The Tudors. The Tudors - 1485-1603 The Tudors encompass one of the most exciting periods in English...

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The Tudors

Transcript of The Tudors. The Tudors - 1485-1603 The Tudors encompass one of the most exciting periods in English...

Page 1: The Tudors. The Tudors - 1485-1603 The Tudors encompass one of the most exciting periods in English History. The dynasty of the Tudors include Kings and.

The Tudors

Page 2: The Tudors. The Tudors - 1485-1603 The Tudors encompass one of the most exciting periods in English History. The dynasty of the Tudors include Kings and.

The Tudors• The Tudors - 1485-1603

The Tudors encompass one of the most exciting periods in English

History. The dynasty of the Tudors include Kings and Queens such

as King Henry VIII and his daughters - Bloody Mary and Queen

Elizabeth I. The period of the Tudors covers English History from

1485 - 1603. In 1485 Henry Tudor won the battle of Bosworth and

became King Henry VII and started the famous dynasty of the Tudors.

Henry VII cemented his succession of the Tudors and settled the

friction between the Yorkists and Lancastrians by marrying the

Yorkist heir, Elizabeth of York - this effectively ended the English

Wars of the Roses. The dynasty of the Tudors coincided with the

emergence of the Renaissance Period.

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• The Tudors reigned over England seeing the end of the

Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance era

of new thinking which changed the culture of the

English people. Famous Tudors, both men and women,

achieved prominence in the fields of arts, literature,

science, exploration and philosophy. The Tudors also

saw the turmoil of religious reform. The greatest of all

the Tudors was Queen Elizabeth I. Although a prominent

member of the dynasty of the Tudors her reign is often

referred to separately as the Elizabethan Era.

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The Tudors and the Tudor Family Tree

Who were the Tudors? The Royal Tudors family tree traces the start of the Tudors dynasty with Owen Tudor and the family tree ends with Elizabeth I. Queen Elizabeth I died childless, thus ending the famous dynasty of the Tudors, and she was succeeded by King James I (1603–1625) and the dynasty of the Stuarts. Who did the Tudors marry? The six wives of Henry VIII immediately spring to mind. Who were the children of the Tudors? And who were the close relatives of the Tudors?

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Henry VII- 1485- 1509

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It could be debated whether or not Henry VII was a great king, but he was clearly a successful king. He had several goals that he had accomplished by the end of his reign. He had established a new dynasty after 30 years of struggle, he had strengthened the judicial system as well as the treasury and had successfully denied all the other claimants to his throne. The monarchy that he left to his son was a fairly secure one and most definitely a wealthy one.

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Henry VIII 1509-1547

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The Tudors - King Henry VIII

The most magnificent of all the Tudors - King Henry VIII. Henry was a second son and destined for a life in a church until fate took a hand when his elder bother, Arthur, died. Henry's destiny changed from secular to the monarchy. In his younger days King Henry VIII was a handsome and athletic young man. Intelligent, affable and fun-loving. What happened to change him into an obese, cruel and terrifying monarch? A devout Roman Catholic, awarded the title of Defender of the Faith. He turned the life of the Tudors upside down when he broke from Rome and created the Church of England. Why did he take so many wives? Read about the life of King Henry VIII the most fascinating of all the Tudors.

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The Tudors - the Six Wives of Henry VIII

Everyone who thinks about the Tudors remembers the larger than life figure of King Henry VIII and his six wives. What were their lives like and what path led them to marrying the most powerful man in England? These Tudors were heroines of the period. Pious, humble, stubborn and loyal Catherine of Aragon. Proud, witty and ambitious Anne Boleyn. Modest, quiet and obedient Jane Seymour. Good humored, sensible and kind Anne of Cleves. Flirtatious, promiscuous and foolish Catherine Howard. And lastly Catherine Parr who was intelligent, kind and dignified.

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Catherine of Aragonm. 1509 - 1533Divorced

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Anne Boleyn 1533 - 1536Executed

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• Good Christian people, I am come hither to die, for according to the law, and by the law I am judged to die, and therefore I will speak nothing against it. I am come hither to accuse no man, nor to speak anything of that, whereof I am accused and condemned to die, but I pray God save the king and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler nor a more merciful prince was there never: and to me he was ever a good, a gentle and sovereign lord. And if any person will meddle of my cause, I require them to judge the best. And thus I take my leave of the world and of you all, and I heartily desire you all to pray for me. O Lord have mercy on me, to God I commend my soul.'

• After being blindfolded and kneeling at the block, she repeated several times: 'To Jesus Christ I commend my soul; Lord Jesu receive my soul.'

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Jane Samour -m. 1536 - 1537Died

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Anne Cleves - m. 1540 Jan. - JulyDivorced

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Kathryn Howard- m. 1540 - 1542Executed

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Katherine Parr - m. 1543 - 1547Widowed

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The Tudors - Bloody Mary

The Tudors were all different. The first child of Henry VIII was the daughter of Catherine of Aragon who they called Mary. Mary was a Catholic. Her nickname - Bloody Mary - came from the number of Protestant Tudors who were executed during her reign.

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The Tudors - Elizabeth I

The Tudors are seen as a lusty family. So why was Elizabeth referred to as the Virgin Queen? Her life was surrounded by scandal and dangers but she survived to become the most accomplished monarch of the Tudors. Intelligent, vain and independent Elizabeth. She ruled England during the period of the Tudors when women had very few rights and were viewed as subservient to all men. How did she manage this? Her reign within the dynasty of the Tudors saw the emergence of great poets, writers, dramatists and explorers.

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The Tudors - The Tudor Rose

The dynasty of the Tudors was symbolised by the Tudor Rose. The Tudor Rose was the emblem of the Tudors and represented the fusion of the White rose of York and the red rose of Lancaster. An important emblem the Tudor Rose marked the devastating Wars of the Roses. This section covers the design and adoption of the Tudor Rose by the Tudors and where the Tudor Rose emblems could be found. Pictures of the Tudor Rose are also included in this section of the Tudors.

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The Tudors - The Mary RoseThe Mary Rose was the flagship in the navy of King Henry VIII -

the most famous ship of the Tudors. The Mary Rose was named after King Henry VIII's sister Mary and the rose, the emblem of the Tudors. The Mary Rose capsized and sank with the loss of all but 35 of her crew during the Tudors Battle of the Solent in 1545. The Battle of the Solent was a naval battle fought between the fleets of King Francis I of France and King Henry VIII of England. In 1979 the Mary Rose Trust was formed to excavate the wreck and on October 11, 1982 the wreck was lifted from the sea - a symbol of the Tudors naval power. This section also covers the Tudor navy, wars, navigation, ships, sailors, explorers, warfare and weapons.

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The Tudors - Tudor Clothes• The Tudors - Tudor Clothes

Wealthy Tudors are immediately recognised by their fabulous clothes. Fashion was important to the Tudors for both the men and the women. This section covers the clothes in Tudor times and the fabrics used to make clothes for the Tudors. What were the rich Tudors clothes like? What were the poor Tudors clothes like? What did the Tudors wear for their wedding clothes? Why were the Tudor clothes different for Royalty and Nobles as opposed to the poorer Tudors? King Henry VIII enacted Sumptuary Laws which were designed to to keep the different classes separate. The clothes of the Tudors were regulated by law. It did not matter how wealthy you were - Tudor clothes indicated status and violation of these laws could result in loss of property, title or (in cases of lower class Tudors) even death. This comprehensive section provides the History, Facts and Information about the Tudors Clothing covers all aspects of Renaissance clothes and Fashion including Hair styles, Make-up, Jewelry and even Tudors Wedding Dress.

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The Spanish Armada

• See Word document

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Mary Queen of Scots

• as one of the most fascinating and controversial monarchs of 16th century Europe. At one

time, she claimed the crowns of four nations - Scotland, France, England and Ireland. Her

physical beauty and kind heart were acknowledged even by her enemies. Yet she lacked the

political skills to rule successfully in Scotland. Her second marriage was unpopular and ended

in murder and scandal; her third was even less popular and ended in forced abdication in

favor of her infant son. She fled to England in 1568, hoping for the help of her cousin,

Elizabeth I. Her presence was dangerous for the English queen, who feared Catholic plotting

on Mary's behalf. The two queens never met and Mary remained imprisoned for the next

nineteen years. She was executed in 1587, only forty-four years old. By orders of the English

government, all of her possessions were burned. In 1603, upon Elizabeth's death, Mary's son

became king of England as James I.

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The Gunpowder Plot

• In November 1605, the infamous Gunpowder Plot took place in which some Catholics, most famously Guy Fawkes, plotted to blow up James I, the first of the Stuart kings of England. The story is remembered each November 5th when ‘Guys’ are burned in a celebration known as "Bonfire Night".

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• Catholics in England had expected James to be more tolerant of them. In fact, he had proved to be the opposite and had ordered all Catholic priests to leave England. This so angered some Catholics that they decided to kill James and put his daughter Elizabeth on the throne ensuring that she was a Catholic. This led to a plot to kill not only the king of England, James, but also everyone sitting in the Houses of Parliament at the same time as James was there when he opened Parliament on November 5th, 1605.

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• Guy Fawkes and his fellow conspirators, having rented out a house right by the Houses of Parliament, managed to get 36 barrels of gunpowder into a cellar of the House of Lords.

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• The explosive expert, Guy Fawkes, had been left in the cellars to set off the fuse. He was only caught when a group of guards decided to check the cellars at the last moment.

• Fawkes was arrested and sent to the Tower of London where he was tortured and eventually gave away the names of the fellow conspirators.

• Sir William Wade, Lieutenant of the Tower, had orders to use whatever means of torture was required to get information from Fawkes. The order came from James.

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• Of those involved, some were shot as they were chased by the law such as Percy and Catesby. Others were captured, sent to the Tower and, after a brief trial, eventually hung, drawn and quartered, with Fawkes, in January 1606.

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• In celebration of his survival, James ordered that the people of England should have a great bonfire in the night on November 5th. This fire was traditionally topped off with an effigy of the pope rather than Guy Fawkes. His place at the top of the fire came in later as did fireworks. The East Sussex county town of Lewes still has the pope alongside Guy Fawkes when it comes to the effigies being burned.

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• But is there more to this plot than just a small number of angry Catholics wanting to make a statement against the king, James? Some believe that the whole plot was a government conspiracy to convince James that Catholics could not be trusted. At the very least, some curious things happened when the story is looked at in detail.

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• What is odd?• We do know that James’ chief

minister, Robert Cecil, the Earl of Salisbury, hated Catholics and saw them as a constant source of trouble. Cecil also feared that there was a chance that James would be lenient with them during his reign and this he could not tolerate.

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• That James only expelled priests was not good enough for Cecil. He wanted to remove Catholicism from England as he saw it as a threat.

• We know that James was terrified of a violent death; his childhood in Scotland had been fraught with danger including being kidnapped as a boy. What better way to get James to severely persecute the Catholics in England than to get him to believe that they had tried to kill him in this very violent manner?

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• The government had a monopoly on gunpowder in this country and it was stored in places like the Tower of London. How did the conspirators get hold of 36 barrels of gunpowder without drawing attention to themselves? Did they get help from the government?

• How was the gunpowder moved across London from the Tower of London to Westminster (at least two miles distant) without anyone seeing it? The River Thames would not have been used as it could have lead to the gunpowder becoming damp and useless. Thirty six barrels would have been a sizeable quantity to move without causing suspicion.

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• Why were men who were known to be Catholics allowed to rent out a house so near to the Houses of Parliament? How did they move 36 barrels from that house to the cellar of the Houses of Parliament without anyone noticing along with hay, straw etc?

• Why, for the first time in history, was there a search of Parliament's cellars that conveniently found "John Johnson" (as Guy Fawkes called himself) before he lit the fuse?

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• Why was the soldier who killed Catesby and Percy at Holbeech House in the Midlands, given such a large pension for life (10p a day for life) when their arrest and torture was more desirable so that the names of any other conspirators might be found out?

• Some historians have pointed out these issues and claimed that the plotters were pawns in the hands of Robert Cecil and that he orchestrated the whole affair in his bid to get James to ban Catholics altogether.

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• There are, however, counter-arguments to many of the above points.

• Gunpowder may have been a government monopoly but just as today, there was a black market for it. The conspirators would have had the money to pay for this and it could have been smuggled in from Catholic France, for example. The south coast was riddled with smugglers havens. Fawkes could have used his contacts with Spain to acquire it. In many senses, this would not have been a difficult problem.

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• Moving the gunpowder from the Tower to Westminster could have been done over a number of days, barrel by barrel, journey by journey. This would have attracted less attention though it did increase the chance of being caught as more journeys were being made. One theory put forward is that it was stored at a house owned by Catesby in Lambeth and moved barrel by barrel up the Thames at night to Westminster. dangerous and risky but the conspirators were motivated men and it could have happened.

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• The conspirators used false names so hiring out property near to the Houses of Parliament would not have been that difficult. Thomas Percy had contacts in Parliament and these were almost certainly used to get the house there and later the cellar where the gunpowder was actually put.

• The soldier who shot Percy and Catesby was in a firefight in which he may have been shot and killed himself. Why risk your own life against such desperate people? Was the 10p a day for life merely a generous reward for services to a grateful king?

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• Also, if Fawkes and company had been set-up by, why did he not say so at his execution when he could have said something? Possibly he was not in a fit enough state to say anything; also who would have believed him as he had been castigated as the evil conspirator to kill the king? It may be that the conspirators simply acted alone and then got caught.

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• The confession of Fawkes does not mention at all any claim that he was a dupe of the government. He himself stated that he was first approached by Thomas Wintour in Europe about the plot in 1604 and that he met the others when he returned to London.

• The only full confession about the plot from start to finish came from Thomas Wintour. He, too, makes no mention about being set-up etc.

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• Two issues do cloud the story, however.• The first is the so-called Monteagle Letter.• One of the plotters was a man called Francis Tresham. Lord

Monteagle was his cousin. • On the evening of October 26th, a mysterious man brought a letter

to Monteagle’s home just outside of London. The letter was a clear warning for Monteagle not to turn up at the Houses of Parliament on the 5th November. In modern English the letter stated that Parliament would receive a terrible blow on that day and that those killed would not see who had done it to them. The letter was addressed to Monteagle but it was read out aloud by his servant. Why? Was Monteagle looking for a witness that he had received this letter?

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• Monteagle went straight to Robert Cecil and informed him of what had happened. Cecil ordered a search of the cellars of Parliament on the night of November 4th. Those guards foundGuy Fawkes. A second search the next day, ordered by James I, also found the explosives and Guy who was found to be in possession of matches. he was arrested.

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• The other issue also involves Tresham.• Here was an important member of the gang who could know a

great deal about other conspirators who were not actually yet caught. Once arrested, he was locked in the Tower of London – England’s most feared and secure prison. Tresham was locked in a cell by himself. He died on December 23rd 1605, and he was found to have been poisoned. How did he get the poison? Did he knowingly take it? Or did someone want to silence him before he talked? It is possible that Tresham had the poison on him and took it rather than suffer the butchery of being hung, drawn and quartered. If someone else had access to him, and fed him poisoned food or whatever, he would have been a very important person as only the most important would have had access to this valuable prisoner.

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• We may never know the answers to the questions. There are some who support the government conspiracy line – others think it may simply have been an ambitious plan by a small number of Catholics that went very badly wrong for them all.