ere p a r t o f t h e r i t u a l c o n d u c te d by t h e k iv a

o f f i c i a l s . H o w ev er , s i n c e t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e s e f e a ­

t u r e s r e s t s s o l e l y o n a n a lo g y w it h c e r t a i n m odern p r a c t i c e s ,

i t w o u ld b e som ew h at c i r c u i t o u s t o d e r i v e t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f

G r e a t K iv a I I fro m t h e i n t e r n a l f e a t u r e s o f t h e s t r u c t u r e .

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GENERAL RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE GREAT KIYA COMPLEX IN THE

SOUTHWEST

No a t t e m p t i s made h e r e t o com pare i n d e t a i l th e s i m i ­

l a r i t i e s o r d i f f e r e n c e s o f t h e tw o g r e a t k i v a s a t P o in t o f

P in e s R u in w i t h a l l o t h e r g r e a t k i v a s i n t h e S o u t h w e s t . How­

e v e r c e r t a i n g e n e r a l c o m p a r is o n s c a n b e made i n o r d e r t o g i v e

p e r s p e c t i v e t o t h e f o r e g o i n g d e s c r i p t i o n s .

C h r o n o lo g ic a l r e l a t i o n s h i p :

G r e a t K iv a I I a t P o in t o f P in e s R u in c a n b e com pared

w it h o n ly tw o o t h e r e x c a v a t e d g r e a t k i v a s — t h o s e a t K in is h b a

and th e F o o t e C anyon S i t e . To my k n o w le d g e no o t h e r P u e b lo

157 g r e a t k i v a s h a v e b e e n e x c a v a t e d . B o th o f t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s

a r e q u i t e s i m i l a r t o G r e a t K iv a I I , i n t h a t t h e y w ere b u i l t ,

o c c u p ie d , an d ab an d on ed p r o b a b ly b e tw e e n A .D . 1 3 2 5 - 1 4 0 0 .

D u r in g t h i s p e r io d no A n a s a z i - t y p e g r e a t k iv a s a r e known t o

h a v e e x i s t e d , a l t h o u g h i t i s h i g h l y p r o b a b ly t h a t t h e rou n d

g r e a t k i v a s i n som e o f t h e m od ern R io G rande p u e b lo s to d a y

a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e e a r l i e r P u e b lo I I I t y p e s .

G r e a t K iv a I a t P o i n t o f P in e s R u in c a n b e com pared

w it h n u m erou s P u e b lo I I I g r e a t k i v a s i n t h e T u la r o s a - B lu e

a r e a (D a n so n 1 9 5 7 ) , and a l s o a t M esa V e r d e , t h e F i r e T em ple

( L a n c a s t e r , e t . a l . 1 9 5 4 ) . T h is p e r io d w as t h a t o f th e h e y ­

d ay o f t h e t y p i c a l A n a s a z i g r e a t k iv a s d e s c r ib e d b y R e i t e r

( 1 9 4 6 ) , D i s t r i b u t i o n and e l a b o r a t i o n o f t h e g r e a t k iv a

183

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c o m p le x seem s t o h a v e r e a c h e d i t s c l im a x i n t h e P u e b lo I I I

p e r i o d .

The d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h i s c o m p le x i n th e P o in t o f P in e s

l o c a l i t y h a s b e e n d i s c u s s e d i n t h e p r e v io u s s e c t i o n . The e x ­

t e n t o f t h e in d e p e n d e n c e o f t h i s d e v e lo p m e n t c a n be q u e s t io n e d

i n t h e l a t e p e r io d s b e c a u s e o f t h e s i m i l a r i t y i n form o f th e

tw o l a t e P o i n t o f P in e s g r e a t k iv a s w it h t h o s e o f t h e T u la r o s a

a r e a . The f a c t t h a t no T u la r o s a o r R e s e r v e p h a se g r e a t k i v a s

h a v e b e e n r e c o r d e d fro m t h e P o i n t o f P i n e s l o c a l i t y s u g g e s t s

t h a t th e i d e a may h a v e d ie d o u t , an d b e e n r e - i n t r o d u c e d d u r in g

t h e M a v e r ic k M o u n ta in o r e a r l y P i n e d a le p h a s e .

F o rm a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s :

The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f r e c t a n g u la r g r e a t k i v a s o v e r th e

s o u t h w e s t h a s n e v e r b e e n p l o t t e d . The q u a d r a n g u la r c h a r a c t e r

o f many o f t h e e a r l y Mog o l i o n c e r e m o n ia l h o u s e s (W heat 1 9 5 5 :

5 7 ) d o e s n o t c o n s t i t u t e a d i s t i n c t i v e and nu m erou s en o u g h

t r a i t t o w a r r a n t d e r i v a t i o n o f r e c t a l i n i a r i t y fro m t h i s

s o u r c e a l o n e . The o c c u r r e n c e o f r e c t a n g u la r g r e a t k i v a s see m s

t o i n c r e a s e w i t h t h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f p u e b lo - t y p e a r c h i t e c t u r e ;

h o w ev er t h i s may b e a f u n c t i o n o n ly o f t h e g e n e r a l i n c r e a s e

i n a l l t y p e s o f g r e a t k i v a s . I t i s o b v io u s t h a t i n th e a r e a s

o f g r e a t e s t A n a s a z i o c c u p a t io n , g r e a t k i v a s a r e ro u n d and

a r e n o t in c o r p o r a t e d w i t h i n t h e p u e b lo u n i t .

R e c t a n g u la r g r e a t k i v a s a r e known fro m t h e T u la r o s a

a r e a (D a n so n 1 9 5 7 : 8 1 - 8 2 ) , from S p r i n g e r v i l l e (D a n so n and

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M old s 1 9 5 0 ) , from K in is h b a and P o i n t o f P i n e s , and from M esa

V erd e and t h e m od ern p u e b lo s o f J em ez (H a w ley 1 9 5 0 ; E l l i s

1 9 5 2 ) and S an J u a n (S tu b b s 1 9 5 0 ; 4 1 ; H aw ley 1 9 5 0 ) . U n fo r ­

t u n a t e l y , n on e o f t h e s e g r e a t k i v a s i s s i m i l a r t o an y o f t h e

o t h e r s i n a n y r e s p e c t e x c e p t g e n e r a l s h a p e . I n t e r n a l f e a ­

t u r e s v a r y from t h e C h acoan ty p e p a ir e d f o o t d r u r n - f lo o r v a u l t s

i n t h e F i r e T em ple a t M esa V erd e ( L a n c a s t e r , e t . a l . 1 9 5 4 : 5 0 )

t o t h e v e n t i l a t o r s h a f t - f i r e p l a c e a r r a n g e m e n t a t Jem ez ( E l l i s

1 9 5 2 ; 1 4 9 ) , t o t h e fo u r f l o o r t r e n c h e s a t P o in t o f P i n e s .

A lth o u g h K in is h b a i s o n ly 4 0 m i l e s n o r th w e s t o f P o in t o f P i n e s ,

f e a t u r e s o f t h e g r e a t k i v a s i n t h e tw o a r e a s a r e n o t s i m i l a r .

The o n ly e x c a v a t e d g r e a t k iv a i n th e B lu e a r e a i n t h i s l a t e

p e r io d i s t h a t a t F o o t e C anyon S i t e (M a r tin 1 9 5 5 : 6 - 7 ) . The

ramp e n tr y w a y o f t h i s s t r u c t u r e i s t h e o n ly d e t a i l r e p o r t e d

so f a r . The s i t u a t i o n o f t h e s e r e c t a n g u la r g r e a t k i v a s a l s o

v a r i e s , from t h e e x tr e m e i s o l a t i o n o f F i r e T em p le , on a

c a n y o n l e d g e , t o t h e i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f G r ea t K iv a I I a t P o in t

o f P in e s w i t h i n e n c i r c l i n g room s o f t h e p u e b lo .

G e n e r a l i t i e s a b o u t t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f r e c t a n g u la r

g r e a t k i v a s d u r in g P u e b lo I I I an d P u e b lo IV p e r io d s seem im ­

p o s s i b l e t o a r r i v e a t b e c a u s e o f t h e v a r i e t y o f t h e s t r u c t u r e s

and t h e s m a l l number w h ic h h a v e b e e n e x c a v a t e d . C e r t a i n l y

t h e i r o c c u r r e n c e ( a r c h a e o l o g i c a l l y ) a p p e a r s t o be c o n f in e d t o

r e g i o n s p r e d o m in a t e ly W e ster n P u e b lo .

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F u n c t io n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s :

L i t t l e m ore c a n b e ad d ed t o t h e com m ents c o n c e r n in g

f u n c t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f g r e a t k iv a s i n

t h e P o i n t o f F i n e s l o c a l i t y . I t seem s p r o b a b le t h a t t h e Wes­

t e r n P u e b lo f o c u s o n t h e k a c h in a c u l t may h a v e b e e n p a r t o f

th e s t im u lu s f o r b u i l d i n g t h e s e l a r g e c e r e m o n ia l s t r u c t u r e s ;

h o w ev er n o n e o f t h e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l d a t a a v a i l a b l e c o n c e r n in g

t h e s e g r e a t k i v a s , w i t h t h e p o s s i b l e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e w a l l

p a i n t i n g s a s s o c i a t e d w ith F i r e T em p le , and t h e w id e s p r e a d

fo o td r u m t r a i t , i n d i c a t e t h a t s p i r i t p r o d u c t io n o r im p e r s o n a t io n

w ere an i n t e g r a l f u n c t i o n o f t h e s t r u c t u r e s .

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1 9 5 7 S t r a t i g r a p h i c E v id e n c e f o r a C u l t u r a l C ontinuu m a t t h e P o i n t o f P i n e s R u in . M .A. t h e s i s , D e p a r tm e n t o f A n t h r o p o lo g y , U n i v e r s i t y o f A r iz o n a , T u c so n .

PARSONS, ELSIE 0 .

1 9 3 6 H o p i J o u r n a l o f A le x a n d e r M. S t e p h e n . P a r t s I & I I . C o lu m b ia U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s . New Y o r k .

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PH ILLIPS, PH ILIP an d GORDON R . WILLEY

1 9 5 3 M ethod and T h e o r y i n A m erica n A r c h a e o lo g y : An O p era­t i o n a l B a s i s f o r C u l t u r e - H i s t o r i c a l I n t e g r a t i o n . A m eri­c a n A n t h r o p o l o g i s t , V o l . 5 5 , N o . 5 , p t . 1 , p p . 6 1 5 -6 & 3 . B e n a s h a .

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1 9 5 4 P o i n t o f P i n e s . A r iz o n a H ig h w a y s . V o l . 3 1 , N o . 1 , p p . 1 8 - 2 7 . P h o e n ix .

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1 9 5 0 E a s t - C e n t r a l A r iz o n a A r c h a e o lo g y i n R e l a t i o n t o t h e W e ste r n P u e b lo s . S o u th w e s t e r n J o u r n a l o f A n th r o p o lo g y , V o l . 6 , N o . 2 , p p . I& G -IS e .

1 9 4 8 The W e ste r n P u e b lo A r c h a e o lo g ic a l C o m p lex . E l P a l a - c i o , V o l . 5 5 , N o . 1 . S a n ta F e .

REITER, PAUL

1 9 4 6 Form an d F u n c t io n i n Some P r e h i s t o r i c C e r e m o n ia lS t r u c t u r e s i n t h e S o u th w e s t* P h .D . t h e s i s , D e p a r tm e n t o f A n th r o p o lo g y , H a rv a rd U n i v e r s i t y , C a m b r id g e .

SMILEY, T . L . •

1 9 5 2 "Four L a t e K r e M s t d r ic K iv a s a t P o i n t o f , P i n e s , A r i ­z o n a .n U n i v e r s i t y o f A r iz o n a B u l l e t i n . V o l . K X III ,N o . 3 . S o c i a l S c i e n c e b u l l e t i n N o . 2 l .

1 9 5 1 "A Summary o f T r e e - r i n g D a t e s from Some S o u th w e s t e r n A r c h a e o l o g i c a l S i t e s . rt U n i v e r s i t y o f A r iz o n a B u l l e t i n , V o l . x m , N o . 4 . L a b o r a to r y B u l l e t i n o f T r e e k in g R e s e a r c h , N o . 5 .

1 9 4 9 A r c h i t e c t u r a l d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e P u e b lo K iv a . M. A . t h e s i s , D e p a r tm e n t o f A n th r o p o lo g y , U n i v e r s i t y o f A r i ­z o n a , T u c s o n .

STUBBS, STANLEY A .

1 9 5 0 B i r d ’ s - E y e V iew o f t h e P u e b lo s . U n i v e r s i t y o f O k la ­homa P r e s s , N orm an.

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1 9 4 6 F i r s t P e n t h o u s e D w e l le r s o f A m e r ic a . 2nd e d i t i o n . L a b o r a to r y o f A n th r o p o lo g y , S a n ta F e .

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TOTH, H . R .

1 9 0 3 The O r a ib i Summer S n a k e C erem on y . F i e l d C o lu m b ia n Museum P u b l i c a t i o n s . A n t h r o p o lo g ic a l S e r i e s . V o l . I I I , p p . 2 6 2 - 3 5 8 .

WASLEY, WILLIAM

1 9 5 7 The A r c h a e o lo g ic a l S u r v e y o f t h e A r iz o n a S t a t e M useum. A r iz o n a S t a t e M useum, T u c s o n .

1 9 5 2 The L a te P u e b lo O c c u p a t io n o f P o in t o f P i n e s , E a s t C e n t r a l A r iz o n a . M. A . t h e s i s . U n i v e r s i t y o f A r iz o n a , D ep a r tm en t o f A n th r o p o lo g y , T u c s o n .

WENDORF, FRED

1 9 5 3 S a lv a g e A r c h a e o lo g y i n t h e Chama V a l l e y . M onographs, o f t h e S c h o o l o f A m erica n R e s e a r c h . N o . 1 7 . S a n ta F e .

1 9 5 0 MA R e p o r t o n th e E x c a v a t io n o f a S m a ll R u in n e a r P o i n t o f P i n e s , E a s t C e n t r a l A r iz o n a .” U n i v e r s i t y o f A r iz o n a B u l l e t i n , V o l . 2 X 1 , N o . 3 , S o c i a l S c i e n c e B u l l e t i n N o .1 9 , T u c s o n .

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1955 M o g o lio n C u lt u r e P r io r t o A .D . 1 0 0 0 . A m erica n A n th ro ­p o l o g i s t , V o l . 5 7 , N o . 2 , p t . 2 , M em o irs . N o . 8 2 .M en a sk a .

1 9 5 4 " C rooked R id g e V i l l a g e , (A r iz o n a W:1 0 : 1 5 l . ” U n i v e r s i t y o f A r iz o n a B u l l e t i n , V o l . 2 X 7 , N o . 3 . S o c i a l S c ie n c e b u l l e t i n . N o . 2 4 . t u c s o n .

1 9 5 2 P r e h i s t o r i c l a t e r S o u r c e s o f t h e P o in t o f P in e s A r e a . A m erica n A n t i q u i t y , V o l . 1 7 , N o . 3 , p p . 1 8 5 - 1 9 6 . S a l t L ake C i t y .

WOODBURY, RICHARD B .

1 9 5 4 P r e h i s t o r i c S t o n e Im p le m e n ts o f N o r t h e a s t e r n A r iz o n a . P a p e r s o f t h e P ea b o d y Museum o f A m erica n A r c h a e o lo g y and E t h n o lo g y . H arvard U n i v e r s i t y , V o l . 22X 1V, C a m b rid g e•

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