The Mini-bang : Search for the Quark Gluon Plasma Virtual Journey from the Big-Bang to the...
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Transcript of The Mini-bang : Search for the Quark Gluon Plasma Virtual Journey from the Big-Bang to the...
The Mini-bang : Search for the Quark Gluon Plasma
Virtual Journey from the Big-Bang to the Mini-Bang.
Prof. Claude PruneauWayne State University
MDAPT Meeting at Wayne State University, March 20, 2002
Mosaic of 51 wide-angle photographs. Made over a three year period from locations in California (USA), South Africa, and Germany, the individual pictures were digitized and stitched together to create an apparently seamless 360 by 180 degree view.
The further apart galaxies are, the faster they move away from one another.
Expanding UniverseExpanding UniverseExpanding Universe
Measurements of Hubble Expansion:• Hubble Constant : 70 km/sec/mpc (10%)• Galaxies appear to be moving 160,000 miles per hour
faster for every 3.3 million light-years away from Earth.
Wendy Freedman et al.(Carnegie Observatories), HST Key Project Team, and NASA
Fornax cluster barred spiral galaxy NGC1365
HST Picture: Identification of 50 Cepheids variable stars
Big Bang Model
A broadly accepted theory for the origin and evolution of our universe.
It postulates that 12 to 14 billion years ago, the portion of the universe we can see today was only a few millimeters across. It has since expanded from this hot dense state into the vast and much cooler cosmos we currently inhabit.
In the beginning, there was a Big Bang, a colossal explosion from which everything in the Universe sprung out.
Experimental Evidence of the Big Bang
Expansion of the universe Edwin Hubble's 1929 observation that galaxies were generally
receding from us provided the first clue that the Big Bang theory might be right.
Abundance of the light elements H, He, Li The Big Bang theory predicts that these light elements should have
been fused from protons and neutrons in the first few minutes after the Big Bang.
The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation The early universe should have been very hot. The cosmic
microwave background radiation is the remnant heat leftover from the Big Bang.
99.97% of the radiant energy of the Universe was released within the first year after the Big Bang itself and now permeate space in the form of a thermal 3 K radiation field.
Cosmic Microwave Background
COBE CMB Measurement
• CMB spectrum is that of a nearly perfect blackbody with a temperature of 2.725 +/- 0.002 K.
• Observation matches predictions of the hot Big Bang theory extraordinarily well.
• Deviation from perfect black body spectrum less than 0.03 %• Nearly all of the radiant energy of the Universe was released within the
first year after the Big Bang.
What is Matter Made Of?
An atom contains a nucleus...
…which contains
protons and neutrons...
…which contain up and down quarks.
Elementary Particles
… and gluons are the guards...
Set the Quarks Free !!!
How? Create a Quark-Gluon Plasma !
Quarks are confined (hadrons)...
Phase Transitions
ICEICE WATERWATER STEAMSTEAM
Add heatAdd heat
Add heatAdd heat
Quark Gluon Plasma is another phase of matter!Quark Gluon Plasma is another phase of matter!
Quark Gluon Plasma
QuarksQuarksQuarksQuarks
Quark-GluonQuark-GluonPlasmaPlasma
Quark-GluonQuark-GluonPlasmaPlasma
RHIC CollisionRHIC CollisionRHIC CollisionRHIC Collision
KeyKeyKeyKey
GluonsGluonsGluonsGluons
RHIC: Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
Brookhaven Brookhaven National Laboratory, National Laboratory, Long Island, NYLong Island, NY
Brookhaven Brookhaven National Laboratory, National Laboratory, Long Island, NYLong Island, NY
Long Island
Long Island
New YorkCity
New YorkCity
The RHIC Complex
1. Tandem Van de Graaff
2. Heavy Ion Transfer Line
3. Booster
4. Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS)
5. AGS-to-RHIC Transfer Line
6. RHIC ring
1. Tandem Van de Graaff
2. Heavy Ion Transfer Line
3. Booster
4. Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS)
5. AGS-to-RHIC Transfer Line
6. RHIC ring
11
33 44
66
22
55
Inside the RHIC Ring
• Underground tunnel• Super-conducting
magnets cooled by liquid helium (@ 4.5 K)
• 1740 Magnets• 2.4 Mile circumference
• Underground tunnel• Super-conducting
magnets cooled by liquid helium (@ 4.5 K)
• 1740 Magnets• 2.4 Mile circumference
RHIC Beam Collisions
•Gold nuclei
•Traveling at near light speed
• 99.995 % actually…
•Hit head-on
•Crash through each other
•Release shower of particles
•Gold nuclei
•Traveling at near light speed
• 99.995 % actually…
•Hit head-on
•Crash through each other
•Release shower of particles
RHIC Beam Collisions
Approach Collision Particle ShowerApproach Collision Particle ShowerApproach Collision Particle ShowerApproach Collision Particle Shower
Collision time ~ 10-22 seconds
Actual RHIC Collisions
Each collision
produces thousands of
particles!
Each collision
produces thousands of
particles!
Collision measured in the Star Detector
Faculty :
Rene Bellwied
Tom Cormier
Sean Gavin
Claude Pruneau
Sergei Voloshin
Students:
Maria Castro
Alex Stolpovsky
David Bower
Saumitra Chowdhury
Mohamed Abdel-Aziz
Vishist Mandapaka
5 recent graduates
WSU Relativistic Heavy Ion Group
Wayne State Contribution to STAR/RHIC
Silicon Vertex Tracker (SVT) Electromagnetic Calorimeter (EMC)
Pad readout
2×12 super-sectors
60 cm
127 cm
190 cm
Outer sector6.2 × 19.5 mm2 pad
3940 pads
Inner sector2.85 × 11.5 mm2 pad
1750 pads
JT: 48The Berkeley Lab
STARPixel Pad Readout
Readout arranged like the face of a clock - 5,690 pixels per sector
Momentum Measurement
+B=0.5 T
Collision Vertex
Trajectory is a helix in 3D; a circle in the transverse plane
qBRmvp
Radius: R
Multiplicity
dNh-/d|=0 = 280120
dNch/d|=0 = 567 138
38% pp52% SPS
Multiplicity dominated by GeometryRelatively flat in (1.)Centrality Consistent with other experiments GeVsNN 130
Transverse SpectraSTAR Preliminary
Power Law:
A (1+pt /p0) - n
<pt>=0.5080.012GeV/c (top 5%), increases from pp, SPS
<pt> Scaling
2
/
)3.0(3.0
R
ddNs
ps
sp
ch
ppTpp
AAAAT
Saturation model:J. Schaffner-Blielich, et al. nucl-th/0108048D. Kharzeev, et al. hep-ph/0111315
Proton, Anti-proton
Small PID range Finite Baryon Stopping Low net baryon density High total baryon
production
p/p ratio
RHIC:1/3 from transport2/3 proton from production (how?)(AGS: 10-4; SPS: 1/10)Small centrality dependenceSmall effect of p absorption?
NA44
STAR
Results Very high temperature achieved Collective/hydrodynamic flow Saturation of strange particle
production. Modification of matter properties. Accumulating evidence that a
“new” phase of matter is produced in Au+Au collisions.
Conclusions A virtual journey from our solar system
outward towards to distant galaxies and backward in time to the big bang.
QGP existed for a time of 1 micro-second after the big-bang.
Production of QGP studied at BNL in high energy gold on gold collisions.
Exciting results and preliminary evidence of a new form of matter.