FACTORS INFLUENCING MOTIVATION

Presented by:

Dr. S.M. Yasir Arafat

MBBS (DMC), MBA, FCPS (P1)

Psychiatry,

MD Phase A Resident Psychiatry,

BSMMU.

MPH, Batch-11, ID: 14-2-42-0004

ASAUB, Dhaka.

December 05, 2014.

Motivation

The set of forces that cause people to behave in certain ways

Motivation

Factors that direct and energize behavior ofhumans and other organisms

Motives - particular desired goals that underliebehavior

Exemplified in behavior

Steer one’s choice of activities

Forces that direct future behavior

Conceptual Approaches

Instinct

Drive-reduction

Arousal approaches

Incentive approach

Cognitive approach

Instinct approach

Inborn pattern of behavior

Biologically determined not learned

Born with preprogrammed set of behavior essential for survival

Provide energy that channels behavior in appropriate directions

Drawbacks

No agreement on nature & number of primary instinct

18 instinct (McDougall, 1908)

5,759 instinct (Bernard, 1924)

Can’t explain development of specific behavior pattern of a given species

However focus on evolution and genetic inheritance

Drive-reduction approaches

Hull, 1943

Lack of some basic biological requirement produce a drive to obtain that requirement

Drive- a motivational tension or arousal that energizes behavior to fulfill some need

Primary drives: related to biological needs of body or species as a whole; hunger, thirst, sleepiness, sex

Secondary drives: created by prior experience and learning: achievement, affiliation, power

Homeostasis

Try to satisfy primary drive by reducing the need underlying it

Body has a tendency to maintain a steady internal state

Operates through feedback loops bring deviations in body function back to an optimal state

Drawbacks

Inadequate to explain behavior to maintain or even increase level of excitement or arousal

Curiosity and thrill seeking behavior

Arousal Approaches

Try to maintain a certain level of stimulation and activity

Increasing or reducing them as necessary

Incentive approaches

Based on Operant Conditioning Theory

Stem from the desire to obtain valued external goals or incentives

Desirable properties of external stimuli account for a person’s motivation

Act as an anticipated reward or incentive

Punishment

Drawbacks

Not a complete explanation of motivation

seek to fulfill needs even when incentives

are not apparent

Internal drives proposed by drive-reduction theory work in tandem with the external incentives theory to “push” and “pull” behavior

Cognitive approaches

Product of people’s thoughts and expectations – their cognition

Intrinsic motivation: participate for our own enjoyment

Extrinsic motivation: for any concrete, tangible reward

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Motivation

Motivation progresses up the pyramid from the broadest, most fundamental biological need to higher order ones.

Certain primary, lower order needs, at the bottom level, must be satisfied before more sophisticated, higher, order needs, in order to work effectively.

Lower and higher order need

Basic physiological need

Safety & security

Then, need for love and belongingness

Strive for esteem, to develop a sense of self-worth by knowing that other know and value one’s competence, comes next.

Highest-level need, self-actualization – a state of self fulfillment.

Hierarchy of Needs

Self-Actualization

Realize one’sfull potential

Use abilities to the fullest

EsteemFeel good

about oneselfPromotions

& recognition

BelongingnessSocial

interaction, loveInterpersonal

relations, parties

Safety Security, stabilityJob security,

health insurance

PhysiologicalFood, water,

shelterBasic pay level

to buy items

Need Level Description Examples

Drawbacks

Unable to validate the specific ordering

Difficult to measure self-actualization

Important:

Highlights the complexity of human needs

Emphasizes that until more basic biological needs are met, people will be unconcerned with higher order needs.

Secondary Drive

Need for achievement: striving for success

A stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and attaining a level of excellence.

People with high achievement need

Seek out situation to compete with standard to prove success

Tend to avoid situation where success is easy or unlikely

Take task of intermediate difficulty

Produce positive outcome in success oriented society

Indicates future economic and occupational success

Personality & Motivation

Internal Locus of Control

External Locus of Control

Type-A personality

Type-B personality

Need for Affiliation

Striving for friendship

Interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people.

People with higher affiliation need:

Emphasize desire to maintain or reinstate friendships

Show concern over being rejected by friends

Sensitive to relationships with others

More time with friends- gender difference

Need for Power

Striving for impact on others

A tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others,

To be seen as a powerful individual

People with strong need for power:

Apt to belong to organizations and seek office

Work in professions that fulfill power need

Gender differences exist

References

1. Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry:

Behavioral Sciences, 10th Edition

2. Psychology, 6th Edition- Andrew B. Crider

3. Understanding Psychology, 10th Edition- Feldman

4. Principles of Marketing, 11th Edition- Kotler