The Statue of Liberty.doc

8/14/2019 The Statue of Liberty.doc

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The Statue of Liberty(Liberty Enlightening the World,French:La Libert clairant le monde)is a colossalneoclassical sculptureon Liberty IslandinNew York Harbor,designed by Frdric!artholdiand dedicated on "ctober #$, %$$&' The statue, a git to the nited *tates ro+ the

people o France, is o a robed e+ale igure representing Libertas,the o+an goddessoreedo+, who bears a torch and a tabula ansata(a tablet e-oking the law) upon which isinscribed the date o the .+erican /eclaration o Independence'. broken chain lies at her eet'

The statue has beco+e an iconic sy+bol o reedo+ and o the nited *tates'

!artholdi was inspired by French law proessor and politician 0douard en de Laboulaye, whoco++ented in %$&1 that any +onu+ent raised to .+erican independence would properly be a

2oint pro2ect o the French and .+erican peoples' /ue to the troubled political situation inFrance, work on the statue did not co++ence until the early %$34s' In %$31, Laboulaye proposedthat the French inance the statue and the .+ericans pro-ide the pedestal and the site' !artholdico+pleted both the head and the torch5bearing ar+ beore the statue was ully designed, andthese pieces were e6hibited or publicity at international e6positions' The ar+ was displayed in

New York7s 8adison *9uare arkro+ %$3& to %$$#' Fundraising pro-ed diicult, especiallyor the .+ericans, and by %$$1 work on the pedestal was threatened due to lack o unds'

ublisher ;oseph ulitle-eland'

The statue was ad+inistered by the nited *tates Lighthouse !oarduntil %?4% and then by the/epart+ent o @arA since %?BB it has been +aintained by theNational ark *er-ice' The statuewas closed or reno-ation or +uch o %?B$' In the early %?$4s, it was ound to ha-e deterioratedto such an e6tent that a +a2or restoration was re9uired' @hile the statue was closed ro+ %?$C to%?$&, the torch and a large part o the internal structure were replaced' .ter the *epte+ber %%attacksin #44%, it was closed or reasons o saety and securityA the pedestal reopened in #44Cand the statue in #44?, with li+its on the nu+ber o -isitors allowed to ascend to the crown' Thestatue is scheduled to close or up to a year beginning in late #4%% so that a secondary staircasecan be installed' ublic access to the balcony surrounding the torch has been barred or saetyreasons since %?%&'

Contents

DhideE % /esign and construction

o %'% "rigino %'# /esign, style, and sy+bolis+o %'B .nnounce+ent and early worko %'C >onstruction in Franceo %'1 Fundraising, criticis+, and construction in the nited *tateso %'& /edication

# History since dedicationo #'% Lighthouse !oard and @ar /epart+ent (%$$&%?BB)o #'# Garly National ark *er-ice years (%?BB%?$#)

o #'B eno-ation to present (since %?$#) B .ccess and attributes

o B'% Location and -isiting
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/colossus#Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_sculpturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Harborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Harborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bartholdihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bartholdihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_ansatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_ansatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Ren%C3%A9_de_Laboulayehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker-tape_paradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker-tape_paradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Clevelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Clevelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Lighthouse_Boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Libertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#Design_and_constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#Originhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#Design.2C_style.2C_and_symbolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#Announcement_and_early_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#Construction_in_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#Fundraising.2C_criticism.2C_and_construction_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#Dedicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#History_since_dedicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#Lighthouse_Board_and_War_Department_.281886.E2.80.931933.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#Early_National_Park_Service_years_.281933.E2.80.931982.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#Renovation_to_present_.28since_1982.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#Access_and_attributeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#Location_and_visitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/colossus#Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_sculpturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Harborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bartholdihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bartholdihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_ansatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Ren%C3%A9_de_Laboulayehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker-tape_paradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Clevelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Clevelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Lighthouse_Boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Libertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#Design_and_constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#Originhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#Design.2C_style.2C_and_symbolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#Announcement_and_early_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#Construction_in_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#Fundraising.2C_criticism.2C_and_construction_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#Dedicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#History_since_dedicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#Lighthouse_Board_and_War_Department_.281886.E2.80.931933.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#Early_National_Park_Service_years_.281933.E2.80.931982.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#Renovation_to_present_.28since_1982.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#Access_and_attributeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#Location_and_visiting


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o B'# Inscriptions, pla9ues, and dedicationso B'B hysical characteristics

C /epictions 1 *ee also & eerences 3 !ibliography

$ G6ternal links

Design and construction

Origin

The origin o the *tatue o Liberty pro2ect is generally traced to a co++ent +ade by French lawproessor and politician 0douard en de Laboulayein +id5%$&1' In ater5dinner con-ersation athis ho+e near ersailles, Laboulaye, an ardent supporter o the nionin the .+erican >i-il

@ar, stated, I a +onu+ent should rise in the nited *tates, as a +e+orial to theirindependence, I should think it only natural i it were built by united eortJa co++on work o

both our nations'D&E

!artholdi7sdesign patent

Laboulaye7s co++ent was not intended as a proposal, but it inspired a young sculptor, Frdric

!artholdi, who was present at the dinner'D&E

=i-en the repressi-e nature o the regi+e oNapoleon III, !artholdi took no i++ediate action on the idea e6cept to discuss it withLaboulaye' Instead, !artholdi approached Is+ail asha, Khedi-eoGgypt,with a plan to build ahugelighthousein the or+ o an ancient Ggyptian e+alefellahor peasant, robed and holding atorch alot, at the northern entrance to the *ue< >analin ort *aid'*ketches and +odels were+ade o the proposed work, though it was ne-er erected' There was a classical precedent or the*ue< proposal, the >olossus o hodes: a bron


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the ti+e was right to discuss the idea with inluential .+ericans'D$EIn ;une %$3%, !artholdicrossed the .tlantic, with letters o introductionsigned by Laboulaye'D?E.rri-ing atNew YorkHarbor, !artholdi i6ed on !edloe7s Islandas a site or the statue, struck by the act that -esselsarri-ing in New Yorkhad to sail past it' He was delighted to learn that the island was owned bythe nited *tates go-ern+entJit had been ceded by theNew York *tate Legislaturein %$44 orharbor deense' It was thus, as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye, land co++on to all the

states'D%4E

.s well as +eeting +any inluential New Yorkers, !artholdi -isited resident lysses*' =rant, who assured hi+ that it would not be diicult to obtain the site or the statue'D%%E!artholdi crossed the nited *tates twice by rail, and +et +any .+ericans who+ he elt would

be sy+pathetic to the pro2ect'D?EHowe-er, he re+ained concerned that popular opinion on bothsides o the .tlantic was insuiciently supporti-e o the proposal, and he and Laboulaye decidedto wait beore +ounting a public ca+paign'D%#E

!artholdi7sLion of Belfort

!artholdi had +ade a irst +odel o his concept in %$34'D%BEThe son o a riend o !artholdi7s,.+erican artist ;ohn La Farge, later +aintained that !artholdi +ade the irst sketches or thestatue during his '*' -isit at La Farge7s hode Islandstudio' !artholdi continued to de-elop theconcept ollowing his return to France'D%BEHe also worked on a nu+ber o sculptures designed to

bolster French patriotis+ ater the deeat by the russians' "ne o these was theLion of Belfort,a+onu+ental sculpturecar-ed in sandstone below the ortress o!elort, which during the warhad resisted a russian siegeor o-er three +onths' The deiant lion, 3B eet (## +) long and halthat in height, displays an e+otional 9uality characteristic o o+anticis+,which !artholdiwould later bring to the *tatue o Liberty'D%CE

Design, style, and symbolism
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/etail ro+ a resco by >onstantino !ru+idiin the '*' >apitolin @ashington, /'>', showingtwo early sy+bols o .+erica: >olu+bia(let) and the Indian princess

!artholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to e6press the idea o .+erican liberty'D%1EIn early.+erican history, two e+ale igures were re9uently used as cultural sy+bols o the nation'D%&E"ne, >olu+bia, was seen as an e+bodi+ent o the nited *tates in the +anner that!ritannia

was identiied with the nited Kingdo+ and 8arianneca+e to represent France' >olu+bia hadsupplanted the earlier igure o an Indian princess,which had co+e to be regarded as unci-iliraword7sStatue of Freedom(%$&B) atop the do+e o the nited *tates >apitol!uilding'D%1EThe igure o Liberty was also depicted on the=reat *eal o France'D%1E

.rtists o the %$th and %?th centuries stri-ing to e-oke republican idealsco++only usedrepresentations o Liberty'D%1EHowe-er, !artholdi and Laboulaye a-oided an i+age o

re-olutionary liberty such as that depicted in Gugne /elacroi67s a+edLiberty Leading thePeople(%$B4)' In this painting, which co++e+orates France7s e-olution o %$B4, Liberty leadsan ar+ed +ob o-er the bodies o the allen'D%&ELaboulaye had no sy+pathy or re-olution, and so!artholdi7s igure would be ully dressed in lowing robes'D%&EInstead o the i+pression o-iolence in the /elacroi6 work, !artholdi wished to gi-e the statue a peaceul appearance andchose a torch, representing progress, or the igure to bear'DBE

>raword7s statue was designed in the early %$14s' It was originally to be crowned with apileus,the cap gi-en to e+ancipated sla-es in ancient o+e' *ecretary o @ar;eerson /a-is, a*outherner who would later ser-e aspresidento the >onederate *tates o .+erica,wasconcerned that thepileuswould be taken as an abolitionistsy+bol' He ordered that it be changedto a hel+et'D%3E/elacroi67s igure wears apileus,D%&Eand !artholdi at irst considered placing oneon his igure as well' Instead, he used a diade+, or crown, to top its head'D%$EIn so doing, hea-oided a reerence to 8arianne, who in-ariably wears apileus'D%?EThe se-en rays or+ a halo oraureole'D#4EThey e-oke the sun, the se-en seas, and the se-en continents,D#%Eand represent another+eans, besides the torch, whereby Liberty enlightens the world'DBE

!artholdi7s early +odels were all si+ilar in concept: a e+ale igure in neoclassical stylerepresenting liberty, wearing astolaandpella(gown and cloak, co++on in depictions o o+angoddesses) and holding a torch alot' The ace was +odeled ater that o >harlotte !eysser!artholdi, the sculptor7s +other'D##EHe designed the igure with a strong, unco+plicated

silhouette, which would be set o well by its dra+atic harbor place+ent and allow passengers on-essels entering New York !ay to e6perience a changing perspecti-e on the statue as theyproceeded toward 8anhattan' He ga-e it bold classical contours and applied si+pliied+odeling, relecting the huge scale o the pro2ect and its sole+n purpose'DBE!artholdi wrote ohis techni9ue:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantino_Brumidihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(name)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-split-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-dela-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-dela-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(name)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariannehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-dela-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-dela-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome#Roman_deitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coins_of_the_United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coins_of_the_United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coins_of_the_United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-split-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Crawford_(sculptor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Crawford_(sculptor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Freedomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Freedomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Freedomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-split-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seal_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seal_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-split-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-split-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_republicanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_republicanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-split-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Leading_the_Peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Leading_the_Peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-dela-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-dela-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-dict-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-dict-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pileus_(hat)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-dela-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-dela-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diademhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-croix-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-croix-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-croix-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aureolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-faq2-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-faq2-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-mint-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-dict-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-dict-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-dict-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantino_Brumidihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(name)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-split-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-dela-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(name)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariannehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-dela-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome#Roman_deitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coins_of_the_United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coins_of_the_United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-split-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Crawford_(sculptor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Freedomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-split-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seal_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-split-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_republicanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-split-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Leading_the_Peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Leading_the_Peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-dela-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-dela-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-dict-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pileus_(hat)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-dela-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diademhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-croix-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aureolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-faq2-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-mint-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-dict-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-dict-2


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Tho+as >raword7sStatue of Freedom

The suraces should be broad and si+ple, deined by a bold and clear design, accentuated in thei+portant places' The enlarge+ent o the details or their +ultiplicity is to be eared' !ye6aggerating the or+s, in order to render the+ +ore clearly -isible, or by enriching the+ withdetails, we would destroy the proportion o the work' Finally, the +odel, like the design, shouldha-e a su++arionstitution, he chose to inscribe ;LY I 8/>>LMMI on the tablet, thus associating thedate o the country7s /eclaration o Independencewith the concept o liberty'D#CE

>onsultations with the +etalwork oundry =aget, =authier >o' led !artholdi to conclude thatthe skin should be +ade o copper sheets, beaten to shape by therepouss+ethod'D#&E.nad-antage o this choice was that the entire statue would be light or its -olu+eJthe copperneed be only '4?C inches (#'C ++) thick' He decided on a height o %1% eet (C& +) or thestatue, double that o Italy7s>olosso di *an >arlo !orro+eoand the =er+an statueo.r+inius,

both +ade with the sa+e +ethod'D#3E!artholdi interested a or+er teacher o his, architectGugne iollet5le5/uc, in the pro2ect' iollet5le5/uc planned to construct a brickpierwithin thestatue, to which the skin would be anchored'D#$E

Announcement and early work

In %$31, France was en2oying i+pro-ed political stability and a reco-ering postwar econo+y'=rowing interest in the upco+ing >entennial G6hibitionin hiladelphia led Laboulaye to decideit was ti+e to seek public support'D#?EIn *epte+ber %$31, he announced the pro2ect and the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Crawford_(sculptor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Crawford_(sculptor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Freedomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Freedomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-croix-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-croix-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_ansatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-tab-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-tab-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-faq-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-tab-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-25http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosso_di_San_Carlo_Borromeohttp://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosso_di_San_Carlo_Borromeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannsdenkmalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_Exhibitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freedom_1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freedom_1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Crawford_(sculptor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Freedomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-croix-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_ansatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-tab-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-faq-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-tab-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-25http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosso_di_San_Carlo_Borromeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannsdenkmalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_Exhibitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-28


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or+ation o the Franco5.+erican nion as its undraising ar+' @ith the announce+ent, thestatue was gi-en a na+e,Liberty Enlightening the World'DB4EThe French would inance thestatueA .+ericans would be e6pected to pay or thepedestal'DB%EThe announce+ent pro-oked agenerally a-orable reaction in France, though +any French+en resented the nited *tates ornot co+ing to their aid during the war with russia'DB4EFrench +onarchistsopposed the statue, ior no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye, who had recently been elected

asenator or lie'DB%E

Laboulaye arranged e-ents designed to appeal to the rich and powerul,including a special peror+ance at the aris "peraon .pril #1, %$3&, that eatured a new cantataby co+poser >harles =ounod' The piece was titledLa Libert clairant le monde, the French-ersion o the statue7s announced na+e'DB4E

*tereoscopic i+ageo right ar+ and torch o the *tatue o Liberty, %$3& >entennial G6position

/espite its initial ocus on the elites, the nion was successul in raising unds ro+ acrossFrench society' *choolchildren and ordinary citianal'The ir+ o ;apy Frres,copper +erchants, donated all the copper needed to build the statue, a git -alued at&C,444 rancs (about O%&,444 at the ti+e or the e9ui-alent o OB#B,444 today)'DB#EDBBEThe copper issaid to ha-e co+e ro+ a +ine in isnes,Norway,DBCEthough this has not been conclusi-elydeter+ined'DB1E

.lthough plans or the statue had not been inaliolossal .r+ or!artholdi Glectric Light' The e6hibition grounds contained a nu+ber o +onu+ental artworksto co+pete or airgoers7 interest, includingan outsio++ittees to raise +oney to pay or the oundation and pedestal were or+ed in New York,!oston, and hiladelphia'DC#EThe New York group e-entually took on +ost o the responsibilityor .+erican undraising and is oten reerred to as the .+erican >o++ittee'DCBE"ne o its+e+bers was %?5year5old Theodore oose-elt, the uture go-ernor o New York and presidento the nited *tates'DC%E"n 8arch B, %$33, on his inal ull day in oice, resident =rant signed a

2oint resolution that authori


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The statue7s head on e6hibit at the aris @orld7s Fair, %$3$

"n his return to aris in %$33, !artholdi concentrated on co+pleting the head, which wase6hibited at the %$3$ aris @orld7s Fair' Fundraising continued, with +odels o the statue put onsale' Tickets to -iew the construction acti-ity at the =aget, =authier >o' workshop were alsooered'DBBEThe French go-ern+ent authori


8/21

si+ultaneously in a +anner oten conusing to -isitors'D1CE*o+e work was peror+ed bycontractorsJone o the ingers was +ade to !artholdi7s e6acting speciications by a coppers+ithin the southern French town o 8ontauban'D11E!y %$$#, the statue was co+plete up to the waist,an e-ent !arthodi celebrated by in-iting reporters to lunch on a plator+ built within the statue'D1&ELaboulaye died in %$$B' He was succeeded as chair+an o the French co++ittee byFerdinand de Lesseps, builder o the *ue< >anal' The co+pleted statue was or+ally presented

to .+bassador 8orton at a cere+ony in aris on ;uly C, %$$C, and de Lesseps announced thatthe French go-ern+ent had agreed to pay or its transport to New York'D13EThe statue re+ainedintact in aris pending suicient progress on the pedestalA by ;anuary %$$1, this had occurredand the statue was disasse+bled and crated or its ocean -oyage'D1$E

Fundraising, criticism, and construction in the United States

The co++ittees in the nited *tates aced great diiculties in obtaining unds' The anic o%$3Bhad led to an econo+ic depression that persisted through +uch o the decade' The Libertystatue pro2ect was not the only such undertaking that had diiculty raising +oney: constructiono the obelisk later known as the @ashington 8onu+entso+eti+es stalled or yearsA it would

ulti+ately take o-er three5and5a5hal decades to co+plete'D1?EThere was criticis+ both o!artholdi7s statue and o the act that the git re9uired .+ericans to oot the bill or the pedestal'In the years ollowing the >i-il @ar, +ost .+ericans preerred realistic artworks depictingheroes and e-ents ro+ the nation7s history, rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue'D1?EThere was also a eeling that .+ericans should design .+erican public worksJthe selectiono Italian5born >onstantino !ru+idito decorate the >apitol had pro-oked intense criticis+, e-enthough he was a naturalionstruction on the %15oot (C'& +) deep oundation began in %$$B, andthe pedestal7s cornerstone was laid in %$$C'D&1EIn Hunt7s original conception, the pedestal was toha-e been +ade o solid granite' Financial concerns again orced hi+ to re-ise his plansA the
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inal design called or poured concrete walls, up to #4 eet (&'% +) thick, aced with graniteblocks'D&?ED34EThe concrete +ass was the largest poured to that ti+e'D34E

Fundraising or the statue had begun in %$$#' The co++ittee organile-eland,the go-ernor o New York,-etoed a bill to pro-ide O14,444 or the statue pro2ect in %$$C' .n atte+pt the ne6t year to ha-e>ongress pro-ide O%44,444, suicient to co+plete the pro2ect, ailed when /e+ocraticrepresentati-es would not agree to the appropriation' The New York co++ittee, with onlyOB,444 in the bank, suspended work on the pedestal' @ith the pro2ect in 2eopardy, groups ro+other .+erican cities, including !oston and hiladelphia, oered to pay the ull cost o erectingthe statue in return or relocating it'D3CE;oseph ulit


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docks and hundreds o boats put to sea to welco+e the$s%re'D$4E.ter i-e +onths o daily callsto donate to the statue und, on .ugust %%, %$$1, the Worldannounced that O%4#,444 had beenraised ro+ %#4,444 donors, and that $4 percent o the total had been recei-ed in su+s o lessthan one dollar'D$%E

G-en with the success o the und dri-e, the pedestal was not co+pleted until .pril %$$&'

I++ediately thereater, reasse+bly o the statue began' Giel7s iron ra+ework was anchored tosteel I5bea+swithin the concrete pedestal and asse+bled'D$#E"nce this was done, the sections oskin were careully attached'D$BE/ue to the width o the pedestal, it was not possible to erectscaolding, and workers dangled ro+ the ar+ature by ropes while installing the skin sections'

Ne-ertheless, no one died during the construction work'D$CE!artholdi had planned to putloodlights on the torch7s balcony to illu+inate itA a week beore the dedication, the .r+y >orpso Gngineers-etoed the proposal, earing that ships7 pilots passing the statue would be blinded'Instead, !artholdi cut portholes in the torch and placed the lights inside the+'D$1E. power plantwas installed on the island to light the torch and or other electrical needs'D$&E.ter the skin wasco+pleted, renowned landscape architect Frederick Law "l+stead,designer o New York7s>entral arkand !rooklyn7s rospect ark,super-ised a cleanup o !edloe7s Island in

anticipation o the dedication'D$3E

Dedication

&neiling of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World(%$$&) by Gdward 8oran'"il oncan-as' The ;' >larence /a-ies >ollection, 8useu+ o the >ity o New York'

. cere+ony o dedication was held on the aternoon o "ctober #$, %$$&' resident =ro-er>le-eland, the or+er New York go-ernor, presided o-er the e-ent'D$$E"n the +orning o thededication, a parade was held in New York >ityA esti+ates o the nu+ber o people who watchedit ranged ro+ se-eral hundred thousand to a +illion' resident >le-eland headed the procession,then stood in the re-iewing stand to see bands and +archers ro+ across .+erica' =eneral *tonewas the grand +arshal o the parade' The route began at 8adison *9uare,once the -enue or thear+, and proceeded to !attery arkat the southern tip o 8anhattanby way oFith .-enueand

!roadway, with a slight detour so the parade could pass in ront o the Worldbuilding on arkow' .s the parade passed theNew York *tock G6change,traders threw ticker tapero+ thewindows, beginning the New York tradition o the ticker5tape parade'D$?E
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. nautical parade began at %#:C1 p'+', and resident >le-eland e+barked on a yacht that tookhi+ across the harbor to !edloe7s Island or the dedication'D?4E/e Lesseps +ade the irst speech,on behal o the French co++ittee, ollowed by the chair+an o the New York co++ittee,*enator @illia+ 8' G-arts' . French lagdraped across the statue7s ace was to be lowered toun-eil the statue at the close o G-arts7s speech, but !artholdi +istook a pause as the conclusionand let the lag all pre+aturely' The ensuing cheers put an end to G-arts7s address'D$?Eresident

>le-eland spoke ne6t, stating that the statue7s strea+ o light shall pierce the darkness oignorance and +an7s oppression until Liberty enlightens the world'D?%E!artholdi, obser-ed nearthe dais, was called upon to speak, but he reused' "rator >hauncey 8' /epewconcluded thespeech+aking with a lengthy address'D?#E

No +e+bers o the general public were per+itted on the island during the cere+onies, whichwere reser-ed entirely or dignitaries' The only e+ales granted access were !artholdi7s wie andde Lesseps7s granddaughterA oicials stated that they eared wo+en +ight be in2ured in the crusho people' The restriction oended area suragists, who chartered a boat and got as close as theycould to the island' The group7s leaders +ade speeches applauding the e+bodi+ent o Liberty asa wo+an and ad-ocating wo+en7s right to -ote'D?%E. scheduled ireworks display was postponed

until No-e+ber % because o poor weather'D?BE

*hortly ater the dedication, the >le-eland(a)ette, an .rican .+ericannewspaper, suggestedthat the statue7s torch not be lit until the nited *tates beca+e a ree nation in reality:

Liberty enlightening the world, indeedQ The e6pression +akes us sick' This go-ern+ent is ahowling arce' It can not or rather does notprotect its citi


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=o-ern+ent poster using the *tatue o Liberty to pro+ote the sale o Liberty !onds

@hen the torch was illu+inated on the e-ening o the statue7s dedication, it produced only a aintglea+, barely -isible ro+ 8anhattan' The Worldcharacteriorpswas stationed on !edloe7s Island until %?#B, ater which +ilitary policere+ained there while the island was under +ilitary 2urisdiction'D?&E

The statue rapidly beca+e a land+ark' 8any i++igrants who entered through New York saw itas a welco+ing sight' "ral histories o i++igrants record their eelings o e6hilaration on irst-iewing the *tatue o Liberty' "ne i++igrant who arri-ed ro+ =reece recalled,

I saw the *tatue o Liberty' .nd I said to +ysel, Lady, you7re such a beautiulQ DsicE Youopened your ar+s and you get all the oreigners here' =i-e +e a chance to pro-e that I a+ worthit, to do so+ething, to be so+eone in .+erica' .nd always that statue was on +y +ind'D?3E

"riginally, the statue was a dull copper color, but shortly ater %?44 a greenpatina, caused by theo6idation o the copper skin, began to spread' .s early as %?4# it was +entioned in the pressA by%?4& it had entirely co-ered the statue'D?$EIn the belie that the patina was e-idence o corrosion,>ongress authoriorps o Gngineersstudiedthe patina or any ill eects to the statue and concluding that it protected the skin, sotened theoutlines o the *tatue and +ade it beautiul'D%4%EThe statue was painted only on the inside' The

>orps o Gngineers also installed an ele-ator to take -isitors ro+ the base to the top o thepedestal'D%4%E
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13/21

!edloe7s Island in %?#3, showing the statue and ar+y buildings' The ele-en5pointed walls o Fort@ood, which still or+ the statue7s base, are -isible'

"n ;uly B4, %?%&, during @orld @ar I, =er+an saboteurs set o a disastrous e6plosionon the!lack To+ peninsula in ;ersey >ity,New ;ersey,in what is now part o Liberty *tate ark, closeto !edloe7s Island' >arloads o dyna+ite and other e6plosi-es that were being sent to !ritain andFrance or their war eorts were detonated, and se-en people were killed' The statue sustained

+inor da+age, +ostly to the torch5bearing right ar+, and was closed or ten days' The cost torepair the statue and buildings on the island was about O%44,444' The narrow ascent to the torchwas closed or public saety reasons, and it has re+ained closed e-er since'D?#E

That sa+e year, alph ulit


14/21

*epte+ber #&, %?3#: resident ichard Ni6on-isits the statue to open the .+erican 8useu+ oI++igration' The statue7s raised right oot is -isible, showing that it is depicted +o-ing orward'

In %?BB, resident Franklin oose-eltordered the statue transerred to theNational ark *er-ice(N*)' In %?B3, the N* gained 2urisdiction o-er the rest o !edloe7s Island'D?1E@ith the .r+y7sdeparture, the N* began to transor+ the island into a park'D%41EThe @orks rogress.d+inistration(@.) de+olished +ost o the old buildings, regraded and reseeded the easternend o the island, and built granite steps or a new public entrance to the statue ro+ its rear' The@. also carried out restoration work within the statue, te+porarily re+o-ing the rays ro+ thestatue7s halo so their rusted supports could be replaced' usted cast5iron steps in the pedestalwere replaced with new ones +ade o reinorced concreteAD%4&Ethe upper parts o the stairwayswithin the statue were replaced, as well' >opper sheathing was installed to pre-ent urther

da+age ro+ rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal'

D%43E

The statue was closed to thepublic ro+ 8ay until /ece+ber %?B$'D%4&E

/uring @orld @ar II, the statue re+ained open to -isitors, although it was not illu+inated atnight due to warti+e blackouts' It was lit briely on /ece+ber B%, %?CB, and on /5/ay, ;une &,%?CC, when its lights lashed dot5dot5dot5dash, the 8orse codeor, or -ictory' New,

powerul lighting was installed in %?CC%?C1, and beginning on 5G /ay, the statue was onceagain illu+inated ater sunset' The lighting was or only a ew hours each e-ening, and it was notuntil %?13 that the statue was illu+inated e-ery night, all night'D%4$EIn %?C&, the interior o thestatue within reach o -isitors was coated with a special plastic so that graiti could be washedaway'D%43E

In %?1&, an act o >ongress oicially rena+ed !edloe7s Island as Liberty Island, a changead-ocated by !artholdi generations earlier' The act also +entioned the eorts to ound an.+erican 8useu+ o I++igrationon the island, which backers took as ederal appro-al o the

pro2ect, though the go-ern+ent was slow to grant unds or it'D%4?ENearby Gllis Islandwas +adepart o the *tatue o Liberty National 8onu+entby procla+ation o residentLyndon ;ohnsonin %?&1'D?1EIn %?3#, the i++igration +useu+, in the statue7s base, was inally opened in acere+ony led by resident ichard Ni6on' The +useu+7s backers ne-er pro-ided it with anendow+ent to secure its uture, and it closed in %??% ater the opening o ani++igration+useu+on Gllis Island'D$#E

. powerul new lighting syste+ was installed in ad-ance o the .+erican !icentennialin %?3&'The statue was the ocal point or "peration *ail,a regatta o tall shipsro+ all o-er the world
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that entered New York Harbor on ;uly C, %?3&, and sailed around Liberty Island'D%%4EThe dayconcluded with a spectacular display o ireworks near the statue'D%%%E

0eno.ation to "resent #since $(%/*

*ee also: Liberty @eekend

;uly C, %?$&: First LadyNancy eagan(in red) reopens the statue to the public'

The statue was e6a+ined in great detail by French and .+erican engineers as part o theplanning or its centennial in %?$&'D%%#EIn %?$#, it was announced that the statue was in need oconsiderable restoration' >areul study had re-ealed that the right ar+ had been i+properlyattached to the +ain structure' It was swaying +ore and +ore when strong winds blew and therewas a signiicant risk o structural ailure' In addition, the head had been installed # eet (4'&% +)o center, and one o the rays was wearing a hole in the right ar+ when the statue +o-ed in thewind' The ar+ature structure was badly corroded, and about two percent o the e6terior platesneeded to be replaced'D%%BE.lthough proble+s with the ar+ature had been recogni


16/21

ha+pered by the asbestos5based substance that !artholdi had used (ineecti-ely, as inspectionsshowed) to pre-ent gal-anic corrosion' @orkers within the statue had to wearprotecti-e gear,dubbed +oon suits, with sel5contained breathing circuits'D%%?ELarger holes in the copper skinwere repaired, and new copper was added where necessary'D%#4EThe replace+ent skin was takenro+ a copper rootop at !ell Labs, which had a patina that closely rese+bled the statue7sA ine6change, the laboratory was pro-ided so+e o the old copper skin or testing'D%#%EThe torch,

ound to ha-e been leaking water since the %?%& alterations, was replaced with an e6act replicao !artholdi7s unaltered torch'D%##E>onsideration was gi-en to replacing the ar+ and shoulderA theNational ark *er-ice insisted that they be repaired instead'D%#BE

*epte+ber %%, #44%: The twin towers o the @orld Trade >enterburn with the *tatue o Libertyin the oreground'

The entire ar+ature was replaced' Thepuddled ironbars used by Giel were gradually re+o-ed'The new bars that attach to the pylon are +ade o low5carbon corrosion5resistant stainless steel'The bars that now hold the staples ne6t to the skin are +ade o erraliu+, an alloy that bendsslightly and returns to its original shape as the statue +o-es'D%#CETo pre-ent the ray and ar++aking contact, the ray was realigned by se-eral degrees'D%#1EThe lighting was again replacedJ

night5ti+e illu+ination now co+es ro+ +etal halidela+ps that send bea+s o light toparticular parts o the pedestal or statue, showing o -arious details'D%#&E.ccess to the pedestal,which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the %?&4s, was reno-ated to create a wideopening ra+ed by a set o +onu+ental bron


17/21

Access and attributes

Location and .isiting

Tourists aboard a >ircle Lineerry bound or Liberty Island, ;une %?3B

The statue is situated in pper New York !ayon Liberty Island, south o Gllis Island' !othislands were ceded byNew Yorkto the ederal go-ern+ent in %$44'D%B1E.s agreed in an %$BCco+pact between New York andNew ;erseythat set the state border at the bay7s +idpoint, theoriginal islands re+ain New York territory despite their location on the New ;ersey side o thestate line' Land created by recla+ationat Gllis is New ;ersey territory'D%B&E

Gntrance to the *tatue o Liberty National 8onu+entis ree, but there is a charge or the erryser-ice that all -isitors +ust use, as pri-ate boats +ay not dock at the island' . concession wasgranted in #443 to *tatue >ruisesto operate the transportation and ticketing acilities, replacing>ircle Line, which had operated the ser-ice since %?1B'D%B3EThe erries, which depart ro+Liberty *tate arkin ;ersey >ityand !attery arkin Lower 8anhattan, also stop at Gllis Island,+aking a co+bined trip possible'D%B$E.long with the erry ticket, -isitors intending to enter the

statue7s base and pedestal +ust obtain a co+pli+entary +useu+Ppedestal ticket'D#1E

Thosewishing to cli+b the staircase within the statue to the crown +ust purchase a special ticket,which +ay be reser-ed up to a year in ad-ance' . total o #C4 people per day are per+itted toascend: ten per group, three groups per hour' >li+bers +ay bring only +edication and ca+eras

Jlockers are pro-ided or other ite+sJand +ust undergo a second security screening'D#1E

1nscri"tions, "la2ues, and dedications

la9ue honoring poet G++a Laolossus

There are se-eral pla9ues and dedicatory tablets on or near the *tatue o Liberty' . pla9ue on thecopper 2ust under the igure7s eet declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty,

designed by !artholdi and built by the aris ir+ o =aget, =authier et >ie (*ieis the Frenchabbre-iation analogous to *o+)' . presentation tablet, also bearing !artholdi7s na+e, declares thestatue to be a git ro+ the people o the epublic o France that honors the .lliance o the two
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_Line_Sightseeing_Cruiseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_New_York_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-134http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reclamationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-NJvsNY1998-135http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-NJvsNY1998-135http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty_National_Monumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_Cruiseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_Line_Downtownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-136http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-136http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_State_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-ferry_map-137http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-faq-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-faq-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Lazarushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Colossushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emma_Lazarus_plaque.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emma_Lazarus_plaque.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Libertyferry.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Libertyferry.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_Line_Sightseeing_Cruiseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_New_York_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-134http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reclamationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-NJvsNY1998-135http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty_National_Monumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_Cruiseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_Line_Downtownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-136http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_State_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-ferry_map-137http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-faq-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-faq-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Lazarushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Colossus


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Nations in achie-ing the Independence o the nited *tates o .+erica and attests their abidingriendship'D%B?EThere is a tablet placed by the New York co++ittee that co++e+orates theundraising done to build the pedestal' The cornerstone also bears a pla9ue, placed by theFree+asons'D%B?E

In %?4B, a bronolossus and co++e+orates G++a

Lao++ittee in %?33, celebrating the poet7slie'D%B?E

. group o statues stands at the western end o the island, honoring those closely associated withthe *tatue o Liberty' Two .+ericansJulit


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.s -iewed ro+ the ground on Liberty IslandFeature3&45 U6S6 7etric

Height o copper statue %1% t % in C& +Foundation o pedestal (ground le-el) to tip o torch B41 t % in ?B +Heel to top o head %%% t % in BC +Length o hand %& t 1 in 1 +Inde6 inger $ t % in #'CC +>ircu+erence at second 2oint B t & in %'43 +Head ro+ chin to craniu+ %3 t B in 1'#& +Head thickness ro+ ear to ear %4 t 4 in B'41 +/istance across the eye # t & in 4'3& +Length o nose C t & in %'C$ +ight ar+ length C# t 4 in %#'$ +ight ar+ greatest thickness %# t 4 in B'&& +Thickness o waist B1 t 4 in %4'&3 +

@idth o +outh B t 4 in 4'?% +Tablet, length #B t 3 in 3'%? +Tablet, width %B t 3 in C'%C +Tablet, thickness # t 4 in 4'&% +Height o pedestal $? t 4 in #3'%B +Height o oundation &1 t 4 in %?'$% +@eight o copper used in statue &4,444 pounds #3'## +etric tonnes@eight o steel used in statue #14,444 pounds %%B'C +etric tonnesTotal weight o statue C14,444 pounds #4C'% +etric tonnesThickness o copper sheeting BPB# o an inch #'C ++

De"ictions

8ain articles: *tatue o Liberty in popular cultureand eplicas o the *tatue o Liberty

. replica o the *tatue o Liberty or+s part o the e6terior decor at theNew York5New YorkHotel >asinoin Las egas, Ne-ada'

Hundreds o replicas o the *tatue o Libertyare displayed worldwide'D%C#E. s+aller -ersion othe original statue, one5ith the height o the original, was gi-en by the .+erican co++unity inaris to that city' It now stands on the Sle des >ygnes, acing west toward her larger sister'D%C#E.replica B4 eet (?'% +) tall stood atop the Liberty @arehouse on @est &Cth *treet in 8anhattanor +any yearsAD%C#Eit now resides at the !rooklyn 8useu+'D%CBEIn a patriotic tribute, the !oy

*couts o .+erica, as part o their *trengthen the .r+ o Libertyca+paign in %?C?%?1#,donated about two hundred replicas o the statue, +ade o sta+ped copper and %44 inches(#,144 ++) in height, to states and +unicipalities across the nited *tates'D%CCEThough not a truereplica, the statue known as the =oddess o /e+ocracyte+porarily erected during the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-statistics-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty_in_popular_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicas_of_the_Statue_of_Libertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York-New_York_Hotel_%26_Casinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York-New_York_Hotel_%26_Casinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicas_of_the_Statue_of_Libertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-replica-141http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_des_Cygneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-replica-141http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-replica-141http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-replica-141http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-142http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strengthen_the_Arm_of_Libertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-143http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddess_of_Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddess_of_Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Las_Vegas_NY_NY_Hotel.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Las_Vegas_NY_NY_Hotel.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-statistics-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty_in_popular_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicas_of_the_Statue_of_Libertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York-New_York_Hotel_%26_Casinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York-New_York_Hotel_%26_Casinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicas_of_the_Statue_of_Libertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-replica-141http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_des_Cygneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-replica-141http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-replica-141http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Museumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-142http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strengthen_the_Arm_of_Libertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-143http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddess_of_Democracy


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Tianan+en *9uare protests o %?$?was si+ilarly inspired by French de+ocratic traditionsJthesculptors took care to a-oid a direct i+itation o the *tatue o Liberty'D%4&E.+ong otherrecreations o New York >ity structures, a replica o the statue is part o the e6terior o theNewYork5New York Hotel >asinoin Las egas, Ne-ada'D%C1E

%?3% '*' air+ail sta+p depicting the head o the *tatue o Liberty

e-erseside o a residential /ollar coin

.s an .+erican icon, the *tatue o Liberty has long been depicted on the country7s sta+ps andcoinage' It appeared on co++e+orati-e coins issued to +ark its %?$& centennial, and on NewYork7s #44% entry in the state 9uartersseries'D%C&E.n i+age o the statue was chosen or the.+erican Gagle platinu+ bullion coinsin %??3, and it appears on the re-erse, or tails, side othe currently issued series o residential /ollarcirculating coins'D#%ETwo i+ages o the statue7storch appear on the current ten5dollar bill'D%C3E

/epictions o the statue ha-e been used by +any regional institutions, as well' !etween %?$&and #444, New York *tate issued license plates eaturing the statue'D%C$ED%C?EThe @o+en7s

National !asketball .ssociation7sNew York Libertyuse both the statue7s na+e and its i+age intheir logo, in which the torch7s la+e doubles as a basketball'D%14ETheNew York angerso the

National Hockey Leaguedepicted the statue7s head on their third 2ersey, beginning in %??3'D%1%ETheNational >ollegiate .thletic .ssociation7s%??& 8en7s !asketball Final Four,played at New;ersey7s 8eadowlands *ports >o+ple6, eatured the statue in its logo'D%1#E

The statue is a re9uent sub2ect in popular culture' In +usic, it has been e-oked to indicatesupport or .+erican policies, as in Toby Keith7s song >ourtesy o the ed, @hite, !lue(The .ngry .+erican), and in opposition, appearing on the co-er oThe /ead Kennedys7albu+Bedtime for ,emocracy, which protested the eagan ad+inistration7s policies'D%1BEIn the+o-ies, the torch is the setting or the cli+a6 o director .lred Hitchcock7s %?C# il+ Saboteur'D%1CE

The statue +akes one o its +ost a+ous cine+atic appearances in the %?&$ picturePlanet ofthe -pes, in which it is seen hal5buried in sand'D%1BED%11EIt is destroyed in the science5iction il+s$ndependence ,ay, he ,ay -fter omorro",and *loerfield'D%1BEIn ;ack Finney7s ti+e5tra-elno-el ime and -gain, the right ar+ o the statue, on display in the early %$$4s in 8adison
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-closed-105http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-closed-105http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York-New_York_Hotel_%26_Casinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York-New_York_Hotel_%26_Casinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-144http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_(coin)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_$1_Coin_Programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_quartershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-145http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-145http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Platinum_Eaglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_(coin)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_$1_Coin_Programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-mint-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_billhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-146http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-147http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-148http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_National_Basketball_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_National_Basketball_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_National_Basketball_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Libertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Libertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-149http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Rangershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Rangershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-150http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_NCAA_Men's_Division_I_Basketball_Tournamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_NCAA_Men's_Division_I_Basketball_Tournamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_NCAA_Men's_Division_I_Basketball_Tournamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izod_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-151http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Keithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesy_of_the_Red,_White,_%26_Blue_(The_Angry_American)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesy_of_the_Red,_White,_%26_Blue_(The_Angry_American)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dead_Kennedyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dead_Kennedyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dead_Kennedyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedtime_for_Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-popcult-152http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saboteur_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-153http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(1968_film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(1968_film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-popcult-152http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-154http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloverfieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-popcult-152http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Finneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Finneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_and_Again_(novel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LineartPresRev.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LineartPresRev.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1971_airmail_stamp_C80.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1971_airmail_stamp_C80.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-closed-105http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York-New_York_Hotel_%26_Casinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York-New_York_Hotel_%26_Casinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-144http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_(coin)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_$1_Coin_Programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_quartershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-145http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Platinum_Eaglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_(coin)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_$1_Coin_Programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-mint-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_billhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-146http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-147http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-148http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_National_Basketball_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_National_Basketball_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Libertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-149http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Rangershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_jerseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-150http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_NCAA_Men's_Division_I_Basketball_Tournamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izod_Centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-151http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Keithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesy_of_the_Red,_White,_%26_Blue_(The_Angry_American)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesy_of_the_Red,_White,_%26_Blue_(The_Angry_American)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dead_Kennedyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedtime_for_Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-popcult-152http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saboteur_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-153http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(1968_film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(1968_film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-popcult-152http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-154http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloverfieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-popcult-152http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Finneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_and_Again_(novel)


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*9uare ark, plays a crucial role'D%1&Eobert Holdstock, consulting editor o he Encyclopedia ofScience Fiction, wondered in %?3?:

@here would Dscience ictionE be without the *tatue o Liberty For decades it has towered orcru+bled abo-e the wastelands o deserted DGEarthJgiants ha-e uprooted it, aliens ha-e ound itcurious ''' the sy+bol o Liberty, o opti+is+, has beco+e a sy+bol o science iction7s

pessi+istic -iew o the uture'D%13E
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-155http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Holdstockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Holdstockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-156http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-155http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Holdstockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty#cite_note-156

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