World War I:The Shot Heard Around the World

Cause Or Spark?Cause Or Spark?

Tense Situation in Europe due to competition for colonies

WHO did not get their “share” of colonies?

WWIWWICAUSESCAUSES

Militarism / Extreme NationalismMilitarism / Extreme Nationalism Inflexible War PlansInflexible War Plans Iron-clad treatiesIron-clad treaties

TWO FRONT WAR of ATTRITIONTWO FRONT WAR of ATTRITIONEntente v. AlliesEntente v. AlliesDefensive War- Trench WarfareDefensive War- Trench WarfareUS enteredUS entered

VERSAILLE VERSAILLE 14 Points 14 Points Stab in the Back Myth Stab in the Back Myth

Two Front War““Eastern FrontEastern Front “ “

Against RussiaAgainst Russia More fluid lineMore fluid line Through Serbia, Albania, Through Serbia, Albania,

Romania…Romania…

October Revolution in October Revolution in RussiaRussia

Lenin came to powerLenin came to power Bolsheviks negotiated w/ Bolsheviks negotiated w/

Germany & stop fighting in Germany & stop fighting in December 1917.December 1917. ALLIES vs. CENTRAL POWERS

Western FrontWestern Front Through France – English Channel – Through France – English Channel – Switzerland Switzerland

DefensiveDefensive : : TRENCHESTRENCHES UsedUsed advanced technologies to MAINTAIN advanced technologies to MAINTAIN position: position:

Mustard Gas Mustard Gas Machine GunsMachine Guns Bombs & FlaresBombs & Flares Barbed wireBarbed wire

End of the war- more offensiveEnd of the war- more offensiveTanks, planes, subs (German Tanks, planes, subs (German U-Boats)U-Boats)

Central, Allied, Neutral

TrenchTrenchWarfareWarfare

US enters on the side of the Allies--- WHY?

Propaganda Propaganda Excitement Excitement for war! for war!

HemingwayHemingway

Loans, equipment salesLoans, equipment sales from from US to AlliesUS to Allies

TradeTrade interrupted by war interrupted by warIe: British Ie: British LusitaniaLusitania sunk by sunk by

German U-boat?German U-boat? … …Armistice, 1918Armistice, 1918

Wilson’s Fourteen Points Wilson’s Fourteen Points BasicsBasics

Free tradeFree trade Self-determination of nationalitiesSelf-determination of nationalities Some loss of territorySome loss of territory Peace without victoryPeace without victory DisarmamentDisarmament Fair treatment of colonial peoplesFair treatment of colonial peoples Establishment of League of NationsEstablishment of League of Nations

***Germany expected ONLY these to be the terms of ***Germany expected ONLY these to be the terms of surrender…surrender…

Paris Peace Conference, 1919 Paris Peace Conference, 1919 Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

““Big Four:” Big Four:” Britain, Britain, France, United States France, United States (and Italy who joined (and Italy who joined late)late)

Central powers & Central powers & Russia Russia (who left the (who left the Allies late in the war due Allies late in the war due to Russian Revolution) to Russian Revolution) were were not includednot included

The The ““Stab in the Back MythStab in the Back Myth”” was born…was born…

France would not France would not allow Wilson’s allow Wilson’s proposalsproposals Their countryside, Their countryside,

population, industry had population, industry had been ravaged…they been ravaged…they wanted revenge, and to wanted revenge, and to avoid a recurrence!avoid a recurrence!

1.1. German German military military reduced to almost nothingreduced to almost nothing - but their heritage!! - but their heritage!!

JunkersJunkers – Landed, – Landed,

Feudal- heritage, Feudal- heritage,

Germanic military aristocracyGermanic military aristocracy

Von Bismarck

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

Germany to Germany to accept accept Guilt Guilt

& PAY REPARATIONS: & PAY REPARATIONS:

To France & GB:To France & GB:

Cost of the war Cost of the war

Treaty of Treaty of VersaillesVersaillesRe- Drew map of Re- Drew map of

EuropeEurope Austria & Hungary Austria & Hungary

separated & reduced separated & reduced

Poland, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia Yugoslavia created from created from German & Ottoman territoryGerman & Ottoman territory

French territory increased at French territory increased at German border German border

Mandate SystemMandate System

Colonies of Central Powers Colonies of Central Powers became became “mandates;” “mandates;” to be to be held & exploited by held & exploited by AlliesAllies (not (not US) US) until reparations were paid until reparations were paid offoff..

Ottoman territories Ottoman territories British British “mandates”:“mandates”: Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Arabia, Yemen… Iraq, Arabia, Yemen… and the and the subject peoples were subject peoples were FURIOUSFURIOUS

Mandate System carved out of Mandate System carved out of Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

Mandate System in AfricaMandate System in AfricaFormerFormerGermanGermanColoniesColonies

Balfour DeclarationBalfour Declaration ZionistsZionists 2 November 19172 November 1917 UK Foreign SecretaryUK Foreign Secretary Confirmed support

from the British government for establishment in Palestine of a Homeland for the Homeland for the Jewish peopleJewish people.

Weimar Republic Weimar Republic Weakness, CAPITULATION,Weakness, CAPITULATION,

poverty, injustice for German poverty, injustice for German peoplepeople

Veterans = jobless, un-Veterans = jobless, un-thanked, shell-shocked, thanked, shell-shocked, wounded…blamed?!wounded…blamed?!

Leaders Leaders NOT Traditional elitesNOT Traditional elites – – military, clergy, nobilitymilitary, clergy, nobility BankersBankers, some industrialists , some industrialists Perception: Jewish leaders Perception: Jewish leaders

“sold out” the Germans: “sold out” the Germans: “Stab-in-the-back Myth”“Stab-in-the-back Myth”

Go to War Posters and Art Power Point…