The Rise of Maya Civilization
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Transcript of The Rise of Maya Civilization
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The Rise of Maya Civilization
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Building a Civilization in the Rain Forest
2.1 A
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Challenges of the Rain Forest • The classic Maya settled in
the Yucatan Peninsula in modern-day Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, SE Mexico
• Dense rainforest covered much of the land and made farming difficult
• Climate was hot, dry, humid
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Challenges Contd.
• Depended on seasonal rainfall for water
• Rain soaked through limestone bedrock, leaving little surface water
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City Centers
• Built immense ceremonial centers/city states at different sites
• At Tikal, built temple one , a 130 ft. high step pyramid.
• Several city states, not one united country
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Classic Maya Adaptations• Successfully farmed in the
rain forest by:– using slash and burn
agriculture. – Raised fields– Irrigated gardens
• Planted and harvested corn, squash, and beans.
• Mayan Families spread out – learned to cooperate in food production
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Maya Social and Political Organization
2.1 B
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Lord•Considered a god-king•Responsible for political leadership•Lords, mostly men, •Women had great influence on political decisions
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Nobles•Lived near ceremonial centers and helped lords run cities•Gathered taxes, supplies, and labor for construction projects•Served as war captains who led peasant armies during war
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Priests•Were powerful because they maintained favor with the gods.•Led religious rituals, calculated positions of stars, and treated the sick•Practiced human sacrifice on a limited scale
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Merchants/ Artisans•Merchants traded salt, cotton, fish, and animal skins for obsidian , jade, quetzal feathers, copal, and cocoa beans over long distances
• Artisans produced sculptures, codices, and murals to pay tribute to gods
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Peasants •Men worked in fields•Women managed household•Rewarded for their loyalty by being allowed to attend royal marriages and important religious ceremonies
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Slaves•Recruited from surplus children, war prisoners, and criminals•Required to do difficult or undesirable tasks like grinding maize•Not badly treated, but were sometime killed and buried with master
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Noteworthy Achievements of the Maya
2.1 C
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Legends
• Legends were recorded on stelae, urns, murals, and codices
• No Classic Maya literature survives, but legends in Popol Vuh, the mayan creation myth.
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Hieroglyphics
• Only native American people to develop a complete writing system
• Represented ideas and objects with block like symbols or glyphs.
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Architecture
• Structures not as massive as in other cultures
• Notes for its decorative stone work, graceful statues, intricate facades, and ornamental roofs
• Distinctive feature was the corbeled arch
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How Do We Know?
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Mathematics
• Sophisticated number system based on units of twenty, written with bars for 5s, dots for 1s, and sign for 0.
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Astronomy
• Had exact knowledge of moon phases
• Able to predict eclipses of the sun and moon
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Tikal , Guatemalahttp://www.tikalpark.com/soundsbirds02.html
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Calendars
• Religious obsession with time for predicting future led to development of calendars
• Calendars were complex systems using several interlocking cycles of time.
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Ball Game
• Splendid courts still stand at many Maya sites (e.g. Tikal)
• Game played both for recreation and religious purposes.
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Solving the Mystery of the Lost Maya
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Copan’s Glyph – a leaf-nosed bat!
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Tikal
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Copan
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The Calendar Wheels: Used for Astronomical Predictions
• Vague Year: 365 days– 18 months , 20 days per month– 5 leftover days, no leap years
• Sacred Round: 260 day year– Cermonial– Based on the length of time a woman is pregnant– Based on 1-13 repeating with 20 day names in two
interlocking wheels