The KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA - Geneva International · PDF fileThe Kingdom of Cambodia . 2 1. ......

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Long Term ERW management in Southeast AsiaSiem Reap, The Kingdom of Cambodia

01-03 June 2015

Presented by HENG RATANADelegate of the Royal Government

In Charge as Director General of CMAC

The KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA

Warm WelcomeTo

The Kingdom of Cambodia

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1. Brief Background problems and mine action in Cambodia

1.1 Nature of Problems 1.2 their affects1.3 Known Remaining problems

2. Policy and Risk Management to address the problems

2.1 Definition of UXO, ERW and Mine Action 2.1 Definition of Risk Management 2.2 ERW Risk Management Policies and Strategies

3. Land Release and Risk Management 3.1 Planning and tool prioritization for Land

Release 3.2 Land Release operational Challenges

(Environmental issues, threats and technology applications)

4. Vision for the long Term Management of ERW and the Path Ahead

4.1 Achievements and Lessons Learnt4.2 Future and Realizations in this Kingdom &

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

Background to the Problems and Mine Action in Cambodia

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• France occupation 1863-1954• Japan Occupation 1942, 1945• US-Indochina War 1968-1975• Khmer Rouge 1975-1979• Internal Conflict 1979-1998

SIZE: 181 035 Km²Population 2012; approx 15.8 Millions

•Pre Angkor Period•Angkor Period•Post Angkor Period

• 1940’s: World War II and struggle for independence • October 4, 1965 to August 15,1973: US involvement and bombing in Cambodia

(2,756,941 tons, 230,516 sorties on 113,716 sites – with 3,580 listed as unknown and 8,238 sites no target lists.) Dbase provided by US states department.

• 1973- April 1975: Heaviest offensive between Khmer Rouges and the Kampuchea Republic Regime

• 1973 – 1979: Regime of Democratic Kampuchea• 1979 – 1998: Cambodian internal conflicts• 1993: Historical General Elections sponsored by the UN• 1994 – 1998: Renewed Khmer Rouge offensives• 1998: The Win-Win policy ended the Khmer Rouge political and military Organization and led

to complete peace and unity.

1940’s 1950’s 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s

World War IIColonial rule and struggle for independence

Peace and independence

US-Indochinawars and heavy bombing started

Heavy bombing continued

Ground battles and use of Landmines

Limited ground battles and use of landmines

ERW UXO (heavy)Some landmines

UXO (heavy)Some landmines

Heavy use of landminesScattered UXO

Use of landminesScattered UXO

1. Background to the problems and mine action in Cambodia

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Bombing Map


MINE AND ERW CONTAMINATION MAP

LandmineGround ordnances

Air deliveryGround ordnances

LandmineLandmineand ERW

Problem


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This kingdom faces with four major landmine/ERW problems:1. Explosive Remnants of War (ERW): unexploded ordnance (UXO)and

abandoned unexploded ordnance (AXO)

2. Cluster munitions: (late1960s-1975 and 2008)

3. Chemical and IED Devices

4. Landmines: AT mines and AP Mines

Landmine/ERW Affects:

1- On the ground

2- In the ground

3- Underwater, and

4- Caches/ Stockpiles underground and underwater

1.1. Nature of Problems and their affects


1. Explosive Remnants of War (ERW)1.1 unexploded ordinance (UXO), bombs, shells and

other ground to ground rockets, its hand grenades and launchers

1.2 abandon unexploded ordinance (AXO), its includes mobile cashes, ammunition under water

1. Explosive Remnants of War (ERW)1.1 unexploded ordinance (UXO), bombs, shells and

other ground to ground rockets, its hand grenades and launchers

1.2 abandon unexploded ordinance (AXO), its includes mobile cashes, ammunition under water

ERW & Cluster Bombs – US Bombing Statistics:• ERW – bombs dropped (1965 – 1973 only)1:

– 2.75 million tons dropped (WWII only 2.06 million tons)

– 230,516 sorties bombed on 113,716 sites

1.1. Nature of Problems


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1.2 abandon unexploded ordinance (AXO), its includes mobile cashes, piles of ammunition under water

1.2 abandon unexploded ordinance (AXO), its includes mobile cashes, piles of ammunition under water



2. Cluster Munitions- USA Bombs Cluster Munitions (Late 1960s- 1975)- Thailand Cluster Munitions (Preah Vihear War 2008)

2. Cluster Munitions- USA Bombs Cluster Munitions (Late 1960s- 1975)- Thailand Cluster Munitions (Preah Vihear War 2008)

ERW & Cluster Bombs – US Bombing Statistics:Cluster bombs2:

– 26 million sub-munitions dispended– Approx. 5.8 million sub-munitions remain

(30% failure rate)



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3. Chemical and IED Devices -USA CS Devices affected along Vietnam-Cambodia border which confirmed by OPCW at Hague

- IED Devices as counter and guerrilla war

3. Chemical and IED Devices -USA CS Devices affected along Vietnam-Cambodia border which confirmed by OPCW at Hague

- IED Devices as counter and guerrilla war



4. Landmines: - Anti Personal Landmines- Anti Tank Landmines

4. Landmines: - Anti Personal Landmines- Anti Tank Landmines



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1.2. Their affects – On the ground


1.2. Their affects –In the ground


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1.2. Their affects –Underwater


underground and underwater1.2. Their affects –Caches/Stockpiles in warhouses as well as

underground and underwater


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1.3 Cambodia’s Known Remaining Landmine and ERW ProblemsBase Line Survey (Approx 70%)

Classification Area (m2)

A1 69,478,416

A2 78,601,787

A2.1 9,154,954

A2.2 220,536,041

A3 71,917,370

A4 684,745,717

Total A: 1,134,434,285

B2 62,393,157

B1 30,201,816

B1.1 30,348,557

B1.2 492,897,506

B1.3 178,818,816

B1.4 11,174,290

B1.5 24,538,220

Total B: 830,372,362

Grand Total: 1,964,806,647

0

100'000'000

200'000'000

300'000'000

400'000'000

500'000'000

600'000'000

700'000'000

A1 A2 A2.1 A2.2 A3 A4 B2 B1 B1.1 B1.2 B1.3 B1.4 B1.5

69'478'416

78'601'787

9'154'954

220'536'041

71'917'370

684'745'717

62'393'157

30'201'816

30'348'557

492'897'506

178'818'816

11'174'290

24'538'220

Districts No. Total Area (m²)

Surveyed 142 150,750,489,029

Non‐surveyed 63 35,134,159,786

0

500'000'000

1'000'000'000

1'500'000'000

2'000'000'000

A B Total

1'134'434'285

830'372'362

1'964'806'647


1.4 Landmine/UXO Casualty Report (CMVIS)

-

200

400

600

800

1'000

1'2001'153

858 826 847 772

898 875

450 352

271 244 286 211 186

111 154 50

Number of Casualties

TotalMinesUXO


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Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) Definition:

1. The NATO Standardization Agreement (STANAG) defines UXO as” Explosive ordnance which has been primed, fuzed, or otherwise prepared for action, and which has been fired, dropped, launched, projected or placed in such as a manner as to constitute a hazard to operations, installations, personnel or materials and remains exploded either by malfunction or design or for any other cause”.

2. Australian Department of Defense defines UXO as ” Unexploded ordnance (UXO) is any sort of military ammunition or explosive which has failed to explode as intended. It includes sea mines or shells used by Navy, motor bombs, mines, artillery shells or hand grenades used by the army, bombs, rockets, or missiles used by the air forces and many other types of ammunitions and explosives including training munitions”.

3. The IMAS definition of unexploded ordnance (UXO) is: “Explosive ordnance that has been primed, fuzed, armed, or otherwise prepared for used or used. It could have been fired, dropped, launched or projected yet remains unexploded either through malfunction or design, or for any other reason”.

** This definition does not refer to laid minefields or stockpiled ammunition and explosives.

2. Policy and Risk Management to address the problems2.1 Definitions: UXO, ERW and Mine Action

Mine Action Definition:

1. Mine Action is: “Activities which aim to reduce the social, economic and environmental impact of mines and ERW.

Note: • Mine Action is not just about demining, it is also about people and societies, and

how they are affected by landmine and ERW contamination. The objective of mine action is to reduce the risk from landmines and ERW to a level where people can live safely, in which economic, social and health development can occur free from the constraints imposed by landmines and ERW contamination, and in which the victims’ needs can be addressed. Mine Action comprises five complementary groups of activities.

• Explosive Remnants of War (ERW) is: “Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) and Abandoned Explosive Ordnance (AXO) (CCW Protocol V)

• CMAC defines Anti Tank landmines similar to UXO (some cases)

2. Policy and Risk Management to address the problems2.1 Definitions: UXO, ERW and Mine Action

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ERW Risk Management and ERW Residual Risk Management Definition:

?!?

2. Policy and Risk Management to address the problems2.1 Definitions: Risk Management

EVOLUTIONS OF MINE ACTION IN CAMBODIA

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1992-1998: Emergency Responses

1998-2003: Risk reduction & Reconstruction

2010-2019: Risk reduction , Poverty Reduction and Economic Growth

ការវិវតតនែ៍ផនការសកមមភាពមនី និងការេឆលើយតប EVOLUTION OF MINE

ACTION PLANNING & RESPONSES

ការវិវតតនែ៍ផនការសកមមភាពមនី និងការេឆលើយតប EVOLUTION OF MINE

ACTION PLANNING & RESPONSES

2003-2010: Risk reduction & Socio-Economic Development

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2

3

4

Response to NMAS Goal 1 & 2Response to NMAS Goal 1 & 2

2. Policy and Risk Management to address the problems2.2 ERW Risk Management Policies and Strategies

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The Policy and Legal Framework

1. The Ottawa Convention: – signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 3 December 1997, and ratified on 28 July 1999

– the treaty entered into force on 01 January 2000

– Implementation of the treaty extended to 31 December 2019

2. International convention on cluster munitions:• Cambodia not yet a signatory, but very active in clearance, survey and risk

education

3. Domestic Legal framework:• Law on the Prohibition of the Use of Anti-Personnel Mines (ratified on 28 April 1999)

• Law on the Control of Weapons, Explosives and Ammunitions (01 June 2005)

• Sub-Decree on the Management and Control of Import, Production, Sales, Trade,

Distribution and Use of all Types of Weapons and Ammunitions (30 April 1999)

• Sub-Decree on Socio-Economic Management of Mine Clearance (20 October 2004)


• The Millennium Development Goals (UN and Cambodia-specific)– Goal 9: De-mining, UXO and victim assistance (Cambodia-specific)

• Rectangular Strategy

• National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP) 2014-2018

• National Mine Action Strategy (NMAS) 2010 – 2019

• ERW Strategy

Land Reform and Mine Clearance

National Policy Framework


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CMAC-HALO TRUST-MAG-MILITARY, OTHERS

Commitment from top national leaderships


Commitment from top national leaderships


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Commitment from international partners


• Decentralization approach: Operators do not select minefields for clearance

• Minefield selection through local authorities, PMAC/MAPU process

• Active engagement with Development Organization: NGOs and IOs

• Socio-economics and beneficiaries of demining: a very important factor in minefield selection and prioritization.

Prioritization and Planning Process

Downwards and Upwards Approach


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• Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports: fully integrate MRE within the educational curriculum for primary and secondary schools

• Ministry of Interior : Landmine/ERW issues is to become policy number 9 to deliver village and commune safety

• Local Police is to act as landmine/ERW network for quick response

• CMAA coordination and prioritization process

• Cambodian Red Cross has been working as volunteer network for mine risk education

• CMAC closely coordinates and cooperates with local and international partners in the fields of MRE, victim assistance and Clearance

• CMAC has been established CBMRR and CBURR and building national capability for commune, district and provincial levels for both local police and authorities

• CMAC has mandated to work with neighbour countries by the Royal Government through Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, as well as Ministry of Defense,

• Cambodia has well established policies, strategies and SOPs at national and operator levels.

National Ownership and Risk Management


3. Land Release and Risk Management

3.1 Planning and tool prioritization for Land Release

3.2 Land Release operational Challenges (Environmental issues, threats and technology applications)

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1. Landmine and ERW Clearance Tools:

• 21 mobile platoons (MP): demining workhorse of CMAC

• 10 short-leash mine detection dog teams (MDD)

• 4 long-leash mine detection dog teams (LLD)

• 4 explosive (UXO) detection dog teams (EDD)

• 5 community mine clearance/battle area clearance teams (CMC/BAC)

• 14 Battle Area Clearance by Village (BAV)

• 22 mechanical clearance systems

• 9 demining machines

2. Landmine and ERW Survey Tools:

• 6 survey teams (16 Baseline Survey Teams)

3. Landmine and ERW Risk Education and Reduction Tools:

• 29 EOD teams

• 45 district focal point networks for mine/UXO risk education and reduction

4. Training and R&D Tools:

• One Training Centre

• Mine detection dog training, testing and licensing facilities

• Research and development facilities in 2 locations: detector system R&D

• Explosive harvesting program and facilities: in partnership with US

3. Land Release and Risk Management3.1 Structuring, Planning and tool prioritization for Land

Release

Phnom Penh Headquarters


Release

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Regional Headquarters # 4 Siem Reap Province Regional Headquarters # 5

Kampong Cham Province

Regional Headquarters #2 in Battambang Province


Release

Technical Institute of Mine Action (located in Kampong Chhang Province)


Release

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Central Workshop in Battambang Province


Release

Explosive Harvesting Facilities


Release

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Research & Development facilities in Siem Reap and Kampong Chhnang provinces


Release

Survey

Risk Education

Mine/UXO Dogs

Manual clearance

Mechanical assets

Demining machines

3. Land Release and Risk Management 3.2 Land Release Operational Challenges (Environmental issues, threats

and technology applications)

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Conduct Information collection and Survey

Risk Verification

Data Entry and Analysis

Risk Analysis

Planning/Prioritization

Operational Planning/Tool Deployment

-Demining Start-Progress Report

Land Release

Completion or Land Release

QA/ Handover

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ERW Risk Management and Residual Risk Application

Less Priorities and Efforts canbe considered At later stage

Residual Risk

Visual Devices Destroyed

Cleared Visual UXOs

• Mine/UXO risk education

• Close collaboration with Mine Action Teams

• Village map update• Mine action planning• Community

development planning

• Liaison with the local authorities

• Information collection and update

• CMAC’s focal point for District

Community-Based Focal Points for Mines and UXO:• Provincial Coordinators: 4 and 1 Training Monitoring Officer• 26 x Districts of Community-Based Mine Risk Reduction (CBMRR)• 18 x Districts of Community-Based UXO Risk Reduction (CBURR)• Volunteer Network Villagers: 2500 in 650 villages

3.2.2 Risk Education



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3.2.1 Survey Teams

• Survey and minefield information• Minefield boundary• Marking (short term and permanent)• Area reduction





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Land Release Application

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Land release (IMAS 08.20, CMAA Chapter15 and CMACLand release concept) is

describes the process of applying all reasonable effort to identify, define and remove all presence and suspicion of mines/ERW through non-technical survey, technical survey and/or clearance

Land released by non-technical survey(IMAS 08.21 and CMAC BLS/NTS SOP 03) C1

Land released by mine clearance(IMAS 09.10 and CMAC SOP series 100 and others assets) C3

Land released by technical survey (IMAS 08.22 and CMAC TS SOP 09) C2



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Non-Technical Survey Reassessment

Non-Technical Survey criteria met

Non-Technical Survey criteria not met

Technical survey

Technical Survey Criteria met

(Confirmed location of hazard = Technical

Survey Criteria not met)

Clearance

Suspect Hazard Area Defined by Baseline Survey

Land Release Update database

CMAA release land All CMAC DUs

Non-Technical Survey criteria met



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• Emergency evacuation in operational areas• Reference and coordination with IOs and

NGOs for landmine victim support (CBMRR)

• Survey, MRE and Victim Assistances

Technology Requirements:

- Transportation (Vehicles and Motorbikes)- Data collection materials- Computers - Smart phones, Tablets and others- Linkage to CMAC Centre Database



Environmental and infrastructure Factors



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Threats, Types, Density and Depth: On the ground Visual Contact, higher risks for children and UXO players



Threats, Types, Density and Depth: On the ground Visual Contact, higher risks for children and UXO players

- This on ground visual contact: it can conduct visual search with limited sub surface check and clearance.

- Information collection and physical verification

- Low cost detector can be used to support visual search



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No. Metal Detector Type

1 Minelab F1A4

2 Minelab F3

3 Minelab F1A4 UXO

4 Ebinger UPEX 740M

6 Ceia UXO (deep search)

6 FEREX UXO/deep search

7 Large Loop Ebinger UPEX 740M (2400mm)

8 Large Loop Ebinger UPEX 740M (3500mm)

Threats, Types, Density and Depth: In the ground subsurface clearance






28







29

• Remove vegetation and thick bushes• Conduct mine clearance • Assist manual deminers• Integrated with mine detection dogs







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Threats, Types, Density and Depth: In the ground Chemical and IED Devices



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Threats, Types, Density and Depth: In the ground Chemical and IED Devices






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Threats, Types, Density and Depth: Underwater Clearance






33




4. Vision for the long Term Management of ERW and the Path Ahead

For the Kingdom of Cambodia

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Emergency Call and Response 2009-2014

-

10'000

20'000

30'000

40'000

50'000

60'000

70'000

80'000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Request 8'493 9'964 7'947 10'217 13'938 9'779

Response 8'294 9'072 7'519 10'043 13'821 9'640

Mine 2'491 3'792 2'030 2'821 3'273 3'619

UXO 57'446 50'297 28'997 46'893 75'610 49'421

1. Average per year: 10,056 emergency requests2. Network established to cover area around 32% of area in Cambodia

4. Vision for the Long Term Management of ERW for the Path Ahead

4.1 Achievements and Lessons Learnt

CMAC OPERATIONAL PROGRESS REPORT2009‐2014

0

50'000

100'000

150'000

200'000

250'000

300'000

Bomb Grenade Projectile Rocket Others SubMunitions

2'689

171'454

258'227

28'907 24'601

108'523

UXO Found And Destroyed by Category

Total 594,401 UXOs for 5 years and average over 100,000 UXOs per year



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Mine/UXO Clearance Progress Achievements (1992 – 2014)

CMAC; 625'418'125

; 53%

Others; 560'828'054

; 47%

CMAC Land Release Compared with Other Operators

CMAC; 2'522'834;

71%

Others; 1'031'984;

29%

Landmines/UXO Found By CMAC Compared with Other Operators

LAND RELEASE PROGRESS BY OPERATOR (Sqm)OPERATOR 1992‐2001 2002‐2010 2011‐2014 TOTAL %

CMAC 90,741,517 250,082,754 284,593,854 625,418,125 53%OTHERS 63,710,563 252,755,621 244,361,870 560,828,054 47%

TOTAL: 154,452,080 502,838,375 528,955,724 1,186,246,179 100%

NUMBER OF MINES/UXO REMOVEDOPERATOR MINES UXO TOTAL %

CMAC 506,245 2,016,589 2,522,834 71%OTHERS 518,663 513,321 1,031,984 29%

TOTAL: 1,024,908 2,529,910 3,554,818 100%



0

20'000'000

40'000'000

60'000'000

80'000'000

100'000'000

120'000'000

140'000'000

Manual demining Improved manual demining

Limited use of dogs and brush cutters Expanded use of brush cuttersImproved MDD/introduction of EDD

Integration of toolboxes

Application of land release method

Land Clearance Progress Achievements (1992 – 2014)



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Contamination Challenges

Andhow can we

manage mines and ERW risk ?



Land Release = Released Land???

56960165 5696016548938182 = 86%

4008611=7%8021983=14% 8021983

44929565

0

20000000

40000000

60000000

NPA Leads Survey Revisited and revised by CMAC

ERW Survey progress report 2014 by CMAC Demining Unit 5

Baseline Survey Land Release CHA-Cluster Re-Classified

• If we apply NPA’s survey method on known remaining ERW problems in this Kingdom is 830,372,362 sqm X 14% = 116 Km²

• Based on this NPA Released Land Methodology: Cambodia is basically no need to worry about the Long Term Management of ERW and we can do ERW Clearance within one (01) year, all contaminated areas would be released.

• The question is that are we doing Survey and Land Release base on the realities of contamination on the ground for supporting affected people and state ?• or by trying to do things in order to favour or just worry about the donors may not interested to provide their assistance if the remaining problems is so big ….. ??

4. Vision for ERW Risk Management for the Path Ahead 4.2 Achievements and Lessons Leant

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Land Release = Released Land???

56960165 5696016548938182 = 86%

4008611=7%8021983=14% 8021983

44929565

0100000002000000030000000400000005000000060000000

NPA Leads Survey Revisited and revised by CMAC

ERW Survey progress report 2014 by CMAC Demining Unit 5

Baseline Survey Land Release CHA-Cluster Re-Classified

• Base Line Survey and Level One Survey: • Before baseline survey started some people and demining organizations said that Cambodia exaggerated the size of the problems and wishes to resurvey to address the donor concerns. •A report undertook by Mr. Bob Kurley suggested that only around 10% of SL1 as remaining mines/ERW problems in Cambodia. 10% equivalent to around 400 km² . (in 2008‐2009) • Now after around 70% survey completion by CMAC, MAG and the Halo Trust found that remaining problems properly over 2,000 km². • CMAC suggested that we should do survey level 2 (technical survey) on SL1 ( non technical survey) , unfortunately CMAC was failed to overcome this.

*** These organizations are still around and the big questions we should ask, who is responsible for these misleading acts?


Risks by conditions (Clutter, aging and degradation) of UXOs and Devices

1. In 1999, An International Demining Organization in Cambodia declared that only around 200,000 mines in Cambodia

2. By 2002 the same demining organization announced that most of mines found in Cambodia has already degraded.

*** As to date over 1, 000,000 landmines were found and destroyed. At the same time, over 100 people still exploded by landmines each year.


Less density of ERW + Aging and Degradation = Less threats (residual threats)This is high risk vision and strategy

• Is this responsible or irresponsible manner? • These agenda undermine credibility of national capacities and institutions!• It is often said that affected countries want to exaggerate the scope of contamination? • Affected states make no benefit from this agenda, as it can scare away investors, visitors and ….

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4. Vision for ERW Risk Management for the Path Ahead 4.2 How the long term Management of ERW can be managed in

the KingdomThis confirmed that ERW threats remains, although some aging and degradation

4. Vision for ERW Risk Management for the Path Ahead 4.2 How the long term Management of ERW can be managed in

the KingdomThis confirmed that ERW threats remains , although some aging and degradation

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Vision and Strategy: is to drive the problems to address the strategy?

Affected Populations = The victims of war + the victims of ERW(Become victim twice)

4. Our Vision for ERW Risk Management for the Path Ahead

4.2 Achievements and Lessons Leant

Vision and Strategy: is to address ERW Problems?

Affected Population = Victims of war can be free from ERW

Europe V Southeast Asia: ERW residual threats


1. In Germany in some cases to remove a bomb has to evacuate 10-20,000 people• Is it residual threats or risk?

2. In Japan, sometimes they cleared a bomb costs over US$500,000 and in Cambodia costs less US$100, do we want to compare? Of cause we want but we cannot afford it

3. USA dropped bombs in Cambodia, Loa or Vietnam each of which endured more than bombing dropped by USA in Germany + Japan in WWII

4. Partnership and Ownership remain important for us, strategic policies shall be driven by affected state.

5. Main challenge is financial factor which is shaking foundation of ownership.

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4.2 Future and Realizations in this Kingdom & Southeast Asia

Our Vision: CMAC is committed toRemoving landmine/ERW threats, Returning hope, and Building a prosperous future for affected community

Vision & Mission: Removing Landmine/ERW Threats

Path A

Ahead

How will We get there?

Our Mission: mine action operations will be focused on:

1. To conduct risk education and release of up to 1,126,320,000 m² of known landmine/ERW contaminated land by 2019,

2. To reduce the number of landmine and ERW casualties, support poverty, and contribute to economic development.



Path A

Ahead


1. To achieve this Objective, CMAC plans to start to increase its annual demining output from the current approximately 100 km² to around 186 km² in 2015, 215 km² in 2016 and 241 km² annually from 2017 to 2019.

2. Different land release methods, including non-technical survey, technical survey and full clearance will be applied to achieve the said planned targets.

3. Land release through NTS and TS will account for 73% of the total five-year outputs (822,480,000 m²), and the land release through clearance will account for 27% of the total outputs (303,840,000 m²).

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Path A

Ahead


Year Staff Land Release Targets (m²)

MF UXOF Total

Year 1: 2015 1,845 102,900,000 83,220,000 186,120,000

Year 2: 2016 1,795 117,660,000 98,220,000 215,880,000

Year 3: 2017 1,786 122,220,000 119,220,000 241,440,000

Year 4: 2018 1,786 122,220,000 119,220,000 241,440,000

Year 5: 2019 1,786 122,220,000 119,220,000 241,440,000

TOTAL: 587,220,000 539,100,000 1,126,320,000

Budget Planning for Five-Year Strategic Plan 2015-2019

Year Staff Cost (USD) TARGETS

Operational Eqt+Training Total Cost MF UXOF Total

Year 1: 2015 1,845 17,624,960 5,287,488 22,912,448 102,900,000 83,220,000 186,120,000

Year 2: 2016 1,795 17,624,960 5,287,488 22,912,448 117,660,000 98,220,000 215,880,000

Year 3: 2017 1,786 15,330,720 4,599,216 19,929,936 122,220,000 119,220,000 241,440,000

Year 4: 2018 1,786 15,330,720 4,599,216 19,929,936 122,220,000 119,220,000 241,440,000

Year 5: 2019 1,786 15,330,720 4,599,216 19,929,936 122,220,000 119,220,000 241,440,000

TOTAL: 81,242,080 24,372,624 105,614,704 587,220,000 539,100,000 1,126,320,000

0

50'000'000

100'000'000

150'000'000

200'000'000

250'000'000

300'000'000

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Total Land Release



42

Effective Operational

Management

Tools and Equipment

Human Resources

Methodology and soft support

Relationship between Tools, Human Resources, Methodology and Management

• Skilled and experienced experts in operations and maintenance

• Management of human resources

• Commitment and positive attitude

• Leadership

• Training• SOP (development/improvements)• Toolbox integration• Task selection -nd deployment• Field management and planning• Risk analysis and management• Policies and procedures

• Diversity of tools and toolboxes

• Effective application of tools: right tool for the right task

• Equipment maintenance workshop

Harmonization between people and methodologyHarmonization between

tools and methodology


4.2 Future and Realizations in this Kingdom & Southeast AsiaSouth-South Cooperation initiatives for long term management of ERW


4.2 Future and Realizations in this Kingdom & Southeast AsiaThe Long Term Management of ERW in Indochina Countries or South Asia

1. This symposium is a good step going forwards, and internal consultations and discussions for formulating their own strategy

2. this symposium can generate kind of advise and then each state member can formulate their own strategy to meet their own needs (ownership and partnership)

3. Should collectively form a committee for Indochina state members (CLV) or ARMAC to lead this long term management of ERW for this affected region.

4. European v South Asia can be shared similarities and differences,

5. This symposium shall provide opportunity for policy makers from affected states to provide their perspectives, not just NGO.

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Special Thanks to:The Royal Government of Cambodia

And to the following Governments, Donors and Partners:

Care International, ActionAids, NPA, HIB, GTZ, UNICEF, JMAS and others

THANK YOU

The KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA - Geneva International · PDF fileThe Kingdom of Cambodia . 2 1. ......

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