English Renaissance English Renaissance HistoryHistory

The Tudor (and Stuart) MonarchsThe Tudor (and Stuart) Monarchs

Henry VIIHenry VIIHenry Tudor married Henry Tudor married Elizabeth Elizabeth

of Yorkof York (daughter of Edward (daughter of Edward IV). IV).

Henry had defeated Richard III Henry had defeated Richard III at the at the Battle of Bosworth Field, Battle of Bosworth Field, ending theending the Wars of the Roses Wars of the Roses. . Henry VII went on to forge Henry VII went on to forge international relationships international relationships

through the marriages of his through the marriages of his children.children.

Henry VIIIHenry VIII Second son of Henry VII Second son of Henry VII After his elder brother After his elder brother Arthur Arthur died, Henry died, Henry

became heir to the throne. became heir to the throne. Spain and England wanted to keep their Spain and England wanted to keep their

alliance, even w/ Arthur’s deathalliance, even w/ Arthur’s death So Henry married Catherine of Aragon, So Henry married Catherine of Aragon,

Arthur’s widow - no papal dispensation was Arthur’s widow - no papal dispensation was given, and the marriage was even done by given, and the marriage was even done by

proxy; Henry was only permitted to consent proxy; Henry was only permitted to consent at canonical age (which he never did)at canonical age (which he never did)

Later he tried to annul this marriage so he Later he tried to annul this marriage so he could marry could marry Anne BoleynAnne Boleyn. .

Henry claimed that God punished him by Henry claimed that God punished him by denying him a legitimate denying him a legitimate male male heir – in heir – in

LeviticusLeviticus, God does threaten childlessness if a , God does threaten childlessness if a man marries his brother’s widow…so Henry man marries his brother’s widow…so Henry

came to see this marriage as cursed…came to see this marriage as cursed…

I need a son. I have been married for 20 years and my wife,

Catherine of Aragon is too old to have any more children. Who

will inherit my throne when I die?

I spy an attractive lady – in-waiting called Anne Boleyn. If only I could

marry her instead. Will the Pope give me a

divorce?

The Church is very rich. I need money for my

luxurious court. If only I could get my hands on it.

The new Protestant ideas are spreading

in Germany. Princes there are reforming their churches and

throwing out the Catholic Church.

Some people in England like the new Protestant ideas. They believe that the Bible should be in English not Latin.

The Church takes money out my

country in taxes to help build St

Peter’s in Rome. What do I get in

return?

Catharine Catharine of Aragonof Aragon

Catharine was the daughter of Catharine was the daughter of Isabella and Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain.Ferdinand of Spain.

She was married to Arthur, Henry VII’s heir, She was married to Arthur, Henry VII’s heir, but he died, apparently before the marriage was but he died, apparently before the marriage was

consummated. consummated. Later she married Henry VIII, but they only Later she married Henry VIII, but they only

had one living child, had one living child, MaryMary. (They had a son who . (They had a son who died in infancy). died in infancy).

Henry wanted to find a husband for Mary, so Henry wanted to find a husband for Mary, so that she would be unchallenged as his heiress that she would be unchallenged as his heiress

(women were not banned from the throne, but it (women were not banned from the throne, but it was untraditional). was untraditional).

Some suitors worried that Mary could not be a Some suitors worried that Mary could not be a legitimate queen as Henry had married his legitimate queen as Henry had married his

brother’s widow… brother’s widow… All of these issues reached the boiling point All of these issues reached the boiling point

after 20 yrs. b/c of constant succession worries, after 20 yrs. b/c of constant succession worries, Catharine’s diminishing looks, and the Catharine’s diminishing looks, and the

appearance of Anne Boleyn…appearance of Anne Boleyn…Catharine’s later years were ones of persecution Catharine’s later years were ones of persecution

where Henry tried to make her sign annulment where Henry tried to make her sign annulment papers.papers.

Henry VIII (cont.)Henry VIII (cont.)

When he wanted to marry When he wanted to marry Anne BoleynAnne Boleyn, , Henry created the Church of England and Henry created the Church of England and

banned the Catholic Church from his banned the Catholic Church from his nation. He also seized all of the property of nation. He also seized all of the property of the Catholic Church, thereby increasing the the Catholic Church, thereby increasing the

wealth of England.wealth of England.

Anne BoleynAnne BoleynAnne became Henry VIII’s Anne became Henry VIII’s

second wife. But since his first, second wife. But since his first, Catharine of Aragon, was still Catharine of Aragon, was still

living, many Catholics, felt that living, many Catholics, felt that her child her child ElizabethElizabeth was was

illegitimate. illegitimate. When she failed to produce a When she failed to produce a male heir, there were rumours male heir, there were rumours that she was infertile…and by that she was infertile…and by that time Henry had met that time Henry had met Jane Jane

SeymourSeymour. . Anne tried to woo Henry back, Anne tried to woo Henry back,

but he had her charged with but he had her charged with adultery and incest and adultery and incest and

beheaded…beheaded…

Elizabeth and Mary were raised Elizabeth and Mary were raised togethertogether

Queen Jane Seymour showed favour to Queen Jane Seymour showed favour to Mary but treated Elizabeth wellMary but treated Elizabeth well

And the Queen did finally have that And the Queen did finally have that male heir, male heir, Edward VIEdward VI; this ended the ; this ended the sisters’ succession argumentsisters’ succession argument

When Jane Seymour died (a fever), the When Jane Seymour died (a fever), the 3 siblings were raised together3 siblings were raised together

Henry VIII went on to marry Henry VIII went on to marry Anne of ClevesAnne of Cleves – it only lasted 6 – it only lasted 6 months, and Henry got out of it months, and Henry got out of it by saying he was impotent on the by saying he was impotent on the wedding night…wedding night…

Henry then married Henry then married Catherine Catherine HowardHoward, a 17 year old, who was , a 17 year old, who was soon beheaded for adulterysoon beheaded for adultery

So Henry married for the final So Henry married for the final time, to time, to Catherine ParrCatherine Parr – she got – she got along well with all the childrenalong well with all the children

Elizabeth stayed the 3Elizabeth stayed the 3rdrd lady of lady of the court – only the Habsburgs the court – only the Habsburgs still called the “whore’s still called the “whore’s daughter”daughter”

Edward VIEdward VIHe was the son of Henry VIII and He was the son of Henry VIII and Jane Jane

SeymourSeymour - a Protestant who became king at - a Protestant who became king at the age of 9. the age of 9.

The Church of England expanded while he The Church of England expanded while he was king. was king.

But he was sickly and died at the age of 16. But he was sickly and died at the age of 16. During his kingship, England was largely During his kingship, England was largely under the rule of Edward’s council, which under the rule of Edward’s council, which included included Thomas Seymour (the Duke of Thomas Seymour (the Duke of

Somerset)Somerset)……

Elizabeth fell in love with Thomas Seymour, Elizabeth fell in love with Thomas Seymour, and he wanted to marry either Elizabeth or and he wanted to marry either Elizabeth or Mary (but they could only marry w/ the Mary (but they could only marry w/ the permission of the entire council), so permission of the entire council), so Seymour instead married Catherine Parr Seymour instead married Catherine Parr (Henry’s widow) – as Elizabeth lived w/ (Henry’s widow) – as Elizabeth lived w/ Parr, this made Seymour her stepfather and Parr, this made Seymour her stepfather and guardian (and it is likely that he abused her guardian (and it is likely that he abused her during this time)during this time)

When Parr died in childbirth, she had left When Parr died in childbirth, she had left all to Seymour in an oral willall to Seymour in an oral will

Jane GreyJane GreyIn need of a lady of the household, he In need of a lady of the household, he

brought in brought in Lady Jane GreyLady Jane Grey (Henry VIII’s (Henry VIII’s grand-niece), saying he would marry her off grand-niece), saying he would marry her off

to Edward VI to Edward VI Seymour wanted Lady Jane Grey as the Seymour wanted Lady Jane Grey as the next queen, as opposed to Edward’s sister next queen, as opposed to Edward’s sister Mary, who was Catholic. (Seymour’s son Mary, who was Catholic. (Seymour’s son

had married Jane Grey.)had married Jane Grey.) in 1549, Edward passed the Act of in 1549, Edward passed the Act of

Uniformity, introducing the Protestant Uniformity, introducing the Protestant Prayer Book – Mary looked to Catholic Prayer Book – Mary looked to Catholic

Spain and her cousin Charles V for Spain and her cousin Charles V for assistance – basically, she disobeyed her assistance – basically, she disobeyed her

brother and father…brother and father…So all the fundamental 16So all the fundamental 16thth century values century values came into conflict – came into conflict – religion, patriotism, the religion, patriotism, the

law, dynastic successionlaw, dynastic succession……

Edward opted for religion and plotted to get rid of Mary Edward opted for religion and plotted to get rid of Mary (and Elizabeth, as he thought she would not go along w/ (and Elizabeth, as he thought she would not go along w/ him)him)

Edward thought succession would go to the male Edward thought succession would go to the male descendants of descendants of Mary TudorMary Tudor (Henry VIII’s sister) (Henry VIII’s sister)

There were no male heirs at that time, but it was assumed There were no male heirs at that time, but it was assumed someone would have a son eventually…but then Edward’s someone would have a son eventually…but then Edward’s health went into rapid decline, and time was running outhealth went into rapid decline, and time was running out

On his deathbed, Edward changed his will to indicate that On his deathbed, Edward changed his will to indicate that Lady Jane Grey (and not her male heirs) should succeed Lady Jane Grey (and not her male heirs) should succeed himhim

When Edward died, Jane became the queen, but Mary also When Edward died, Jane became the queen, but Mary also proclaimed herself the queen – when Jane’s army faltered, proclaimed herself the queen – when Jane’s army faltered, the council abandoned her the council abandoned her

When Mary recaptured the throne she had Seymour and When Mary recaptured the throne she had Seymour and Jane executed (Jane was queen for 9 days)...Jane executed (Jane was queen for 9 days)...

Mary I (Bloody Mary)Mary I (Bloody Mary)Mary was the daughter of Henry Mary was the daughter of Henry

VIII and VIII and Catharine of AragonCatharine of Aragon. . During her childhood, Mary was During her childhood, Mary was

persecuted by Henry when he persecuted by Henry when he wanted to annul his marriage to her wanted to annul his marriage to her

mother. mother. As Queen she attempted to restore As Queen she attempted to restore

Catholicism, and she married the Catholicism, and she married the young young PhilipPhilip from Spain. from Spain.

She also had more than 300 She also had more than 300 Protestants killed. Protestants killed.

None of these actions was popular None of these actions was popular with the now firmly entrenched with the now firmly entrenched

Protestant EnglandProtestant England

Mary pressured Elizabeth to convert to Catholicism – she Mary pressured Elizabeth to convert to Catholicism – she learned to go thru the motionslearned to go thru the motions

Mary turned against Eliz. anyway – saw her as a threatMary turned against Eliz. anyway – saw her as a threat She wanted a husband to play the necessary chivalric role; She wanted a husband to play the necessary chivalric role;

at this time Charles V offered his handsome 26 yr old son at this time Charles V offered his handsome 26 yr old son Philip (she was 37 and less attractive)Philip (she was 37 and less attractive)

Spain was looking for an alliance w/ Eng. against France Spain was looking for an alliance w/ Eng. against France and hoped a re-Catholicized Eng. would help Spain against and hoped a re-Catholicized Eng. would help Spain against the revolt in the Netherlandsthe revolt in the Netherlands

Many in Eng. never accepted her marriage to Philip = Many in Eng. never accepted her marriage to Philip = xenophobia!xenophobia!

A rebellion erupted against Mary (=Wyatt’s rebellion) – A rebellion erupted against Mary (=Wyatt’s rebellion) – Eliz. was connected to it, and ended up in the Tower…Eliz. was connected to it, and ended up in the Tower…

But she admitted nothing and was spared, finding herself But she admitted nothing and was spared, finding herself instead under house arrestinstead under house arrest

But Mary and Philip had trouble conceiving a child…But Mary and Philip had trouble conceiving a child…Philip decided to leave and pursue other kingdoms Philip decided to leave and pursue other kingdoms instead…and he came to favour Elizabeth over Mary as he instead…and he came to favour Elizabeth over Mary as he thought it was better for the Habsburgs (w/o Eliz., the thought it was better for the Habsburgs (w/o Eliz., the other successor was Mary, Queen of Scots, who would have other successor was Mary, Queen of Scots, who would have allied with France)allied with France)

Philip had managed to take Eng. into a war w/ Fr., and the Philip had managed to take Eng. into a war w/ Fr., and the Eng. lost the fortress of Calais…Eng. lost the fortress of Calais…

Mary’s regime had failed, and was unpopular anyway with Mary’s regime had failed, and was unpopular anyway with the 100s of burnings…the 100s of burnings…

When Mary died peacefully, Elizabeth acceded to the When Mary died peacefully, Elizabeth acceded to the throne peacefully – she was proclaimed in only 6 hrs. as throne peacefully – she was proclaimed in only 6 hrs. as having the “lawful right and title to the crown”having the “lawful right and title to the crown”

Elizabeth IElizabeth IThe red-haired daughter of The red-haired daughter of

Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, she became England’s greatest she became England’s greatest

leader. She kept control of leader. She kept control of England by refusing to marry England by refusing to marry anyone and playing one noble anyone and playing one noble

against another – many hoping against another – many hoping to marry the Queen. She kept to marry the Queen. She kept religious wars down, advanced religious wars down, advanced exploration, became a patron exploration, became a patron

of the arts, and brought of the arts, and brought England to the position of England to the position of

world power with the defeat of world power with the defeat of the Spanish Armadathe Spanish Armada

Elizabeth worked hard to avoid religious conflict – when Elizabeth worked hard to avoid religious conflict – when the House of Lords blocked some of her religious bills, she the House of Lords blocked some of her religious bills, she prorogued Parliament and went to the Chapel Royale, prorogued Parliament and went to the Chapel Royale, where a wooden table had replaced the stone altar and where a wooden table had replaced the stone altar and mass was in English (not Latin)mass was in English (not Latin)

She also organized public debates on religion, where the She also organized public debates on religion, where the Protestants were given every advantageProtestants were given every advantage

And in future H. of L. votes, she made sure certain Lords And in future H. of L. votes, she made sure certain Lords were “absent”were “absent”

w/ that, the Church of England was again entrenched w/ that, the Church of England was again entrenched oaths were required, and any non-compliant bishops were oaths were required, and any non-compliant bishops were dismissed – but she kept the punishments for “heresy” dismissed – but she kept the punishments for “heresy” light…Catholics went into hiding, but she largely turned a light…Catholics went into hiding, but she largely turned a blind eye as long as public demonstrations didn’t occurblind eye as long as public demonstrations didn’t occur

She also kept a certain degree of church ceremony; as a She also kept a certain degree of church ceremony; as a monarch, she saw the advantage of ritualmonarch, she saw the advantage of ritual

Mary (Stuart), Queen of ScotsMary (Stuart), Queen of ScotsMary was the daughter of James V Mary was the daughter of James V

and destined to be the Queen of and destined to be the Queen of France. France.

When Francois II died, she came When Francois II died, she came back to be Queen of Scotland. back to be Queen of Scotland.

English Catholics believed that she English Catholics believed that she was the only legitimate heir after Mary was the only legitimate heir after Mary

I’s death – they rallied around her. I’s death – they rallied around her. Given the threat, Mary was brought Given the threat, Mary was brought

to Eng. as a “guest” (prisoner) to Eng. as a “guest” (prisoner) This again raised the succession This again raised the succession

issue…the Protestant Elizabeth had a issue…the Protestant Elizabeth had a Catholic successor…and Mary became Catholic successor…and Mary became

“more” Catholic…“more” Catholic…w/ Mary as a symbol, rebellion began w/ Mary as a symbol, rebellion began

in the countrysidein the countryside

The Pope entered into things, saying Elizabeth was a The Pope entered into things, saying Elizabeth was a heretic…so Elizabeth became a more hard-line Protestantheretic…so Elizabeth became a more hard-line Protestant

At this pt, English Catholics turned to Spain for help (and At this pt, English Catholics turned to Spain for help (and Spain was anti-Elizabeth as she supported piracy in the Spain was anti-Elizabeth as she supported piracy in the New World and had aided the Dutch Revolt)New World and had aided the Dutch Revolt)

When proof of Mary’s treachery came to light, Elizabeth I When proof of Mary’s treachery came to light, Elizabeth I had her executed…Spain attacked, but the Armada had her executed…Spain attacked, but the Armada failed…failed…

JAMES IJAMES I James I of England was James I of England was

James VI of Scotland. James VI of Scotland. His mother was His mother was Mary Mary Queen of Scots,Queen of Scots, and at and at Elizabeth I’s death, Elizabeth I’s death, James was named her James was named her heir. heir.

A Catholic, he was A Catholic, he was known for the known for the authorization of the authorization of the King James Version of King James Version of the Bible, as well as for the Bible, as well as for being the “Wisest Fool in being the “Wisest Fool in Christendom”.Christendom”.