The Case of the Gediz River in Turkey
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Transcript of The Case of the Gediz River in Turkey
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
The Case of the Gediz River in Turkey
SMARTSustainable Management of Scarce Resources in
the Coastal Zone
5–6 January 2003
Cairo,EGYPT
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONCurrent Issue: sustainable management of water short basinsCase: Gediz River Basin in Turkey hydrology water use patterns legal, institutional, environmental factors
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
Gediz Basin
Izmir
Istanbul
Population: 65M (65% Urban)
Growth: 1.5% (rural – 0.7%)
GDP: Agriculture 15% (45% employment)
Industry 23%
Services 62%
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, TurkeyGEDIZ BASIN:: trend from a water rich basin to one that is closing due to: Drought of 1989-1994 Above average increase in urban and
industrial demand (COMPETITION FOR WATER)
Issues of water quality and environmental protection (concerns for the wetland)
Slower institutional response in water allocation and management
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
IMPORTANT ISSUES: The increasingly apparent need for a unified
coordinating mechanism for allocating water among various uses to replace existing bilateral processes.
The continuing struggle between older long-established institutions dealing with water resource development and water allocation and emerging institutions concerned primarily with water quality and environmental issues.
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
The need to represent and protect the interests of certain water users, such as the Gediz Delta ecology and the Irrigation Associations.
The need for clear rules assigning responsibility for setting water quality and quantity standards and monitoring actual conditions and for sufficient political power and will to sanction violators of the standards.
IMPORTANT ISSUES:
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
The Current Status of the BasinMajor Problems
little new water available for allocation the institutional set-up is not yet fully
developed both surface and groundwater use are
largely unregulated groundwater extraction is growing rapidly
in response to urban and, particularly, industrial demand
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
there is no functional system of allocating rights to either surface or ground water
deteriorating water quality in the Gediz and its tributaries resulting from urban and industrial wastewater discharges and, to a lesser extent, agricultural return flows.
The Current Status of the BasinMajor Problems
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
Institutional Framework
two public agencies responsible for in-stream and wastewater quality monitoring, but with no enforcement powers
the provincial governor has the enforcement power
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
compartmentalized responsibilities for basin planning and monitoring
limited coordination among the responsible units is limited
severe imbalance in power among the various involved parties – industry, municipalities, agriculture, and the environment.
Institutional Framework
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
Solutions require: systematizing water rights developing coordinating mechanisms
among managers, involving the private sector in wastewater
treatment, and the emergence of an effective NGO-
based advocacy for environmental concerns in the basin.
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, TurkeyWater Resources typically Mediterranean after the irrigation season, flows only from
the few larger tributaries plus residual return flows from irrigated areas and industrial and municipal wastewater discharges to the river
net annual surface water availability : 1,900 million cubic meters per year (before drought)
after drought: 940 million cubic meters per year
Hydrology:
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
current demand: 660 million cubic meters per year
1991-1993: declining year-to-year water tables safe annual yield for groundwater in the main
part of the valley and Nif valley: 160 million cubic meters (less than 219 million cubic meters estimated as being extracted)
groundwater use exceeds, by the sustainable limit
Water Resources Hydrology::
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
CHANGING PATTERNS OF DEMANDNON-AGRICULTURAL DEMAND high increases higher than average
growth rate: in-migration growth of domestic
demand: 2-3% per year growth of industrial
demand: 10% per year domestic and industrial
demand met by groundwater
growing concern for water quality
Population and Estimated Pollution Loads, 1970-2010
050.000
100.000150.000200.000250.000300.000350.000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Time
BOD
[kg/
day]
0
500.000
1.000.000
1.500.000
2.000.000
2.500.000
Popu
latio
n
Domestic BOD Industrial BOD Population
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
CHANGING PATTERNS OF DEMANDPopulation and Estimated Pollution Loads, 1970-2010
050.000
100.000150.000200.000250.000300.000350.000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Time
BOD
[kg/
day]
0
500.000
1.000.000
1.500.000
2.000.000
2.500.000
Popu
latio
n
Domestic BOD Industrial BOD Population
IRRIGATION drought effects on
changing demand rice replaced by cotton increase in grapes and
fruits (reduced demand for irrigation water)
total irrigation deliveries: 70% of the pre-drought situation
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
Basin Water Uselargest user: irrigated agriculture total command area: 110 000 ha water use: 550 million m3/y40 000 ha of irrigated land: pump-based
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, TurkeyMUNICIPAL AND URBAN USE towns and villages in the basin diversions to Izmir (no return flow) no accurate records on total water
extractions all municipal extractions: groundwater: 130
million cubic meters per year
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
all industrial extractions: groundwater no accurate records bird sanctuary: RAMSAR site since 1990, the reserve suffers from water
shortages (summer months) water required for waste conveyance from
within Basin to the sea
MUNICIPAL AND URBAN USE
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
Estimated Water Use by SectorWater User
EstimatedConsumption Notes
[millionm3]
Share
Surface Water
Large Scale Irrigation
Small Scale IrrigationHydropowerBird Reserve
5506050
04
62%7%6%
--
From Demirkopru and Gol MarmaraAlasehir Valley
No priority for hydropowerCurrent releases only; needs more
Groundwater
Pump Irrigation GroupsPrivate IrrigatorsUrban within the BasinTransfer to Izmir CityIndustry
305
26108
50
3%1%2%
12% 6%
Only those outside surface irrigation area
18% of extraction, remainder is return flowTrans-basin transfer, no return flowEstimated by DSI
Totals
AnnualSummer (4 months)
833760
100%
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
Review of Physical Conditions total withdrawals: 660 MCM 83% of that going to large-scale irrigation
systems inadequate allocation for wetlands no hydroelectric power generation after
the drought
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
increasing water pollution (urban and municipal demand increasing 6-8% per year)
16% of groundwater used for irrigation; majorly for domestic and industrial use
pressure on aquifers (quantity and quality) additional allocations for waste load transport
and dilution.
Review of Physical Conditions
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, TurkeyKey actors and essential basin management functions in the Gediz Basin
Note: indicates activity; indicates limited activity. Note: DSI = State Hydraulics Works Organization, GDRS = General Directorate for Rural Services,
MoE = Ministry of Environment, Local Governments = Locally elected urban governments (municipalities and villages), MoI = Ministry of Interior, NGO = (environmental) non-governmental organizations.
Note: Surface water is used only for irrigation and environmental purposes.
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, TurkeyLEGAL, POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT 11 essential functions limited planning at basin level no integrated plan to consider both surface
and groundwater water allocation by independently operating
agencies (DSI, private surface and groundwater irrigators, industries)
no national legal framework for surface water rights
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
both surface and groundwater are open access resources
water quality monitoring exists but information is not available in useful forms
only the provincial governor has enforcement on wastewater discharges
no attention paid to agricultural return flows agricultural drainage infrastructure inadequately
maintained NGOs have no role in performing essential
functions
LEGAL, POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, TurkeySUMMARY OF PROBLEMSPoor Surface Water Quality. weak enforcement, weak coordination among involved agencies, limited availability of data, haphazard monitoring of wastewater
discharges, inadequate funding for wastewater treatment
plants, and limited public awareness of the problem.
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
Unknown Groundwater Quality. groundwater quality monitoring is not widespread
Loosely-controlled Allocation Among Users. inadequate representation of user interests, inadequate specification of water needs, ineffective reporting and record keeping.
SUMMARY OF PROBLEMS
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
Long-Term Problems. require more fundamental changes in laws,
policies, institutions, and practices.Rudimentary Water Rights System,Lack of integrated planning.
SUMMARY OF PROBLEMS
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
STRENGTHS TO BUILD ON presence of DSI water quality is serious but not yet
catastrophic proportions recognition of different actors for
solution of water quality problems
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
recognition of multiple dimensions to water resource management problems – different disciplines, different interests, different uses, ground and surface water, quantity and quality, and so on.
a new water law under consideration
STRENGTHS TO BUILD ON
DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH and
APPLICATION CENTER Tınaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
CHALLENGES systematize water rights; build representational presence and
political muscle; develop coordinating mechanisms such
as a basin authority; and
involve the private sector.