THE AGE OF REASON… The Enlightenment. Human Reason, Science, eligious Tolerance Tyranny Def: An...
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THE AGE OF REASON…
The Enlightenment
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The Enlightenment
Def: An Intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries marked by a celebration of the powers of Human Reason, a keen interest in Science, the promotion of Religious Tolerance, and a desire to construct governments free of Tyranny…
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It affected MANY areas of life – (see the chart)
Science, Theology, Arts, Music, Philosophy, Economics, and Government
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There was a concerted effort to try and explain Everything through science, math and reasoned analysis…
The Scientific Revolution continued through this period with the work of Isaac Newton…
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Enlightenment Philosophes
Philosophe: an Enlightened thinker or philosopher
Mostly FRENCH/Parisian ‘Elites’…
Gathered in SALONS to discuss/debate ideas, etc..
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The most important Four:Diderot- who questioned everything and
compiled the first Encyclopedia
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Montesquieu- espoused the idea of a system of Checks/Balances = Separation of Powers in gov’t
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Voltaire
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Enlightenment…
Voltaire- advocate of Free Speech…
“ I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it”…
Anti-Establishment/Anti-Church/est. religion
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Jean Jacques Rousseau
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Jean Jacques Rousseau- Criticized the Enlightenment…
Wrote the Social Contract
Famous for saying: “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains…”
Said Sovereignty rested w/the PEOPLE, not government… (ultimately people have the power)
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Enlightenment- Gov’t…
Period of ‘Enlightened’ Despots…
Rulers who sought to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their Royal powers…
Some leaders initiated reforms in their countries during this time…
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Maria Theresa
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Enlightened Despots(successful)
Maria Theresa of Austria-
Hapsburg Family successor
Clever, Resourceful
Considered one of the first and greatest of the Enlightened Despots…
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Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia
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Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia-
Most famous …Leads during Seven Years’War (see video)
Believed he was the first “Servant of the State”
Re-built Prussia into a military power….
Sets-up what will become modern Germany…
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Catherine II (the Great) of Russia
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Enlightened Despots(unsuccessful)
Catherine II (the Great) of Russia-
Attempted many reforms
Didn’t work- too many problems in Russia
Didn’t do much for the Serfs…(still feudal)
Did expand Russia’s territory (see map)
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Joseph II of Austria
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Joseph II of Austria-
Attempted great reforms
Too much, too soon/most reforms failed
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Adam Smith
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Enlightenment…Economics
Adam Smith- Wealth of Nations (see article)
Introduced/espoused a new economic philosophy:
“Laissez- Faire” = (“leave alone”/”hands off”)
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Government should STAY OUT of the Economics of a Nation…(the more a gov’t is involved, the more it screws it up!)
He is considered the founder of modern Economics, and of CAPITALISM…
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Enlightenment: Music/Theology
Music = the late ‘Classical’ period…
The two greatest composers: Haydn & Mozart…
Then: Beethoven- last of the ‘Classical’, first of the ‘Romantic’ period composers…
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Religion/Theology- DEISM- was the new, popular theology of the Enlightenment…also:
Unitarian Universalists, and Christian Scientists
Opponents of ‘Enlightened’ religion: Immanuel Kant, who invents ‘Metaphysics’…(don’t even ask…)
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Enlightenment Religion: Methodism…
The Methodist Church and Methodism were founded by John Wesley along with the help of his brother Charles Wesley…
Came out of the Anglican Church…
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A reaction to the cold formality of the Church of England…
Stressed the value of a personal relationship with Jesus/God…
Led to a major spiritual revival in England and in the American colonies (Great Awakening)