Tools for Landscape-Scale Restoration Planning in the...
Transcript of Tools for Landscape-Scale Restoration Planning in the...
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Tools for Landscape-Scale
Restoration Planning in the
Delta
Presentation to the Delta Independent
Science Board
Letitia Grenier
Robin Grossinger
San Francisco Estuary Institute-Aquatic Science Center Funded by the Ecosystem Restoration Program
January 16, 2013
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Historical ecology is:
Using the past to understand the present landscape and assess its future potential
• Links landscape pattern, process, and function
• Describes the conditions to which species are adapted
• Challenges assumptions about past landscapes
• Identifies opportunities and constraints
Historical ecology is not:
Not about prescriptive management
Not about recreating the past!
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Not just the “way things were,” but the “way things work” (Safford et al. 2012)
(See also: “The Growing Importance of the Past in Managing Ecosystems of the Future” (Safford, Wiens, and Hayward 2012))
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Historical conditions can no longer be attained… (ISB 2013)
but need to reestablish historical functions and processes.
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?
How do we create ecologically functional,
resilient landscapes? (not just nice projects)
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“protecting, restoring, and enhancing the Delta ecosystem" (Water Code Section 8505).
“More recent information indicates that variation in habitat characteristics over time and space, similar to what existed historically, may favor native species over exotic species that have invaded the estuary” - CDFG et al. 2010 referencing Moyle et al. 2010
“Successfully establishing a resilient, functioning estuary and
surrounding terrestrial landscape.”
- Final Staff Draft of Delta Plan
“Restore large tracts of Delta tidal marsh, estuarine, and seasonal floodplain habitats of sufficient size and connectivity”
- Bay Delta Conservation Plan draft
“Restoration strategies must be designed from a systems perspective that the Delta is considered as an interconnected watershed-river-marsh-estuary-ocean landscape.”
- Teal et al. 2010
• “Extensive wide bands or large patches of
interconnected valley/foothill riparian forests…”
• “Produce sinuous, high-density, dendritic
networks of tidal channels through tidal areas…”
• “Restore and sustain a diversity of marsh
vegetation ...”
-- Bay Delta Conservation Plan draft
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“protecting, restoring, and enhancing the Delta ecosystem" (Water Code Section 8505).
“Restore large areas of interconnected habitats within the
Delta and its watershed by 2100”
- Water Code section 85302
“More recent information indicates that variation in habitat characteristics over time and space, similar to what existed historically, may favor native species over exotic species that have invaded the estuary” - CDFG et al. 2010 referencing Moyle et al. 2010
“Successfully establishing a resilient, functioning estuary and
surrounding terrestrial landscape.”
- Final Staff Draft of Delta Plan
“Restore large tracts of Delta tidal marsh, estuarine, and seasonal floodplain habitats of sufficient size and connectivity”
- Bay Delta Conservation Plan draft
“Restoration strategies must be designed from a systems perspective that the Delta is considered as an interconnected watershed-river-marsh-estuary-ocean landscape.”
- Teal et al. 2010
“Restoration of the health of the Delta’s ecological systems by
addressing ecological functions and processes at a broad
landscape scale”
- Bay Delta Conservation Plan draft
“Management plans and decisions need to be informed by a
landscape perspective that recognized interrelationships among
patterns of land and water use, patch size, location and
connectivity, and species success.”
- Delta Plan draft
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• How large is large?
• What should be connected to what? (and how)
• What is the whole that the parts add up to?
• And how does that look in different parts of the Delta?
a landscape vision
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2100
Use an understanding of pattern and process… to inform landscape scale restoration… that supports ecological function
Central concept
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Approach is supported in the literature
“… the first step in a river restoration program should be to develop a solid
understanding of what the targeted rivers were actually like…
Montgomery 2008
“Where was habitat historically, and how did that distribution differ from today?
What were the geomorphic processes that created the habitat, and how do
those processes differ today?” Collins and Montgomery 2001
Use HE to identify “landscape components” as “building blocks for restoration”
Verhoeven et al. 2008
Use HE “to operationally define concepts like “ecological integrity”
and “resilience”…” Safford et al. 2012
“Knowledge of the past therefore seems to have an impact on preferences
for future landscapes.” Hanley et al. 2008
“Historical understanding” necessary to distinguish “historical,” “hybrid,” and
“novel” ecosystems– and associated restoration trajectories.
Hobbs et al. 2009
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Background
• Delta Historical Ecology Investigation (Whipple et al. 2012)
• Delta Landscapes Project
• Management Tools for Landscape-Scale Restoration of Ecological
Functions
• Full Delta
• 2012-2015 (funded by ERP through DFW)
• Application of HE to the McCormack-Williamson Tract
• Beagle et al. 2012 (funded by TNC)
• Landscape Patterns and Processes of the MWT: A framework for
restoring at the landscape scale
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Background
• Delta Historical Ecology Investigation (Whipple et al. 2012)
• Delta Landscapes Project
• Management Tools for Landscape-Scale Restoration of Ecological
Functions
• Full Delta
• 2012-2015 (funded by ERP through DFW)
• Application of HE to the McCormack-Williamson Tract
• Beagle et al. 2012 (funded by TNC)
• Landscape Patterns and Processes of the MWT: A framework for
restoring at the landscape scale
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• Funded by Ecosystem Restoration Program (CDFG, NOAA, US FWS)
• Final Report/GIS Available: www.sfei.org/DeltaHEStudy
• Collaboration with KQED QUEST and Stanford’s Bill Lane Center for the American West: science.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/
Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Historical Ecology Investigation: Exploring Pattern and Process
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key points
• Multiple landscapes
• Range of habitat types
• Patterns reflected broad physical
gradients
• Connectivity
• Temporal variability
• Small fraction of “natural habitat”
today is remnant
• Modification occurred early
• Multiple landscapes
• Habitat mosaics arranged in distinct patterns
• Expressed across broad physical gradients
Sacramento Stockton
Antioch
Fairfield
Davis
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SACRAMENTO RIVER 5.6-48.4 (21.6 average) MAF/yr
High sediment Rainfall-event driven (high peaks, winter)
SAN JOAQUIN RIVER 1.1-19.0 (6.2 average) MAF/yr
Low sediment Snowmelt driven
(low peaks, late summer)
Landscapes reflect physical gradients
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Landscapes characterized by:
• connectivity
• local complexity
• temporal variability Central Delta: where tides dominate
North Delta: where flood basins flank rivers
Different characteristics
• Habitat types (proportion,
size, position)
• Connectivity
• Complexity
• Temporal variability
South Delta: where floodplains meet tides
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• Low banks
• Frequent tidal inundation
• High degree of connectivity between land and water
• Numerous sinuous tidal channels of different sizes
• Organized into networks branching into wetland
• Diverse vegetation community including willow-fern
swamp
• Gradual transition along tidal-fluvial gradient
• Relatively isolated by natural levees
• Floods connected components
• Wet late into summer
• Seasonal and inter-annual variability
• Different features depending on position along
gradients
• Dense and structurally complex riparian forest
• Bounded flood basins on natural levees
• Broadening floodplain with no large basins
• Wet late into summer
• Complex flows across topographically variable
landscape
• Lakes and ponds connected to rivers
• Channel complexity
• Diverse suite of habitat types at local-scale
• High degree of tidal influence
• Networks of branching channels
• Tidal wetland of tule and willow-fern
swamp
• Floods wetted and connected
landscape
• Channels to lakes along gradient
• Riparian forest bordering tule basins
• Floods within a complex landscape
meet the tides
• Side-channels connected to rivers
• Habitat type diversity at local scale
Delta Historical Landscapes summary
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Background
• Delta Historical Ecology Investigation (Whipple et al. 2012)
• Delta Landscapes Project
• Management Tools for Landscape-Scale Restoration of Ecological
Functions
• Full Delta
• 2012-2015 (funded by ERP through DFW)
• Application of HE to the McCormack-Williamson Tract
• Beagle et al. 2012 (funded by TNC)
• Landscape Patterns and Processes of the MWT: A framework for
restoring at the landscape scale
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Goals and Objectives
TASK 2
TASK 3
TASK 4
TASK 5
Metrics (past and present)
Maps, memo on change
Conceptual models, restoration principles, possible scenarios memos
Visuals, website, journal article
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Landscape Interpretation Team
Stephanie Carlson (UC Berkeley)
Jim Cloern (USGS)
Brian Collins (University of Washington)
Chris Enright (Delta Science Program)
Joseph Fleskes (USGS)
Geoffrey Geupel (PRBO Conservation Science)
Todd Keeler-Wolf (CDFG)
William Lidicker (UC Berkeley)
Steve Lindley (NMFS)
Jeff Mount (UC Davis)
Peter Moyle (UC Davis)
Anke Mueller-Solger (IEP and Delta Science Program)
Eric Sanderson (Wildlife Conservation Society)
Dave Zezulak (CDFG)
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Ecological Functions framework (Task 3)
Level
Theme
Ecological functions
Wildlife
groups
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Ecological Functions list (Task 3)
Habitat and connectivity for pelagic fish
Habitat and connectivity for resident mammals
Habitat and connectivity for native plants
Maintain genetic/phenotypic diversity
Nutrient movement and recycling
Habitat and connectivity for demersal fish
Habitat and connectivity for marsh birds
Habitat and connectivity for anadromous fish
Maintain connectivity for fragmented populations
Gross food supply
Habitat and connectivity for littoral fish
Habitat and connectivity for riparian birds
Habitat and connectivity for migratory waterfowl
Maintain diverse native communities
Net food supply
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Landscape Metrics list (Task 3)
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Background
• Delta Historical Ecology Investigation (Whipple et al. 2012)
• Delta Landscapes Project
• Management Tools for Landscape-Scale Restoration of Ecological
Functions
• Full Delta
• 2012-2015 (funded by ERP through DFW)
• Application of HE to the McCormack-Williamson Tract
• Beagle et al. 2012 (funded by TNC)
• Landscape Patterns and Processes of the MWT: A framework for
restoring at the landscape scale
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Ecofunction Metrics
Physical Drivers & Gradients
Conceptual Landscape Models
+
Existing & Projected Physical Settings
+
Operational Landscape Units with specific Landscape Metrics
and associated Ecological Functions at Regional and Subregional scale
• Conceptual design for restoration projects • Performance measures • Regional vision products • Test thru research (field, modeling, experiments)
(Verhoeven et al. 2008)
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Case study: McCormack-Williamson Tract
✤ Opportunities
✤ Large restoration
opportunity
✤ Variable
topography
✤ Connection to
uplands and tides
✤ Remnant
historical features
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Case study: McCormack-Williamson Tract
✤ Constraints
✤ Short term constraints
✤ Flooding bottleneck
✤ $, process
✤ Long term constraints
✤ Radio tower, access
✤ Land ownership
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Translating historical ecology to landscape scale restoration
1) It is important to know how we got here:
✤ How the formation of the tract underlies “constraints”
✤ What are the physical drivers of this landscape?
✤ Transition between tidal/non-tidal, transition to upland habitat types etc.
2) How do these drivers influence restoration potential?
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Adapted from Atwater and Belknap 1980
Pasternack and Brown 2004
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WALNUT GROVE GALT
HWY 5
LAMBERT ROAD
LAKES
CRAVASSE SPLAYS
TIDAL ISLANDS
COSUMNES SINK
SNO
DG
RA
SS S
LOU
GH
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Topographic Variability
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Potential Operational Landscape Unit for MWT Area Based on position w/in historical and projected future Delta landscapes Not yet using landscape metrics and fully developed conceptual landscape models
C O N C E P T U A L D I A G R A M
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2025
C O N C E P T U A L D I A G R A M
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2100
C O N C E P T U A L D I A G R A M
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2050
2050
C O N C E P T U A L D I A G R A M
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2100
C O N C E P T U A L D I A G R A M
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Habitat and Connectivity for Native Species
Tidal Marsh Area
Riparian Width
MWT proposed MWT as part of OLU
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Connectivity for Fragmented Populations
Riparian Forest Connectivity
Tidal Marsh Patch Size
NND (to marsh for fish)
MWT proposed MWT as part of OLU
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Biocomplexity/Adaptation Potential
Habitat richness
Continuous natural topo gradient (to 15m)
Marsh area in 2100
MWT proposed MWT as part of OLU
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Site scale restoration Landscape scale restoration
Short term
opportunities
Long term
opportunities
SIZE
TIM
E
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Site scale restoration Landscape scale restoration
Short term
opportunities
Long term
opportunities
SIZE
TIM
E
Lake
reconnection
35 year lease
on radio tower
Acquire land
between MWT
and Cosumnes
Preserve
Enhance lateral
and longitudinal
connectivity
Degrade levees,
tidal channels
MWT
Acquire
Dead Horse
Island
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Scaling up to Full Delta: multiple, linked OLUs
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“protecting, restoring, and enhancing the Delta ecosystem" (Water Code Section 8505).
“More recent information indicates that variation in habitat characteristics over time and space, similar to what existed historically, may favor native species over exotic species that have invaded the estuary” - CDFG et al. 2010 referencing Moyle et al. 2010
“Successfully establishing a resilient, functioning estuary and
surrounding terrestrial landscape.”
- Final Staff Draft of Delta Plan
“Restore large tracts of Delta tidal marsh, estuarine, and seasonal floodplain habitats of sufficient size and connectivity” - Bay Delta Conservation Plan draft
“Restoration strategies must be designed from a systems perspective that the Delta is considered as an interconnected watershed-river-marsh-estuary-ocean landscape.”
- Teal et al. 2010
• Large and interconnected habitats may mean different
things for different places.
• Manage and plan with current and future expected
physical gradients in mind.
• Think at the large scale and in the long term.
• The future will be different from both the present and the
past, but emphasizing certain patterns and processes
over others may yield a healthier ecosystem.
Lessons from a historical perspective
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Delta Landscapes: Tasks, Timeline and Budget
GIS intensive, physical processes, landscape ecology
Website, graphics, science communication
Biological science Broad-scale thinking, restoration ecology
Timeline and products
2012 2013 2014
Task Description Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2.0 Historical and contemporary landscape
analysis
3.0 Description and comparison of past and
present ecological function
4.0
Development of conceptual models,
landscape-level restoration principles,
and target metrics
5.0 Communication and outreach
Metrics (past and present)
Maps, memo on change
Conceptual models, restoration
principles, possible scenarios memos
Visuals, website, peer-
reviewed paper
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T H A N K S
SFEI
CDFW
Daniel Burmester
Carl Wilcox
Dave Zezulak
Cliff Dahm
Leo Winternitz
The LIT
CDFW, ERP, TNC for funding
Ruth Askevold
Julie Beagle
Erin Beller
Josh Collins
Jamie Kass
April Robinson
Sam Safran
Micha Salomon