THE FINAL STEPS TO THE CIVIL WAR
65
TARIFFS, 1842 – 1860 SLAVERY 1850-1860 THE FINAL STEPS TO THE CIVIL WAR EUGENIA LANGAN MATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOL HIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDA
description
THE FINAL STEPS TO THE CIVIL WAR. TARIFFS, 1842 – 1860 SLAVERY 1850-1860. EUGENIA LANGAN MATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOL HIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDA . ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS TODAY: 1) HOW DID TARIFFS AND SLAVERY LEAD TO THE CIVIL WAR? 2) WHICH WAS THE MAIN CAUSE OF SOUTHERN SECESSION? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of THE FINAL STEPS TO THE CIVIL WAR
TARIFFS, 1842 – 1860SLAVERY 1850-1860
THE FINAL STEPS TO THE CIVIL WAR
EUGENIA LANGANMATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOLHIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDA
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
TODAY:
1) HOW DID TARIFFS AND SLAVERY LEAD TO THE CIVIL WAR?
2) WHICH WAS THE MAIN CAUSE OF SOUTHERN SECESSION?
BROAD:
1) WHAT CAUSED THE CIVIL WAR?
2) HOW DID AMERICAN IDENTITY EVOLVE AND CHANGE OVER THE COURSE OUR HISTORY?
REVIEW:
FUNDAMENTAL SECTION DIFFERENCE = GEOGRAPHY
THE SOUTHERN STATES’ CLIMATE SUPPORTED CASH CROPS, FIRST TOBACCO, BY 1830s MAINLY COTTON; THE NORTH’S (AND MIDWEST’S AND WEST COAST’S DID NOT)
PLANTATIONS REQUIRED SLAVES; SLAVES LABOR WAS INEFFICIENT IN INDUSTRIES AND ON NON-CASH-CROP FARMS
BUT IN ANTEBELLUM ERA, FEWER THAN ¼ OF SOUTHERNERS OWNED SLAVES
FUNDAMENTAL POLITICAL ISSUE BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH (IN ANTEBELLUM ERA) = STATE SOVEREIGNTY
CONSTITUTION LEFT IT VAGUE – SUPREMACY CLAUSE SAYS FEDERAL LAW IS SUPREME – BUT HOW MUCH STATE SOVEREIGNTY REMAINED DEPENDED ON STRICT V. LIBERAL CONSTRUCTION OF ENUMERATED FEDERAL POWERS
THE TWO ISSUES THAT THE STATE SOVEREIGNTY ISSUE CENTERED ON WERE TARIFFS AND SLAVERY
1832 – NULLIFICATION CRISIS – FIRST SERIOUS SECESSION THREAT OVER TARIFFS
NORTHERN INDUSTRIAL STATES DEMANDED PROTECTIVE TARIFFS ON BRITISH MANUFACTURES
BRITAIN RETALIATED WITH TARIFFS ON U.S. EXPORTS = COTTON
JOHN C. CALHOUN’S “SOUTH CAROLINA EXPOSITION AND PROTEST” EXPLAINED HOW TARIFFS HURT THE SOUTH
TERRITORIAL EXPANSION, BEGINNING WITH MISSOURI (1820) RAISED THE QUESTION OF EXTENSION OF SLAVERY INTO NEW TERRITORY
BEGINNING WITH THE DISPUTE OVER ANNEXATION OF TEXAS (1836 – 45), EXTENSION OF SLAVERY BECAME THE CENTRAL POLITICAL ISSUE
UNEQUAL # SLAVE AND FREE STATES WOULD UPSET BALANCE IN SENATE
ADMISSION OF CALIFORNIA (1850) COMPROMISE OF 1850 (CLAY’S LAST COMPROMISE)
• IT INCLUDED HARSH FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT – AFRICAN-AMERICANS COULD NOT TESTIFY IN OWN DEFENSE
SITUATION IN 1850 (UNDER COMPROMISE). DEAL WAS, MEXICO WOULD BE SLAVE STATE. NO IMMEDIATE PLAN TO ADMIT MORMON UTAH. PRETTY CLOSE TO 36-30! (MO. COMPROMISE) – NOTE ALL THAT UNORGANIZED TERRITORY!
ECONOMIC REVIEW
SOUTHERN COTTON MADE UP > 50% OF U.S. EXPORTS
COTTON MARKET EXPANDING DUE TO GROWTH OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY
IF INDEPENDENT, SOUTH WOULD HAVE BEEN ONE OF THE WEALTHIEST NATIONS IN THE WORLD
IT NEEDED MORE LAND FOR COTTON – CUBA AND NICARAGUA SEEMED REALISTIC TARGETS
TARIFFS, 1842 - 1857
1842: “THE BLACK TARIFF”
CLAY’S COMPROMISE TARIFF OF 1833 LOWERED TARIFF ON MOST IMPORTS TO 20% BY 1840s.
1842 TARIFF (SUPPORTED BY WHIGS AND NORTHERN DEMOCRATS)
DOUBLED TARIFF TO 40% ON MOST IMPORTS, 60-100% ON IRON GOODS (PA., OHIO DEMANDED)
INCREASED CATEGORIES OF GOODS SUBJECT TO TARIFF FROM ≈ 50% OF ALL IMPORTS TO ≈80%
EFFECTS: 20% REDUCTION IN EXPORTS (SOUTH HURT!); 50% REDUCTION IN IMPORTS (SOUTH ALSO HURT) RECESSION
1844 – POLK (DEM.) ELECTED PRESIDENT, DEMS SLIGHT EDGE IN CONGRESS
WALKER TARIFF, 1846 – CUT TARIFFS 25=35% (NEARLY LOWEST RATE IN U.S. HISTORY)
COINCIDED WITH BRITAIN’S REPEAL OF CORN LAWS AND OTHER TARIFFS = FREE TRADE GOOD DOMESTIC ECONOMY
UP AND UP! (CONTINUED UP TO CIVIL WAR, DESPITE OCCASIONAL PANICS!)
DEATH OF ZACHARY TAYLOR, JULY 9, 1850 (AFTER DRINKING COLD LEMONADE AND EATING CHERRIES ON FOURTH OF JULY (2ND PRES. TO DIE
IN OFFICE)
GASTROENTERITIS? POISONED
EXHUMED 1991 – NO EVIDENCE OF POISON)
VICE PRESIDENT MILLARD FILLMORE BECAME PRESIDENT
FILLMORE SIGNED THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 LAWS
SUPPORTED CUBAN FILIBUSTER
ADVOCATED PACIFIC EMPIRE – SENT COMMODORE MATTHEW PERRY TO “OPEN” JAPAN (WE’LL COVER THIS LATER!)
1852 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
FRANKLIN PIERCE WINFIELD SCOTT JOHN PARKER HALE DEMOCRAT FROM WHIG FREE SOIL NEW HAMPSHIREMEXICAN WAR VETSUPPORTED SLAVERY
“CONSCIENCE WHIGS” – ANTI-SLAVERY SENATORS, OPPONENTS OF KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT 1854 FORMED REPUBLICAN PARTY
CHARLES SUMNER, MASS.
WILLIAM A. SEWARD, N.Y.: “THERE IS A HIGHER LAW THAN THE CONSTITUTION.”
SALMON P. CHASE, OHIO: “ FREE SOIL, FREE MEN, FREE LABOR.”
CHASE, LINCOLN’S SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY, APPEARS ON THE $10,000 BILL
(BILLS OVER $100 ARE USED EXCLUSIVELY FOR INTERBANK TRANSFERS – NOT MUCH ANYMORE BECAUSE OF WIRE TRANSFERS!)
THE REPUBLICAN PARTY, FOUNDED 1854
WHIGS
NORTHERN DEMOCRATS
FREE SOILERS
KNOW-NOTHINGS (ANTI-IMMIGRANT, ANTI-CATHOLIC NATIVISTS
OTHER MISCELLANEOUS OPPONENTS OF THE KANSAS NEBRASKA ACT
THE “KNOW-NOTHINGS” [THE AMERICAN PARTY]
ß NATIVISTSß ANTI-CATHOLICSß ANTI-IMMIGRANTS
RECALL ENGLISH SUSPICION OF CATHOLICS AND THE AWFUL DISCLOSURES OF MARIA MONK (1820) – ANTI-CATHOLICISM RAN DEEP IN U.S.!
PIERCE IS RENOWNED AS “ONE OF THE WORST PRESIDENTS IN U.S. HISTORY”
“DOUGHFACE” - A NORTHERNER WHO SUPPORTED SLAVERY
SUPPORTED OSTEND MANIFESTO
SUPPORTED KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT
KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT (1854) STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS (HOUSE, D. ILL.)
WROTE: ORGANIZE TERRITORIES OF KANSAS AND NEBRASKA (TO 49TH PARALLEL)
MAIN MOTIVE – ATTRACT FARMERS TO NEBRASKA TERRITORY SO FED. GOV’T WOULD GRANT LAND FOR TRANSCONTINENTAL RR. -- WOULD GO THROUGH ILLINOIS – MAJOR TERMINAL IN CHICAGO
SLAVERY: POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY (N.B. KANSAS AND NEBRASKA ABOVE 36-30)
MISSOURI COMPROMISE REPEALED (PRICE OF SOUTHERN SUPPORT OF BILL)
NOW OPEN TO SLAVERY
N.B. THAT’S THE GREAT PLAINS –NOT SUITABLE FOR COTTON!
THE SLAVE/ FREE STATE ISSUE WAS TOTALLY POLITICAL, NOT ECONOMIC!
BLEEDING KANSAS (1854 – 1860)
CIVIL WAR IN KANSAS
POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY
THE NEW EMIGRANT COMPANY NORTHEASTERN ABOLITIONISTS GO TO, SEND “FREE SOIL” SETTLERS TO KANSAS:
MISSOURIANS (“BORDER RUFFIANS” SEND PRO-SLAVE SETTLERS
TWO COMPETING “CAPITALS”:
TOPEKA (FREE STATE) LE COMPTON (SLAVE) – LE COMPTON CONSTITUTION
BORDER RUFFIANS FROM MISSOURI
ISSUE: WHICH WAS THE LEGITIMATE GOVERNMENT, CONSTITUTION OF KANSAS?
BORDER RUFFIAN MILITIA
FREE STATE KANSANS
OPEN WARFARE RESULTED, MOST NOTABLY:
SACK OF LAWRENCE (FREE STATE) BY PRO-SLAVE SHERIFF AND HIS MEN, MAY 21, 1856
THE POTTAWATOMIE MASSACRE, MAY 24 -25, 1856
LED BY ZEALOT
ABOLITIONIST JOHN BROWN, FREE “PRIVATE EXPEDITION” AGAINST PRO-SLAVE SETTLEMENT, RAIDED FARMHOUSES, MURDERED FIVE MEN WITH RIFLES AND SWORDS
RETALIATION FOR SACK OF LAWRENCE
THE GUTTAPERCHA CANE INCIDENT
MAY 19, 1856 – CHARLES SUMNER DIATRIBE IN THEN SENATE, “THE CRIME AGAINST KANSAS” = PERSONAL ATTACKS ON DOUGLAS, SOUTHERN SUPPORTERS, INCLUDING:
DOUGLAS WAS “A NOISESOME, SQUAT, AND NAMELESS ANIMAL . . . NOT A PROPER MODEL FOR AN AMERICAN SENATOR.“
SOUTH CAROLINA SENATOR ANDREW P. BUTLER HAD “MISTRESS . . . WHO, THOUGH UGLY TO OTHERS, IS ALWAYS LOVELY TO HIM; THOUGH POLLUTED IN THE SIGHT OF THE WORLD, IS CHASTE IN HIS SIGHT— I MEAN, THE HARLOT, SLAVERY."
BUTLER
MAY 22, 1856 – CONGRESSMAN PRESTON BROOKS (RELATIVE OF BUTLER’S), WENT TO SENATE, BRUTALLY BEAT SUMNER WITH RUBBER CANE WHILE CONGRESSMAN L.M. KEITT FENDED OFF RESCUERS WITH A PISTOL -- SUMNER SUFFERED SEVERE INTERNAL INJURIES – 3 YEARS TO RECOVER
BROOKS KEITT
SOUTH CAROLINA GENTLEMEN
RICHMOND ENQUIRER EDITORIAL ABOUT THE BEATING OF SUMNER”
“WE CONSIDER THE ACT GOOD IN CONCEPTION, BETTER IN EXECUTION, AND BEST OF ALL IN CONSEQUENCES. THESE VULGAR ABOLITIONISTS IN THE SENATE MUST BE LASHED INTO SUBMISSION."
1856 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
√ JAMES BUCHANAN JOHN C. FRÉMONT MILLARD FILLMORE DEMOCRAT REPUBLICAN WHIG/ KNOW NOTHING
JAMES BUCHANAN (PENNSYLVANIA) – ANOTHER DOUGHFACE
FREE SOIL, FREE MEN, FREE LABOR, FREE SPEECH, AND FREMONT
DRED SCOTT v. SANDFORD (1857):
CHIEF JUSTICE: ROGER B. TANEY (APPOINTED BY VAN BUREN)
FACTS: DRED SCOTT, A SLAVE BORN IN VIRGINIA, HAD BEEN TAKEN BY HIS MASTER TO WISCONSIN TERRITORY AND ILLINOIS (PART OF OLD NORTHWEST SO SLAVERY BANNED BY NORTHWEST ORDINANCE)
AFTER HIS MASTER DIED, SCOTT SUED THE WIDOW, CLAIMING HE WAS FREE
ISSUES:
1. COULD SCOTT SUE?
2. DOES CONGRESS HAVE POWER TO BAN SLAVERY IN FEDERAL TERRITORIES?
HOLDING:
1. SCOTT COULD NOT SUE. AFRICAN-AMERICANS (SLAVE OR FREE) ARE NOT CITIZENS.
2. CONGRESS DID NOT HAVE POWER TO BAN SLAVERY IN FEDERAL TERRITORIES (STRICT CONSTRUCTION)
SIGNIFICANCE:
COROLLARY: CONGRESS DID NOT HAVE POWER TO BAN SLAVERY IN STATES, EITHER
N.B. - IT WOULD REQUIRE AN AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION TO BAN SLAVERY – ¾ OF STATES!
TARIFF OF 1857 – LOWERED TAFIFF TO 17% -- LOWEST IN HISTORY (OF PROTECTIVE TARIFFS)
BUT – PANIC OF 1857 STRUCK (THE USUAL REASONS: EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR GRAIN FROM U.S. DECLINED, GRAIN PRICES DROPPED, FARM FORECLOSURES, EASY CREDIT FOR RAILROAD COMPANIES – OHIO LIFE INSURANCE AND TRUST COMPANY FAILED PANIC, BANKS CALL LOANS BUST (RECESSION)
NORTHEAST, OHIO, PA., SHEEP FARMERS (COMPETING NOW WITH WOOL FROM CANADA) CLAIM LOW TARIFF = CAUSE OF BUST
1858 -- REP. JUSTIN MORRILL (R., VT.) PROPOSED HIGH TARIFF (HIGHER THAN BLACK TARIFF)
1858 – LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATES (ILLINOIS SENATE RACE – NATIONAL INTEREST (TRANSCONTINENTAL TELEGRAPH LINE)
MAIN ISSUE – EXTENSION OF SLAVERY TO NEW TERRITORIES
DOUGLAS: POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY
LINCOLN: VAGUE ABOUT WHAT HE’D DO, BUT AGAINST SLAVERY
LINCOLN, JUNE 1858:
“A HOUSE DIVIDED AGAINST ITSELF CANNOT STAND. I BELIEVE THIS GOVERNMENT CANNOT ENDURE, PERMANENTLY HALF SLAVE AND HALF FREE. I DO NOT EXPECT THE UNION TO BE DISSOLVED – I DO NOT EXPECT THE HOUSE TO FALL – BUT I DO EXPECT IT WILL CEASE TO BE DIVIDED. IT WILL BECOME ALL ONE THING, OR ALL THE OTHER.”
LINCOLN, SEPTEMBER 1858:“I AM NOT, NOR EVER HAVE BEEN, IN FAVOR OF BRINGING ABOUT IN ANY WAY THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL EQUALITY OF THE WHITE AND BLACK RACES, THAT I AM NOT NOR EVER HAVE BEEN IN FAVOR OF MAKING VOTERS OR JURORS OF NEGROES, NOR OF QUALIFYING THEM TO HOLD OFFICE, NOR TO INTERMARRY WITH WHITE PEOPLE ... I AS MUCH AS ANY OTHER MAN AM IN FAVOR OF HAVING THE SUPERIOR POSITION ASSIGNED TO THE WHITE RACE. I SAY UPON THIS OCCASION I DO NOT PERCEIVE THAT BECAUSE THE WHITE MAN IS TO HAVE THE SUPERIOR POSITION THE NEGRO SHOULD BE DENIED EVERYTHING. I DO NOT UNDERSTAND THAT BECAUSE I DO NOT WANT A NEGRO WOMAN FOR A SLAVE I MUST NECESSARILY WANT HER FOR A WIFE. MY UNDERSTANDING IS THAT I CAN JUST LET HER ALONE.”
LINCOLN LOST THE SENATE RACE, BUT BECAME NATIONAL REPUBLICAN HERO
JOHN BROWN’S RAID ON THE FEDERAL ARSENAL IN HARPERS FERRY, VIRGINIA (NOW WEST VIRGINIA
PLAN – SEIZE WEAPONS, ARM SLAVES IN VIRGINIA, LEAD SLAVE REVOLT
21 MEN WITH BROWN, INCLUDED FREED AND ESCAPED SLAVES
DEFEATED BY U.S. ARMY – UNIT COMMANDED BY ROBERT E. LEE
ONE OF THE WORST FEARS OF THE SOUTH NEARLY HAPPENED!
JOHN BROWN: MADMAN OR MARTYR?
I JOHN BROWN AM NOW QUITE CERTAIN THAT THE CRIMES OF THIS GUILTY LAND WILL NEVER BE PURGED AWAY BUT WITH BLOOD."
HEROIC PORTRAYAL OF BROWN – MURAL IN U.S. CAPITOL
IT WAS RAID ON FEDERAL ARSENAL – BUT BUCHANAN DIDN’T WANT TO PROSECUTE (OR TOUCH WITH 10-FOOT POLE!)
BROWN CHARGED, CONVICTED WITH TREASON AGAINST VIRGINIA, SENTENCED TO HANG
NORTHERN AND INTERNATIONAL PROTESTS (VICTOR HUGO) – EMERSON:
“WE WILL MAKE THE GALLOWS AS GLORIOUS AS THE CROSS.”
BROWN HANGED, DECEMBER 2, 1859
LINCOLN: BROWN “A DELUSIONAL FANATIC WHO WAS JUSTLY HANGED.”
MAY 1859: MORILL TARIFF PASSED IN THE HOUSE
DEMOCRATS CONTROLLED SENATE, SO REPUBLICANS TABLED
MAJOR ISSUE IN 1860 ELECTION
1860 ELECTIONSREPUBLICAN TRIUMPH
PRESIDENTIALELECTION
√ ABRAHAM LINCOLN
REPUBLICAN
JOHN BELLCONSTITUTIONAL
UNION
STEPHEN A. DOUGLASNORTHERN DEMOCRAT
JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE
SOUTHERN DEMOCRAT
REPUBLICAN PARTY PLATFORM IN 1860ß NON-EXTENSION OF SLAVERY [FOR THE FREE-
SOILERS]ß MORILL TARIFF [FOR THE NO. INDUSTRIALISTS].ß NO ABRIDGMENT OF RIGHTS FOR IMMIGRANTS [A
DISAPPOINTMENT FOR THE “KNOW-NOTHINGS”].ß GOVERNMENT AID TO BUILD A PACIFIC RR [FOR
THE NORTHWEST].ß INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS [FOR THE WEST] AT
FEDERAL EXPENSE.ß FREE HOMESTEADS FOR THE PUBLIC DOMAIN
[FOR FARMERS].
REPUBLICANS AND ALLIES ALSO WON 2/3 MAJORITY IN BOTH HOUSES OF CONGRESS:
HOUSE # / %PARTY 36TH CONGRESS
1859 - 6137TH CONGRESS
1861 - 63
REPUBLICAN 116 / 49% 108 / 59%
UNIONIST 0 / 0% 31 / 17%
AMERICAN 39 / 16% 0 / 0 %
DEMOCRATIC 83 / 35% 44 / 24%
SENATE # / %
PARTY 36TH CONGRESS1859 - 1861
37TH CONGRESS1861 - 1863
REPUBLICAN 26 / 38% 31 / 62%UNIONIST 0 / 0% 3 / 6%AMERICAN 2 / 3% 0 / 0%DEMOCRATIC 38 / 58% 15 / 30%
ENOUGH TO PROPOSE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT BANNING SLAVERY – STILL NOT ¾ MAJORITY OF STATES FOR RATIFICATION
PASSAGE OF MORILL TARIFF IS CERTAIN
DECEMBER, 1860SOUTH CAROLINA SECEDES
FEBRUARY 4, 1861 – ESTABLISHMENT OF CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA (BY DEEP “NEW SOUTH” STATES THAT SECEDED DECEMBER 1860 – FEBRUARY 1861
SOUTH CAROLINAGEORGIAALABAMAFLORIDATEXASMISSISSIPPI LOUISIANA
BUT STILL, OLD SOUTH STATES REMAINED IN UNION . . .
UNTIL AFTER FORT SUMTER: APRIL 12, 1861
SO WHICH WAS THE MAJOR CAUSE, TARIFFS OR SLAVERY?
