The Early Industrial and Transportation RevolutionThe Early Industrial and

Transportation Revolution

1. Population growth• 1800 = 5.5 million to 33 million by 1861• 13 states to 33 states by 1861 • Expansion of cities

2. Flow of Immigration – 1830’s to 1860’s• Why? Potato famine and European problem

• Irish• German 48er’s

• Hated by “Nativists”

3. Transformation of American Industry• Industrial Revolution – why?

• American System• Sectionalism

• Industrial pioneers

Westward Movement

Americans marched quickly toward west very hard w/ disease & loneliness

Frontier people were individualistic, superstitious & ill-informed

Westward movement molded environment tobacco exhausted land “Kentucky blue grass” thrived

5.3

mil

lion

Population Growth from 1620 to 1860

City growth

Westward expansion Growth of cities and states by

1850

The March of the Millions The March of the Millions

High birthrate accounted for population growth

Population doubling every 25 years

Near 1850s, millions of Irish, German came Beginning in 1830, immigration in the US

soared

Irish ImmigrationIrish Immigration Irish Potato Famine 1845-1849 Main ports of entry – New York,

Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston Irish were too poor to move inland and

farm so they stayed in the cities Boston did not particularly like the Irish –

catholic, illiterate, poor “No Irish need apply!”

Ancient Order of Hibernians Benevolent society to help Irish Spawned “Molly Maguires” (miners union)

Gradually improved and became active politically

NY’s Tammany Hall, Irish political machine

German ImmigrationGerman ImmigrationMost Germans came due to crop failures

Germans better off than Irish, came west, many to Wisconsin

A few were political refugees from collapse of democratic revolutions in 1848

German contributions include Kentucky rifle, Christmas tree, kindergarten, and abolitionists

Some Americans were suspicious because they tried to preserve language, culture and lived in separate communities, and drank beer

Sources of Immigration,

1820-40

Sources of Immigration,

1820-40

Sources of Immigration,

1840-60

Sources of Immigration,

1840-60

Settlements of Immigrants• Irish in Northeastern cities:

New York and Boston

• Germans would settle in Midwest

Early NativismEarly Nativism American “nativists” feared 1840s &

1850s invasion of immigrants Took jobs, grew Roman Catholicism Catholics built their own schools, were #1

denomination by 1850 1849: Nativists form Order of the Star-

Spangled Banner, developed into “Know-Nothing” party

Wanted immigration restrictions Nativists occasionally violent, burned Boston

convent (1834) Philadelphia Irish fought back, 13 killed in

several days of fighting (1844)

A shift from goods made by hand to factory and mass production

Technological innovations brought production from farmhouse to factoriesh Invented in Britain in 1750; smuggled to U.S.h Beginning of US Factory System

US slow to embrace factory systemh Scarce laborh Little capitalh Superiority of British factories

Promote nationalism was internal improvements to unite the US. • Transportation system of roads,

canals, steamships and rivers.• 1800 to 1850 roads, canals and

rivers first forms of transportation• 1860, the railroad is added

american system

Provide economic growth • Americans buying American goods • American self-sufficiency.• Protective tariff (allows US factories to grow)• 2nd Bank of the United States

3 Sections working together to build the country

Henry Clay, Congressmen

from Kentucky

Henry Clay, Congressmen

from Kentucky

John C. Calhoun, US Senator from South

Carolina

John C. Calhoun, US Senator from South

Carolina

Population shift because of westward expansion h the West demanded transportation.h The Land Act of 1820, gave the West its wish by

authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash

Erie Canal started in 1817 and completed in 1825h NY Governor DeWitt Clinton built the Erie Canalh Connected New York City from Hudson River with the

Great Lakes and the West0Clinton’s Big Ditch--------Other canals follow

Navigable rivers and the steamboath the first steamboat on western waters was in 1811.

Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System

Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840

HighwaysBad roads made transportation highly

unreliable

The National Road begun in 1811 and completed by 1832h Connected Maryland to Illinois.h Built by US government

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

• Help unite the country as

well as improve the

economy and the infant industry.

• Because of the British blockade during the

War of 1812, it was essential

for internal transportation improvement

s.

The Railroad Revolution,1850s

The Railroad Revolution,1850s

1850 to 1860, RR proved most significant development toward national economy

Americans demanded transcontinental railroad to California.hCompleted by 1869.

Pioneer Railroad PromotersPioneer Railroad Promoters1800 to 1850: Roads, canals,

navigable rivers with steamboats were the main modes of transportation.

1850 to 1860, RR proved most significant development toward national economy

Competition between Railroads and Canals

Obstaclesh opposition from canal backersh danger of fireh poor brakesh difference in track gauge meant changing

trains

Map rr

Effects of the Transportation Revolution

Effects of the Transportation Revolution

1860-61, Pony Express connected East-West

Telegraph instantly sent messages across US

Attraction of many large capital investments and encouraged risk taking in the US economy

People moved faster and country expandedh Unifying spirit among fellow country menh A need for a transcontinental railroad that

connected east to west

• Built first textile mill in 1793 in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.

• Born in England on June 9, 1768 and worked in British factories. • Slater came to US to make his

fortune in the textile industry. • Slatersville Mill was the largest and most modern industrial cotton

mill of its day

Samuel Slater was the "Father of the

American Factory System."

The Lowell MillsThe Lowell MillsAmericans beat the British at

their own game, made better factories

Francis C Lowell (a British “traitor”) came over here to build British factories met up with Boston mechanic, Paul Moodyh Together they improved the mill and

invented a power loom that revolutionized textile manufacturing

Women & the EconomyWomen & the Economy1850: 10% of white women working for

pay outside homeh Vast majority of working women were singleh Left paying jobs upon marriage

“Cult of domesticity”h Cultural idea that glorifies homemaker

Empowers married womenh Increased power & independence of women in

home led to decline in family size

Workers & Wage Slaves

Workers & Wage Slaves

With industrial revolution, large impersonal factories surrounded by slums full of “wage slaves” developed

Long hours, low wages, unsanitary conditions, lack of heat, etc.

hLabor unions illegal1820: 1/2 of industrial workers

were children under 10

Workers & Wage SlavesWorkers & Wage Slaves1820s & 1830s: right to vote for

laborersh Loyalty to Democratic party led to improved

conditionsh Fought for 10-hour day, higher wages, better

conditions1830s & 1840s: Dozens of strikes for

higher wages or 10-hour dayh 1837 depression hurt union membership

Commonwealth v. Hunt h Supreme Court ruled unions not illegal

conspiracies as long as they were peaceful

• 1830s, Industrialization grew throughout

the North…• Southern cotton

shipped to Northern textile mills was a good

working relationship.

Resourcefulness & Experimentation

Resourcefulness & Experimentation

Americans were willing to try

anything.

They were first copiers, then innovators.

Americans were willing to try

anything.

They were first copiers, then innovators.1800 41 patents were approved.

1860 4,357 “ “ “

1800 41 patents were approved.

1860 4,357 “ “ “

Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine

Cotton gin invented in 1793h 50 times more effective than hand picking

Raising cotton more profitableh South needs slavery more than ever for “King

Cotton”

New England factories flourish with Southern cotton

1807, Fulton's Clermont, was the first commercially successful and reliable

steamboat. Steam boat would revolutionize water travel.

The steamboat was often the only mechanical means of river travel and freight

transportation from 1808 through 1930.

1807, Fulton's Clermont, was the first commercially successful and reliable

steamboat. Steam boat would revolutionize water travel.

The steamboat was often the only mechanical means of river travel and freight

transportation from 1808 through 1930.

Economy

Leader__________

Role ofGovernment

NORTHEAST• Business and Manufacturin

g• Daniel Webster

____________• Wanted Tariffs

• Backed internal

improvements• Wanted end to

cheap public land

• Increasingly nationalistic• Against Slavery and believed the U.S. Govt.

must abolish it.

SOUTH• Cotton growing

• John C. Calhoun

_____________• Opposed tariffs and

government spending on American

System• Increasingly

supportive of states’ rights

• Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of

the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it.

Economy

Leader__________

Role ofGovernment

WEST• Frontier agriculture

• Henry Clay_____________• Supported

internal improvements

• Wanted cheap land

• Loyal to the U.S. Govt.• Against slavery but

some supported letting the

people decide the slavery

issue

Economy

Leader__________

Role ofGovernment