The Immune System

Second Edition

Chapter 1

Elements of the Immune Systemand their Roles in Defense

Copyright © 2005 by Garland Science Publishing

Peter Parham

Figure 1-1Vaccine induced strong immunity

Humans are the only host

Most humans vaccinated

Figure 1-2

Figure 1-3 part 1 of 4Schistosoma mansoni – 5X

worm

Trypanosoma brucei– 1750Xprotozoan

Pneumocystis carinii– 720XFungus-SIDS

Figure 1-3 part 2 of 4Epidermophyton floccosum– 500X

Fungus-ringworm

HIV– 80,000Xvirus

influenza– 40,000Xvirus

Figure 1-3 part 3 of 4Candida albicans– 1,400X

fungusStaphylococcus aureus– 5,000X

bacteria

Mycobacterium tuberculosis– 15,000Xbacteria

Figure 1-3 part 4 of 4Listeria monocytogenes– 1,250X

Intracellular bacteria

Salmonella enteritidis– 6,500Xbacteria

Streptococcus pyogenes– 6,500Xbacteria

Figure 1-4

Entry points

Blue – barriersRed-mucosal membranes

Figure 1-5Innate Immune Response

Figure 1-6Innate Immune Response –

Inflammation

Figure 1-7Immune Response

1 2

Figure 1-8Acquired/protective

Immunity

Selection of correctLymphocyte

Development ofImmunological

Memory

Figure 1-9 part 1 of 6Types of Hematopoietic Cells

Figure 1-9 part 2 of 6

Figure 1-9 part 3 of 6

Figure 1-9 part 4 of 6

Figure 1-9 part 5 of 6

Figure 1-9 part 6 of 6

Figure 1-10

Where do these cells develop?

Figure 1-11

Figure 1-12

Figure 1-13

Pus

Figure 1-14

Macrophages

Engulf and degrade agentsSecrete cytokines

Figure 1-15

Stem cells (bone marrow)

B cells remain andmature

T cells leaveand mature in the

thymus

Primary and SecondaryLymphoid Tissues

Lymphatics collect lymph(plasma)

and return to bloodvia thoracic duct

throughsubclavian vein

Figure 1-16

Every minute –5 million lymphocytes

leave the blood andenter the secondary

lymphoid tissues

Figure 1-17

Figure 1-18

Figure 1-19

Filters the blood

-removes old red blood cells-acts as a lymph node and filters pathogens from the blood

Figure 1-20GALT - Process pathogens in these areas

BALT - bronchial-associated lymphoid tissueMALT - mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

Figure 1-21Adaptive Immunity - Vertebrates

Figure 1-22

Antigen - material that is antigenic - induces an immune responseEpitope – AA seq/structure of antigen against which response directed

Figure 1-23Gene rearrangement

-immunoglobulins-T-cell receptors

Figure 1-24

B Cells recognize native proteins

T Cells recognize peptides whenpresented via receptors called

major histocompatibility complexmolecules - MHC

Figure 1-25

From intracellular extracellular

molecules/pathogens

Figure 1-26MHC Class I

Intracellular antigens

Figure 1-27MHC Class II

Extracellular antigens

Figure 1-28

Selection for self - must match

MHC I/MHC II

Selection against self - must not match

self antigens

Figure 1-29

How do antibodies work?

Figure 1-30

Figure 1-31

The six remaining polio-endemic countries are: Nigeria, India, Pakistan, Niger, Afghanistan and Egypt.

As at 24 August 2004, this year there have been 602 cases reported globally, in the following endemic countries: Nigeria (476 cases), India (34), Pakistan (23), Niger (19), Afghanistan (3), Egypt (1).

Down from over 125 when the Global Polio Eradication Initiative was launched in 1988.Epidemiologists from the Global Polio

Eradication Initiative today confirmed the reinfection of Guinea and Mali, as well as three new cases in the Darfur region of the Sudan.

Figure 1-32

Unwanted immune responses-allergies

Figure 1-33Unwanted immune responses

-autoimmunity

Figure 1-34