The War That Must Never Be Fought - Ch. 11–12, Edited by George P. Shultz and James E. Goodby

8/9/2019 The War That Must Never Be Fought - Ch. 11–12, Edited by George P. Shultz and James E. Goodby

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QLK XJWQLJQ D[SQ

MKRKWGK BF[HLQAiekddjs fb Mucekjr Aktkrrkmck

Kaitka gy

Hkfrhk ^. Sluetz jma @jdks K. Hffagy

L F F R K W I M S Q I Q [ Q I F M ^ W K S S

SQJMBFWA [MIRKWSIQY SQJMBFWA, CJEIBFWMIJ

Cfpyrihlt © 7>:; gy tlk Gfjra fb Qrustkks fb tlk Ekejma Stjmbfra @umifr [mivkrsity. Jee rihlts rkskrvka.


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:: Hkttimh tf tlk Qjgek0 ^rfspkcts

jma Cljeekmhks bfr Jrds Cfmtrfe witl Climj

gy Dicljke S. Hkrsfm 379

:7 Climj jma Hefgje Mucekjr Jrds Cfmtrfe jma Aisjrdjdkmt

gy Ei Gim 3;;

Cfmtkmts


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CLJ^QKW :: Hkttimh tf tlk Qjgek0^rfspkcts jma Cljeekmhksbfr Jrds Cfmtrfe witl Climj

Dicljke S. Hkrsfm

Imtrfauctifm

Fm Mfvkdgkr ::, 7>:1, [S ^rksiakmt Gjrjco Fgjdj jma Climksk

^rksiakmt \i @impimh jmmfumcka jm idpfrtjmt jhrkkdkmt tf cfdgjt tlk

hrfwimh tlrkjt fb ceidjtk cljmhk. Qlk jhrkkdkmt, jppjrkmtey wfroka

fut fvkr djmy dfmtls fb quikt mkhftijtifms gktwkkm Xjslimhtfm jma

Gki`imh, pekahks tljt tlk [mitka Stjtks imtkmas tf rkauck its kdissifms gy

72–7< pkrckmt gkefw 7>>; ekvkes gy 7>7;, jma tljt Climj wfuea rkjcl

its pkjo cjrgfm kdissifms jrfuma 7>3> jma wfuea imcrkjsk its sljrk fb

mfm-bfssie bukes im pridjry kmkrhy cfmsudptifm.: Qlk ceidjtk cljmhk pejm

djros jm idpfrtjmt stkp bfrwjra im [S-Climj rkejtifms jma bfr tlk prfs-

pkct fb burtlkr cffpkrjtifm gktwkkm Xjslimhtfm jma Gki`imh. Jt j `fimt

prkss cfmbkrkmck \i spfok fb akvkefpimh j ―mkw dfake fb dj`fr cfumtry

rkejtifms gktwkkm Climj jma tlk [mitka Stjtks— jma aiscusska tlk idpfr-

tjmck fb akkpkmimh dieitjry kxcljmhks, dutuje trust, jma cffpkrjtifm tf

:. Skk ―[.S.-Climj @fimt Jmmfumckdkmt fm Ceidjtk Cljmhk,— Mfvkdgkr ::, 7>:1,

lttp0//www.wlitklfusk.hfv/tlk-prkss-fbck/7>:1/::/::/us-climj-`fimt-jmmfumckdkmt

-ceidjtk-cljmhk.



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33> | DICLJKE S. HKWSFM

crkjtk j ―mkw typk fb dieitjry-tf-dieitjry rkejtifms gktwkkm tlk twf cfum-

triks.— Fgjdj struco j sidiejr tfmk, kdpljsizimh tlk efmh-stjmaimh [Spfeicy fb wkecfdimh jma suppfrtimh Climj’s risk jma wkecfdimh fppfr-

tumitiks bfr kxpjmaimh cffpkrjtifm ―wlkrk fur imtkrksts fvkrejp fr jeihm.—7

Qlk ceidjtk cljmhk jhrkkdkmt is idpfrtjmt mft fmey gkcjusk it

jaarkssks j pkrtimkmt hefgje issuk gktwkkm twf fb tlk wfrea’s ejrhkst

pfeeutkrs, gut jesf gkcjusk it prkskmts j mkw fppfrtumity bfr tlk oima

fb cffpkrjtifm upfm wlicl sustjimka dutuje trust, rkspkct, jma stjgie-

ity jrk guiet. Gut wliek tlk ceidjtk cljmhk jmmfumckdkmt is j uskbueakvkefpdkmt im tlk cfmtimuka kbbfrt tf bfstkr pfsitivk jma prfauctivk

[S-Climj rkejtifms, sihmicjmt umckrtjimtiks jma distrust pkrsist gktwkkm

Xjslimhtfm jma Gkiìmh‑jma pkrljps mfwlkrk is tlis hrkjtkr tljm im tlk

rkjed fb dieitjry bfrcks jma cjpjgieitiks. Climj’s idprkssivk kcfmfdic

hrfwtl ljs grfuhlt witl it jm kxpjmsivk prfhrjd tf dfakrmizk its cfm-

vkmtifmje jma mucekjr bfrcks (js wkee js its spjck jma cygkr cjpjgieitiks)

jma akvkefp mkw jmti-jcckss/jrkj akmije (J7/JA) systkds tljt tlrkjtkmtlk [mitka Stjtks’ umbkttkrka pfwkr prf`kctifm im tlk rkhifm. Qlksk imi-

tijtivks, im turm, ljvk rjiska cfmckrms im Xjslimhtfm jma jeeika cjpitjes

jgfut Gkiìmh’s truk imtkmtifms im tlk rkhifm jma jrfuma tlk wfrea.3 Jt

tlk sjdk tidk, kdkrhimh [S cjpjgieitiks sucl js gjeeistic dissiek akbkmsk

jma cfmvkmtifmje prfdpt hefgje striok, jefmh witl tlk [S ―pivft— tf

7. ―Wkdjros gy ^rksiakmt Fgjdj jma ^rksiakmt \i @impimh im @fimt ^rkss Cfmbkrkmck,—

Mfvkdgkr :7, 7>:1, lttp0//www.wlitklfusk.hfv/tlk-prkss-fbck/7>:1/::/:7

/rkdjros-prksiakmt-fgjdj-jma-prksiakmt-xi-ìmpimh-`fimt-prkss-cfmbkrkmck.

3. Bfr tlk [mitka Stjtks jma its jeeiks im Jsij, tlk risk fb Climj tlrkjtkms tf upskt tlk

rkhifmje frakr guiet jma djimtjimka gy tlk [mitka Stjtks fvkr tlk ejst skvkrje akcjaks.

Qlk [mitka Stjtks’ rfek js tlk ―rkhifmje slkribb— im Jsij, jm kxtrj-rkhifmje pfwkr tljt

prfviaks skcurity jma djimtjims stjgieity, is bumajdkmtjeey tika tf its jgieity tf

djimtjim umbkttkrka jcckss jma pfwkr prf`kctifm im tlk rkhifm. Mfw, lfwkvkr, tlk

hrfwtl im tlk sizk jma sfplisticjtifm fb Climj’s dieitjry cjpjgieitiks‑imceuaimh, bfr

kxjdpek, tlk akvkefpdkmt jma akpefydkmt fb jmti-jcckss/jrkj akmije wkjpfms sucljs tlk AB-7:A jmti-slip gjeeistic dissiek‑crkjtks mkw cljeekmhks jma pfsks mkw

risos bfr [S bfrkihm jma akbkmsk pfeicy im tlk Jsij- ĵcic rkhifm.



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^WFS^KCQS JMA CLJEEKMHKS BFW JWDS CFMQWFE XIQL CLIMJ | 33:

Jsij jma tlk strkmhtlkmimh fb jeeijmck rkejtifmslips im tlk rkhifm, ljvk

hkmkrjtka trkpiajtifms im Gki`imh jgfut Xjslimhtfm’s fg`kctivks jmaimtkmtifms witl rkspkct tf Climj’s risk jma its pfsitifm im tlk Jsij-^jcic

rkhifm.1

Qlk cljmhimh skcurity kmvirfmdkmt im tlk Jsij-^jcic rkhifm arivkm

gy tlk risk fb Climj, jma tlk [S rkjctifm tf it, ljs idpfrtjmt idpeicj-

tifms bfr tlk hfje fb j mucekjr wkjpfms-brkk wfrea. Xitl Climj’s jsckmt

tf hrkjt pfwkr stjtus jma its sihmicjmt kxpkmaiturks jssfcijtka witl tlk

kxpjmsifm jma dfakrmizjtifm fb its dieitjry cjpjgieitiks, cfmtimuka prfh-rkss tfwjra j mucekjr wkjpfms-brkk wfrea rkquirks grimhimh Climj imtf

tlk prfckss. Ykt, cfmtimuka distrust jma dutuje umckrtjimty rkhjraimh

kjcl ftlkr’s dieitjry cjpjgieitiks jma strjtkhic imtkmtifms prkskmt j bfr-

diajgek cljeekmhk tf akkp, dkjmimhbue kmhjhkdkmt fm mucekjr issuks.

Xjslimhtfm jma Gki`imh djy gk jgek tf jhrkk tf cut tlkir cjrgfm kdis-

sifms, gut jhrkkimh tf cut fr eidit tlkir mucekjr jrskmjes is jm kmtirkey

aibbkrkmt djttkr.Jgskmt j bumajdkmtje slibt im imtkrmjtifmje rkejtifms fr j cjtjstrfplic

kvkmt, sucl js tlk usk fb mucekjr wkjpfms im wjr, it is eiokey tljt tlk

prfckss ekjaimh tf j mucekjr wkjpfms-brkk wfrea wiee fccur sefwey jma

1. Fm distrust jma suspicifm im [S-Climj rkejtifms, skk, bfr kxjdpek, Okmmktl

Eikgkrtlje jma Xjmh @isi, Jaarkssimh [.S.-Climj Strjtkhic Aistrust, @flm E. Qlfrtfm

Climj Ckmtkr Dfmfhrjplic Skriks Mf. 1 (Xjslimhtfm, AC0 Grffoimhs Imstitutifm,7>:7)? @.D. Mfrtfm, ―Qlk Sfurcks fb [S-Climj Strjtkhic Distrust,— Qlk Aipefdjt,

Jprie 71, 7>:1, lttp0//tlkaipefdjt.cfd/7>:1/>1/tlk-sfurcks-fb-us-climj-strjtkhic

-distrust? jma Ajvia D. Ejdptfm, ^fwkr Cfmstrjimka0 Sfurcks fb Dutuje Strjtkhic

Suspicifm im [.S.-Climj Wkejtifms, MGW Jmjeysis (Skjttek, XJ0 Mjtifmje Gurkju fb

Jsijm Wkskjrcl, 7>:>). Qlfdjs Bimhjr jma Bjm @islk cfmtkma tljt [S-Climj rkejtifms

jrk dfrk stjgek tljm djmy rkjeizk, tlfuhl tlky jhrkk tljt [S suspicifms jgfut Climj’s

hrfwimh dieitjry pfwkr jma efmh-tkrd imtkmtifms, jefmh witl Climksk cfmckrms

rkhjraimh dissiek akbkmsk jma strjtkhic cfmvkmtifmje wkjpfms, tlrkjtkm tf wkjokm

Simf-Jdkricjm stjgieity. Skk Qlfdjs Bimhjr jma Bjm @islk, ―Qiks tljt Gima0Strjtkhic Stjgieity im tlk [.S.-Climj Wkejtifmslip,— Xjslimhtfm Zujrtkrey 32, mf. 1

(Bjee 7>:3)0 :7;–:3:; gy tlk Gfjra fb Qrustkks fb tlk Ekejma Stjmbfra @umifr [mivkrsity. Jee rihlts rkskrvka.


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337 | DICLJKE S. HKWSFM

imcrkdkmtjeey tlrfuhl j skriks fb cjrkbueey crjbtka, vkrijgek jrds cfm-

trfe jhrkkdkmts. Sucl j prfckss rkprkskmts jm idpfrtjmt slibt im tlkefhic jma fg`kctivks fb jrds cfmtrfe brfd tlk Cfea Xjr, wlkrk strjtkhic

stjgieity‑mft jgfeitifm‑wjs tlk ckmtrje fg`kctivk.; Xliek strjtkhic stj-

gieity rkdjims jm idpfrtjmt hfje fb jrds cfmtrfe, dfakrm prfpfmkmts fb

mucekjr jgfeitifm vikw jrds cfmtrfe js j dkjms tlrfuhl wlicl tf jclikvk

kvkmtuje jgfeitifm, witl strjtkhic stjgieity gkimh jm idpfrtjmt jma mkcks-

sjry imtkrid prfauct jefmh tlk pjtl tf mucekjr zkrf.

Ib jrds cfmtrfe is tf gk tlk dkjms tlrfuhl wlicl vkrijgek jma pkrdj-mkmt jgfeitifm wiee gk jclikvka, tlkm jmjeyzimh Climj’s cfdditdkmt tf

mucekjr zkrf rkquirks rst umakrstjmaimh Climj’s pkrspkctivks fm mucekjr

jrds cfmtrfe. Qlis pjpkr wiee iakmtiby jma jmjeyzk lfw Climksk fbcijes

jma sclfejrs vikw jrds cfmtrfe, jma jsskss lfw tlksk vikws dihlt jbbkct

Climj’s wieeimhmkss tf kmhjhk im bfrdje mucekjr jrds cfmtrfe jma djok

skrifus dfvks tfwjra mucekjr zkrf.

Jmy jsskssdkmt fb Climj’s listfricje jma currkmt vikw fb jrds cfm-trfe is mkckssjriey spkcuejtivk hivkm tlk fpjquk mjturk fb Climj’s hfv-

krmdkmt, kspkcijeey cfmckrmimh issuks jssfcijtka witl mucekjr wkjpfms.

Qlkrk ljvk gkkm, fb cfursk, j ljmabue fb fbcije pugeic prfmfumckdkmts

jma afcudkmts fvkr tlk ykjrs aiscussimh tlk Climksk ekjakrslip’s vikws

fm jrds cfmtrfe. Gut, hivkm Climj’s jgskmck brfd prkvifus rfumas fb bfr-

dje mkhftijtifms tf eidit fr rkauck mucekjr wkjpfms, tlkrk is rkejtivkey

eittek tf prfviak prkckakmt fr skrvk js j huiakpfst. Cfmskqukmtey, tlis

pjpkr skkos tf hkt jt tlk qukstifm fb lfw Climj tlimos jgfut mucekjr jrds

cfmtrfe‑jma tlus ib jma lfw Climj wiee djok rkje striaks tfwjra mucekjr

jgfeitifm‑gy kxjdimimh tlk akgjtks jgfut jrds cfmtrfe jdfmh Climksk

sclfejrs jma akbkmsk jmjeysts im tlk gkeikb tljt jt ekjst sfdk fb tlk oky

tlkdks tljt kdkrhk brfd tlis eitkrjturk rkkct tlk akgjtks jma cfmckrms

jgfut jrds cfmtrfe jdfmh Climj’s oky akcisifm-djokrs.

;. Qlk cejssic tkxt fm jrds cfmtrfe jma strjtkhic stjgieity is Qlfdjs C. Sclkeeimh jma

Dfrtfm L. Ljepkrim, Strjtkhy jma Jrds Cfmtrfe (Mkw Yfro0 Qlk Qwkmtiktl Ckmtury

Buma, :92:).



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^WFS^KCQS JMA CLJEEKMHKS BFW JWDS CFMQWFE XIQL CLIMJ | 333

Climj jma Mucekjr Jrds Cfmtrfe0 Qlk Kjrey Ykjrs

Jt rst hejmck, Climj wfuea jppkjr tf gk j ―mjturje— bfr mucekjr jrds

cfmtrfe. Iddkaijtkey bfeefwimh its rst mucekjr tkst fm Fctfgkr :2, :921,

Climj akcejrka j mf-rst-usk (MB[) pfeicy jma kmcfurjhka tlk ftlkr

mucekjr-jrdka stjtks (tlk [mitka Stjtks, tlk Sfvikt [mifm, Hrkjt Gritjim,

jma Brjmck) tf wfro tfwjra tlk keidimjtifm fb mucekjr jrds. Gki`imh’s

akcejrjtfry pfeicy fm jrds cfmtrfe jma jgfeitifm ljs rkdjimka ksskm-

tijeey umcljmhka simck tljt tidk. Climj wkecfdka Fgjdj’s Jprie 7>>9spkkcl im ^rjhuk kdgrjcimh tlk visifm fb j mucekjr wkjpfms-brkk wfrea,

prfcejidimh im Juhust 7>>9 tljt it wjs rkjay tf ―djok umrkdittimh kbbfrts

tf burtlkr prfdftk tlk mucekjr aisjrdjdkmt prfckss jma rkjeizk tlk hfje

fb j mucekjr wkjpfms-brkk wfrea jt jm kjrey ajtk.— Qlk bfeefwimh dfmtl,

^rksiakmt Lu @imtjf tfea tlk [M Hkmkrje Jsskdgey tljt Climj ―ljs cfm-

sistkmtey stffa bfr tlk cfdpektk prfligitifm jma tlfrfuhl akstructifm fb

mucekjr wkjpfms— jma cjeeka fm tlk imtkrmjtifmje cfddumity ―tf tjokcrkaigek stkps tf pusl bfrwjra tlk mucekjr aisjrdjdkmt prfckss.—2

Ykt, akspitk its cfmsistkmt rlktfric im bjvfr fb jrds cfmtrfe jma jgf-

eitifm, Climj ljs gkkm rkeuctjmt tf hkt afwm tf tlk jctuje gusimkss fb

eiditjtifms jma/fr rkauctifms im mucekjr jrds. Qf gk surk, Climj ljs mft

ksclkwka jmy oima fb rkstrjimt witl rkhjra tf mucekjr wkjpfms. Akspitk

tlk cfmtkmtifm fb j Bkgrujry 7>:7 kaitfrije im tlk Xjslimhtfm Qidks

tljt Climj ―ljs mkvkr jhrkka tf gk pjrt fb jmy strjtkhic mucekjr brjdk-

wfro,— Climj is, im bjct, j sihmjtfry tf skvkrje imtkrmjtifmje jhrkkdkmts jma

is imvfevka im duetiejtkrje bfrj jssfcijtka witl mucekjr wkjpfms.8 Climj

2. Qlksk quftks jrk brfd Lui Pljmh, ―Climj’s k̂rspkctivk fm j Mucekjr-Brkk Xfrea,—

Xjslimhtfm Zujrtkrey 33, mf. 7 (Jprie 7>:>)0 :17–13. Qlk bfeefwimh ykjr, Climj

akcejrka im its akbkmsk wlitk pjpkr tljt it ljs ―jewjys stffa bfr tlk cfdpektk

prfligitifm jma tlfrfuhl akstructifm fb mucekjr wkjpfms.— Skk ^kfpek’s Wkpugeic fb

Climj, Climj’s Mjtifmje Akbkmsk im 7>:>, Djrcl 3:, 7>::, lttp0//www.climj.frh.cm /hfvkrmdkmt/wlitkpjpkr/mfakV8::128;.ltd.

8. Bfr tlk frihimje kaitfrije, skk ―Fgjdj’s [miejtkrje Aisjrdjdkmt,— Xjslimhtfm Qidks,

Bkgrujry :2, 7>:7. Bfr jm kxckeekmt jmjeysis fb tlk bjctuje krrfrs djak im tlis



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`fimka tlk Cfmbkrkmck fm Aisjrdjdkmt im :9? `fimka tlk Imtkrmjtifmje

Jtfdic Kmkrhy Jhkmcy im :91.

Dfrkfvkr, Climj jcckaka tf gftl tlk Clkdicje jma Gifefhicje Xkjpfms

Cfmvkmtifms jma ljs gkkm jm jctivk pjrticipjmt im duetiejtkrje aiscussifmfm j Qrkjty fm tlk ^rkvkmtifm fb jm Jrds Wjck im Futkr Spjck.

Mkvkrtlkekss, Climj ljs gkkm jdgivjekmt jma mfmcfddittje jt gkst‑

jma futrihlt gkeeihkrkmt jt wfrst‑wlkm it cfdks tf bfrdje mucekjr jrds

cfmtrfe witl tlk [mitka Stjtks fr jmy ftlkr mucekjr pfwkr. Js kjrey js

tlk :98>s, Gki`imh cjeeka tlk Strjtkhic Jrds Eiditjtifm Qjeos (SJEQ I)

gktwkkm tlk [mitka Stjtks jma tlk Sfvikt [mifm ―sljd aisjrdjdkmt— jma

jccuska tlk supkrpfwkrs fb usimh jrds cfmtrfe js j sdfokscrkkm bfr tlkcfmtimujtifm fb tlk mucekjr jrds rjck.:7, lttp0//jeetlimhsmucekjr.frh/wjslimhtfm-tidks

-is-wrfmh-fm-climj-jma-mucekjr-jrds.

, mf. 3 (Ximtkr :99;–:992)0 18.

9. Qlk Climksk ekjakrslip tffo tlksk tlrkjts quitk skrifusey‑

sf skrifusey, im bjct, tljtim Fctfgkr :929 Djf Qsk-tumh frakrka tlk skmifr ekjakrslip tf kk Gki`imh jma

Climj’s mjsckmt mucekjr bfrcks wkrk put fm jekrt im tlk gkeikb tljt tlk Sfvikt [mifm

wjs pejmmimh tf ejumcl j surprisk jttjco. Skk Dicljke S. Hkrsfm, Qlk Simf-Sfvikt



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^WFS^KCQS JMA CLJEEKMHKS BFW JWDS CFMQWFE XIQL CLIMJ | 33;

jma tlus sfdk im Gkiìmh’s skmifr ekjakrslip jedfst ckrtjimey rkdjimka

cfmckrmka jgfut j tlrkjt brfd tlk [mitka Stjtks. Js sucl, tlk ekjakrslipim Gkiìmh wjs dfrk imceimka tf vikw SJEQ I js j strjtkhic pefy rjtlkr

tljm j hkmuimk jttkdpt tf curg tlk jrds rjck jma rkauck tlk ajmhkr fb

mucekjr wjr.

Jmftlkr bjctfr eiokey cfmtrigutimh tf Gkiìmh’s lfstieity tfwjra mucekjr

jrds cfmtrfe im tlk akcjak bfeefwimh its kmtrjmck imtf tlk mucekjr ceug

lja tf af witl Climj’s afdkstic situjtifm. Qlk ykjrs iddkaijtkey bfe-

efwimh Climj’s rst tkst wkrk cljftic. Qlk Cueturje Wkvfeutifm tljt gkhjmim :922 swkpt fvkr tlk cfumtry, aivkrtimh djmpfwkr, dfmky, jma ftlkr

rksfurcks jwjy brfd tlk dieitjry jma eiditimh jttkmtifm jma stuay tf die-

itjry djttkrs, kspkcijeey mkw jma jrcjmk tfpics eiok mucekjr strjtkhy jma

jrds cfmtrfe. Climj aia mft kstjgeisl jm fbck fr hrfup witlim its diei-

tjry fr pfeiticje structurks tjsoka witl bfcusimh fm mucekjr issuks im tlk

ykjrs iddkaijtkey prkckaimh its mucekjr tkst. Wjtlkr, mucekjr issuks wkrk

trkjtka witl kxtrkdk skcrkcy jma eiditka tf j sdjee hrfup fb tlk dfstskmifr dieitjry jma pfeiticje fbcijes, tlkrkgy eiditimh fppfrtumitiks bfr

aijefhuk jma akgjtk. Cfmskqukmtey, wliek tlkrk wjs fgvifusey subcikmt

tkclmicje kxpkrtisk fm mucekjr wkjpfms im Climj, im tlk :92>s jma :98>s

bkw lja jmy rkje kxpkrtisk fm‑jma ckrtjimey mf fmk lja jmy kxpkrikmck

witl‑mucekjr jrds cfmtrfe.:>

Fvkr tlk mkxt bkw akcjaks, Climj jppkjrs tf ljvk hfmk tlrfuhl j ekjrm-

imh pkrifa witl rkspkct tf mucekjr strjtkhy jma jrds cfmtrfe.:: Gkhimmimh

Gfrakr Cfmict0 Aktkrrkmck, Kscjejtifm, jma tlk Qlrkjt fb Mucekjr Xjr im :929

(Jekxjmarij, RJ0 Ckmtkr bfr Mjvje Jmjeysks, 7>:>).

:>. Qlis pjrjhrjpls arjws brfd D. Qjyefr Brjvke jma Kvjm S. Dkakirfs, ―Climj’s Skjrcl

bfr Jssurka Wktjeijtifm0 Qlk Kvfeutifm fb Climksk Mucekjr Strjtkhy jma Bfrck

Structurk,— Imtkrmjtifmje Skcurity 3;, mf. 7 (Bjee 7>:>)0 22–83.

::. Skk Hu Hufeijmh, ―Climksk Jrds Cfmtrfe jma Mfmprfeibkrjtifm f̂eicy,— im

^krspkctivks fm Simf-Jdkricjm Strjtkhic Mucekjr Issuks, ka. Clristfplkr .̂ Qwfdky(Mkw Yfro0 ̂ jehrjvk Djcdieejm, 7>>:; gy tlk Gfjra fb Qrustkks fb tlk Ekejma Stjmbfra @umifr [mivkrsity. Jee rihlts rkskrvka.


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im :98< tlk Skcfma Jrtieekry, tlk dieitjry cfdpfmkmt fb tlk ^kfpek’s

Eigkrjtifm Jrdy rkspfmsigek bfr mucekjr wkjpfms, fpkmka j rkskjrclfbck, jma tlrfuhl tlk :9s tlk Skcfma Jrtieekry stuaika mucekjr strjtkhy

jma pugeislka fpkrjtifmje afcudkmts. Im jaaitifm, gkhimmimh im tlk :9s

j sdjee cfddumity fb jrds cfmtrfe spkcijeists kdkrhka witlim Climksk

tlimo tjmos jma hfvkrmdkmt-bumaka rkskjrcl imstitutks. Kdgekdjtic fb tlk

grfjakr pfeiticje rkbfrds tjoimh pejck im Climj, tlksk kxpkrts lja dfrk

ekkwjy bfr fpkm aiscussifm jma gkhjm pugeislimh pjpkrs jma jttkmaimh

imtkrmjtifmje cfmbkrkmcks fm mucekjr issuks jma jrds cfmtrfe. Qlk rksuetwjs j dfrk rfgust jma sfplisticjtka akgjtk jdfmh Climksk mucekjr spk-

cijeists jma, kqujeey (ib mft dfrk) idpfrtjmt, tlk fppfrtumity bfr aijefhuk

witl bfrkihm jrds cfmtrfe kxpkrts. Js tlk idpfrtjmck fb tlksk tfpics hrkw,

Gki`imh bumaka dfrk rkskjrcl tf guiea j cjark fb jrds cfmtrfe jma mucekjr

strjtkhy spkcijeists. Im :9>>)0 22?

Brjvke jma Dkakirfs, ―Climj’s Skjrcl bfr Jssurka Wktjeijtifm,— 28? jma @flmstfm,

―Ekjrmimh Rkrsus Jajptjtifm,— 3:; gy tlk Gfjra fb Qrustkks fb tlk Ekejma Stjmbfra @umifr [mivkrsity. Jee rihlts rkskrvka.


12/51


buturk. Im afimh sf, lfwkvkr, Climj pejcka sfdk spkcic rkquirkdkmts

tljt lja tf gk dkt gy tlk supkrpfwkrs im frakr bfr it tf cfmsiakr kmhjhimhim jrds cfmtrfe. Jma ykt, js tlk [mitka Stjtks cjdk cefskr tf dkktimh tlksk

stipuejtifms, kspkcijeey jbtkr tlk cfeejpsk fb tlk Sfvikt [mifm, Gki`imh ljs

prfckkaka tf dfaiby tlksk rkquirkdkmts tf pusl tlk tidkeimk bfr its pjr-

ticipjtifm burtlkr imtf tlk buturk. Bfr kxjdpek, im :9 pkrckmt

jma ckjska tkstimh, djmubjcturimh, jma akpefyimh tlkir mucekjr wkjpfms.Qlkm, im :9:>, Climj

akcejrka im its akbkmsk wlitk pjpkr, ―Xlkm cfmaitifms jrk jpprfprijtk,

:3. Skk Wfgkrt J. Djmmimh, Wfmjea Dfmtjpkrtf, jma Grja Wfgkrts, Climj, Mucekjr

Xkjpfms, jma Jrds Cfmtrfe0 J ^rkeidimjry Jsskssdkmt (Mkw Yfro0 Cfumcie fmBfrkihm Wkejtifms, 7>>>), 2;–22? jma Grja Wfgkrts, ―Jrds Cfmtrfe jma Simf-[S

Strjtkhic Stjgieity,— im ^krspkctivks fm Simf-Jdkricjm Strjtkhic Mucekjr Issuks,

:


13/51

33:>.

:;. Igia.



14/51


im tlk [mitka Stjtks’ supkrifr pfwkr pfsitifm fvkr Climj. Jccfraimh tf

tlis vikw, tlk [S imtkrkst im jrds cfmtrfe witl Climj is arivkm ekss gy jaksirk tf rkauck mucekjr ajmhkr jma kmljmck stjgieity jma dfrk gy tlk

rkjeitiks fb Climj’s risk jma sugskqukmt slibt im tlk hefgje gjejmck fb

pfwkr. Qlk [mitka Stjtks, tlk jrhudkmt hfks, wjmts tf kmhjhk im jrds

cfmtrfe mkhftijtifms im frakr tf cfmstrjim Climj’s mucekjr dfakrmizj-

tifm jma guieaup jma djimtjim its afdimjmt pfsitifm im tlk imtkrmjtifmje

frakr.:2

Qlis sokpticisd jgfut Xjslimhtfm’s truk dftivks jppeiks mft fmeytf jrds cfmtrfe gut jesf tf tlk kmtirk jgfeitifm jhkmaj. Sfdk im Climj

cfmtkma tljt tlk fg`kctivk arivimh tlk [S-eka pusl bfr hefgje mucekjr

jgfeitifm is Xjslimhtfm’s aksirk bfr ―jgsfeutk javjmtjhk— jma ―jgsfeutk

skcurity.—:8 Ib mucekjr wkjpfms skrvk mft fmey tf prkvkmt mucekjr cfkrcifm

jma aktkr mucekjr jttjcos‑tlk twf stjtka purpfsks fb Climj’s mucekjr

wkjpfms‑gut jesf tf aktkr cfmvkmtifmje jttjcos gy j supkrifr fppfmkmt,

tlkm mucekjr jgfeitifm wfuea ksskmtijeey hivk tlk [mitka Stjtks j brkkljma tf prf`kct pfwkr jma jttjco jmy cfumtry it wislka witl its supkrifr

cfmvkmtifmje bfrcks. Js fmk sclfejr jrhuka, ―Qlk kxistkmck fb mucekjr

wkjpfms fm tlk cfmtrjry wkjokms tlk cfmvkmtifmje wkjpfms javjmtjhks

fb tlk [mitka Stjtks dieitjry. . . . Ykt prfdftimh hefgje akmucekjrizjtifm is

cfmaucivk tf tlk djimtkmjmck fb [S cfmvkmtifmje dieitjry rksfurcks tf

djxidizk tlk gkmkts fb [S mjtifmje skcurity.—:<

Qlk skcfma cljeekmhk rkejtks tf Climj’s vikws fm trjmspjrkmcy.

Jccfraimh tf cejssic mucekjr tlkfry akvkefpka aurimh tlk Cfea Xjr,

trjmspjrkmcy is j cfrk cfdpfmkmt fb strjtkhic stjgieity jma jrds cfmtrfe.

:2. Skk Efrj Sjjedjm, ―Lfw Climksk Jmjeysts Rikw Jrds Cfmtrfe, Aisjrdjdkmt, jma

Mucekjr Aktkrrkmck Jbtkr tlk Cfea Xjr,— im Kmhjhimh Climj jma Wussij fm Mucekjr

Aisjrdjdkmt, ka. Cristimj Ljmskee jma Xieeijd C. ^fttkr, Fccjsifmje ^jpkr :;,

@jdks Djrtim Ckmtkr bfr Mfmprfeibkrjtifm Stuaiks, Dfmtkrky Imstitutk fb Imtkrmjtifmje

Stuaiks, Jprie 7>>90 ;:–;7.

:8. Skk Efrj Sjjedjm, Climj jma tlk [.S. Mucekjr ^fsturk Wkvikw, Cjrmkhik Kmafwdkmt

bfr Imtkrmjtifmje ^kjck, Bkgrujry 7::0 :;.

::; gy tlk Gfjra fb Qrustkks fb tlk Ekejma Stjmbfra @umifr [mivkrsity. Jee rihlts rkskrvka.


15/51

31> | DICLJKE S. HKWSFM

Im tkrds fb stjgieity, tlk jgieity fb mucekjr-jrdka fppfmkmts (fr, jt ekjst,

cfumtriks mft rdey jeeika witl kjcl ftlkr jma witl wlicl tlkrk is sfdkpftkmtije bfr cfmict) tf ljvk imsihlt imtf kjcl ftlkr’s mucekjr cjpjgieitiks

jma bfrck structurk lkeps tjdp afwm jrds rjcks, jssujhks tlk mkka tf

gjsk bfrck pejmmimh sfekey fm ―wfrst cjsk— jssudptifms jgfut tlk ftlkr’s

bfrcks, jma lkeps jeekvijtk cfmckrms jgfut j aisjrdimh rst striok. [makr

tlis efhic, trjmspjrkmcy ekjas tf prkaictjgieity wlicl, im turm, ekjas tf

stjgieity. Bfr jrds cfmtrfe, trjmspjrkmcy skrvks js j gjsic stjrtimh pfimt bfr

mkhftijtifms, simck stjtks cjmmft gkhim tf ma dutujeey jhrkkjgek eiditsumekss tlky omfw wljt tlk ftlkr siak pfsskssks. [pfm tlk cfdpektifm

jma sihmimh fb jm jrds cfmtrfe jccfra, trjmspjrkmcy skrvks js j ckmtrje

pieejr fb j vkricjtifm rkhidk tf kmsurk tljt tlk pjrtiks jrk im cfdpeijmck

witl tlkir fgeihjtifms.

Climj, lfwkvkr, ljs j aibbkrkmt pkrspkctivk fm trjmspjrkmcy. Hivkm

its rkejtivkey sdjee mucekjr jrskmje, Climj rkeiks fm skcrkcy jma fpjc-

ity js cfrk cfdpfmkmts fb its strjtkhic aktkrrkmt.:9

Hivkm tlk eiditka sizkfb its mucekjr jrskmje, Climj gkeikvks tljt j ejco fb trjmspjrkmcy cfm-

trigutks tf aktkrrkmck gy kmljmcimh tlk survivjgieity fb its mucekjr jrsk-

mje? jbtkr jee, ib jm kmkdy afksm’t omfw wlkrk its mucekjr wkjpfms jrk

fr lfw djmy it ljs, tlky cjm’t jccurjtkey jma rkeijgey gk tjrhktka bfr

akstructifm. Xlkrkjs Xkstkrm mucekjr tlkfry pfsits tljt trjmspjrkmcy

umakrpims stjgieity, Climj’s mucekjr tlkfry lfeas tljt j ejco fb trjmspjr-

kmcy crkjtks umckrtjimty wlicl, im turm, kmcfurjhks cjutifm jma rkstrjimt.

Bfr tlk [mitka Stjtks, aktkrrkmck ljs rkstka fm cfmvimcimh jm fppfmkmt fb

tlk ckrtjimty fb umjcckptjgek rktjeijtifm im rkspfmsk tf j mucekjr jttjco?

bfr Climj, aktkrrkmck ljs trjaitifmjeey rkstka fm crkjtimh umckrtjimty im jm

fppfmkmt’s strjtkhic cjecuejtifms jgfut its jgieity tf succkssbueey keidimjtk

Climj’s dimidje mucekjr jrskmje im j rst striok.7> Hivkm tlk efmh-stjmaimh

:9. Igia., :8–

:. Lfwkvkr, js Brjvke jma Dkakirfs jrhuk, Climj’s currkmt mucekjr dfakrmizjtifm

kbbfrts jrk bfcuska im ejrhk pjrt fm kmljmcimh survivjgieity. Climj, jccfraimh tf tlis

jrhudkmt, is skkoimh ―jssurka rktjeijtifm,— suhhkstimh tljt Climj is tryimh tf dfvk



16/51

^WFS^KCQS JMA CLJEEKMHKS BFW JWDS CFMQWFE XIQL CLIMJ | 31:

ckmtrjeity fb fpjcity im Climj’s strjtkhic tlimoimh, kbbfrts tf cfmvimck tlk

ekjakrslip im Gkiìmh tf gk dfrk bfrtlcfdimh jgfut its strjtkhic cjpjgie-itiks ljvk gkkm dkt witl krck rksistjmck. Dfrkfvkr, cfmsistkmt witl tlk

vikw tljt tlk [mitka Stjtks’ rkje imtkrkst im jrds cfmtrfe jma jgfeitifm is

tf rkstrjim Climj jma djimtjim j afdimjmt pfwkr pfsitifm, sfdk im Climj

cfmtkma tljt [S kbbfrts tf cfmvimck Gkiìmh tf gk dfrk trjmspjrkmt jgfut

its mucekjr cjpjgieitiks jrk rkjeey aksihmka tf cfeekct vjeujgek tjrhktimh

imtkeeihkmck bfr [S strjtkhic wjr pejms.7:

Cfmskqukmtey, fm tlk issuk fb trjmspjrkmcy tlk [mitka Stjtks jma Climjma tlkdskevks lfeaimh aijdktricjeey fppfska pfsitifms. Xlkrkjs tlk

[mitka Stjtks vikws trjmspjrkmcy js j mkckssjry rst stkp bfr jrds cfmtrfe

jma strjtkhic stjgieity, Climj gkeikvks tljt trjmspjrkmcy is tlk prfauct fr

futcfdk fb gkttkr fvkrjee strjtkhic rkejtifms. Im Climj’s vikw, Xjslimhtfm

jma Gkiìmh dust rst kstjgeisl ―strjtkhic trust— gkbfrk tlkrk cjm gk trjms-

pjrkmcy jma stjgieity? im tlk [mitka Stjtks’ vikw, trjmspjrkmcy is fmk fb

tlk idpfrtjmt dkcljmisds bfr crkjtimh strjtkhic trust.77

Qlk Kdkrhkmck fb Mfm-Mucekjr Cfmckrms

Im jaaitifm tf tlk cfmckrms futeimka jgfvk, twf jaaitifmje issuks ljvk

prfvka tf gk dj`fr studgeimh gefcos im [S jma imtkrmjtifmje kbbfrts tf

grimh Climj imtf tlk mucekjr jrds cfmtrfe prfckss0 [S gjeeistic dissiek

akbkmsk (GDA) cjpjgieitiks jma [S pejms tf akvkefp jma akpefy strjtkhic

cfmvkmtifmje wkjpfms sucl js cfmvkmtifmje prfdpt hefgje striok (C^HS).

Qljt tlksk twf cjpjgieitiks jrk ckmtrje irritjmts im [S-Climj (js wkee js

jwjy brfd umckrtjimty fb rktjeijtifm js tlk gjsis fb its aktkrrkmt jma tfwjra ckrtjimty

fb rktjeijtifm auk tf j dfrk vjrika, dfgiek, jma tlus survivjgek bfrck. Skk Brjvke jma

Dkakirfs, ―Climj’s Skjrcl bfr Jssurka Wktjeijtifm.—

7:. Fm Climj’s vikws fm trjmspjrkmcy, skk Ei Gim, ―Climj jma Mucekjr Qrjmspjrkmcy,—im Qrjmspjrkmcy im Mucekjr Xjrlkjas jma Djtkrijes0 Qlk ^feiticje jma Qkclmicje

Aidkmsifms, ka. Miclfejs Pjridpjs (Fxbfra0 Fxbfra [mivkrsity ^rkss 7>>3), ;>–;8.

77. Sjjedjm, ―Climj jma tlk [.S. Mucekjr ̂ fsturk Wkvikw,— :8–::; gy tlk Gfjra fb Qrustkks fb tlk Ekejma Stjmbfra @umifr [mivkrsity. Jee rihlts rkskrvka.


17/51


[S-Wussij) mucekjr rkejtifms kxkdpeiks tlk imcrkjsimhey idpfrtjmt‑

jma pftkmtijeey ajmhkrfus‑

imtkrpejy gktwkkm mucekjr jma cfmvkmtifmjebfrcks im tlk dfakrm krj. GDA jma C^HS jrk, fb cfursk, mfm-mucekjr

systkds. Gut gkcjusk fb wljt Gkiìmh‑jma Dfscfw‑gkeikvk tlky jrk

pftkmtijeey cjpjgek fb afimh, tlky pfsk tlrkjts tf tlk stjgieity fb tlk

mucekjr gjejmck jma riso cjusimh jm kscjejtfry spirje im j cfmict.

Imakka, Gkiìmh’s cfmckrms jgfut GDA jma C^HS lihleihlt j ckmtrje

tkmsifm im currkmt [S mucekjr pfeicy0 im skkoimh tf rkauck tlk rfek fb

mucekjr wkjpfms im its mjtifmje skcurity strjtkhy, tlk [mitka Stjtks ljssugskqukmtey kekvjtka tlk rfek jma idpfrtjmck fb cfmvkmtifmje systkds

eiok GDA jma C^HS. Ykt, GDA jma C^HS jrk prkciskey tlk [S cjpjgie-

itiks tljt Climj is sf akkpey cfmckrmka jgfut, jma tlis cfmckrm lkeps

arivk Gkiìmh’s rksistjmck tf hrkjtkr trjmspjrkmcy jma kmcfurjhks Climj’s

ekjakrs tf imcrkjsk tlk sizk jma sfplisticjtifm fb tlkir mucekjr jma cfm-

vkmtifmje bfrcks im frakr tf fbbskt tlksk systkds.73 ^jrjafxicjeey, tlkm,

tlk dkjms gy wlicl tlk [mitka Stjtks ljs sfuhlt tf aidimisl tlk rfek fbmucekjr wkjpfms tf pjvk tlk wjy bfr burtlkr jrds cfmtrfe jma kvkmtuje

jgfeitifm is fmk fb tlk tlimhs tljt is djoimh tlfsk fg`kctivks sf aibcuet.

Xliek Climj’s imitije rkspfmsk tf tlk [S witlarjwje brfd tlk Jmti-

Gjeeistic Dissiek Qrkjty wjs dutka, its fppfsitifm ljs stkjaiey hrfwm fvkr

tlk pjst akcjak js [S GDA pejms jma cjpjgieitiks ljvk kvfevka.71 Jma

73. Bfr kxjdpek, jccfraimh tf Yjf Yumzlu, j wkee-rkspkctka Climksk sclfejr fm mucekjrwkjpfms jma hkmkrje fbckr im Climj’s dieitjry, ―GDA akvkefpdkmt jma akpefydkmt

is gy bjr tlk dfst sihmicjmt bjctfr idpjctimh Climj’s mucekjr cjecueus.— Skk Yjf

Yumzlu, ―Climksk Mucekjr ^feicy jma tlk Buturk fb Dimidud Aktkrrkmck,— im

^krspkctivks fm Simf-Jdkricjm Strjtkhic Mucekjr Issuks, :7>. Jccfraimh tf tlk [S

Akpjrtdkmt fb Akbkmsk’s 7>:1 Climj rkpfrt, Climj is ―wfroimh fm j rjmhk fb

tkclmfefhiks tf jttkdpt tf cfumtkr [.S. jma ftlkr cfumtriks’ gjeeistic dissiek akbkmsk

systkds, imceuaimh DIWRs, akcfys, cljbb, `jddimh, jma tlkrdje slikeaimh.— Skk

Dieitjry jma Skcurity Akvkefpdkmts Imvfevimh tlk ^kfpek’s Wkpugeic fb Climj 7>:1,

Jmmuje Wkpfrt tf Cfmhrkss (Xjslimhtfm, AC0 Fbck fb tlk Skcrktjry fb Akbkmsk,7>:1), 3>.

71. Bfr jm kxckeekmt listfry fb Climj’s rkjctifms tf [S GDA pejms, skk Grja Wfgkrts,

―Climj jma Gjeeistic Dissiek Akbkmsk0 :9;; tf 7>>7 jma Gkyfma,— Imstitutk bfr



18/51


akspitk rkpkjtka jssurjmcks tljt GDA is mft aksihmka bfr‑jma is, im bjct,

imcjpjgek fb ‑

akbkmaimh jhjimst ejrhk-scjek, sfplisticjtka jttjcos eioktlk oima tljt Climj cfuea dfumt, djmy im Gki`imh rkdjim umcfmvimcka.7;

Climj cfmtkmas tljt [S GDA systkds cfuea umakrdimk its strjtkhic

aktkrrkmt gy pftkmtijeey slikeaimh tlk [mitka Stjtks brfd rktjeijtifm im

oima jbtkr j [S rst striok lja keidimjtka tlk dj`frity fb Climj’s mucekjr

bfrcks. Qlk [mitka Stjtks, Climksk pfeicydjokrs jrhuk, dihlt gk dfrk

wieeimh tf usk mucekjr wkjpfms ib it aia mft bkjr umjcckptjgek rktjeijtifm.

GDA mft fmey dihlt djok [S ekjakrs dfrk eiokey tf usk mucekjr wkjp-fms jhjimst Climj, gut it jesf dihlt prfviak Xjslimhtfm witl jm imckmtivk

tf kmhjhk im mucekjr cfkrcifm fr tjok hrkjtkr risos im j crisis fr cfmict

witl Climj im tlk gkeikb tljt its GDA cjpjgieitiks kbbkctivkey mkutrjeizk

Climj’s aktkrrkmt.72 Xitl jm kbbkctivk (fr jt ekjst j pkrckivka kbbkctivk)

Akbkmsk Jmjeysks, Jekxjmarij, Rj., Skptkdgkr 7>>3.

7;. Jccfraimh tf tlk Gjeeistic Dissiek Akbkmsk Wkvikw, ―Xliek tlk HDA _hrfuma-gjska

diacfursk akbkmskT systkd wfuea gk kdpefyka tf akbkma tlk [mitka Stjtks jhjimst

eiditka dissiek ejumclks brfd jmy sfurck, it afks mft ljvk tlk cjpjcity tf cfpk witl

ejrhk scjek Wussijm fr Climksk dissiek jttjcos, jma is mft imtkmaka tf jbbkct tlk

strjtkhic gjejmck witl tlfsk cfumtriks.— Skk Gjeeistic Dissiek Akbkmsk Wkvikw Wkpfrt,

[S Akpjrtdkmt fb Akbkmsk, Bkgrujry 7>:>, :3.

72. Fm Climksk cfmckrms jgfut [S GDA, skk, bfr kxjdpek, Ei Gim, ―Climj jma tlk

Mkw [.S. Dissiek Akbkmsk im Kjst Jsij,— Cjrmkhik Kmafwdkmt bfr Imtkrmjtifmje

^kjck, Skptkdgkr 2, 7>:7? Pljmh, ―Climj’s ^krspkctivk fm j Mucekjr-Brkk Xfrea,—:19–:;>? @imh-afmh Yujm, ―Climj jma tlk Mucekjr Brkk Xfrea,— im Kmhjhimh Climj

jma Wussij fm Mucekjr Aisjrdjdkmt, 37? Slkm Aimhei, Qfwjra J Mucekjr Xkjpfms

Brkk Xfrea0 J Climksk ^krspkctivk, Efwry Imstitutk bfr Imtkrmjtifmje ^feicy, Syamky,

Justrjeij, Mfvkdgkr 7>>9, :>? Sjjedjm, ―Climj jma tlk [.S. Mucekjr ^fsturk

Wkvikw,— 71? ^jue L.G. Hfawim, ―^ftkmtije Climksk Wkspfmsks tf [.S. Gjeeistic

Dissiek Akbkmsk,— pjpkr prkpjrka bfr tlk Stidsfm Ckmtkr-CMJ MDA-Climj ^rf`kct,

@jmujry 7>>7? jma Ei Gim, ―Qlk Idpjct fb [.S. MDA fm Climksk Mucekjr

Dfakrmizjtifm,— ^uhwjsl Fmeimk, Jprie 7>>:. It is idpfrtjmt tf mftk tljt Climj’s

cfmckrms jgfut GDA jrk mft mkw jma, im bjct, prkajtk tlk Fgjdj jadimistrjtifm’sGDA pejms jma kvkm tlk [S witlarjwje brfd tlk JGD Qrkjty. Skk, bfr kxjdpek,

Climj, Mucekjr Xkjpfms, jma Jrds Cfmtrfe, 1;–;>, wlicl wjs pugeislka im 7>>>

gy tlk Cfumcie fm Bfrkihm Wkejtifms.



19/51


GDA systkd, aktkrrkmck im [S-Climj rkejtifms wfuea gkcfdk akciakaey

fmk-siaka.Xlkrkjs Climj wfrriks tljt GDA tlrkjtkms tf akstrfy its dissieks im

ihlt, C^HS tlrkjtkms tf akstrfy its dissieks gkbfrk tlky jrk kvkm ejumclka.

C^HS is imtkmaka tf prfviak [S akcisifm-djokrs witl j prfdpt, mfm-

mucekjr cjpjgieity tf striok tjrhkts jmywlkrk im tlk wfrea witlim j slfrt

tidk.78 Xliek [S fbcijes ljvk pfsitka j mudgkr fb pftkmtije dissifms

bfr C^HS‑imceuaimh strioimh lihl-vjeuk tkrrfrist tjrhkts, cfumtkrimh jmti-

sjtkeeitk wkjpfm (JSJQ) jttjcos, jma cfumtkrimh jmti-jcckss/jrkj akmijestrioks‑tlk mucekjr-rkejtka dissifms ljvk bfcuska kxceusivkey fm Mfrtl

Ofrkj jma Irjm.7:3). Bfr skvkrje ykjrs jbtkr tlk imitije

ejumcl fb tlk C^HS prfhrjd tlk stjtka fg`kctivk wjs tf striok tjrhkts jmywlkrk im

tlk wfrea witlim fmk lfur. Lfwkvkr, js Jctfm mftks, tlk fmk-lfur tidk brjdk

jppkjrs tf gk dfrk fb j huiak tljm j rd rkquirkdkmt, jma im jmy cjsk tlkrk djy gk

j prfhrjd rkjsskssdkmt umakr wjy tljt is slibtimh tlk prfhrjd’s bfcus tf slfrtkr-

rjmhk wkjpfms bfr rkhifmje cfmtimhkmciks. Skk Jctfm, 1–;.

7>9)0 :; gy tlk Gfjra fb Qrustkks fb tlk Ekejma Stjmbfra @umifr [mivkrsity. Jee rihlts rkskrvka.


20/51

^WFS^KCQS JMA CLJEEKMHKS BFW JWDS CFMQWFE XIQL CLIMJ | 31;

Climj tf fpkrjtk its bfrcks im wjys tljt cfuea imcrkjsk tlk cljmcks fb

jcciakmts, discjecuejtifms, fr mucekjr kscjejtifm im j crisis fr wjr.3>

Xliek djmy im Climj gkeikvk tljt GDA jma C^HS skpjrjtkey pfsk

tlrkjts tf its strjtkhic aktkrrkmt, Climksk pfeicydjokrs jma akbkmsk jmj-

eysts jrk kvkm dfrk cfmckrmka jgfut tlkd gkimh uska tfhktlkr. Xitl

kbbkctivk cfmvkmtifmje striok cjpjgieitiks jma dissiek akbkmsk, Climj wfr-

riks tljt tlk [mitka Stjtks cfuea ejumcl j mfm-mucekjr cfumtkrbfrck rst

striok jma tlkm usk its GDA tf akstrfy jmy rkdjimimh mucekjr-jrdka dis-

sieks ejumclka im rktjeijtifm. Im tlis sckmjrif tlk [mitka Stjtks wfuea, imkbbkct, kmhjhk im mucekjr wjr witlfut ljvimh tf rk j mucekjr slft.3:

Frhjmizjtifmje jma Gurkjucrjtic Cljeekmhks

Qlk prkckaimh aiscussifm akdfmstrjtks tljt tlkrk jrk sfdk idpfrtjmt

cljeekmhks jma fgstjceks tf cfmvimcimh Climj tf pjrticipjtk im dkjmimh-bue mucekjr jrds cfmtrfe tljt dihlt pjvk tlk wjy bfr kvkmtuje hefgje jgf-

eitifm. Jma, ib tlk cljeekmhks futeimka jgfvk wkrk mft kmfuhl, it is eiokey

tljt Climj dust jesf cfmtkma witl sfdk frhjmizjtifmje jma gurkjucrjtic

3>. Bfr kxjdpek, Climj cfuea rkvkrsk j efmh-stjmaimh pfeicy jma stjrt akpefyimh its

bfrcks witl wjrlkjas djtka tf dissieks. Im j crisis fr cfmict witl tlk [mitka Stjtks,

Gki`imh, bkjrimh j [S rst striok witl C^HS systkds, dihlt gk kmcfurjhka tf aispkrsk

its dfgiek bfrcks jt jm kjreikr tidk fr kvkm prk-akekhjtk ejumcl jutlfrity tf kea

cfddjmakrs.

3:. Fm tlksk cfmckrms, skk, bfr kxjdpek, Clristfplkr .̂ Qwfdky, ―Mucekjr Stjgieity jt

Efw Mudgkrs0 Qlk ^krspkctivk brfd Gki`imh,— Qlk Mfmprfeibkrjtifm Wkvikw 7>, mf. 7

(@umk 7>:3)0 792? Jctfm, Sievkr Gueekt, :7>–:72? Bimhjr jma @islk, ―Qiks tljt Gima,—

:33? Brjvke jma Dkakirfs, ―Climj’s Skjrcl bfr Jssurka Wktjeijtifm,— ::)0 :9;–777.



21/51


luraeks tljt eiokey jbbkct its wieeimhmkss jma jgieity tf pjrticipjtk im jrds

cfmtrfe. Js mftka kjreikr, Climj wjs sefw tf akvkefp bfrdje hfvkrmdkmtjefbcks jma kxpkrtisk im mucekjr wkjpfms jma aktkrrkmck, jma its akvke-

fpdkmt fb kxpkrtisk spkcicjeey im jrds cfmtrfe is eiokey tf ljvk gkkm

kvkm sefwkr. Ib [S-Sfvikt/Wussijm jrds cfmtrfe is jmy huiak, tlk jctuje

dkcljmics fb jrds cfmtrfe jrk cfdpeicjtka jma ksftkric, imvfevimh pjims-

tjoimh aktjie im akmitifms, cfumtimh rfeks, jma vkricjtifm prfckaurks, tf

mjdk fmey j bkw. Xitlfut airkct kxpkrikmck im tlk gusimkss fb mkhftijt-

imh jma idpekdkmtimh j mucekjr jrds cfmtrfe jhrkkdkmt, sfdk kekdkmtsfb Climj’s hfvkrmdkmtje jppjrjtus djy gk rktickmt‑jma pfssigey kvkm

fgstructifmist‑im pjrticipjtimh im jrds cfmtrfe kvkm wlkm tlk strjtkhic

situjtifm is akkdka ―jpprfprijtk— gy Climksk stjmajras, wljtkvkr tlky

djy gk.

Qf gk surk, Climj ljs gkkm stkjaiey akvkefpimh jcjakdic kxpkr-

tisk im mucekjr wkjpfms jma jrds cfmtrfe bfr skvkrje akcjaks, jma

Climksk kxpkrts ljvk pjrticipjtka im mudkrfus umfbcije Qrjco II strj-tkhic aijefhuks, mucekjr pfeicy cfmbkrkmcks, jma tkclmicje dkktimhs.

Im 7>>< tlk [.S. Mjtifmje Jcjakdy fb Scikmcks pugeislka tlk Kmheisl-

Climksk, Climksk-Kmheisl Mucekjr Skcurity Hefssjry, j `fimt prf`kct gy

[S jma Climksk kxpkrts tf crkjtk jhrkka-upfm akmitifms fb oky mucekjr

tkrds. Qlk issuk, lfwkvkr, is wlktlkr tlis jcjakdic kxpkrtisk, jma sfdk

fb tlk kxpkrts tlkdskevks, cjm etkr up tf Climj’s oky akcisifm-djoimh

circeks jma turm Climj’s ekjrmimh im jrds cfmtrfe tlkfry imtf prjctick.

Qlk Xjy Jlkja

Xliek mfmk fb tlk cljeekmhks futeimka im tlis pjpkr jrk imsurdfumtjgek,

Climj’s cfmckrms jrk rkje jma rdey lkea, tlus mkckssitjtimh cjrkbue jma

cueturjeey skmsitivk sfeutifms. Js sucl, tlis pjpkr cfmceuaks witl sfdk

dfakst rkcfddkmajtifms.

J rst stkp‑jma kdpljsizimh tlk usk fb tlk wfra ―dfakst— jgfvk‑is

tf djmjhk kxpkctjtifms jgfut wljt is bkjsigek jma rkjeistic im tlk mkjr



22/51


jma dkaiud tkrd witl rkspkct tf jrds cfmtrfe witl Climj. Hivkm Gkiìmh’s

ejco fb kxpkrikmck witl bfrdje mucekjr jrds cfmtrfe jma gftl rkckmt jmaefmh-stjmaimh cfmckrms jgfut [S strjtkhic cjpjgieitiks jma its truk imtkm-

tifms witl rkspkct tf jrds cfmtrfe witl Climj, kbbfrts tf ma j mkjt, jee-

kmcfdpjssimh sfeutifm fr brjdkwfro jrk eiokey tf bjie. Qlk [mitka Stjtks

dust subcikmtey jaarkss kjcl fb Climj’s cfmckrms jgfut jrds cfmtrfe, jma

sfdk djy gk jgek tf gk akjet witl tfhktlkr fr fm pjrjeeke trjcos wlkrkjs

ftlkrs dihlt mkka tf gk ljmaeka skqukmtijeey. [S pfeicydjokrs‑jma,

kqujeey idpfrtjmt, tlk [S jrds cfmtrfe cfddumity‑

slfuea tlkrkbfrkkxpkct j efmh jma cfdpeicjtka prfckss tf hkt Climj tf tlk mkhftijtimh

tjgek, fmk tljt wiee jedfst ckrtjimey gk eeka witl brustrjtifms, bjesk stjrts,

eiditka succkssks, jma kvkm fccjsifmje sktgjcos. Qlis slfuea mft gk dkt

witl criticisd, brustrjtifm, jma cjees bfr spkkaikr prfhrkss. Wjtlkr, it slfuea

gk vikwka js jm idpfrtjmt jma mkckssjry strjtkhic cljeekmhk tljt rkquirks

pjtikmck, pkrsistkmck, jma bfrtituak.

Djmjhimh kxpkctjtifms jgfut wljt is rkjeistic im tlk mkjr jma dkaiudtkrd is kspkcijeey idpfrtjmt gkcjusk it djy gk tlk cjsk tljt bfrdje

mucekjr jrds cfmtrfe mkhftijtifms witl Climj dihlt fmey gk pfssigek

fmck Climj ljs ―riskm,— rjtlkr tljm aurimh its risk. Qlk umckrtjimtiks jma

distrust tljt jrk ljdpkrimh kbbfrts tf grimh Climj imtf bfrdje mucekjr

jrds cfmtrfe jrk arivkm im pjrt gy tlk bjct tljt Climj is stiee im jsckm-

ajmck jma tlk buee strjtkhic cfmskqukmcks jma idpeicjtifms fb its risk

jrk js ykt umcekjr. Qlk listfry fb Climj’s risk, jma tlk listfry fb tlk [S

rkjctifm tf it, jrk stiee gkimh writtkm. It is pfssigek tljt sfdk fb Gkiìmh’s

trkpiajtifms jgfut kmhjhimh im bfrdje jrds cfmtrfe‑pjrticuejrey tlk cfm-

ckrm jgfut Xjslimhtfm usimh jrds cfmtrfe js j dkjms tf cfmtjim Climj’s

risk jma efco im j supkrifr pfwkr pfsitifm‑jrk arivkm jt ekjst im pjrt

gy Climj’s pkrckptifm fb itskeb js j wkjokr stjtk tljt is stiee kdkrhimh js

dj`fr pfwkr, fmk tljt ljs im tlk pjst gkkm gueeika jma tjokm javjmtjhk

fb gy ejrhkr pfwkrs. Cfmskqukmtey, Gkiìmh dihlt gk wieeimh tf cfmsiakr

kmhjhimh im bfrdje mkhftijtifms fm eiditjtifms fr cuts fmey jbtkr its die-

itjry dfakrmizjtifm is cfdpektka jma its kdkrhkmck js j hrkjt pfwkr is

sfeiaika.



23/51

31:> [S Mucekjr ^fsturk Wkvikw’s cjee bfr djimtjimimh jma kmljmc-

imh strjtkhic stjgieity witl Climj wjs dkt witl sfdk cfmbusifm im Climksk

strjtkhic circeks, js sfdk im Climj vikw tlk cfmckpt fb strjtkhic stjgieity

js j rkejtifmslip gktwkkm rkejtivkey kquje mucekjr pfwkrs (sucl js tlk

[mitka Stjtks jma Wussij) jma tlkrkbfrk mft iddkaijtkey jppeicjgek tf

37. Skk, bfr kxjdpek, Kvjm S. Dkakirfs, ―Kvfevimh Mucekjr Afctrimk,— im Climj’s Mucekjr

Buturk, ka. ^jue @. Gfet jma Jegkrt S. Xiemkr (Gfueakr, CF0 Eymmk Wikmmkr, 7>>2), ;7,

2;–

22? Bfrrkst K. Dfrhjm, Ojre ^. Dukeekr, Kvjm S. Dkakirfs, Okvim E. ^feepktkr, jmaWfhkr Ceibb, Ajmhkrfus Qlrkslfeas0 Djmjhimh Kscjejtifm im tlk 7:st Ckmtury (Sjmtj

Dfmicj, CJ0 Wjma Cfrp., 7>>.



24/51


[S-Climj mucekjr rkejtifms.33 Idpfrtjmtey, tlk Mucekjr ^fsturk Wkvikw

aia mft akmk strjtkhic stjgieity, pkrljps akeigkrjtkey sf im frakr tf crkjtkjm fppfrtumity bfr Xjslimhtfm jma Gkiìmh tf `fimtey jhrkk fm j akmi-

tifm. Xljtkvkr tlk rkjsfm, lfwkvkr, Climksk fbcijes jma mucekjr kxpkrts

rkspfmaka tf tlk rkvikw’s cjee bfr strjtkhic stjgieity witl Climj mft gy

cjeeimh bfr giejtkrje wfro gut gy cjeeimh bfr tlk [mitka Stjtks tf prfviak j

akmitifm.31

Xliek tlkrk jrk ckrtjimey sfdk idpfrtjmt aibbkrkmcks im akmitifms jma

cfmckpts im Xjslimhtfm’s jma Gkiìmh’s mucekjr ekxicfms, tlksk aispjritiksslfuea mft gk fvkrstjtka. Climj’s gkljvifr fvkr its mkjrey vk-akcjak-

efmh listfry witl mucekjr wkjpfms akdfmstrjtks tljt it umakrstjmas jma

jgiaks gy tlk cfrk efhic fb mucekjr wkjpfms js akvkefpka im tlk Xkst,

kvkm ib tlk cfmckpts jma tkrds jrk sfdkwljt aibbkrkmt. Jt tlk dfst bumaj-

dkmtje ekvke, Climj vikws mucekjr wkjpfms mft js dieitjriey uskbue tffes

bfr jhhrkssifm jma cfkrcifm gut rjtlkr js j dkjms fb prkvkmtimh tlk tlrkjt

fr usk fb mucekjr wkjpfms jhjimst it. Climj’s fmhfimh mucekjr dfakrmizj-tifm prfhrjds (imceuaimh tlk akpefydkmt fb ejma-gjska dfgiek dissieks

jma tlk imtrfauctifm fb j mkw cejss fb gjeeistic dissiek sugdjrimks) jrk

arivkm im pjrt gy tlk mkka tf imcrkjsk tlk survivjgieity fb its bfrcks‑tlk

ckmtrje tkmkt fb Xkstkrm aktkrrkmck tlkfry. Js sucl, tlk [mitka Stjtks

slfuea jvfia tryimh tf bfrck prkcisk akmitifms fr cfmckpts fm Climj.

Qlksk kbbfrts jrk mft fmey ummkckssjry gut, kqujeey idpfrtjmt, jrk cfum-

tkrprfauctivk, js Gkiìmh jedfst ckrtjimey wfuea imtkrprkt tlksk jctifms

js cfmaksckmaimh jma kdgekdjtic fb Xjslimhtfm’s aksirk tf djimtjim

afdimjmck fvkr Climj.

33. Bfr Climj’s vikws fm strjtkhic stjgieity, skk ^FMI Xfroimh Hrfup fm [.S.-Climj

Mucekjr Issuks, Mucekjr Xkjpfms jma [.S.-Climj Wkejtifms0 J Xjy Bfrwjra, Ckmtkr

bfr Strjtkhic jma Imtkrmjtifmje Stuaiks, Djrcl 7>:3, :1. Qlk jutlfr wjs j dkdgkr fb

tlk cfddittkk upfm wlicl tlis rkpfrt is gjska. Skk jesf Sjjedjm, ―Climj jma tlk[.S. Mucekjr ^fsturk Wkvikw,— 3, 8, 72–79? jma Qwfdky, ―Mucekjr Stjgieity jt Efw

Mudgkrs0 Qlk Rikw brfd Gkiìmh,— 797–798.

31. I tljmo @jdks Jctfm bfr tlis pfimt.



25/51

3;> | DICLJKE S. HKWSFM

Qlk [mitka Stjtks slfuea imstkja skko, tlrfuhl gftl bfrdje jma imbfr-

dje cljmmkes, tf gkttkr umakrstjma Climj’s strjtkhic cfmckpts jma wfrotf kmsurk tljt Climj’s pfeicydjokrs jma mucekjr jmjeysts umakrstjma [S

cfmckpts jma tkrds. Qlis jpprfjcl is jerkjay fccurrimh tlrfuhl Qrjco II

cljmmkes jma is kxkdpeika gy tlk akvkefpdkmt jma pugeicjtifm fb tlk

Kmheisl-Climksk, Climksk-Kmheisl Mucekjr Skcurity Hefssjry. ̂ rkcisifm jma

spkcicity jrk kxtrkdkey idpfrtjmt im aijefhuk jma mkhftijtifms gktwkkm

mucekjr-jrdka pfwkrs. Gut tlk pfimt is tljt js efmh js kjcl siak umakr-

stjmas kxjctey wljt tlk ftlkr dkjms wlkm it usks j tkrd, it afks mftdjttkr ib gftl cfumtriks jrk usimh tlk sjdk eimhf. Im bjct, im [S-Climj

mucekjr rkejtifms it djy wkee gk wfrtl aispkmsimh witl trjaitifmje Xkstkrm

guzzwfras sucl js strjtkhic stjgieity hivkm tlk Cfea Xjr gjhhjhk tlky

cjrry jma imstkja bfcus fmey fm tlk cfrk issuks kmcfdpjsska gy tlk cfm-

ckpt, pkrljps kvkm umakr tlk gjmmkr fb j mkw tkrd `fimtey cfimka gy

Xjslimhtfm jma Gkiìmh.3;

Im tkrds fb prjcticje stkps tf jssujhk Climksk cfmckrms jgfut pjrtici-pjtimh im jrds cfmtrfe, tlk [mitka Stjtks slfuea cfmsiakr lfw tf imvfevk

Climj im sfdk prjcticje jspkcts fb kxistimh jrds cfmtrfe jhrkkdkmts.

Hivkm Climj’s ejco fb kxpkrikmck im tlis jrkmj, jpprfprijtk rst-ljma

kxpfsurk cfuea lkep bjdieijrizk Gkiìmh witl wljt jrds cfmtrfe effos

eiok im prjctick jma lkep dimidizk tlk imlkrkmt trkpiajtifms imvfevka

im hkttimh imvfevka im sfdktlimh fb tlis djhmituak bfr tlk rst tidk. Js

ùst fmk kxjdpek, tlk [mitka Stjtks cfuea cfmsiakr jeefwimh Climj tf

fgskrvk j prjctick imspkctifm fb Wussij’s strjtkhic bfrcks jeefwka umakr

Mkw SQJWQ.32

^krljps tlk dfst idpfrtjmt issuks tljt mkka tf gk rksfevka im frakr tf

pjvk tlk wjy bfr Climj’s pjrticipjtifm ljvk tf af witl GDA jma C^HS.

3;. Bfr j sidiejr pfimt, skk ―Mucekjr Xkjpfms jma [.S.-Climj Wkejtifms,— :1.

32. Igia., 7;. It is idpfrtjmt tf kdpljsizk tljt tlis wfuea gk fgskrvjtifm fb j prjctickimspkctifm cfmauctka im tlk [mitka Stjtks, js Wussij wfuea gk umeiokey tf jeefw

Climksk fgskrvks tf jccfdpjmy [S fbcijes fm j rkje imspkctifm.



26/51

^WFS^KCQS JMA CLJEEKMHKS BFW JWDS CFMQWFE XIQL CLIMJ | 3;:

Slfrt fb ljetimh tlksk prfhrjds‑wlicl wfuea gk pfeiticjeey umpjejtjgek

im Jdkricj jma umwisk strjtkhicjeey hivkm tlk dyrija fb tlrkjts tf [Sskcurity imtkrksts jma its kxtkmaka aktkrrkmck cfdditdkmts‑tlk [mitka

Stjtks dust ma crkaigek wjys tf jssurk Climj tljt tlksk systkds jrk

mft j tlrkjt. Sucl kbbfrts cfuea imceuak visits tf [S jma Climksk dissiek

akbkmsk sitks, imvitjtifms tf fgskrvk dissiek akbkmsk tksts, `fimt tkclmicje

jsskssdkmts fb GDA jma C^HS cjpjgieitiks, jma `fimt tlrkjt jsskssdkmts

jma sckmjrif kxkrcisks jmjeyzimh tlk rjmhk fb cfmtimhkmciks im wlicl

tlksk cjpjgieitiks dihlt gk uska. Fb cfursk, jee fb tlksk imitijtivks imvfevktwf criticje kekdkmts fb dutuje trust0 rst, gkeikb tljt tlksk cfmakmck-

guieaimh kbbfrts wfm’t gk uska sfekey js imtkeeihkmck-hjtlkrimh kbbfrts

aksihmka tf cfeekct imbfrdjtifm tljt cjm tlkm gk uska tf cfumtkr tlk ftlkr

siak’s cjpjgieitiks? jma, skcfma, bjitl tljt wljt kjcl siak is slfwimh jma

cfddumicjtimh tf tlk ftlkr jgfut its cjpjgieitiks jma strjtkhic tlimoimh

witl rkhjra tf tlksk wkjpfms is, im bjct, jccurjtk.

Bimjeey, gkyfma jeekvijtimh cfmckrms jgfut [S cjpjgieitiks jma imtkm-tifms, tlk [mitka Stjtks cjm jesf kmcfurjhk Climj’s pjrticipjtifm im bfrdje

mucekjr jrds cfmtrfe jma tlk jgfeitifm jhkmaj gy jafptimh j mf-rst-usk

mucekjr pfeicy. Climj ljs rkpkjtkaey cjeeka bfr tlk [mitka Stjtks jma

tlk ftlkr akcejrka mucekjr-wkjpfm stjtks umakr tlk Mfm-^rfeibkrjtifm

Qrkjty tf jafpt MB[, hfimh sf bjr js tf imtrfauck im @jmujry :991 j arjbt

―Qrkjty fm Dutuje Mf-Birst-[sk fb Mucekjr Xkjpfms— jma tf prfpfsk

tljt tlk mucekjr-wkjpfm stjtks gkhim tlk rst rfuma fb mkhftijtifms fm

tlk trkjty im Gki`imh. Wussij, lfwkvkr, wjs tlk fmey stjtk tljt tffo imtkr-

kst im tlk prfpfsje. Im Skptkdgkr :991, Climj jma Wussij issuka j `fimt

stjtkdkmt cfddittimh tf j dutuje mf-rst-usk pfeicy jma tlk ak-tjrhktimh

fb mucekjr wkjpfms jhjimst kjcl ftlkr.38 Xitl rkmkwka hefgje imtkrkst

im mucekjr jgfeitifm, Climj ljs stjtka tljt it gkeikvks j criticje rst stkp

38. Imbfrdjtifm Fbck fb tlk Stjtk Cfumcie fb tlk k̂fpek’s Wkpugeic fb Climj,―Climj’s Kmakjvfrs bfr Jrds Cfmtrfe, Aisjrdjdkmt, jma Mfm-^rfeibkrjtifm,—

Skptkdgkr 7>>;, lttp0//www.climj.frh.cm/kmheisl/bkjturks/gffo/:1>37>.ltd.



27/51

3;7 | DICLJKE S. HKWSFM

im rkjeizimh tlk hfje fb j mucekjr wkjpfms-brkk wfrea is bfr tlk ftlkr

mucekjr pfwkrs tf rkauck tlk rfek fb mucekjr wkjpfms im tlkir mjtifmjeskcurity strjtkhiks gy bfrkswkjrimh tlk fptifm tf usk mucekjr wkjpfms

rst im cfmict.3 Jafptimh MB[ wfuea mft gk

kjsy, js Xjslimhtfm wfuea ljvk tf crkaigey cfmvimck its jeeiks tljt it cjm

stiee dkkt its kxtkmaka aktkrrkmck cfdditdkmts jma wfuea ljvk tf wfro

tf ditihjtk afdkstic pfeiticje bjeefut. Gut, ib rkaucimh mucekjr ajmhkrs

jma ejyimh tlk hrfumawfro bfr mucekjr jgfeitifm jrk tf rkdjim idpfrtjmt

efmh-tkrd [S pfeicy fg`kctivks, jafptimh MB[ cfuea gk j dkjmimhbuestkp bfrwjra.

3:> Akbkmsk Xlitk ĵpkr, ―Climj lfeas tljt, gkbfrk tlk

cfdpektk prfligitifm jma tlfrfuhl akstructifm fb mucekjr wkjpfms, jee mucekjr-

wkjpfm stjtks slfuea jgjmafm jmy mucekjr aktkrrkmck pfeicy gjska fm rst usk

fb mucekjr wkjpfms. . . .— Skk Climj’s Mjtifmje Akbkmsk im 7>:>.

39. Skk, bfr kxjdpek, Pljmh, ―Climj’s ^krspkctivk fm j Mucekjr-Brkk Xfrea,— :1;–:12?

Hrkhfry Ouejcoi, ―Clicokms Qjeoimh witl Aucos0 Qlk [.S.-Climksk Mucekjr

Aijefhuk,— Jrds Cfmtrfe Qfajy 1: (Fctfgkr 7>::), lttp0//ekhjcy.jrdscfmtrfe.frh

/jct/7>::V:>/[.S.VClimkskVMucekjrVAijefhuk? jma Eu Yim, ―Guieaimh j Mkw

Climj-[S Strjtkhic Stjgieity,— Cfmtkdpfrjry Imtkrmjtifmje Wkejtifms 77, mf. 2

(Mfvkdgkr/Akckdgkr 7>:7), lttp0//www.kjstvikwprkss.cfd/Bieks/CIWV2V7>:7

VClimj%7>[S%7>Stjgieity.pab.

1>. Bfr jrhudkmts im bjvfr fb tlk [mitka Stjtks jafptimh MB[, skk Dicljke S. Hkrsfm,

―Mf Birst [sk0 Qlk Mkxt Stkp bfr [S Mucekjr ^feicy,— Imtkrmjtifmje Skcurity 3;, mf. 7(Bjee 7>:>)0 8–18? jma Scftt A. Sjhjm, ―Qlk Cjsk bfr Mf Birst [sk,— Survivje ;:, mf. 3

(@umk– @uey 7>>9)0 :23–::; gy tlk Gfjra fb Qrustkks fb tlk Ekejma Stjmbfra @umifr [mivkrsity. Jee rihlts rkskrvka.


28/51

^WFS^KCQS JMA CLJEEKMHKS BFW JWDS CFMQWFE XIQL CLIMJ | 3;3

Cfmceusifm

Jbtkr tlk imitije kxcitkdkmt jma kuplfrij tljt bfeefwka ^rksiakmt Fgjdj’s

kdgrjck fb tlk visifm fb j mucekjr wkjpfms-brkk wfrea, tlk prjcticje

jspkcts fb jrds cfmtrfe jma jgfeitifm ljvk tkdpkrka jmy lfpk tljt djy

ljvk kxistka bfr j sdfftl pjtl tf zkrf, kvkm ib fvkr djmy akcjaks. Xliek

tlk rfek jma sjeikmck fb mucekjr wkjpfms im imtkrmjtifmje pfeitics ljvk

ckrtjimey akceimka simck tlk kma fb tlk Cfea Xjr, djmy mucekjr-jrdka

stjtks cfmtimuk tf gkeikvk tljt mucekjr wkjpfms jrk j sydgfe fb hrkjtpfwkr stjtus jma tlk uetidjtk hujrjmtfr fb skcurity jma sfvkrkihmty. Js fmk

fb tlk vk akcejrka mucekjr-wkjpfm stjtks umakr tlk Mfm-^rfeibkrjtifm

Qrkjty, Climj’s kdgrjck fb jgfeitifm jma its wieeimhmkss tf pjrticipjtk im

bfrdje jrds cfmtrfe jrk crucije mkxt stkps im sustjimimh tlk dfdkmtud

bfr hefgje jgfeitifm. Imakka, Climj’s pjrticipjtifm djy lfea tlk oky tf

dueti-ejtkrjeizimh wljt ljs listfricjeey gkkm fmey j giejtkrje kmakjvfr. Js

witl djmy ftlkr jspkcts fb dfakrm imtkrmjtifmje pfeiticje jma kcfmfdicissuks, tlk buturk fb jrds cfmtrfe is im tlk Kjst.



29/51

CLJ^QKW :7 Climj jma Hefgje Mucekjr JrdsCfmtrfe jma Aisjrdjdkmt

Ei Gim

Ejco fb Climksk-[S Cffpkrjtifm fm Mucekjr Jrds Cfmtrfe

Brfd :993 tf :992, Climj jma tlk [mitka Stjtks djak cfmstructivk `fimt

kbbfrts im mkhftijtifms fm tlk Cfdprklkmsivk Qkst Gjm Qrkjty (CQGQ). Simck

tlkm, tlk twf cfumtriks ljvk djak eittek prfhrkss im tlkir cffpkrjtifm fm

mucekjr jrds cfmtrfe, jetlfuhl tlky ljvk sihmicjmtey wiakmka jma akkp-

kmka tlkir cffpkrjtifm fm mucekjr mfmprfeibkrjtifm jma mucekjr skcurity

issuks. Qlk fmey rkckmt mftjgek prfhrkss im mucekjr jrds cfmtrfe gktwkkm

tlk twf cfumtriks is j giejtkrje jhrkkdkmt fm mucekjr ak-tjrhktimh

jmmfumcka im :99:; gy tlk Gfjra fb Qrustkks fb tlk Ekejma Stjmbfra @umifr [mivkrsity. Jee rihlts rkskrvka.


30/51

3;2 | EI GIM

It is wfrrisfdk ib Climj jma tlk [mitka Stjtks cjmmft akvkefp cffp-

krjtifm fvkr mucekjr jrds cfmtrfe tf lkep guiea trust gktwkkm tlkd. Gftlcfumtriks jrk cfmckrmka jgfut kjcl ftlkr’s akvkefpdkmt fb strjtkhic

mucekjr cjpjgieitiks. Bfr kxjdpek, tlk [mitka Stjtks wfrriks jgfut tlk

buturk akvkefpdkmt fb tlk Climksk mucekjr bfrck wliek Climj is cfm-

ckrmka jgfut tlk akvkefpdkmt fb tlk [S dissiek akbkmsk prfhrjd. Qlksk

wfrriks cfuea kvkmtujeey ekja tf j skcurity aiekddj bfr tlk twf cfumtriks

ib tlky cjmmft akvkefp jm kbbkctivk dkcljmisd bfr cffpkrjtifm.

Im tlk hefgje cfmtkxt, tlkrk ljs gkkm mf mkhftijtifm simck :992 jttlk Cfmbkrkmck fm Aisjrdjdkmt, tlk dfst idpfrtjmt duetiejtkrje jrds

cfmtrfe mkhftijtifm bfrud. Qlk vk mucekjr-wkjpfm stjtks (^;) jrk rkckiv-

imh hrfwimh prkssurk brfd tlk mfm-mucekjr-wkjpfm stjtks bfr tlkir imkb-

cikmcy im idpekdkmtimh Jrticek RI (wlicl prfdftks aisjrdjdkmt) fb tlk

Mucekjr Mfm-^rfeibkrjtifm Qrkjty (M^Q). Ib ^; dkdgkrs cjm djok sfdk

prfhrkss im hefgje mucekjr jrds cfmtrfe jma aisjrdjdkmt, tlky wfuea

gk im j dfrk bjvfrjgek pfsitifm tf wfro witl tlk mfm-mucekjr-wkjpfmstjtks im prfdftimh mkw mfmprfeibkrjtifm jrrjmhkdkmts.

Qlis cljptkr bfcusks fm mucekjr jrds cfmtrfe cffpkrjtifm gktwkkm

Climj jma tlk [mitka Stjtks. It jmjeyzks tlk fppfrtumitiks im‑jma fgstj-

ceks tf‑sucl cffpkrjtifm gy kxjdimimh tlk aibbkrkmcks jma sidiejritiks

im tlk Climksk jma [S jpprfjclks jma djoks rkcfddkmajtifms jgfut

lfw tf prfdftk cffpkrjtifm.

Climksk Rikws fm tlk Wfeks fb Mucekjr Xkjpfms

jma Mjtifmje Skcurity

Climj jma tlk [mitka Stjtks ljvk djak eittek prfhrkss im mucekjr jrds

cfmtrfe cffpkrjtifm im tlk ejst fmk jma j ljeb akcjaks pjrtijeey gkcjusk

Mfmprfeibkrjtifm Stuaiks, Fctfgkr 7>>2, lttp0//cms.diis.kau/jrclivk/cms/prfhrjds

/kjmp/rkskjrcl/usclimj2/[SVClimjVCfmb>2.pab.



31/51

CLIMJ JMA HEFGJE M[CEKJW JWDS CFMQWFE JMA AISJWDJDKMQ | 3;8

tlky ljvk aibbkrkmt jhkmajs akrivka brfd tlkir aibbkrkmt skcurity cfmckpts

jma pjrjaihds. Xlkm tlk strjtkhists im tlk twf cfumtriks aksihm tlkir fwmmucekjr jhkmajs, tlky usk tlkir trjaitifmje pjrjaihds. Lfwkvkr, wlkm

kjcl vikws tlk jhkmaj fb tlk ftlkr siak, kjcl sfdktidks usks ―dirrfr

tlkfry,— jssudimh tljt tlk twf siaks ljvk tlk sjdk skcurity pliefsfply.

Bjieurk tf tjok mftk fb tlksk pjrjaihd aibbkrkmcks is j skrifus prfgekd im

Climksk-[S mucekjr aijefhuks.

Qlk cfrk cfmckpt im tlk Jdkricjm skcurity pjrjaihd is ―mjtifmje skcu-

rity tlrkjt.— J mjtifmje skcurity tlrkjt is usujeey akmka js j rivje wlfljs tlk cjpjgieity jma imtkmtifm tf lurt tlk [mitka Stjtks. Ib j rivje is

gkeikvka tf ljvk mucekjr wkjpfm cjpjgieity jma jm imtkmtifm tf usk tljt

cjpjgieity tf lurt tlk [mitka Stjtks, it is imakmtika gy tlk [mitka Stjtks

js j mucekjr tlrkjt. Aurimh tlk Cfea Xjr, tlk Sfvikt [mifm wjs rkhjraka

gy tlk [mitka Stjtks js j pridjry mucekjr tlrkjt. Qfajy, mucekjr tkrrfrists

jma prfeibkrjtfrs jrk cfmsiakrka gy tlk [mitka Stjtks js rst-tikr mucekjr

tlrkjts jma Wussij jma Climj js skcfma-tikr mucekjr tlrkjts.3

Im Climj, tlkrk is jm imaihkmfus skcurity pjrjaihd im wlicl ―mjtifmje

skcurity cljeekmhk— is j cfrk cfmckpt. [meiok ―mjtifmje skcurity tlrkjt— im

tlk Jdkricjm pjrjaihd, j ―mjtifmje skcurity cljeekmhk— im tlk Climksk

pjrjaihd is j situjtifm im wlicl Climj is vuemkrjgek. Qlk frihims fb tlk

cljeekmhk djy gk imsiak Climj fr futsiak Climj‑fr gftl. Bfr kxjdpek,

it is j gkeikb im Climj tljt ejhhimh gklima tkclmfefhicjeey ekjvks Climj

vuemkrjgek tf jttjcos. ―Ejhhimh gklima— is j situjtifm jma tlk cjusks fb

tlk situjtifm cfuea gk gftl imsiak jma futsiak Climj. Mjtifmje skcurity

cljeekmhks jma tlkir frihims imceuak gftl dieitjry jma mfm-dieitjry bjc-

tfrs. Bfr kxjdpek, mjturje aisjstkrs jma sjbkty jcciakmts jrk cfmsiakrka

mjtifmje skcurity cljeekmhks, js ieeustrjtka im Climksk mjtifmje skcurity

3. [S Akpjrtdkmt fb Akbkmsk, ―Mucekjr f̂sturk Wkvikw Wkpfrt,— Jprie 7>:>, vi,lttp0//www.akbkmsk.hfv/mpr/afcs/7>:>%7>Mucekjr%7>^fsturk%7>Wkvikw

%7>Wkpfrt.pab.



32/51

3;:>,— Djrcl 3:, 7>::, lttp0//www.climj.frh.cm/hfvkrmdkmt

/wlitkpjpkr/mfakV8::128;.ltd? Imbfrdjtifm Fbck fb tlk Stjtk Cfumcie fb tlk

^kfpek’s Wkpugeic fb Climj, ―Qlk Aivkrsika Kdpefydkmt fb Climj’s Jrdka Bfrcks,—

Jprie :2, 7>:3, lttp0//www.climj.frh.cm/hfvkrmdkmt/wlitkpjpkr/mfakV8::>.—



33/51

CLIMJ JMA HEFGJE M[CEKJW JWDS CFMQWFE JMA AISJWDJDKMQ | 3;9

stjtus quf wliek mucekjr cfdpkeekmck cljmhks tlk stjtus quf.8 Mucekjr

aktkrrkmck skkds tf gk j pfsitivk jctifm cfdpjrka tf mucekjr cfdpke-ekmck, sf tlk [mitka Stjtks clffsks ―mucekjr aktkrrkmck— js tlk grjma fb

its mucekjr pfeicy.

Qlk Climksk strjtkhists skk tlk aymjdics fb mucekjr cfkrcifm im j aib-

bkrkmt wjy. Mucekjr aktkrrkmck jma cfdpkeekmck djy gk aistimhuisljgek

ib j cfmict imceuaks fmey fmk rfuma fb imtkrjctifms0 j cfumtry ejumclks

jm jct fb jhhrkssifm jma its rivje strioks gjco witl mucekjr wkjpfms. J

rkje cfmict djy imceuak jm kscjejtifm fb imtkrjctifms jma it is sfdktidksaibcuet tf iakmtiby wlf cljmhks tlk stjtus quf rst im tlk kscjejtifm. Js

j rksuet, it is aibcuet tf iakmtiby j cfkrcivk tlrkjt js j aktkrrkmck fr cfd-

pkeekmck im jm kscjejtifm. Bfr Climksk strjtkhists, j pfeicy iakmtika js

aktkrrkmck djy jctujeey gk fmk fb cfdpkeekmck.

Climj bkkes tljt it ljs gkkm j victid fb mucekjr cfkrcifm jma it criti-

cizks tlk pfeiciks tljt ekjvk spjck bfr mucekjr cfdpkeekmck.>–8:.

>20 :2–77.



34/51

32> | EI GIM

usk mucekjr wkjpfms jhjimst Climj jt aibbkrkmt tidks.9 Climj wjs umakr

tlk prkssurk fb pfssigek mucekjr jttjcos bfr j bkw akcjaks, jma it ljatf spkma its rksfurcks tf guiea j mucekjr jrskmje jma tf akvkefp civie

akbkmsk.

Bfr Climj, tlk cljeekmhks fb mucekjr cfkrcifm jma mucekjr jttjco

jrk twf siaks fb j cfim. Ib tlk pftkmtije ajmhkr fb mucekjr jttjco cjm gk

stfppka gy Climj’s sdjee mucekjr aktkrrkmt, Climj’s civie akbkmsk kbbfrt,

fr j wfreawiak tjgff jhjimst mucekjr wkjpfm usk, mucekjr cfkrcifm

wfuea gkcfdk idpfssigek. Im tlk Jdkricjm vikw, mucekjr jttjco is cfm-siakrka tf gk ducl dfrk skrifus tljm mucekjr cfkrcifm, jt ekjst im pugeic

aiscussifms.

J tlira skcurity cljeekmhk is tlk riso fb mucekjr jcciakmts.:> Mucekjr

jcciakmts lkrk imceuak mucekjr sjbkty prfgekds jma tlk jcciakmtje fr

umjutlfrizka ejumcl fb mucekjr wkjpfms. Jccfraimh tf tlk Climksk vikw,

tlk cfmskqukmcks fb j dj`fr mucekjr jcciakmt jrk js skrifus js rkckivimh

j mucekjr jttjco. Qlis is wly Climj clffsks j vkry efw ekvke fb mucekjrjekrtimh. Im tlk [mitka Stjtks, tlk sjbkty jma skcurity fb mucekjr wkjpfms

jrk vkry idpfrtjmt issuks, gut tlky jrk mft cjtkhfrizka js skcurity tlrkjts

js tlky cjmmft gk dkjsurka gy tlk ―cjpjgieity— jma ―imtkmtifm— fb j rivje.

9. Wkhjraimh [S tlrkjts fb usimh mucekjr wkjpfms, skk Ljms D. Oristkmskm, Wfgkrt

S. Mfrris, jma Djttlkw H. DcOimzik, ―Climksk Mucekjr Bfrcks jma [.S. Mucekjr Xjr

^ejmmimh,— Bkakrjtifm fb Jdkricjm Scikmtists & Mjturje Wksfurcks Akbkmsk Cfumcie,Mfvkdgkr 7>>2, :78. Wkhjraimh Sfvikt tlrkjts fb usimh mucekjr wkjpfms, skk

Dicljke S. Hkrsfm, ―Qlk Simf-Sfvikt Gfrakr Cfmict0 Aktkrrkmck, Kscjejtifm, jma

tlk Qlrkjt fb Mucekjr Xjr im :929,— Ckmtkr bfr Mjvje Jmjeysks, Mfvkdgkr 7>:>,

lttp0//www.cmj.frh/sitks/akbjuet/eks/rkskjrcl/A>>77981.J7.pab.

:>. It is rkpfrtka tljt ―mucekjr skcurity— is fmk fb tlk dj`fr issuks jaarksska gy Climj’s

Mjtifmje Skcurity Cfddissifm. Skk Sljmmfm Qikzzi, ―Climj’s Mjtifmje Skcurity

Cfddissifm Lfeas Birst Dkktimh,— Qlk Aipefdjt, Jprie :2, 7>:1, lttp0//tlkaipefdjt

.cfd/7>:1/>1/climjs-mjtifmje-skcurity-cfddissifm-lfeas-rst-dkktimh. Lfwkvkr,

tlk frihimje Climksk wfras, lk jmqujm (格安公), pridjriey dkjm mucekjr sjbkty. SkkEiu Luj, ―^rkeidimjry Cfddkmt fm tlk ^fsitifm jma Wfeks fb Mucekjr Sjbkty im

tlk Cfdprklkmsivk Mjtifmje Skcurity— (im Climksk), lttp0//tlkfry.pkfpek.cfd

.cm/m/7>:1/>17;38-719;78:7.ltde.



35/51

CLIMJ JMA HEFGJE M[CEKJW JWDS CFMQWFE JMA AISJWDJDKMQ | 32:

Qlk Climksk Mucekjr Xkjpfm ^feicy

Bjcimh cljeekmhks rkejtka tf mucekjr wkjpfms, tlk rst-hkmkrjtifm ekjakrs

fb tlk ^kfpek’s Wkpugeic fb Climj akciaka tf akvkefp tlk mjtifm’s fwm

mucekjr wkjpfm cjpjgieity. Qlk purpfsks fb Climksk mucekjr wkjpfms jrk

tf cfumtkr mucekjr cfkrcifm:: jma tf aktkr mucekjr jttjco.:7 Climj ljs its

fwm pjrticuejr cjecuejtifms fm tlk gjejmck jdfmh tlk qujmtity, qujeity,

sjbkty, jma skcurity fb its mucekjr jrskmje.

Bfr Climj, tlk dfst idpfrtjmt stkp is tf umakrstjma jma akdfmstrjtkmucekjr wkjpfm tkclmfefhiks, rjtlkr tljm tf prfauck jma akpefy tlk

wkjpfms. Climj’s cfmckrm is tljt ib it afks mft umakrstjma tlk tkclmi-

cje jma pfeiticje mjturk fb mucekjr wkjpfms, ftlkr mucekjr-jrdka stjtks

wfuea skk tlis js j cljmck tf cfkrck Climj gy crkjtimh mucekjr tkrrfr. It

is ummkckssjry bfr Climj tf wkjpfmizk jee mucekjr tkclmfefhiks it umakr-

stjmas. Jm kxjdpek is tljt Climj tkstka tlk primcipek fb j mkutrfm gfdg

gut mkvkr uska it tf crkjtk jctuje wkjpfms.:3

Simck akvkefpimh mucekjr cjpjgieity, Climj ljs gkkm cfdbfrtjgek

witl j sdjee mucekjr bfrck. Djmy Jdkricjm strjtkhists ljvk prkaictka j

arjdjtic imcrkjsk im Climksk mucekjr bfrcks. Fmk bjdfus tlkfry is tlk

―sprimh tf pjrity— prfpfska gy bfrdkr [S Skcrktjry fb Akbkmsk Afmjea

Wudsbkea.:1 Qlk bjct is tljt tlk sizk fb Climj’s mucekjr bfrck ljs gkkm

cljmhimh vkry sefwey fvkr tlk ejst bkw akcjaks, aurimh wlicl Climj’s

kcfmfdic hrfwtl ljs gkkm vkry bjst. Climj’s kcfmfdic cjpjcity afks

mft jppkjr tf gk jm idpfrtjmt arivkr im its mucekjr bfrck akvkefpdkmt.

::. Ei Gim, ―[makrstjmaimh Climj’s Mucekjr Strjtkhy.—

:7. Sum \ijmhei, ―Climj’s Mucekjr Strjtkhy,— im Cfdpjrjtivk Stuay fm Mucekjr Strjtkhiks

(im Climksk), ka. Pljmh Qufslkmh kt je. (Gki`imh0 Sfcije Scikmck Jcjakdic ^rkss,

Mfvkdgkr 7>:1), :7.

:3. Plkmh Sljftjmh kt je., Yu Dim‑ J Bjdfus Scikmtist im Cfmtkdpfrjry Climj (im

Climksk) (Huiyjmh0 Huizlfu ^kfpek’s ^ugeislkr, 7>>;), ::7–

::1.:1. Grja Wfgkrts, ―Fm Frakr, Stjgieity, jma Mucekjr Jgfeitifm,— im Jgfeislimh Mucekjr

Xkjpfms0 J Akgjtk, ka. Hkfrhk ^krofvicl jma @jdks D. Jctfm (Xjslimhtfm, AC0

Cjrmkhik Kmafwdkmt bfr Imtkrmjtifmje ^kjck, 7>>9), :28.



36/51

327 | EI GIM

J ducl dfrk idpfrtjmt bjctfr im Climj’s qujmtitjtivk rkquirkdkmt fb

mucekjr wkjpfms is tlk skcurity situjtifm it pkrckivks. Sfdk mkw kvi-akmck suhhksts tljt tlk qujmtitjtivk rkquirkdkmt tfajy djy gk sdjeekr

tljm im tlk skcfma ljeb fb tlk :92>s, wlkm gftl supkrpfwkrs wkrk lfstiek

tf Climj.

Im :922, Climj ejumclka ^rf`kct > oiefhrjds fb wkjpfms-hrjak peutfmiud, fr twf

lumarka mucekjr akvicks. Qlk prf`kct wjs suspkmaka im :9


37/51

CLIMJ JMA HEFGJE M[CEKJW JWDS CFMQWFE JMA AISJWDJDKMQ | 323

Qlk listfry fb tlk s, it djy

rjisk tlk mudgkr fb its mucekjr wkjpfms gy jgfut twf lumarka wjrlkjas.

Qlk Jdkricjm cfmckrm tljt Climj wfuea skko qujmtitjtivk pjrity witl tlk

[mitka Stjtks cjmmft gk suppfrtka gy Climksk skcurity pliefsfply jma

prjctick.Jccfraimh tf tlk Climksk cfdprklkmsivk skcurity cfmckpt, sjbkty

prfgekds jma skcurity prfgekds jrk sidiejr im tlkir cfmskqukmcks jma

tlkrkbfrk slfuea gk trkjtka kqujeey. Climj cjrkbueey djmjhks tlk gjejmck

gktwkkm tlk aktkrrkmt kbbkcts fb its mucekjr wkjpfms jma tlkir sjbkty jma

skcurity. It wfuea mft clffsk j mucekjr wkjpfm pfeicy tljt prftkcts its

trjaitifmje dieitjry skcurity gut jt j sihmicjmt riso fb j mucekjr jcciakmt.

Qlis is j dj`fr rkjsfm Climj puts its mucekjr wkjpfms fbb jekrt im pkjck-tidk. Qlk Climksk hfvkrmdkmt ljs cfmrdka tljt its mucekjr wkjpfms

jrk jt efw fr jpprfprijtk jekrtimh stjtus.:9 J bkw ykjrs jhf, tlk ^kfpek’s

Eigkrjtifm Jrdy Ajiey pugeislka jrticeks tf kxpejim lfw tlk Climksk

mucekjr bfrck trjims its sfeaikrs tf prkpjrk bfr rktjeijtfry mucekjr jttjcos.

Jccfraimh tf tlk jrticeks, Climj’s mucekjr rktjeijtifm is aksihmka tf gk

ejumclka j bkw ajys jbtkr rkckivimh j mucekjr jttjco. Mucekjr wjrlkjas

jrk dfumtka fm Climksk dissieks `ust gkbfrk ejumcl.7> Qlk strjtkhy fb

pfstpfmimh rktjeijtifm afks mft cljmhk tlk aktkrrkmt kbbkcts fb Climj’s

mucekjr wkjpfms js efmh js tlkir survivjgieity afks mft akcrkjsk sih-

micjmtey aurimh tlk pkrifa gktwkkm tlk jttjco jma tlk rktjeijtifm. Qlis

:9. Imbfrdjtifm Fbck, ^WC, ―Climj’s Mjtifmje Akbkmsk im 7>:>— jma ―Aivkrsika

Kdpefydkmt.—

7>. Ei Gim, ―Qrjcoimh Climksk Strjtkhic Dfgiek Dissieks,— Scikmck & Hefgje Skcurity :;,

mf. : (7>>8)0 :–3>.



38/51

321 | EI GIM

akejyka ejumcl strjtkhy cjm jvfia dis`uahdkmts tljt cfuea ekja tf umju-

tlfrizka jma jcciakmtje mucekjr wkjpfm ejumclks.

Climksk Cfmckrms fvkr Kdkrhimh Skcurity Cljeekmhks

Sfdk frihims jma cjusks fb tlk cljeekmhks tf Climj’s skcurity jrk tlk cjpj-

gieitiks jma imtkmtifms fb bfrkihm cfumtriks. It is mft aibcuet bfr Jdkricjm

skcurity kxpkrts tf umakrstjma Climksk cfmckrms fm tlksk cljeekmhks. Bfrkxjdpek, tlk [mitka Stjtks ljs gkkm akvkefpimh j dissiek akbkmsk prf-

hrjd simck :9:; gy tlk Gfjra fb Qrustkks fb tlk Ekejma Stjmbfra @umifr [mivkrsity. Jee rihlts rkskrvka.


39/51

CLIMJ JMA HEFGJE M[CEKJW JWDS CFMQWFE JMA AISJWDJDKMQ | 32;

Climj’s pridjry cfmckrm rkhjraimh [S dissiek akbkmsk imvfevka

umckrtjimtiks jgfut akvkefpdkmt fb j mkw akbkmsk tkclmfefhy im mkwrkjeds. Climj wjs fm tlk [S siak im tlk kjrey :9s im criticizimh Sfvikt

hefgje dieitjry kxpjmsifms wlkm tlk [mitka Stjtks stjrtka its Strjtkhic

Akbkmsk Imitijtivk (SAI). Jetlfuhl Climj umakrstffa tljt SAI wjs mft

jidka jt Climj, jma tlk cjpjgieity wjs stiee bjr brfd djturk, Climj wjs

stiee vkry cjutifus jgfut tlk mkw dfvks im akbkmsk rkskjrcl cjuska gy

SAI. Climj rkhjraka SAI, K[WKOJ (Kurfpkjm Wkskjrcl Cffraimjtifm

Jhkmcy), jma sfdk Sfvikt akbkmsk rkskjrcl js j mkw wjvk fb kbbfrts tfskko tkclmicje supkrifrity gy tlk Xkstkrm pfwkrs.7: Qlk cfmckrm is stiee

tlkrk tljt Climj cfuea bjee burtlkr gklima ftlkr cfumtriks im akbkmsk tkcl-

mfefhiks. Climj’s cjee bfr spjck jrds cfmtrfe is j aipefdjtic jpprfjcl

tf ditihjtk scikmtic surprisks im j mkw akbkmsk tkclmfefhy rjck.

Climj’s wfrriks jgfut efmh-rjmhk prkcisifm striok cjpjgieitiks, imbfrdj-

tifm wjrbjrk, jma ftlkr mkw dieitjry tkclmfefhiks jrk gjska fm sidiejr

cfmsiakrjtifms.Sfdk bjctfrs af mft sihmicjmtey cljmhk tlk mucekjr wkjpfm cjpj-

gieity fb jmy spkcic cfumtry, gut tlky djy cljmhk tlk rkejtifms gktwkkm

mucekjr jma cfmvkmtifmje wkjpfms. Climj is vkry cjutifus jgfut jmy

dfvk tljt mjrrfws tlk hjp gktwkkm mucekjr jma cfmvkmtifmje wkjpfms.

Js dkmtifmka kjreikr, mucekjr wkjpfms cfuea pejy cfdpkeeimh rfeks

ib j cfumtry wkrk tf eimo tlk usk fb its mucekjr wkjpfms tf cfmvkmtifmje

cfmicts im its akcejrjtfry pfeicy. Sucl j pfeicy wfuea jeefw tlk cfum-

try tf skma cfdpkeeimh sihmjes wlkm it wjmts tf usk tlk imukmck fb its

mucekjr wkjpfms tf suppfrt its cfmvkmtifmje jhhrkssifm. Climj vikws jmy

rkskrvjtifm fb usimh mucekjr wkjpfms im cfmvkmtifmje cfmict im akcejrj-

tfry pfeicy js j pftkmtije ajmhkr fb mucekjr cfkrcifm.

Qjcticje mucekjr wkjpfms jrk jesf j skrifus cfmckrm bfr Climj js

tlkir kxistkmck skmas j dkssjhk tf tlk wfrea tljt mucekjr wkjpfms

7:. Kaitfrije fb Climksk Cfddumist ĵrty’s Mkws, ―Akmh \ijfpimh Djak tlk Akcisifm

tf Ejumcl ^rf`kct :1/:773

/c38-727;:; gy tlk Gfjra fb Qrustkks fb tlk Ekejma Stjmbfra @umifr [mivkrsity. Jee rihlts rkskrvka.


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322 | EI GIM

djy gk uska im gjttekkeas im tlk sjdk wjy js cfmvkmtifmje wkjpfms.

Qjcticje mucekjr wkjpfms jrk j mkhjtivk bjctfr bfr tlk mucekjr tjgff imimtkrmjtifmje sfcikty. Xlkm tlk Hkfrhk X. Gusl jadimistrjtifm cfm-

siakrka akvkefpimh mucekjr pkmktrjtifm wjrlkjas, tlk Climksk strjtk-

hic cfddumity lja vkry strfmh, criticje rkjctifms. Qlis cfmckrm wjs

mft gkcjusk tlk prf`kct wfuea jaa tf tlk [S mucekjr wkjpfm cjpjgie-

ity jhjimst Climj. Wjtlkr, tlk wfrry wjs tljt tlk akvkefpdkmt fb tjc-

ticje mucekjr wkjpfms wfuea efwkr tlk tlrkslfea fb mucekjr wkjpfm

usk.77 Climj mfw is jesf vkry cfmckrmka jgfut tlk aiscussifms im tlk[mitka Stjtks cfmckrmimh rkakpefydkmt fb tjcticje mucekjr wkjpfms im

Kjst Jsij.73

Qlk cfmtkxt fb Climj’s mucekjr wkjpfm pfeicy imceuaks tlk pfsturks

jma structurks fb bfrkihm mucekjr bfrcks, tlk imtkrmjtifmje mucekjr jrds

cfmtrfe rkhidks, imtkrmjtifmje mucekjr mfrds, jma rkhifmje jma hefgje

cfmvkmtifmje dieitjry situjtifms. Ib sfdk fb tlk bjctfrs cljmhk, Climj

djy ljvk tf djok rkjctivk jaùstdkmts im its mucekjr wkjpfm pfeicy.Brfd tlk cjpjgieity pkrspkctivk, tlk jaùstdkmts cfuea gk sidpek jma

strjihltbfrwjra. Qlk kbbkcts fb [S dissiek akbkmsk fm Climj cfuea gk cfd-

pkmsjtka bfr gy j guieaup fb Climksk fbbkmsivk dissieks? tlk ajmhkr fb

j cfmvkmtifmje striok jhjimst Climksk mucekjr tjrhkts cjm gk jvfiaka gy j

strjtkhy fb ejumcl-fm-wjrmimh. Lfwkvkr, tlk jaùstdkmts wfuea cljmhk

sfdk cfrk vjeuks fb Climj’s mucekjr pfeicy jma wfuea gk cfmsiakrka

js ljrdbue tf Climj’s skcurity, jccfraimh tf its tlkfry fb cfdprklkmsivk

skcurity.

77. Lu Siyujm, ―Mucekjr Sljafw Dfvimh Jrfuma0 [.S. Wkskjrcl fm Mucekjr k̂mktrjtifm

Xjrlkja— (im Climksk), lttp0//www.climj.cfd.cm/xxsg/txt/7>>1->1/:;/cfmtkmt

V;;1;2>7.ltd.

73. Pfu Pjiìjm, ―[.S. Lfusk ^rfpfsks Wkakpefydkmt fb Qjcticje Mucekjr Xkjpfms im

Sfutl Ofrkj— (im Climksk), lttp0//`s.pkfpek.cfd.cm/ltde/7>:7/>;/:;/:>:; gy tlk Gfjra fb Qrustkks fb tlk Ekejma Stjmbfra @umifr [mivkrsity. Jee rihlts rkskrvka.


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Climj’s ^rifritiks jma ^rjhdjtic ^feicy

im Mucekjr Jrds Cfmtrfe

Climj ljs strfmh imtkrksts im mucekjr jrds cfmtrfe jma aisjrdjdkmt jma

lfpks tf stfp tlk frihims jma cjusks fb tlk cljeekmhks tf its skcurity gy

jrds cfmtrfe jpprfjclks. It ljs its fwm mucekjr aisjrdjdkmt jhkmaj

gjska fm its cjecuejtifm fb skcurity cljeekmhks. Gkbfrk Climj akkpkmka

its fpkmmkss pfeicy im :9s, it jewjys kdpljsizka its imakpkmakmt vikws

fm mucekjr aisjrdjdkmt jma kxkrciska umiejtkrje skeb-cfmstrjimts fm itsmucekjr bfrck‑bfr kxjdpek, j sdjee bfrck, efw-jekrtimh stjtus, jma j

mf-rst-usk cfdditdkmt. Jbtkr tlk :9s, Climj `fimka dfrk jma dfrk

imtkrmjtifmje jrds cfmtrfe bfruds jma rkhidks jma gkhjm tf skko cfd-

prfdisks witl ftlkr cfumtriks fm hefgje jrds cfmtrfe issuks. Mfw Climj’s

mucekjr jrds cfmtrfe jma aisjrdjdkmt pfeicy ljs gkcfdk dfrk prjh-

djtic, gut its aisjrdjdkmt hfjes jrk visigek tlrfuhl its jrds cfmtrfe stjtk-

dkmts jma jctivitiks.Xlkm Climj is puslka tf `fim tlk mucekjr aisjrdjdkmt jhkmaj eka gy

tlk [mitka Stjtks, it sfdktidks bkkes rkeuctjmt js its mjtifmje skcurity imtkr-

ksts djy gk fdittka im tlk prfckss. Qf prfdftk Climksk-[S cffpkrjtifm

fm mucekjr jrds cfmtrfe jma aisjrdjdkmt, it is idpfrtjmt bfr Jdkricj tf

umakrstjma wlicl aisjrdjdkmt hfjes jrk dfst idpfrtjmt tf Climj. Qlis

wfuea jeefw tlk twf cfumtriks tf ma tlkir cfddfm imtkrksts jma tf djok

usk fb Climksk pfeiticje wisafd.

Climj’s hfje is tf rkauck cljeekmhks tf its mjtifmje skcurity. Its jhkmaj

imceuaks iddkaijtk kbbfrts tf curg kdkrhimh skcurity cljeekmhks jma j

efmh-tkrd geukprimt tf jgfeisl mucekjr wkjpfms. Climj’s iddkaijtk jrds

cfmtrfe jpprfjclks imvfevk strkmhtlkmimh kxistimh mucekjr jrds cfmtrfe

jhrkkdkmts jma mfrds jma prkvkmtimh tlk kdkrhkmck fb dieitjry cfdpk-

titifm im mkw rkjeds. Dissiek akbkmsk, spjck jrds cfmtrfe, cfumtkr-mucekjr

imtkeeihkmck, jma cygkrskcurity jrk futstjmaimh issuks Climj wjmts tf ais-

cuss witl tlk [mitka Stjtks.



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32:1, lttp0//www.um.frh/prkss/km/7>:1/hj::;93.afc.ltd.



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Qlk Climksk hfvkrmdkmt mfw umakrstjmas tlk idpfrtjmck fb cffpkrj-

tifm im mucekjr jrds cfmtrfe jma aisjrdjdkmt. It pursuks prjhdjtic aipef-djcy im tlis jrkj, jma its mucekjr jrds cfmtrfe jma aisjrdjdkmt pfeicy

is j cfdprfdisk gktwkkm its aksirjgek jhkmaj jma its cffpkrjtifm witl

ftlkr cfumtriks. Jetlfuhl sfdk fb its jhkmaj jma prifritiks im mucekjr

jrds cfmtrfe jrk mft tjokm up gy ftlkr cfumtriks, Climj stiee slfws sfdk

kxigieity ib tlk hkmkrje trkma fb aisjrdjdkmt is pfsitivk.

Fmk kxjdpek is mkhftijtifms fm tlk Bissiek Djtkrije Cut-fbb Qrkjty (BDCQ)

im tlk Cfmbkrkmck fm Aisjrdjdkmt. Climj fmck wjmtka tf ljvk pjrjeekemkhftijtifms fm BDCQ jma fm spjck jrds cfmtrfe. Mfw Climj suppfrts

tlk BDCQ mkhftijtifms, jetlfuhl its prfpfska mkhftijtifm fm spjck is

akmika gy tlk [mitka Stjtks.

Fm tlk Cfdprklkmsivk Qkst Gjm Qrkjty, Climj’s pfsitifm effos sidiejr

tf tljt fb tlk [mitka Stjtks gkcjusk mkitlkr fb tlkd ljs rjtika tlk trkjty.

Gut jctujeey tlkir pfsitifms jrk vkry aibbkrkmt. Qlk [mitka Stjtks cjmmft

rjtiby tlk CQGQ js it ljs afugts jgfut vkricjtifm umakr tlk trkjty, kspk-cijeey tlk fm-sitk imspkctifm jrrjmhkdkmts.7; Climj afks mft ljvk jmy

prfgekd witl tlk cfmtkmt fb tlk trkjty jma ̀ fims jee jctivitiks fb tlk trkjty.

Qlk fmey Climksk cfmckrm is tlk buturk jttituak fb tlk [mitka Stjtks tfwjra

tlk trkjty. Gut Climj jvfias pugeicey criticizimh tlk [mitka Stjtks im tlis

rkhjra.

Gftl Climj jma tlk [mitka Stjtks rkcfhmizk tlk jgfeisldkmt fb mucekjr

wkjpfms js tlk uetidjtk hfje fb mucekjr aisjrdjdkmt. Qlkrk jrk sfdk

seihlt aibbkrkmcks im tlkir bfrduejtifms. Im tlk [mitka Stjtks, tlk stjtkdkmt

gy ^rksiakmt Fgjdj is ―j wfrea witlfut mucekjr wkjpfms.—72 Im Climj,

tlk stjtkdkmt ljs gkkm ―cfdpektk jma tlfrfuhl mucekjr aisjrdjdkmt—

7;. Skjm Aumefp jma @kjm au ̂ rkkz, ― Qlk [mitka Stjtks jma tlk CQGQ0 Wkmkwka Lfpk

fr ̂ feitics js [suje6— Mucekjr Qlrkjt Imitijtivk, Bkgrujry :, 7>>9, lttp0//www.mti.frh

/jmjeysis/jrticeks/umitka-stjtks-jma-ctgt.

72. ―Wkdjros gy ^rksiakmt Gjrjco Fgjdj,— ^rjhuk, Jprie ;, 7>>9,lttp0//www.wlitklfusk.hfv/tlkVprkssVfbck/Wkdjros-Gy-^rksiakmt-Gjrjco

-Fgjdj-Im-^rjhuk-Js-Akeivkrka.



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38> | EI GIM

simck it rst jcquirka mucekjr wkjpfms.78 Im rkckmt ykjrs, Climj ljs

prfpfska sfdk bfrdje ejmhujhk im vjrifus aisjrdjdkmt bfruds fm tlkissuk0 ―mucekjr-wkjpfm stjtks slfuea cfddit mft tf pkrdjmkmtey pfsskss

mucekjr wkjpfms.— Qlk twf cfumtriks jppjrkmtey ljvk j cfddfm hfje

im mucekjr aisjrdjdkmt. Qlk dj`fr aibbkrkmck gktwkkm Climksk jma [S

prifritiks is jgfut tlk pjtl fb tlk aisjrdjdkmt. Climj is im bjvfr fb cfm-

trfes fvkr tlk usk fb mucekjr wkjpfms wliek tlk [mitka Stjtks prifritizks

qujmtitjtivk rkauctifms. Qlk pfsitifms fb tlk twf cfumtriks af mft skkd tf

gk cfmbrfmtjtifmje. Imstkja, tlky cjm gk suppekdkmtjry ib tlk twf cjm maj wjy tf cffraimjtk tlkir pfsitifms.

Climj wfrriks tljt sfdk [S jctivitiks‑imceuaimh dissiek akbkmsk

akvkefpdkmt jma imtkeeihkmck jctivitiks jidka jt efcjtimh Climksk

mucekjr wkjpfms‑wfuea umakrdimk tlk strjtkhic stjgieity gktwkkm tlk

twf cfumtriks. Climj wjmts tf akje witl tlksk issuks gy jrds cfmtrfe

jpprfjclks, gut tlk kbbfrts af mft skkd tf gk succkssbue sf bjr.

Qlkrk is jm kmaekss effp gktwkkm Climj jma tlk [mitka Stjtks fmmucekjr aisjrdjdkmt. Xlkmkvkr tlkrk jrk prfgekds jma aibcuetiks im

tlk mucekjr aijefhuks gktwkkm tlk twf siaks, tlk aiscussifms cfmvkrhk fm

twf issuks. Fmk is wly tlk [mitka Stjtks jvfias kxpeicit cfdditdkmt tf j

mf-rst-usk pfeicy jma tlk ftlkr is wly Climj cjmmft fbbkr dfrk mucekjr

trjmspjrkmcy.

Dfvimh Bfrwjra

Sfdk Jdkricjm jma Wussijm kxpkrts ljvk cjeeka bfr grimhimh Climj imtf

tlk prfckss fb tlkir strjtkhic mucekjr rkauctifms. Qlkrk is j tkclmicje

78. ―Stjtkdkmt gy L.K. Jdgjssjafr Xu Ljitjf jt tlk Qlkdjtic Akgjtk fm Mucekjr

Aisjrdjdkmt jt tlk 29tl Skssifm fb [MHJ Birst Cfddittkk,— Fctfgkr 7>, 7>:1,Mkw Yfro, lttp0//www.um.frh/aisjrdjdkmt/spkcije/dkktimhs/rstcfddittkk/29/pabs

/QAVMXV7>VFctVClimj.pab.



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CLIMJ JMA HEFGJE M[CEKJW JWDS CFMQWFE JMA AISJWDJDKMQ | 38:

prfgekd lkrk. Qlk [S-Wussijm SQJWQ strjtkhic rkauctifms jrk jidka

jt rkaucimh tlk mudgkrs fb mucekjr wjrlkjas fm tlkir fpkrjtifmjeeyakpefyka strjtkhic akeivkry systkds. Qlk mudgkr fb fpkrjtifmjeey strjtkhic

mucekjr wjrlkjas im Climj is zkrf, jccfraimh tf tlk SQJWQ jccfumtimh

ruek, sf tlk SQJWQ-typk mucekjr aisjrdjdkmt im tlk [mitka Stjtks jma

Wussij cjmmft jppey tf Climj. Jmftlkr prfgekd is tljt it is aibcuet bfr

Climj tf pejy jctivk rfeks im tlk SQJWQ rkauctifms tljt jrk aksihmka

bfr tlk giejtkrje [S-Wussijm cjsk.

Js aiscusska jgfvk, Climj ljs its fwm spkcije skcurity pjrjaihd jmamucekjr aisjrdjdkmt jhkmaj. J hffa wjy tf kmcfurjhk Climj tf pejy j

dfrk jctivk rfek im mucekjr aisjrdjdkmt is tf tjok Climj’s skcurity cfm-

ckrms jma aisjrdjdkmt prfpfsjes imtf skrifus cfmsiakrjtifm. Climj cfuea

tlkrkbfrk cfmtrigutk its pfeiticje wisafd jma aipefdjtic rksfurcks tf tlk

grfjakr mucekjr aisjrdjdkmt prfckss.

Qlk vk mucekjr-wkjpfm stjtks ljvk gkkm wfroimh tfhktlkr tfwjra

mucekjr aisjrdjdkmt jetlfuhl tlky ljvk sfdk aibbkrkmt umakrstjmaimhsfm tlk issuk. Qlky ljvk kstjgeislka wfroimh hrfups fm tlk vkricjtifm fb

akkp mucekjr rkauctifms jma fm mucekjr aisjrdjdkmt tkrdimfefhy. Climj

is tlk cffraimjtfr fb tlk wfroimh hrfup fm mucekjr aisjrdjdkmt tkrdi-

mfefhy. Qlis is j hffa stjrt jma sfdk dfrk prfhrkss cjm gk djak im tljt

airkctifm ib ^; cjm ma j hffa dkjms fb cffpkrjtifm.

Qlis cljptkr fbbkrs bfur pfeicy rkcfddkmajtifms tf prfdftk cffp-

krjtifm jdfmh ^; dkdgkrs, kspkcijeey gktwkkm Climj jma tlk [mitka

Stjtks, fm mucekjr jrds cfmtrfe.

Gftl Climj jma tlk [mitka Stjtks mkka cjrkbue afdkstic rkvikws

fb tlkir mucekjr jrds cfmtrfe pfeiciks tf jvfia dispkrckptifms

jma imtkrmje cfmtrjaictifms

Gftl tlk Climksk jma Jdkricjm pfeicydjokrs ljvk sfdk dispkrckp-

tifms jma disumakrstjmaimhs jgfut tlk rkje mkkas fb tlkir cfumtriks im

tlis jrkj. J typicje kxjdpek is tlk issuk fb fm-sitk imspkctifms. Climksk

jrds cfmtrfe kxpkrts jewjys wfrry jgfut tlk riso fb jgusk fb fm-sitk



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387 | EI GIM

imspkctifms im jrds cfmtrfe vkricjtifm. Aurimh CQGQ jma Clkdicje

Xkjpfm Cfmvkmtifm (CXC) mkhftijtifms, tlky tkmaka tf tihltkm tlk rkh-uejtifms fm imspkctifms. Im cfmtrjst, tlk Jdkricjm jrds cfmtrfe kxpkrts

jewjys sjia tlky gkeikvka tljt dfrk fm-sitk imspkctifms wfuea gkttkr skrvk

tlk skcurity imtkrksts fb tlk [mitka Stjtks. Im CQGQ jma CXC mkhftijtifms,

tlky tkmaka tf pusl bfr jm kjsy trihhkr fb fm-sitk imspkctifms. It turmka fut

tljt Climj bkkes cfdbfrtjgek witl tlk fm-sitk imspkctifm jrrjmhkdkmts fb

CQGQ jma CXC jbtkr tlk trkjtiks wkrk cfmceuaka, wliek tlk [mitka Stjtks

is mkrvfus witl tlk fm-sitk imspkctifm jrrjmhkdkmts fb tlk

The War That Must Never Be Fought - Ch. 11–12, Edited by George P. Shultz and James E. Goodby

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Transcript of The War That Must Never Be Fought - Ch. 11–12, Edited by George P. Shultz and James E. Goodby