The Ottoman Empire World Power, Sick Man, and the Rise of Secular Turkey, 1300-1930.
-
Upload
tobias-parker -
Category
Documents
-
view
222 -
download
0
Transcript of The Ottoman Empire World Power, Sick Man, and the Rise of Secular Turkey, 1300-1930.
![Page 1: The Ottoman Empire World Power, Sick Man, and the Rise of Secular Turkey, 1300-1930.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649eda5503460f94be89ed/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Ottoman Empire
World Power, Sick Man, and the Rise of Secular Turkey, 1300-1930
![Page 2: The Ottoman Empire World Power, Sick Man, and the Rise of Secular Turkey, 1300-1930.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649eda5503460f94be89ed/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: The Ottoman Empire World Power, Sick Man, and the Rise of Secular Turkey, 1300-1930.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649eda5503460f94be89ed/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Period of Growth• Succeeded Seljuk Turks as great Muslim power in
Middle East.• Greatest Emperor was Suleyman (1494-1566).• Military conquests—Captured Belgrade in 1521;
turned away from Vienna in 1529.• Ordered construction of Suleiman Mosque• Relied on Janissaries, soldiers who eventually
displace Ottoman nobility.
• Ottoman counterweight—France and Ottomans allied versus Austrian Habsburgs.
![Page 4: The Ottoman Empire World Power, Sick Man, and the Rise of Secular Turkey, 1300-1930.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649eda5503460f94be89ed/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Suleiman Mosque in Istanbul; built between 1550 and 1567
![Page 5: The Ottoman Empire World Power, Sick Man, and the Rise of Secular Turkey, 1300-1930.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649eda5503460f94be89ed/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Decline
• Military Defeat—Lepanto in 1571; Vienna—1683
• Russian expansion to Black Sea and Austrian expansion in Balkans
• Weak Rulers: Selim (1566-1574) “The Glutton”; Ibrahim (1640-1648) drowned 280 concubines in the Bosphorus.
• Internal disruptions—Janissaries revolt
![Page 6: The Ottoman Empire World Power, Sick Man, and the Rise of Secular Turkey, 1300-1930.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649eda5503460f94be89ed/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Continued Decline
• Revolts in the Balkans (Serbia in 1804; Greece in 1821
• Failed Reforms—Selim III (1789-1807)—attempts to introduce European style military opposed by clerics and Janissaries.
• 1850s—Tanzimat reforms of bureaucracy fail due to military losses (Crimea) and continued Balkan revolts.
![Page 7: The Ottoman Empire World Power, Sick Man, and the Rise of Secular Turkey, 1300-1930.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649eda5503460f94be89ed/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Why the Decline
• Doctrine of Closed Revelation
• European incursions (British Land Bridge to India; Russian and Habsburg expansionism; European devotion to Holy Land)
![Page 8: The Ottoman Empire World Power, Sick Man, and the Rise of Secular Turkey, 1300-1930.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649eda5503460f94be89ed/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Pre-WWI Reform Movements
• Prime Minister Midhat Pasha and the Constitution of 1876—unitary state, free press, freedom of conscience, equality before the law; and equitable taxation.
• Sultan fired Midhat in 1877.• Russia defeats Ottomans in 1876-1877 war.• Young Turks emerge calling for Constitution of
1876.• Struggle between Young Turks and Sultan over
constitution interrupted by WWI.
![Page 9: The Ottoman Empire World Power, Sick Man, and the Rise of Secular Turkey, 1300-1930.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649eda5503460f94be89ed/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Midhat Pasha, as PMSought to makeOttoman State more modernThrough the Constitution Of 1876.
![Page 10: The Ottoman Empire World Power, Sick Man, and the Rise of Secular Turkey, 1300-1930.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649eda5503460f94be89ed/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Ottoman Dismemberment
• Ottomans support Central Powers in WWI.
• Treaty of Sevres/Lausanne break up Ottoman Empire.
• France and Britain get Syria and Palestine; Truncated country of Turkey is created.
• Turkey under Mustafa Kemal [1881-1938] (Ataturk) becomes secular Muslim State.
![Page 11: The Ottoman Empire World Power, Sick Man, and the Rise of Secular Turkey, 1300-1930.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649eda5503460f94be89ed/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: The Ottoman Empire World Power, Sick Man, and the Rise of Secular Turkey, 1300-1930.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649eda5503460f94be89ed/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Ataturk’s Six Arrows
• Republicanism
• Populism
• Secularism
• Reformism
• Nationalism
• Statism
![Page 13: The Ottoman Empire World Power, Sick Man, and the Rise of Secular Turkey, 1300-1930.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649eda5503460f94be89ed/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
WESTERNIZATION OF ISLAM
• The State, a lay institution, religion a private matter
• “Disestablishment” of Islam, Islamic piety to take the form of Reform Jewish piety
• From Arabic to Turkish call to prayer• Islam, the test case for the whole traditional
heritage• Sufism banned, Madrasa college suppressed
![Page 14: The Ottoman Empire World Power, Sick Man, and the Rise of Secular Turkey, 1300-1930.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649eda5503460f94be89ed/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
TURKISH INTERPRETATION OF RELIGION, ISLAM
• “The Golden Age” of Islam, common among non-Turks, limited to early history, in the remote past
• Islam proper ended with 1258 CE?• For Turks Islamic history both recent and
continuing• Their reading of history is not fundamentally
apologetics.• Turks engage in “self-criticism”• History un-terminated process with Turks as
active participants
![Page 15: The Ottoman Empire World Power, Sick Man, and the Rise of Secular Turkey, 1300-1930.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062322/56649eda5503460f94be89ed/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Ataturk—Father of Modern Turkey