Trees and forest

The world’slargest plants

• 3 main criteria (characteristics) tolabel something as a tree are:

1) perennial (live more then a fewyears)

2) Must have a self supportingtrunk

3) Must be made of woodymaterial

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3 parts of a tree

1) Crown- consists ofbranches and leaves. Itsupplies food and ability tobreath.

2) Trunk- The woody part thatprovides strength and height.

3) Roots- Provide minerals forgrowth and water

Draw a tree and label thesethree parts

The leaf-an introduction

• The leaf1) allow the tree to breath2) helps provide food3) releases O2 for us to

breath

The crown

• The crown has 2 parts:foliage and branches.

• Foliage ( leaves) provides:food and breathing for thetree.

• Trees need Carbon Dioxide(co2) to make food. As aresult it releases Oxygen(o2)as waste.

The woody trunk• A tree cookie is a cross section of a tree

trunk. Each section has a specific nameand function

1) Inner bark- a protective shell like skin 2) Cambium- only area of growth. New

cells are made here and looks yellowishbrown.

3) Phloem (inner bark) - transports fooddown from the leaves to the rest of thetree.

4) Sapwood (xylem)- brings minerals andwater from the roots up to the leaves

5) Heartwood- provides strength for thetree

6) Outer Bark- Seals in water and blocksout insects and disease

The crown 2-• Photosynthesis: How the leaf creates sugars by combining sun light, carbon

dioxide and water with a chemical, inside the leaf, called CHLOROPHYLL.

chlorophyll

Transpirationis when wateris lost from theleaves

The roots• These act as an

anchor• The draw water and

minerals from the soil• Help stop erosion• Have a sharing

relationship withcertain fungus

Main forms orshapes

• There are 3 main forms oftrees:

• 1) Excurrent- solid trunk thathas branches that start largeat the bottom and becomesmaller as it goes up.

• 2) Decurrent- Trunk goespartway up then branchesbegin

• 3) Columnar- Branches andfoliage row only from the top

Columnar

Excurrent Decurrent

Two main treegroupings

• Deciduous Coniferious

Deciduous

Coniferious

Leaves

Plants

Make food

Foliage

Trunk

Roots

The Larchis both(tamarack)

Broad flatleaves

Flowers

Lose leavesin fall

Mostlydecurrent

Lots of waterloss

Needle leaves

Cones

Lose smallamount of leavesall year

Mostly Excurrent

Evergreen

Little water loss

Parts of a Leaf• Blade- The body of the leaf.

It is used in photosynthesis)• Apex- The tip of the leaf• Margin- The outer edge of

the leaf• Petiole- long narrow stem. It

holds the leaf to the branch.• Midrib (mid-vein)- Center of

the leaf. It brings water fromthe trunk to the leaf andfood from the leaf to thetree.

• Base- connects the leaf tothe petiole

Leaves can beclassified how thepetiole is attached

Simple leaves = single petioleattached to a single base

Compound Leaves = morethen one blade for a petiole

Double Compound Leaves =petiole with other petiolesattaching them

Needle leaves = long thin andpointed. 2 types square andflat.

The Shape of a bladecan help classify it.

• Linear• Oblong• Oval• Cordate• Lobed• Deltoid• Orbicular• 4 sided needle• Flattened needle

oval

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The shape of the margincan help classify leaves

• Smooth• Fine toothed• Course toothed• Scalloped or wavy

Leaf classification based onarrangement of leaves

• Opposite Alternate

• Whorl Basal

Needle leaf classificationbased on arrangement

• Bundle of 2• Bundle of 5• Single on a twig• Scale like• Clusters

Using a dichotomous key

• A key works by lookingfor the characteristics ofsomething and followinga branch until you end upwith the information youneed

Using a dichotomous key 2

A closer look at the treecookie- Tree cookies can tell the life of a tree

• Thick rings high growth(lots of sun and water)

• thin ringsslow growth(drought)

Explain thiscookie?

Narrow holes through rowsor rings(insects borethrough)

Section of barkdamages

Burn Damage-Long rings that are scarred Uneven growth rings- Something

blocked the sun from one side

Types of tree bark

• VerticalScaly

HorizontalVerticalVertical

Scaly pathes

The levels of a forest• Upper Canopy- Top layer

where birds nest and leavesgrow.

• Understory- Many insectsmall mammals and animalsthat need shelter live here

• Underbush- Shrubberylayer- Ferns and youngertrees, mammals like rabbitsand deer live here

• Forest floor- Ground coverand soil. Worms insects,decomposers burrowingcreatures found here.

Biotic and Abiotic

• Biotic means living or onceliving things (producers,consumers anddecomposers)

• Abiotic means never livingyet essential for life forothers creatures (Waterminerals air and sunlight)

BioticFactors

• Producers- green plant life that collects energy fromthe sun.

• Primary consumers- Herbivores or plant eaters thateat only plants for energy and building material.

• Secondary consumers- there are 2 type:– Carnivores- Meat eaters who eat other animals– Omnivores- meat and plant eaters

Decomposers- creatures or plants that eat dead or dieing material

Examples of Biotic factors

• Producers Herbivores Carnivores

Examples of Biotic factors

• Omnivores Decomposers andscavengers

Transfer of energy• Food chains- They show

a simple way that energyis transferred fromproducer, herbivore andsecondary consumers

• Food webs- Shows howmany ways energy can becollected from manyproducers and consumers.It shows howinterconnected manyanimals are.

Abiotic Factors• Water, minerals in the soil, air, and sunlight are

needed for life to exist. They provide thenecessary physical needs for life. These thingsare recycled though time and are reused.

• The three we need to know are: Nutrient, Waterand Oxygen

Nutrient cycle• Not only is energy

transmitted fromcreature to creature,the nutrients to buildand repair theirbodies are alsotransferred. Onceused, decomposersbreak them down andreturn them to thesoil for plants

Water cycle• Water is recycled in nature. It is used

and moved through the system in a cyclealso.

• Precipitation- water that fall from theclouds in liquid, mist or solid form

• Evaporation-Water, with the help of thesun’s radiant heat, become a vapor andrises

• Condensation- evaporated water vaporthat sticks together as clouds until itbecomes heavy

• Absorption- water that is sucked up byplants’ roots, soil, and animals.

• Respiration- water released fromanimals when they breath

• Urination- water that animals releasethat carry poisons from the body

Oxygencycle

• Every molecule of oxygen has at one timebeen either in an animal or in a plant.Through respiration animals release carbondioxide as waste and take in oxygen. Plants, onthe other hand need carbon dioxide forphotosynthesis and release oxygen as waste,called transpiration.

Forest succession

• Forests have not always been forests.Like other living things they go throughbirth and renewal and death

From fields from ponds from rocky areas

• From fields1) A field exists with grass and flowers.2) Seeds from trees that love lots of sun areblown in, washed in, bought in by animals ortravel underground from shoots3) Aspen, Poplar and Lodgepole dominate4)As older trees dies spruce trees ( and youngtrees who need less light at a young age) growin their shades

• From ponds:– 1) a pond with high banks exist– 2) Small water plants dies and sink to the bottom

making it shallow– 3)Willows and other moisture loving trees take root

soaking up more water– 4) as the pond becomes more shallow willow trees

more further into it– 5) Aspen trees, that need less water start to grow

• From rocky areas– 1) bare rock area exists– 2) Soil is brought in by wind and water and fills in

cracks in rocks– 3) Lichen and mosses grow and die on the rocks

providing more soil– 4) Small plants and bushes take root in the thin

soil and die to provide new soil– 5) sun loving trees such as Aspen grow provding

shade

Using ourforests

• Forest biomes havemany uses:– Personal

– Camping– Hiking– Woodworking– Pencils

– commercial– Paper– Furniture– Jobs– Forest protection– biologists

Conservation

• What is thiscartoon tellingus?