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The Age of Enlightenment
APERO – Chapter 17
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1818thth Century – The Age of Century – The Age of EnlightenmentEnlightenment
An intellectual An intellectual movementmovement
That spread That spread throughout throughout Europe’s literate Europe’s literate circlescircles
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Key Ideas of the Key Ideas of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment
1. Reason – 1. Reason – Truth through logicTruth through logic Informed thinking about social issuesInformed thinking about social issuesAbsence of superstition, intoleranceAbsence of superstition, intoleranceHumans should rely on reason, not Humans should rely on reason, not
miracles, to improve societymiracles, to improve society
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Key Ideas of the Key Ideas of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment
2. 2. Nature, Natural Laws, Natural Nature, Natural Laws, Natural RightsRights
Natural laws can regulate both the Natural laws can regulate both the universe and human societyuniverse and human society
Natural laws can be discovered by Natural laws can be discovered by human reasonhuman reason
Liberty & Freedom a natural rightLiberty & Freedom a natural right
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Key Ideas of the Key Ideas of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment
3. Happiness3. HappinessHappiness as an inalienable human Happiness as an inalienable human
rightrightHumans should not accept misery in Humans should not accept misery in
this world to find salvation in the this world to find salvation in the hereafterhereafter
(social reform is possible)(social reform is possible)
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Key Ideas of the Key Ideas of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment
4. Progress4. ProgressThe belief in social progressThe belief in social progressPolitical and economic reform would Political and economic reform would
improve society and allow for improve society and allow for progressprogress
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““Philosophes”Philosophes”
Critical of Critical of everything!everything!
Political Political Philosophers/Social Philosophers/Social CriticsCritics
Applied rules of Applied rules of reason, criticism, reason, criticism, and common sense and common sense to their writingsto their writings
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The Spread of Enlightenment The Spread of Enlightenment IdeasIdeas
1. The Rise of Print 1. The Rise of Print Culture:Culture:
Books, journals, Books, journals, newspapers, newspapers, magazines magazines reached wider reached wider audiences in the audiences in the 1818thth century century
People exposed to People exposed to new ideasnew ideas
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The Spread of Enlightenment The Spread of Enlightenment IdeasIdeas
2. Writers as Social 2. Writers as Social CriticsCritics
Philosophes able to earn a living through writing
Exchanged ideas/opinions/perspectives
Allowed for the emergence of public opinion
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The Spread of Enlightenment The Spread of Enlightenment IdeasIdeas
3.3. Coffeehouses Coffeehouses Allowed for public Allowed for public
discussion of discussion of social/ Political social/ Political issuesissues
A place for A place for intellectuals to intellectuals to exchange ideasexchange ideas
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Voltaire (1694-1778)Voltaire (1694-1778)
Most influential of Most influential of the philosophesthe philosophes
AKA: Francois- Marie AKA: Francois- Marie ArouetArouet
Prolific writerProlific writer Wrote: Wrote: CandideCandide
(1759) – a satire (1759) – a satire attacking war, attacking war, religious persecution, religious persecution, and human optimismand human optimism
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The Quotable VoltaireThe Quotable Voltaire
1. “1. “I do not agree with what you have to say, but I do not agree with what you have to say, but I’ll defend to the death your right to say it”I’ll defend to the death your right to say it”
2. 2“God gave us the gift of life; It is up to us to 2. 2“God gave us the gift of life; It is up to us to give ourselves the gift of living well”give ourselves the gift of living well”
3. “Common sense is not so common”3. “Common sense is not so common” 4. “ Judge a man by his questions rather than his 4. “ Judge a man by his questions rather than his
answers”answers” 5. “everyman is guilty of all the good he did not 5. “everyman is guilty of all the good he did not
do”do”
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The EncyclopediaThe Encyclopedia
Printed 1751-1772Printed 1751-1772 Denis Diderot chief Denis Diderot chief
editor of the editor of the EncyclopediaEncyclopedia
Collective effort- 100 Collective effort- 100 authorsauthors
importance: importance: 1. Disseminated 1. Disseminated
Enlightenment thinkingEnlightenment thinking 2. Freedom of 2. Freedom of
expressionexpression 3. Source of knowledge3. Source of knowledge
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Quotable DiderotQuotable Diderot
““all things must be examined, all things must be examined, debated, investigated without debated, investigated without exception and without regard for exception and without regard for anyone’s feelings” anyone’s feelings” – Denis Diderot– Denis Diderot
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Shift in Political IdeologyShift in Political Ideology
Old idea:Old idea: “ “ a monarch’s rule a monarch’s rule
is justified through is justified through divine right”divine right”
New Idea:New Idea: “ “ a government’s a government’s
power comes from power comes from the consent of the the consent of the governed”governed”
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Baron de Montesquieu (1689-Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)1755)
Wrote: Wrote: Spirit of Spirit of Laws (1748)Laws (1748)
Concluded that the Concluded that the Ideal government Ideal government would separate would separate power into:power into:
Executive, judicial, Executive, judicial, & legislative & legislative branches branches
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Quotable MontesquieuQuotable Montesquieu
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Jean -Jacques Rousseau Jean -Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)(1712-1778)
Committed to defending Committed to defending freedom and changing freedom and changing existing social orderexisting social order
1. 1. Novel Novel Emile Emile – argued – argued for a “natural for a “natural education”education”
Children are entitled to Children are entitled to an educationan education
Education should be Education should be individualized “every individualized “every mind has its own form”mind has its own form”
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Jean -Jacques Rousseau Jean -Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)(1712-1778)
2. 2. Social ContractSocial Contract agreement among agreement among
free individuals to free individuals to create a society & create a society & governmentgovernment
“ “ man is born free, man is born free, and everywhere he and everywhere he is in chains”is in chains”
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Adam Smith (1723-1790)Adam Smith (1723-1790)
Wrote: Wrote: Wealth of Wealth of Nations (1776)Nations (1776)
Governments should Governments should not interfere with not interfere with businessbusiness
Laissez -faire Laissez -faire economics (let them economics (let them be)be)
Emergence of Emergence of classical economic classical economic thoughtthought
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Mary Wollstonecraft:Mary Wollstonecraft:
Wrote: Wrote: A A Vindication of the Vindication of the Rights of WomenRights of Women
Argued :Argued : that women, like men, that women, like men,
needed education to needed education to become “virtuous & become “virtuous & useful”useful”
That women, like men That women, like men had the capacity of had the capacity of human reasonhuman reason
Criticized Rousseau’s Criticized Rousseau’s view of womenview of women
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Quotable Mary WollstonecraftQuotable Mary Wollstonecraft
““Strengthen the Strengthen the female mind by female mind by enlarging it, and enlarging it, and there will be an there will be an end to blind end to blind obedience”obedience”
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Enlightenment Ideas…Enlightenment Ideas…
1.1. Inspired Inspired Revolutions and Revolutions and Independence Independence Movements of the Movements of the 1700’s and 1800’s1700’s and 1800’s
2.2. Redefined the Redefined the relationship relationship between between government and government and those governedthose governed
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Enlightened AbsolutismEnlightened Absolutism
Philosophes urged Europe’s absolute Philosophes urged Europe’s absolute rulers to use their power for the good rulers to use their power for the good of the peopleof the people
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Catherine the Great (ruled Catherine the Great (ruled 1762-1796)1762-1796)
German princess German princess married off to married off to Russian heir, Russian heir, Peter III (1745)Peter III (1745)
A few months A few months after he was after he was crowned tsar, he crowned tsar, he was murdered was murdered
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Catherine The Greats’ Catherine The Greats’ Enlightened ReformsEnlightened Reforms
1. Corresponded 1. Corresponded with Voltaire, with Voltaire, invited Denis invited Denis Diderot to her Diderot to her courtcourt
2. supported 2. supported Russia’s first Russia’s first private printing private printing presspress
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Catherine The Greats’ Catherine The Greats’ Enlightened ReformsEnlightened Reforms
3. Restricted the 3. Restricted the act of tortureact of torture
4. limited reform 4. limited reform to her own to her own authorityauthority
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Catherine the Greats’ Not so Catherine the Greats’ Not so Enlightened PoliciesEnlightened Policies
1. Territorial 1. Territorial expansionexpansion
Along with Along with Prussia and Prussia and Austria, divided Austria, divided (and took control (and took control of) Poland of) Poland between 1772-between 1772-17951795
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The French RevolutionThe French Revolution
APEURO – Chapter 18APEURO – Chapter 18
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Causes of The French Causes of The French RevolutionRevolution
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1. Inequality/ Unfair Social 1. Inequality/ Unfair Social OrderOrder
Society divided Society divided into The “Three into The “Three Estates”Estates”
3 Social Classes 3 Social Classes determined a determined a person’s status, person’s status, and their rights!and their rights!
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1. Inequality/ Unfair Social 1. Inequality/ Unfair Social OrderOrder
1st Estate:1st Estate: ClergyClergy Make up 1% of the Make up 1% of the
populationpopulation Does Not pay Does Not pay
taxestaxes!!
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1. Inequality/ Unfair Social 1. Inequality/ Unfair Social OrderOrder
22ndnd Estate Estate:: NobilityNobility 2% of the 2% of the
population own population own 25% of the land25% of the land
High positions in High positions in government, government, militarymilitary DO NOT PAY TAXES!DO NOT PAY TAXES!
((a noble privilege)a noble privilege)
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1. Inequality/ Unfair Social 1. Inequality/ Unfair Social OrderOrder
33rdrd Estate: Estate: Everyone Else!Everyone Else! ““Bourgeoisie”Bourgeoisie” – –
middle class middle class professionalsprofessionals
Free PeasantsFree Peasants Serfs (un-free Serfs (un-free
peasants)peasants) HAVE TO PAY HAVE TO PAY
TAXES!TAXES!
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2.France is in Debt! 2.France is in Debt!
From previous warsFrom previous wars Send $ to the Send $ to the
American colonistsAmerican colonists Louis XVI & Marie Louis XVI & Marie
Antoinette’s Antoinette’s extravagant extravagant spendingspending
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2.France is in Debt!2.France is in Debt!
Jacques Necker – Minister of Finance Jacques Necker – Minister of Finance Publishes Publishes thethe “Necker Report” 1781“Necker Report” 1781
““Everything’s Fine!”Everything’s Fine!”Report discloses economic Report discloses economic
mismanagementmismanagementPeople are upsetPeople are upset
By 1786 Banks refuse to lend $ to By 1786 Banks refuse to lend $ to France!France!
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2.France is in Debt!2.France is in Debt!
Charles Alexander Charles Alexander Calonne’s Calonne’s Economic Reform Economic Reform Plan 1786 :Plan 1786 :
Why not tax landed Why not tax landed nobility?nobility?
He is quickly He is quickly replaced…replaced…
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2.France is in Debt!2.France is in Debt!
Marie Antoinette’s Marie Antoinette’s extravagant extravagant spending sprees…spending sprees…
1 dress cost 1 dress cost 20X’s what a 20X’s what a skilled worker skilled worker earned in a yearearned in a year!!
Spent $ on clothes, Spent $ on clothes, shoes, accessories, shoes, accessories, parties, re-parties, re-decorating decorating Versailles…Versailles…
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2.France is in Debt!2.France is in Debt!
Marie Antoinette is Marie Antoinette is nicknamed… nicknamed… “Madame Deficit” “Madame Deficit”
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3. Cost of Living Increases3. Cost of Living Increases
Peasant situation Peasant situation worsened:worsened:
Price of food rosePrice of food rose Crop failures 1788-Crop failures 1788-
1789 led to 1789 led to bread shortages!bread shortages! Peasant’s anger Peasant’s anger
roserose
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Causes of the French Causes of the French RevolutionRevolution
1. 1. Inequality of Social ClassesInequality of Social Classes TaxesTaxes 2. 2. France in debtFrance in debt Extravagant spending of Marie A. & Louis Extravagant spending of Marie A. & Louis
XVI XVI 3. 3. Cost of Living Increased Cost of Living Increased Tensions roseTensions rose No money for food or basic necessitiesNo money for food or basic necessities
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Louis XVI & Marie AntoinetteLouis XVI & Marie Antoinette
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Palace of VersaillesPalace of Versailles
Was Built by Louis Was Built by Louis 1616thth’s grandfather’s grandfather
““The Sun King” The Sun King” Louis 14Louis 14thth
Most extravagant Most extravagant palace in all of palace in all of EuropeEurope
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Marie AntoinetteMarie Antoinette
Born in 1755Born in 1755 Austrian PrincessAustrian Princess Had 14 Brothers Had 14 Brothers
and Sistersand Sisters Marie the favorite Marie the favorite
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@ Age 15…@ Age 15…
A marriage A marriage arrangedarranged
To the Crown To the Crown Prince of France, Prince of France, Louis 16Louis 16thth
““an advantageous an advantageous match”match”
She was sent to She was sent to VersaillesVersailles
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The Wedding, 1770The Wedding, 1770
Marie and Louis are Marie and Louis are marriedmarried
They are both 15They are both 15
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The Coronation, 1774The Coronation, 1774
Louis’ Father diedLouis’ Father died AndAnd Louis and Marie Louis and Marie
were crowned King were crowned King and Queen of and Queen of FranceFrance
AT AGE 19!!!AT AGE 19!!!
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Louis XVILouis XVI
Described as Described as “homely, awkward “homely, awkward & anti-social” & anti-social”
he’s obsessed with he’s obsessed with collecting collecting KEYSKEYS, , and and CLOCKSCLOCKS..
Ignored Marie for Ignored Marie for the first 7 years of the first 7 years of their marriagetheir marriage
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Louis XVI ‘s HobbyLouis XVI ‘s Hobby
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What is Marie To Do?What is Marie To Do?
She spent Money!She spent Money! Fashion - her Fashion - her
passion!passion! Named her Named her
designer Rose designer Rose Bertin as Bertin as “Minister of “Minister of Fashion”Fashion”
Threw lavish Threw lavish BanquetsBanquets
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Marie’s Hobby…Marie’s Hobby…
Fashion, Jewelry, Accessories, Fashion, Jewelry, Accessories, EntertainingEntertaining
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In France,In France,
The official duty of the Queen was to The official duty of the Queen was to produce a male heir…produce a male heir…
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Controversial MarieControversial Marie
Decided to “act” in Decided to “act” in the theatre! the theatre! (scandalous!)(scandalous!)
Decided to be a Decided to be a “trendsetter” ! “trendsetter” !
Longed for the Longed for the
“simple life” builds “simple life” builds a peasant villagea peasant village
and People and People gossip…gossip…
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Royal ChildrenRoyal Children
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Meanwhile…Meanwhile…
Fall, 1788. Financial Desperation!Fall, 1788. Financial Desperation!Louis XVI agreed to call on the Louis XVI agreed to call on the
Estates GeneralEstates General Estates General – representative Estates General – representative
assembly of Three Estatesassembly of Three EstatesLast time assembly was called: 1614!Last time assembly was called: 1614!
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The French Revolution: 1789-The French Revolution: 1789-17991799
Napoleonic Era: 1799-1815Napoleonic Era: 1799-1815 Six Phases:Six Phases: 11. Estates General – 1789. Estates General – 1789 2. 2. National Assembly Phase: June ,1789 -National Assembly Phase: June ,1789 -
17911791 3. 3. The Legislative Assembly Phase: 1791-The Legislative Assembly Phase: 1791-
17921792 4. National Convention Phase: 1792-17954. National Convention Phase: 1792-1795 5. 5. The Directory Phase: 1795-1799The Directory Phase: 1795-1799 6. 6. Napoleon Phase: 1799-1815Napoleon Phase: 1799-1815
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1. Estates General -17891. Estates General -1789
Estates GeneralEstates GeneralProblem:Problem: 1 1stst & 2 & 2ndnd Estate usually Estate usually
outvoted the 3outvoted the 3rdrd estate estateSolution:Solution: the 3 the 3rdrd estate allowed to estate allowed to
send as many delegates as the other send as many delegates as the other 2 estates combined.2 estates combined.
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1. The Estates General- 17891. The Estates General- 1789
1789 Joseph Sieyes 1789 Joseph Sieyes wrote pamphlet: wrote pamphlet: ““What is the 3What is the 3rdrd Estate?”Estate?”
Argued that the Argued that the clergy & nobility clergy & nobility contributed little to contributed little to the countrythe country
33rdrd estate however, estate however, the “heart” of the the “heart” of the country! country!
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1. The Estates General- 17891. The Estates General- 1789
All invited to submit All invited to submit (by estates):(by estates):
Cahiers de doleances Cahiers de doleances ((grievance lists)grievance lists)
Petitions showed:Petitions showed: desire for desire for constitutional constitutional monarchy, re-monarchy, re-structured tax structured tax system, guaranteed system, guaranteed libertiesliberties
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1. The Estates General -17891. The Estates General -1789
Estates General Estates General convened May, 1789convened May, 1789
33rdrd estate refused to estate refused to act until King act until King ordered the 2 other ordered the 2 other estates to meet with estates to meet with themthem
6 week standoff, 6 week standoff, Some Priests joined Some Priests joined the 3the 3rdrd estate estate
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2.National Assembly Phase – 2.National Assembly Phase – June, 1789-1791June, 1789-1791
Transition:Transition: The 3The 3rdrd Estate Estate
Declared itself Declared itself the the National National AssemblyAssembly
June , 1789 June , 1789 assembly moved to assembly moved to an indoor tennis an indoor tennis court…court…
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2.National Assembly Phase 2.National Assembly Phase 1789-17911789-1791
And swore to continue to meet until And swore to continue to meet until France had a new constitution…France had a new constitution…
Pledge called: Pledge called: The Tennis Court The Tennis Court OathOath
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2.National Assembly Phase 2.National Assembly Phase 1789-17911789-1791
July, 1789 – July, 1789 – Storming of the Storming of the BastilleBastille
Parisian Mob attacked Parisian Mob attacked the Bastille Prisonthe Bastille Prison
Symbol of injustice, Symbol of injustice, inequalityinequality
Hoped to seize Hoped to seize weapons, free weapons, free prisonersprisoners
Soldiers fired at mobSoldiers fired at mob
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2.National Assembly Phase 2.National Assembly Phase 1789-17911789-1791
July, 1789July, 1789 Breakdown of law Breakdown of law
and orderand order Peasants broke Peasants broke
into manors, quit into manors, quit paying taxespaying taxes
Some nobles flee Some nobles flee ((emigres)emigres)
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2.National Assembly Phase 2.National Assembly Phase 1789-17911789-1791
The King Accepted The King Accepted the National the National Assembly as new Assembly as new governmentgovernment
Tri-color flag Tri-color flag adopted adopted
Gave peasants Gave peasants hunting rightshunting rights
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2.National Assembly Phase 2.National Assembly Phase 1789-17911789-1791
August, 1789August, 1789 Declaration of Declaration of
Rights of Men and Rights of Men and of the Citizenof the Citizen
Listed basic human Listed basic human rightsrights
““all men are born all men are born free and equal in free and equal in rightsrights””
Excluded womenExcluded women
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2.National Assembly Phase 2.National Assembly Phase 1789-17911789-1791
Response: Olympe Response: Olympe de Gouges wrote: de Gouges wrote:
“ “ Declaration of Declaration of Rights of Men and Rights of Men and of Women”of Women”
Declared women’s rights Declared women’s rights to education, property to education, property within marriage, right within marriage, right to initiate divorceto initiate divorce
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2.National Assembly Phase 2.National Assembly Phase 1789-17911789-1791
October 5,1789October 5,1789 Women’s March to Women’s March to
VersaillesVersailles Mob of over Mob of over
100,000 women 100,000 women demand bread demand bread
Demanded King Demanded King Louis XVI move to Louis XVI move to ParisParis
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3. The Legislative Assembly, 3. The Legislative Assembly, 1791-17921791-1792
Factions:Factions: 1. 1. ConservativesConservatives sat on the right (Loyal sat on the right (Loyal
to King)to King) 2. 2. ModeratesModerates sat on the center sat on the center 3. 3. RadicalsRadicals sat on the left sat on the left
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3. The Legislative Assembly, 3. The Legislative Assembly, 1791-17921791-1792
Leftist Radicals divided into 2 groups:Leftist Radicals divided into 2 groups:
1. 1. The Jacobins The Jacobins – Wanted to overthrow – Wanted to overthrow monarchy and create a republic.monarchy and create a republic.
2. 2. The Girondists- The Girondists- wanted to involve wanted to involve France in a war that would discredit the France in a war that would discredit the monarchy and extend revolutionary monarchy and extend revolutionary ideas across Europe.ideas across Europe.
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3. The Legislative Assembly, 3. The Legislative Assembly, 1791-17921791-1792
June 21, 1791June 21, 1791
Royal family Royal family attempted to flee attempted to flee
500 miles away 500 miles away from border…from border…
Recognized & Recognized & Arrested Arrested
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3. The Legislative Assembly, 3. The Legislative Assembly, 1791-17921791-1792
Marie Antoinette’s brother King Marie Antoinette’s brother King Leopold of Austria threatened to Leopold of Austria threatened to send troops to France to restore send troops to France to restore order…order…
If other European nations joined If other European nations joined him…him…
No one joined himNo one joined himLeopold died unexpectedlyLeopold died unexpectedly
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4.National Convention Phase 4.National Convention Phase 1792-17951792-1795
New French Constitution went into New French Constitution went into effecteffect
September 1, 1791September 1, 1791The “National Assembly” achieved The “National Assembly” achieved
their Tennis Court Oath and changed their Tennis Court Oath and changed their name to…their name to…
““The National ConventionThe National Convention””
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4. National Convention Phase 4. National Convention Phase 1792-17951792-1795
A wave of patriotism spread A wave of patriotism spread throughout countrythroughout country
September 1792 , France declared a September 1792 , France declared a RepublicRepublic
Slogan: Slogan: “Life, Liberty, and “Life, Liberty, and Fraternity”Fraternity”
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4. National Convention Phase 4. National Convention Phase 1792-17951792-1795
New Government New Government CreatedCreated : :
A new calendar! A new calendar! (began September (began September 1792 as month 1)1792 as month 1)
(months renamed (months renamed according to according to season) season)
The Metric System!The Metric System!
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4. National Convention Phase 4. National Convention Phase 1792-17951792-1795
People now People now addressed as addressed as “citizens” “citizens” (everyone equal)(everyone equal)
Churches converted Churches converted to to “Temples of “Temples of Reason”Reason”
Religious Religious celebrations and celebrations and holidays were holidays were secularizedsecularized
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4. National Convention Phase 4. National Convention Phase 1792-17951792-1795
National National Convention STILL Convention STILL divideddivided
1. Girondists-1. Girondists- “revolution has “revolution has gone far enough!”gone far enough!”
2. Jacobins –2. Jacobins – radicals “anyone radicals “anyone who opposes new who opposes new govt. is anti-govt. is anti-revolutionary!”revolutionary!”
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4. National Convention 4. National Convention Phase- 1792-1795Phase- 1792-1795
The Working Class The Working Class ““Sans Culottes” – Sans Culottes” –
(those who wear (those who wear the long pants)the long pants)
Pressed for more Pressed for more extreme measuresextreme measures
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4. National Convention Phase 4. National Convention Phase 1792-17951792-1795
Reign of Terror Reign of Terror 1793-17941793-1794
Radical Jacobins Radical Jacobins took over the took over the National National Convention under Convention under the leadership of the leadership of
Maximillien Maximillien RobespierreRobespierre
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4. National Convention Phase 4. National Convention Phase 1792-17951792-1795
Robespierre sought to eliminate all Robespierre sought to eliminate all enemies of the Jacobinsenemies of the Jacobins
Established the Committee of Public Established the Committee of Public SafetySafety
Between 20,000- 40,000 people Between 20,000- 40,000 people guillotined (from all three former guillotined (from all three former estates)estates)
Most violent periodMost violent period
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4. National Convention Phase 4. National Convention Phase 1792-17951792-1795
King Louis XVI King Louis XVI executed for treason executed for treason January, 1793January, 1793
Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette executed Late 1793executed Late 1793
Daughter Maria Daughter Maria Therese survived in Therese survived in AustriaAustria
Son Louis Charles died Son Louis Charles died in prison a year after in prison a year after mother’s deathmother’s death
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4. The National Convention 4. The National Convention 1792-17951792-1795
The Feminine The Feminine symbol of the symbol of the revolution revolution
““Marianne” Marianne” Second Second
Constitution of Constitution of 1793, is never used1793, is never used
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4. National Convention – 4. National Convention – 1792-17951792-1795
Members of National Convention turned Members of National Convention turned against Robespierreagainst Robespierre
July 1794 Maximillien Robespierre July 1794 Maximillien Robespierre executedexecuted
July = Thermidor (heat)July = Thermidor (heat) The revolt against Robespierre is called The revolt against Robespierre is called
The The Thermidorian ReactionThermidorian Reaction
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5. The Directory Phase 1795-5. The Directory Phase 1795-17991799
France now ruled by a committee of France now ruled by a committee of 5 men5 men
Legislature made up of 2 houses: the Legislature made up of 2 houses: the 500, and the elders500, and the elders
September ,1797 a coup d'état September ,1797 a coup d'état reduced the directory to 3 membersreduced the directory to 3 members
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5. The Directory Was 5. The Directory Was OverthrownOverthrown
By a young , successful general in By a young , successful general in 17991799
By the name of…By the name of…Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon Bonaparte
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6. The Napoleonic Era6. The Napoleonic Era1799-18151799-1815
The “post” revolution yearsThe “post” revolution years
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About Napoleon…About Napoleon…
Born in island of Born in island of Corsica Corsica
Was not French!Was not French! Won a scholarship Won a scholarship
to attend a to attend a prestigious French prestigious French Military AcademyMilitary Academy
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In 1796In 1796
Napoleon MarriedNapoleon Married Josephine Josephine She was 32 (six She was 32 (six
years older!), a years older!), a divorcee with divorcee with grown sonsgrown sons
She helped him get She helped him get a high ranking a high ranking military positionmilitary position
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In November, 1799In November, 1799
Napoleon overthrew the Directory Napoleon overthrew the Directory Although his new government Although his new government
appeared to be “democratic”, he was appeared to be “democratic”, he was really a dictatorreally a dictator
And…And…He was only 5 ft 2 He was only 5 ft 2 … Or was he????… Or was he????
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Napoleon Restored Order in Napoleon Restored Order in FranceFrance
1. Everyone Must Pay 1. Everyone Must Pay taxes!taxes!
2. Establishes a 2. Establishes a National Bank! National Bank! Balances budget!Balances budget!
3. Establishes Schools!3. Establishes Schools! 4. Replaces elected 4. Replaces elected
officials with his officials with his trusted friends trusted friends (rewards them for (rewards them for their talents)their talents)
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Napoleon Restored Order in Napoleon Restored Order in FranceFrance
5. Censorship – Newspapers cannot 5. Censorship – Newspapers cannot critique him! # of Newspapers: from critique him! # of Newspapers: from 73-1373-13
6. Restores the Church, and Religious 6. Restores the Church, and Religious HolidaysHolidays
7. Abandons the revolutionary 7. Abandons the revolutionary calendarcalendar
8. Keeps Metric System8. Keeps Metric System
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1804 Napoleon Declares himself 1804 Napoleon Declares himself Emperor !Emperor !
Coronation : return Coronation : return to extravaganceto extravagance
Procession in Royal Procession in Royal Coach to Coach to Cathedral of Notre Cathedral of Notre DameDame
Crowned by PopeCrowned by Pope
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Imagery of NapoleonImagery of Napoleon
BeesBees- resurrection- resurrection Eagle- military Eagle- military
victoryvictory Hand of justice-Hand of justice-
authorityauthority References to References to
CeasarCeasar: laurel crown, : laurel crown, roman columnroman column
Symbols of Symbols of monarchymonarchy: sceptre, : sceptre, robe, throne, chainrobe, throne, chain
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Notable Napoleon Quotes:Notable Napoleon Quotes:
““A picture is worth a thousand A picture is worth a thousand words”words”
““If you want something done well, do If you want something done well, do it yourself”it yourself”
““A man will fight harder for his A man will fight harder for his interests, than his rights”interests, than his rights”
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Napoleonic CodeNapoleonic Code
1. Divided into criminal code and civil 1. Divided into criminal code and civil codecode
2. Citizens declared equal before law2. Citizens declared equal before law3. Freedom of religion 3. Freedom of religion 4. Chapellier law forbids labor unions & 4. Chapellier law forbids labor unions &
strikesstrikes5. Men control property5. Men control property6. Women had no right to her own 6. Women had no right to her own
earningsearnings
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Society During Napoleon Society During Napoleon YearsYears
Moving upward in Moving upward in society requires society requires education, money, education, money, and service to the and service to the state…state…
It is possible to It is possible to “move up”“move up”
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Military GeniusMilitary Genius
France was not France was not enough!enough!
1. Attempts to defeat 1. Attempts to defeat Britain’s navy in 1805Britain’s navy in 1805
Loses the BATTLE OF Loses the BATTLE OF TrafalgarTrafalgar
Revenge-Revenge- The CThe Continental ontinental
System 1806:System 1806: Forces Forces French allies to boycott French allies to boycott British goods. Hopes to British goods. Hopes to destroy their economydestroy their economy
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Military GeniusMilitary Genius
2. 1805 Defeats Austria2. 1805 Defeats Austria3. 1806 Dissolves The Holy Roman 3. 1806 Dissolves The Holy Roman
Empire (German Principalities)Empire (German Principalities)
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Military GeniusMilitary Genius
4. 1807-1808 4. 1807-1808 Invades Spain Invades Spain
forces King to forces King to abdicateabdicate
places his brother places his brother Joseph on the Joseph on the thronethrone
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Military GeniusMilitary Genius
1807 singned non-1807 singned non-aggression pact aggression pact with Czar with Czar Alexander of Alexander of Russia Russia
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Meanwhile…Meanwhile…
Napoleon divorced Napoleon divorced JosephineJosephine
No male heir!No male heir! Married 18 year old Married 18 year old
Marie Louise (he’s Marie Louise (he’s 40)40)
She produced male She produced male heir…heir…
(1811-1832) (1811-1832) Napoleon Francois Napoleon Francois <-Joseph Charles<-Joseph Charles
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By 1812By 1812
Napoleon ruled Napoleon ruled most of Europemost of Europe
Placed bothers in Placed bothers in ruling positions in ruling positions in conquered conquered territoriesterritories
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And Then…And Then…
Czar Alexander of Russia decided to Czar Alexander of Russia decided to sign a treaty with England, Betraying sign a treaty with England, Betraying pact with Napoleon!pact with Napoleon!
Napoleon married Marie Louise Napoleon married Marie Louise instead of the TSAR’S SISTERinstead of the TSAR’S SISTER
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Napoleon Furious!Napoleon Furious!
He invaded Russia He invaded Russia 18121812
700,000 French 700,000 French TroopsTroops
½ died due to ½ died due to starvation , starvation , frostbite and frostbite and exposure to cold!exposure to cold!
DISASTROUSDISASTROUS
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The EndThe End
Napoleon forced to Napoleon forced to abdicate 1814abdicate 1814
Failed suicide Failed suicide attemptattempt
Exiled to ElbaExiled to Elba Got to keep title & Got to keep title &
incomeincome
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After ALL THAT,After ALL THAT,
Louis XVIII brother of Louis XVI is Louis XVIII brother of Louis XVI is restored to the throne!restored to the throne!
““Constitutional Monarch”Constitutional Monarch”
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But Wait!But Wait!
Napoleon returns Napoleon returns 1815, raises an 1815, raises an army and regains army and regains power!power!
OnlyOnly for 100 days for 100 days
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European Governments European Governments
Team up against NapoleonTeam up against Napoleon
Austrian, British, Prussian, Russian Austrian, British, Prussian, Russian forcesforces
Defeat NAPOLEON in Battle of Defeat NAPOLEON in Battle of Waterloo (Belgium)Waterloo (Belgium)
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NapoleonNapoleon
Sent to the island Sent to the island of St. Helenaof St. Helena
He dies 1821He dies 1821
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Congress of Vienna (1815)Congress of Vienna (1815)
1. Pre- Napoleon borders restored1. Pre- Napoleon borders restored 2. Legitimate Bourbon Monarchy restored to 2. Legitimate Bourbon Monarchy restored to
FranceFrance 3. England, Austria, Prussia, Russia, France 3. England, Austria, Prussia, Russia, France
form alliance “Concert of Europe” (harmony)form alliance “Concert of Europe” (harmony) 4. Agree to squash revolutions & maintain 4. Agree to squash revolutions & maintain
orderorder 5. Balance of power – no 1 nation can 5. Balance of power – no 1 nation can
become “too strong”become “too strong”