GIS and landscape Restoration
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Transcript of GIS and landscape Restoration
APPLICATION OF GEO-INFORMATICS FORRESTORING NATURAL MANGROVE DIVERSITY:
A METHODOLOGY FRAMEWORK
Yongyut TRISURATDepartment of Forest Biology
Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart UniversityBangkok, Thailand
http://pirun.ku.ac.th/~fforyyt
Contents• Ecological restoration• Landscape & landscape restoration• Geo-informatics• Conceptual framework• Conclusions
What is Ecological Restoration?
The process of intentionally altering a site to establish a defined, indigenous, historical ecosystem.
Aim: re-establishing the self-sustaining ecosystem and a sufficient resilience to repairthe ecosystems following natural or human disturbance
RestorationRestorationRehabilitationRehabilitationReallocation/ReclamationReallocation/Reclamation
Vesa Kaarakka (2006)
Pathways for Ecosystem Repair
Restoration:To emulate the structure, function, diversityand dynamics of the specified ecosystem.
Rehabilitation (partial restoration):the process of human intervention to restore at least some of the ecosystem functions and some of the original species (replacing a degraded forest with a tree plantation).
Reclamation:Replace a degraded ecosystem with another productive ecosystem type (replacing abundant mine with a fast growing species)
Relationship b/w Ecosystem Attributes and Restoration Processes
--+Self-sustaining
-++Resilience to perturbation (disturbance)
-++External threats eliminated or reduced
-++Integrated into a larger landscape
+++Appropriate physical environment
++-Normal functioning of cycles
+--All functional tropic groups
+--Indigenous species
+--Characteristic assemblage of species
Restor.Rehab.Reclam.Attributes
Ecosystem Attributes & Ambition
+ Suitable; - Not suitable
What is Landscape?
A landscape is an area that is spatially heterogeneous in at least one factor of interest.
A landscape is a contiguous area, intermediate in size between an ecoregion and a site, with aspecific of ecological, cultural and socio-economic characteristics distinct from its neighbors.
Types of Landscape
Landscape Pattern
What is landscape ecology?Emerging science (Ecology + Geography):
• interaction between spatial pattern and ecological process
• causes and consequent effects of spatial and heterogeneity across a range of scale
• combined the spatial approach of geographer with the functional approach of ecologist
Natural Landscape Rest. Matter!
1. Attract and re-establish native animals within the areas
• Native tree specie will maximize the diversity of natural communities
2. Current scientific methods do not trulyunderstand relationships and individual species (man-made vs natural)
• To ensure that the requirements of individual species are met.
Landscape Restoration Handbook:Principles and Guidelines(Harker et al., 1999)
• Spatial principles
• Community principles
How to Restore Natural Landscape?
Species – area curve
1. Large areas of natural communities sustain more species than small areas
2. Many small patches of natural communities in an area will help sustain regional diversity
3. The shape of a nature community patch is as important as the size
Spatial Principles
4. Fragmentation of habitats, communities and ecosystems reduces diversity
5. Isolated patches of natural communities sustain fewer species than closely associated patches
6. Species diversity in patches of natural communities connected by corridors is greater than that of disconnected patches
Spatial Principles
Habitat Fragmentation & Shape
Fragmentation
7. A heterogeneous mosaic of natural community types sustains more species and is more likely to support rare species than a single homogeneous community
8. Ecotones between natural communities are natural and support a variety of species from both communities and species specific to the ecotone
Spatial Principles
Community Principles1. Full restoration of native plant
communities sustains divers wildlife populations
2. An increase in the structural diversityof vegetation increase species diversity
3. A high diversity of plant speciesassures a year-round food supply for the greatest diversity of wildlife
Community Principles
4. Species survival depends on maintaining minimum (viable) population levels
5. Low intensity land management sustains more species and costs less than high intensity mgt.
Bighorn sheep
A. clear-cutting
B. New proposedPractices –structural diversity
Logging & New Forestry Practice
Metapopulation
SourceSink
Existing Forest Cover by Region in Thailand, 1961-2000
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
1961
1976
1982
1988
1991
1995
2000
Year
% o
f tot
al c
ount
ry
area
NorthEastNortheastCentralSouthTotal
Deforestation in Thailand
Scale 1:50K - 33.2%
Scale 1:250K- 25.3%
Mangrove: lost 51% (‘61-’89)
Human• Dredging• Urban development• Water pollution• Mariculture
(Shrimp farm)
Natural•Hurricane•Tsunami
Causes of Deforestation
Remote Sensing
“Science and art of obtaining information about an object,area, or phenomenonthrough the analysis of data acquired by a device that isnot in contact with the object, area, or phenomenon under investigation”
Geo-informatics – 3-S TechnologiesFor Monitoring Mangrove Forest
Geographic System Information: GIS
A computer system capable of holding and using describing places of the earth’s surface
+
Global Positioning System (GPS)
A satellite-based system that provides locationalinformation anytime, anywhere.
• Space component• Control component• User component
0.0500.0
1,000.01,500.02,000.02,500.03,000.03,500.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Year
Sq.k
m
Central East Peninsula-East Peninsula-West Total
24421676168716181806196428733125Total
17661329133813381422147817821917
Peninsula-West
328166164164171196338355Peninsula
-East
227127130111207280441490East
12154544610312363Central
20001996199319911989198619791975Region
Source: DNP (2000)
Monitoring Mangrove ForestArea in km2
Geo-informatics Application for Landscape Restoration1. Landscape modeling for Everglades Ecosystem
Restoration (DeAngelis et al., 1998) Ecosystem
2. Modeling the suitability of potential wetland mitigation sites with a geographic information system (Lonkhuyzen et al., 2004) Env. Mgt.
3. A landscape connectivity index for assessing desertification: a case study of Minqin Country, China (Sun et al., 2006) Landscape Ecology
Translating Theories to PracticesRestoring Degraded Mangrove
Forest, Chataburi Province
1975
1990
Fringe Mangrove
Riverine Mangrove
• Basin mangrove• Dwarf (or scrub)
mangrove
Classification of Mangroves
GIS layers (potential site)• Simple landform• Hydrology (tidal)• Soils,• Historical condition• Vegetation/land use• Adjacent mangrove• Prox. to stream/coast
Ecological factors• Geomorphology• Climate• Tidal• Current• Salinity• Oxygen• Soil (mud)• Nutrient
Think Globally & Act Locally
Prof. Sanit A.
Develop GIS Database
Convert Vector to Raster
Spatial Analysis Function
Map Reclassify/Coding
Map Calculate
Map Reclassify
Processes of Grid-Based Modeling
ArcView 3.2 &Spatial Analyst
Define Objectives
MAP OUTPUT
Weighted Geometric Analysis
Suit. = (∑ SIiwi) 1/∑wi
WhereSIi = Suitability index score for variable I
(0.00 – 1.00)
wi = Weight given to variable i(1 – 3)
Experts judgments
Map Overlay & Map Calculation
Topography (Land form) (weight = 3)
• Flat (0-5%) 1.00• Undulating (5-15%) 0.75• Rolling (15-30%) 0.25• Steep (>30%) 0.10
Source: Topo. map (1:50,000)
0.10Upland
0.25Inundated by spring tide or
equinoctial tide (4-5 m)
0.50Inundated by normal high tide (3-4 m)
0.75Inundated by medium tide (2 - 3 m)
1.00Inundated by all high tide (<2.0 m)
SuitType (Weight = 3)Hydroperiod
Source: Topo. map (1:50,000)
Soil (hydric soil)
0.25Non-hydric soil
1.00Hydric soil
SuitSoil Type (Weight = 3)
Source: Soil map(1:100,000)
0.50Present miscellaneous
0.25Non-mangrove
1.00Historic mangrove
SuitHistotical Cond. (Weight = 3)
Historical condition
Sources: Previous& presentforest type map(1:50,000)
Vegetation cover/land use (weight = 1)• Building 0.00• Water 0.00• Forest 0.00• Tree crop 0.10• Rice paddy 0.25• Shrimp f. 0.50• Disturbed f./grass 1.00
• Bush/shrub 0.75
Source: LDD Land Use map (1:50,000)
Source: Present forest type map (1:50,000)
Proximity to mangrove (weight = 2)• < 0.25 km 1.00• 0.25 – 0.5 km 0.75• 0.5 - 1.0 km 0.50• 1.0-2.0 km 0.25• > 2.0 km 0.10
Source: Present forest type map (1:50,000)
Proximity to coastline (weight = 1)• > 3 km 0.1• 1.0-3.0 km 0.25• 0.5 -1.0 km0.75• < 0.5 km 1.00
Source: Topo. map (1:50,000)
Proximity to river (weight = 2)• > 2.00 km 0.1• 1.00 – 2.00 km 0.25• 0.50 – 1.00 km 0.5• 0.25 – 0.50 km 0.75• < 0.25 km 1.00
Source: Topo. map (1:50,000)
Mean = 0.58SD = 0.28
05000
10000150002000025000
3000035000
40000
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Suit. score
Cou
n
Accumulated Scores
Potential Suitable Site
Conclusions
Ecological restoration: aim to re-establishing the self-sustaining ecosystem and to repair the ecosystems (restoration/rehabilitation/ reclamation).
Natural landscape restoration is essential to attract and re-establish native taxa/ communities within the areas, and to linkthe fragmented forest patches using spatial and community principles.
Geo-informatics is of an important and power tool to capture and translate (some) theories into practices on human dominant landscape.
The potential suitability map should be Refined/balanced:• site modification/species• project cost (Dr. Piti)• avoid conflicts, etc.
Recommended Readings
1. Harker, D., Evans, S., Evans M., and Haeker, K. 1999. Landscape Restoration Handbook (2nd Ed.)Lewis Publishers, London.
2. Theobald, D.M. 2005. GIS Concepts and ArcGISMethods (2nd Ed.). Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., Colorado.
THANK YOU THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTIONFOR YOUR ATTENTION
Comments and Discussion!