The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?
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Transcript of The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?
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The Great War (World War I)
AP US History
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#1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD
WAR I?
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Causes…
Militarism: the policy of building up armed forces in aggressive preparedness for war and their use of as a tool of diplomacy
Germany and the build up of its navy
Alliance System: Triple Entente (Allied Powers of Britain, France, Russia) Triple Alliance (Central Powers of Germany, Austria-
Hungary, Italy)
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Causes…
Nationalism: a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation
In France, Germany, Balkans (desire for independence)
Imperialism: the building of empires by taking over – either politically or economically – foreign lands
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#2. WHAT WAS THE SPARK THAT CAUSED
WORLD WAR I?
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The Spark…
June 28, 1914: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist
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#3. WHAT WAS AMERICA’S INITIAL REACTION TO THE START OF WORLD WAR I?
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America’s Initial Reaction…
Neutrality and maintenance of US trade
But this was increasingly difficult to keep up Both Allies and Central Powers wanted to stop
supplies from reaching opposing side Britain and Germany started to seize American
ships
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#4. WHY DID THE US START TO FAVOR THE
ALLIES?(AKA: US OBJECTIVES)
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Move toward the Allies…
German submarine warfare German U-boats meant to neutralize British navy Warned neutrals NOT to smuggle weapons to
Britain Lusitania sunk, May 1915
128 Americans killed; Germany officially apologizes
Economic links with Britain and France US could trade with Germany, Britain, and France
British blockade cut off almost ALL trade with Germany US trade with Britain and France quadruples
US bankers loaned Allies $3 billion
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Move toward the Allies…
Public opinion favored Allies Ethnic divisions
Central Powers: German-Americans, Irish Allies: Italian-Americans, native-born Americans
British war propaganda Germans were the “HUNS”, barbaric
Woodrow Wilson’s idealism (Wilsonian) Wilson saw war as opportunity to make the world “SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY” GB and France were democracies; defense of them
was defense of democracy Allied victory would allow democracy to spread
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#5. WHAT WERE THE ARGUMENTS IN THE WAR
DEBATE AFTER THE LUSITANIA WAS SUNK?
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Arguments…
Preparedness Republicans in the East led by Teddy Roosevelt
and National Security League More $ to build armed forces
Spring 1916: Wilson agrees National Defense Act: army to 175,000 and 50 warships
Opposition Populists, progressives, socialists in Midwest and
West, Irish-Americans, and German-Americans Led by William Jennings Bryans, Jane Addams, &
Eugene Debs
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#6. WHAT WERE THE IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF THE US ENTRANCE INTO
WORLD WAR I?
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United States Enters the War…
Renewed unrestricted submarine warfare March 1917: Germans sink 5 unarmed US merchant
ships
First Russian Revolution March 1917: Czar overthrown by democrats
Zimmerman Telegram March 1917: Germany makes proposal to Mexico
Mexico should attack the US Germany would make sure Mexico would get Arizona, New
Mexico & Texas
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Zimmerman Telegram
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Zimmerman Telegram On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of this it is our
intention to keep neutral the United States of America.
If this attempt is not successful we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we
shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is
understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details
are left for your settlement.
You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as
it is certain there will be an outbreak of war with the United States, and we suggest that the President of
Mexico on his own initiative should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this
plan; at the same time offer to mediate between Germany and Japan.
Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine
warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months.
- Zimmerman
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#7. WHICH AREAS OF US SOCIETY WERE IMPACTED
BY MOBILIZATION?
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Mobilization…
Industry LaborFinancePublic opinion and civil libertiesThe Armed Forces
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Mobilization and Industry…
War agencies created War Industries Board (Bernard Baruch) Set production priorities Controlled raw materials and prices
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Mobilization and Industry…
Food Administration (Herbert Hoover) Tripled US food exports to Allies (told Americans to
conserve)
Fuel Administration Saved coal Daylight savings time
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Mobilization and Labor…
High demand, low supply meant 2 things… Higher wages Incorporation of minority groups into workforce
African-Americans 500,000 moved north from 1916-1920 (Great Migration) Black men permitted to join army, but generally not allowed to
fight
Mexicans Many moved to US Southwest
Women 1 million contributed 40,000 in “male” jobs (factories)
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Mobilization and Finance…
Raised taxes on wealthy (16th Amendment)
Highest tax bracket: 67% 25% inheritance tax (passed down through
relatives)
Sold Liberty Bonds Americans bought Government guaranteed 3.5% interest per year Most $ for war raised from these
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Mobilization and Public Opinion/Civil Liberties
Committee on Public Information (George Creel)
Ads, posters, celebrities, “Four Minute Men” to raise patriotism Bad side effect: American Protective League
Attacked Beethoven concerts and destroyed sauerkraut
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http://firstworldwar.com/audio/overthere.htmListen to the song and think about
how thissong was used as a marching song
and whyit spurred people to give money for
thewar effort.
“Over There”
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COMPARING THE 1798 ALIEN AND SEDITION
ACTS TO 1918 SEDITION ACTS
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Directions for Activity…
1.Read The Sedition Acts2.Compare and contrast the Sedition
Acts3.How did the Sedition Acts conflict with
the First Amendment?4.What was the fate of the 1798 Alien
and Sedition Acts and the 1918 Sedition Acts?
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Mobilization and Public Opinion/Civil Liberties
Espionage and Sedition Acts Espionage Act: outlawed obstruction of draft Sedition Act: outlawed “disloyal” or “abusive”
comments about the US government 2,000 prosecuted Eugene Debs spent 10 years in prison
Schenck v United States (1919) Free speech could be limited when it caused
“clear and present danger” to public safety
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Mobilization and Armed Forces…
Conscription (raising an army) 2 million volunteered 3 million drafted
Selective Service Act of 1917: required all men 21-30 to register for draft
African-Americans 400,000 served Segregated units
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#8. HOW DID THE US FIGHT THE WAR?
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US Fighting the War…
Naval Operations Massive ship construction Convoy system to protect supply lines
Army (American Expeditionary Force: AEF)
John Pershing: US troops would remain under US command
In full force by spring 1918 112,000 killed in about 6 months
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#9. WHAT WAS WOODROW WILSON’S
PLAN FOR PEACE?
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Wilson’s Plan for Peace…
Fourteen Points Some specific territorial questions
National “self-determination”
No secret treaties Reduction of arms (disarmament) Freedom of the seas League of Nations (Wilson’s favorite)
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#10. WHY COULDN’T WILSON WIN ALLIED
APPROVAL FOR ALL 14 POINTS?
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No Allied Approval…
He was too idealistic; not practical Wilson wanted…
Freedom, Democracy, a just peace for all sides
Britain and France wanted… Reparations ($) Revenge (territory or colonies) Security (against German attacks)
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#11. IN GENERAL, WHAT WERE THE TERMS OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES?
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Treaty of Versailles…
Germany severely punished Lost colonies Army reduced to 100,000 Reparations to Allies ($33 billion) Total responsibility for war
Self-determination for many nationalities
Map of Europe changed
League of Nations formed
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#12. WHAT TWO GROUPS OPPOSED RATIFYING THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES AND US MEMBERSHIP IN
THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS?
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Two Groups Oppose…
“Irreconcilables” Isolationist Senators Disapproved of US involvement in any foreign
affairs
Reservationists Wanted certain reservations in Treaty Henry Cabot Lodge
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Text: If any man can show just cause, why they may not lawfully be joined together, let him now speak, -
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#13. WHY DID THE US NEVER RATIFY THE TREATY
OR JOIN THE LEAGUE?
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US Never Ratifies Treaty or Joins the League…
Wilson refused to compromise with the Senate
Had stroke in 1919 He never recovered
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#14. WHAT POSTWAR PROBLEMS DID THE US
ENCOUNTER?
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US Postwar Problems…Economic Downturn
Soldiers back in workforce, but fewer jobs
Red Scare (1919-1920) Palmer Raids Mass arrests of socialists & communists in 33 cities 4,000 arrested; 3 pistols found
Race Riots Blacks served for “democracy” Came home to segregation, lynchings, Jim Crow Chicago, 1919 (5 days, 38 dead)
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Fun Facts Fun Facts Germans were first to use
flamethrowers – some could fire as far as 130 feet
More than 65 million men from 30 countries fought in WWI – nearly 10 million died (6m Allies, 4m Central)
Spanish flu caused about 1/3 of military deaths
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Fun FactsFun FactsIn August 1914, German troops shot
and killed 150 civilians at Aerschot. The killing was part of a war policy known as Schrecklichkeit (“frightfulness”). Its purpose was to terrify civilians in occupied areas so that they would not rebel.
“Little Willie” was the first prototype tank in WWI. Built in 1915, it carried a crew of three and could travel as fast as 3 mph
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Fun FactsFun FactsDuring WWI, dogs were used as
messengers and carried orders to the front lines in capsules attached to their bodies.
In 1917, explosives blowing up beneath the German lines on Messines Ridge at Ypres in Belgium could be heard in London 140 miles away.
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Fun FactsFun FactsBig Bertha was a 48-ton howitzer
used by the Germans in WWI. It was named after the wife of its designer Gustav Krupp. It could fire a 2,050-lb shell a distance of 9.3 miles.
Tanks were initially called “landships.” However, in an attempt to disguise them as water storage tanks rather than as weapons, the British decided to code name them “tanks.
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Fun FactsFun FactsWoodrow Wilson’s campaign
slogan for his second term was “He kept us out of war.“ About a month after he took office, the United States declared war on Germany on April 6th 1917.
The total cost of WWI for the U.S. was more than $30 billion.
WWI is the sixth deadliest conflict in world history
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Fun FactsFun FactsThe trench network of World War
I stretched approximately 25,000 miles from the English Channel to Switzerland. The area was known as the Western Front. British poet Siegfried Sassoon wrote, “When all is done and said, the war was mainly a matter of holes and ditches.
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Fun FactsFun FactsFor the span of WWI, from 1914-
1918, 274 German U-boats sank 6,596 ships.
German trenches were in stark contrast to British trenches. German trenches were built to last and included bunk beds, furniture, cupboards, water tanks with faucets, electric lights, and doorbells
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Fun FactsFun FactsFrance, not Germany, was the
first country to use gas against enemy troops in WWI.
Approximately 30 different poisonous gases were used during WWI. Soldiers were told to hold a urine-soaked cloth over their faces in an emergency.
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Fun FactsFun FactsDuring the war, the U.S. shipped
about 7.5 million tons of supplies to France to support the Allied effort. That included 70,000 horses or mules as well as nearly 50,000 trucks, 27,000 freight cars, and 1,800 locomotives.
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Fun FactFun Fact“Hello Girls,” as American soldiers
called them, were American women who served as telephone operators for Pershing’s forces in Europe. The women were fluent in French and English and were specially trained by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. In 1979, the U.S. Army finally gave war medals and veteran benefits to the few Hello Girls who were still alive.
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Fun FactFun FactDuring WWI, American hamburgers
(named after the German city of Hamburg) were renamed Salisbury steak. Frankfurters, which were named after Frankfurt, Germany, were called “liberty sausages," and dachshunds became “liberty dogs.” Schools stopped teaching German, and German-language books were burned.
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Fun FactsFun FactsMore than 500,000 pigeons carried
messages between headquarters and the front lines.
On Christmas Eve in 1914, soldiers on both sides of the Western Front sung carols to each other. On Christmas Day troops along 2/3 of the Front declared a truce. In some places the truce lasted a week. A year later, sentries on both sides were ordered to shoot anyone who attempted a repeat performance
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Fun FactsFun FactsWWI transformed the United
Stated into the largest military power in the world.
WWI helped hasten medical advances. Physicians learned better wound management and the setting of bones. Harold Gillies, an English doctor, pioneered skin graft surgery.