Transformer Dilemma in - TechAdvantageONLINE DGA SURVEY RESULTS . Most Important Items to Monitor on...

AWAKENING YOUR 6th SENSE

Transformer Dilemma in

Today's Substations Jeff Golarz Director T&D Solutions 26 February 2015

Electric Grid

3

• Limited ability to do maintenance (criticality, parts, personnel)

• Knowledgeable people on substations retiring and/or leaving

• Minimal sensors and data • Cannot afford to replace or

update (budget, disruption) • Huge risk of failure

• 40-50 years in age • Limited communications

in/out of substation • Assets running at 75% to

100% of nameplate

Today’s “Old” Substations

CONFIDENTIAL

Periodic portable thermal imaging

camera

Covering Your Substation Assets

4

• Analog Gauges: analog outputs, log readings

• Visual indicators and sight glasses

• Shifty log readings looking for physical wear and broken parts

• Assets over 40 years old, overdesigned and heavily loaded to 100% nameplate or higher

• Aged workforce, in general less experienced

• Manual samples, manual analysis, manual interpretation

OLD SUBSTATION

Portable Partial Discharge

Monitoring

Manual oil samples

CONFIDENTIAL

Doing Nothing is

Not an Option

Doing Nothing is Not an Option

6

Exploding Transformer - video

http://www.komar.org/christmas/faq/exploding_transformer.mpg



New Substation Configuration

7

• Solid state sensors with intelligence

• Data concentrator to pull data together from multiple sensors

• 10-fold increase in sensors, 1,000-fold increase in data

• Assets designed to nameplate and loaded 75-100%

NEW SUBSTATION

Continuous Online Thermal

Imaging

CONFIDENTIAL

• More remote, less local

• Most assets under 20 years old

• Aged workforce, in general less experienced

Sensor Technologies for Transmission and Substations

8 CONFIDENTIAL

Sensors Can Deliver Big Data

9

Typical Data Flow

CONFIDENTIAL 10

Where Do You Process Your Data?

• Cost • Bandwidth • Security - NERC CIP

Factors to consider on where to process your data?

• Stability/Reliability • Integrity • Size of Network

BIT PIPE

Device

CONFIDENTIAL 11

Where Do You Process Your Data?

AT THE EDGE • Moving processing/intelligence to

the sensor head

• Will drive the cost of the sensor up - "sensor protection"

• Must be comfortable with data and decisions occurring somewhere else - outside of headquarters

• Allows for fast data action with minimal chance of interruption

IN THE CLOUD • Easy to get information into and

out of the cloud

• Concerns of virtual and physical attacks, disabling infrastructure and stealing data

• NERC CIP concerns on data security in the “CLOUD”

IN THE SERVER • Processing to occur at one location

and can physically secure and control this data storage and analytics

• Provides an infrastructure overload scenario by having to allow for such large bandwidth to accumulate streams of data pouring in

• Will involve "inherent" delays in processing and decisions

CONFIDENTIAL 12

Past Sensing Philosophy

CONFIDENTIAL 13

Future Sensing Philosophy

CONFIDENTIAL 14

What is Intelligent Sensing at the Edge?

Intelligent Sensing at the Edge • Move decisions/actions/analytics as close to

senor head as possible. • Data Storage • Report by exception only... not all data

Localization Localize sensor and analytics as close to asset/sensor as possible.

Short Range Communications for Localized GUI Tablet based provisioning and interaction through bluetooth low energy, Wi-Fi, Zigbee. Mesh networking between sensors to collect data.

Enabling SLExTM (Substation Life Extension) Saving the worlds transmission and distribution grids one substation at a time.

Fail Safe Sensor Logic Asset and sensor logic continue to operate even with network outage.

CONFIDENTIAL 15

ONLINE DGA SURVEY RESULTS

Average Age of Transformers on Transmission System

16

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

Under25

Years

25-30Years

30-35Years

35-40Years

40-45Years

45-50Years

Over 50Years

27% 29%

23%

13%

7.40%

0% 0.80%


Transformer Failures

17


Insulation Stress

18


Transformer Failure Rates

19


Most Important Items to Monitor on a Transformer/LTC (Top 3)

20

Transformer DGA

Load Tap Changer DGA

Bushing Monitoring

Partial Discharge

Winding Hot Spot

Thermal Imaging

Top Oil Temperature

Frequency Response Analysis (FRA)

1

2

3


Importance of Online DGA for condition monitoring

21

Very ImportantModeratelyImportant Not Important

60.0%

34.1%

5.9%


Critical Gases/Readings to Monitor

22

75.0%

43.2%

30.1%

68.8%

48.9%

40.9%

34.7%

14.8%

15.9%

47.7%

Hydrogen

Carbon Monoxide

Carbon Dioxide

Acetylene

Ethylene

Methane

Ethane

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Moisture

ONLINE DGA SURVEY RESULTS 23


Fault Gases vs Fault Indication

24


LTC Condition Evaluations

Confidential 25

Possible Malfunctions Diagnosed Brake Failure – Acetylene, Ethylene

Contact Wear – Ethylene, Ethane

Human errors - Methylene, Acetylene, Ethylene

Arcing in diverter - Acetylene

Arcing in selector - Acetylene

Misalignment - Acetylene, Ethylene

Drive mechanism wear - Acetylene, Ethylene

Mechanical failure – no operation (no gases)

Insulation (tracking) - Ethylene

Synchronism - Acetylene, Ethylene

Coking –Hi Ethylene, Lo Acetylene

Factors Leading to Transformer Failures

Confidential 26

55% of failures are predictable, foreseeable, and preventable with the right tools. 45% may occur without much warning!

*Source: William H. Bartley, P.E. The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Co

Lightning 16%

Electrical Disturbance 29%

Insulation Deterioration 18%

Inadequate Maintenance 13%

Loose Connections 13%

Moisture 7%

Other 4%


DGA Interpretation Methods

27

Tool Reference Standard

IEEE C57. 104-1991

IEEE PC57. 104 D11d

IEC 60599- 1999

Individual & TDCG guidelines X X Doernenburg Ratios X

Rogers Ratios X X Key Gas Procedure X X

Duval Triangle X CO2/CO Ratio X X

O2/N2 Ratio X C2H2/H2 Ratio X

ONLINE DGA SURVEY RESULTS 28


Artificial intelligence interpretation method

29

Recent development in an AI model based on the combination of KGM, DRM, RRM, IRM, and DTM

Equation 1


Thank you

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