Tevatron collider, detectors performance and future projects at Fermilab
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Transcript of Tevatron collider, detectors performance and future projects at Fermilab
Tevatron collider, detectors performance Tevatron collider, detectors performance and future projects at Fermilaband future projects at Fermilab
Feb 28, 2008Sergei Nagaitsev
(thanks to D. Wood, D. Denisov, R. Roser, J. Konigsberg, P. Oddone)
Fermi National Accelerator LaboratoryFermi National Accelerator Laboratory
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CDF
DØ
Tevatron
Main Injector\Recycler
Antiprotonsource
Proton source
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Tevatron complex: 9 acceleratorsTevatron complex: 9 accelerators
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120 GeVMain Injector:
rapid cycling high intensity
proton synchrotron2 sec period
8 GeV Recycler Ring:
high quality storage ring
stochastic coolingelectron cooling
12-24 hours cycle
8 GeVDebuncher:large aperture
synchrotron2 seconds cycle
8 GeV Accumulator:
high quality storage ring
stochastic cooling~4 hours cycle
Tevatron ColliderCM energy of 1.96 TeV
36x36 bunchesCollision rate ~ 2MHz
p
p
Target
Li Lens
p
In operation since:Tevatron 1983Pbar Source 1985Main Injector 1999Recycler 2004Electron cooler 2005
8 GeV Booster
proton synchrotron15 Hz
400 MeV Linac
750 keV p source 4.3 MeV
electroncooler
MINOS
MiniBooNE
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The Luminosity Story…The Luminosity Story…
The Tevatron CM energy is limited to 1.96 TeV. While the Run II energy is greater than Run I’s, Run II is not about energy – its about integrated luminosity.
When science historians write about Run II, they will tell the story of… How the amount of delivered luminosity impacted
the ultimate success of the physics program The total luminosity will set the scale for the legacy
of the Tevatron We make continuous improvements to physics
analysis, thus the physics gain is better than SQRT(∫L).
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Total Integrated LuminosityTotal Integrated Luminosity
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Tevatron Run 2: 2001 – 2009 (2010)Tevatron Run 2: 2001 – 2009 (2010)
Two multi-purpose and complimentary detectors: CDF and DØ
Integrated Luminosity Delivered 3.7 fb-1 (per
detector) Recorded: about 3.0 fb-1
Goal is 5.5 – 6.5 fb-1 delivered in 2009
2010 Running under discussion (expect 7 – 9 fb-1 delivered)
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Doing Physics at 2 TeVDoing Physics at 2 TeV
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Need 1010 collisions to produce 1 event with Top quarks
With 1 fb-1, 10k t-tbar events produced;
Understanding and reducing backgrounds is the key to success
We continue to learn and innovate; developing new tools and techniques as needed
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Tevatron physics goalsTevatron physics goals
More detailed explorations on new areas we’ve opened Single top, di-bosons, CP in B-physics are all examples Each benefits from having the largest statistical
sample available
Test maximum Ecm What is in the tails…..
Investigating today’s possibilities We already see a number of 2-sigma and 3-sigma
results in our data based on 2 fb-1 analyzed Want x3 - 4 our current dataset to find out whether
any of these discrepancies arise from new physics Higgs potential
SM exclusion should be the benchmark With 7-8 fb-1 of data, we can exclude at the 95% C.L.
the entire interesting mass range (< 200 GeV/c2)
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The DØ CollaborationThe DØ Collaboration
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DØ is an international collaboration of 580
physicists from 19 nations who have designed, built and operate the DØ detector at the Tevatron and perform
data analysis
Institutions: 89 total, 38 US, 51 non-US
Collaborators:~ 50% from non-US institutions~ 100 postdocs, ~140 graduate students
September 2007 DØ Collaboration Meeting
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DØ : Physics Goals and DetectorDØ : Physics Goals and Detector
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Precision tests of the Standard Model Weak bosons, top quark, QCD, B-physics
Search for particles and forces beyond those known Higgs, supersymmetry, extra dimensions….
protonsantiprotons
3 LayerMuon System
Tracker Solenoid Magnet
20 m
Driven by these goals, the detector emphasizes
Electron, muon and tau identification
Jets and missing transverse energy
Flavor tagging through displaced vertices and leptons
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Integrated LuminosityIntegrated Luminosity
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Run IIa Run IIb
Delivered Recorded
Run IIa 1.6 fb-1 1.3 fb-1
Run IIb (so far) 1.9 fb-1 1.7 fb-1
Total 3.5 fb-1 3.0 fb-1
2006 shutdown:• new Layer 0 silicon installed • trigger upgrades installed
April 02Jan 08
Passed 3fb-1 milestone in recorded luminosity on 16 January 2008
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Selected physics highlights from DSelected physics highlights from DØØ in Run II in Run II
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Top physics Single top production evidence Tour de force of top quark
property measurements Mass = 172.1±2.4 GeV Cross section, electric charge,
W helicity, forward-backward asymmetry, B(t→Wb)/B(t→Wq)
Electroweak First evidence for WZ
production W-gamma radiation zero
evidence Anomalous couplings search in
W-gamma, Z-gamma, WZ, ZZQCD Precise inclusive jet cross
section with 1% calibration of jet
energy scale W+charm production ratio
measurement – probing strange content of proton
Single TopDecember 2006: First evidence for single top and first direct measurement of Vtb
pb4.13.4
CL)%95(
0.1|V|68.0 tb
Inclusive JetsJanuary 2008: most precise measurement of the inclusive jet cross section over the widest kinematic range
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Selected physics highlights from DSelected physics highlights from DØØ in Run II in Run II
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B-physics Bs mixing – world’s first two-
sided limit Ξb
- baryon discovery: CP violating parameter
measurements: unique DØ capability from regular reversal of magnetic fields
World’s best limits on Bs→μμ decay probability
New Phenomena W’, Z’ mass limits > 1 TeV Excited electron mass > 756
GeV: probing electron sub-structure
Best limits on many SUSY processes (tripleptons, stop→l+b+MET, stop→c+MET, diphotons+MET,…)
Searches for squark and gluinos: first Tevatron publication with >2 fb-1 of data
Higgs SM Higgs cross section limits
from nine different channels in 110-200 GeV mass range
Best limits on MSSM higgs production
M(b-) = 5.774±0.019 GeV/c2
b- Discovery: June 2007
Bs Mixing: March 2006 First two-sided limit on Bs oscillations 17ps-1<Δms<21ps-1 most cited HEP paper of 2006
W’ Limit> 1 TeV: October 2007
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DDØ Ø Physics OutputPhysics Output
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2007 was the best year ever with 34 papers submitted for publication Expect more in 2008
Reducing time from data taking to publication Already published result
with 2.1 fb-1 Winter conference
results with 2.3 fb-1 expected
DØ continues to be a great training ground for students and postdocs 29 Ph.D. theses in 2007
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The CDF CollaborationThe CDF Collaboration
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North America 34 institutions
Europe 21 institutions
Asia 8 institutions
The CDF Collaboration 15 Countries 63 institutions 635 authors
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Detector Status - SummaryDetector Status - Summary
Stable data collection ~85% recorded and ~80% of delivered used in analysis
Tracking chamber (COT) Aging not a problem, will be ok through 2010
Silicon longevity Expect silicon detector to last beyond 2010
• Radiation not expected to be a problem All other systems are operating well High Luminosity Running
Inst. Lum expectations are now clear < 300-350 x1030cm-2 s-1
• Trigger & DAQ– Recently completed upgrade on tracking and calorimeter– We are collecting high-Pt data with high efficiency up to 3x1032
• Physics– No significant effect up to 3x1032
About 80% of Delivered Luminosity is available for physics analysis
Expected to be in good shape through FY10
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CDF: CDF: Collecting data - happily…
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Sources of inefficiency include: Trigger dead time and readout ~
5%• Intentional - to maximize physics to
tape Start and end of stores ~5% Problems (detector, DAQ) ~5%
~<85>% efficient since 2003
1.7 MHz of crossingsCDF 3-tiered trigger:
L1 accepts ~25 kHzL2 accepts ~800 HzL3 accepts ~150 Hz (event size is ~250 kb)
Accept rate ~1:12,000Reject 99.991% of the events
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CDF: Physics Highlights from 1-2 fbCDF: Physics Highlights from 1-2 fb-1-1
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Observation of Bs-mixingΔms = 17.77 +- 0.10 (stat) +- 0.07(sys)
Observation of new baryon statesb and b
WZ discovery (6-sigma)Measured cross section 5.0 (1.7) pb
ZZ observation4.4-sigma
Single top evidence (3-sigma) with 1.5 fb-
1 cross section = 2.9 pb|Vtb|= 1.02 ± 0.18 (exp.) ± 0.07 (th.)
Measurement of Sin(2_s)
Most are
world
’s best
resu
lts
Precision W mass measurementMw_cdf = 80.413 GeV (48 MeV)
Precision Top mass measurementMtop_cdf = 172.7 (2.1) GeV
W-width measurement2.032 (.071) GeV
Observation of new charmless B==>hh states
Observation of Do-Dobar mixingConstant improvement in Higgs
Sensitivity
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Run II Luminosity – Where can we go?Run II Luminosity – Where can we go?
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Projected Integrated Luminosity in Run II (fb-1) vs time
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
time since FY04
Inte
gra
ted
Lu
min
osi
ty (
fb-1
)
extrapolatedfrom FY09
Luminosity projection curves for 2008-2010Luminosity projection curves for 2008-2010
FY08 start
Real data up to FY07 (included)
8.6 fb-1
7.2 fb-1
Highest Int. Lum
Lowest Int. Lum
FY10 start
FY09 and FY10 integrated luminosities assumed to be identical
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Antiprotons and LuminosityAntiprotons and Luminosity
The strategy for increasing luminosity in the Tevatron is strategy for increasing luminosity in the Tevatron is to increase the number and brightness of antiprotonsto increase the number and brightness of antiprotons
Increase the antiproton production rate Provide a third stage of antiproton cooling with the Recycler Increase the transfer efficiency of antiprotons to low beta in the
Tevatron Provide additional antiproton cooling stages Provide additional antiproton cooling stages
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Beam lifetimes at HEP collisionsBeam lifetimes at HEP collisions
Antiproton lifetime is improved and brightness has increased due to beam cooling in Recycler ring at 8 GeV
Proton lifetime started to suffer from small pbar emittances Pbars 3-4 times smaller than protons Greater fraction of proton bunch sees strongest beam-
beam force Highest head-on tune shifts for protons > 0.024 Using an injection mismatch in Tevatron to blow up
antiproton emittance slightly and improve proton lifetime• Results in slightly lower peak luminosities• Improved integrated luminosities due to better proton lifetimes
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TevatronTevatron
When does the program stop?
The “natural” life without the LHC would be several more years, roughly at the end of “doubling data in three years”
Very difficult to predict when it will be overtaken by LHC. Prudent to plan running in 2010 – depends on funding scenarios.
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Fermilab: Neutrino experimentsFermilab: Neutrino experiments
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Minos Far detector
MiniBooNE detector
MINOS: neutrino oscillations in the atmospheric region; coming electron appearance at CHOOZ limit or below
MiniBooNE: neutrino oscillations in the LSND region; exploration of low energy anomaly in neutrino interactions
SciBooNE: neutrino cross sections
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LHC and FermilabLHC and Fermilab
The LHC is the single most important physics component of the US program
Fermilab supports the US CMS effort. Built major components of CMS supporting the universities.
Now have Tier 1 computing center, LHC Physics Center, Remote Operations Center (ROC), CERN/Fermilab summer schools
Major contribution to the accelerator. We are now helping to commission LHC.
To continue to be welcome, US and Fermilab must contribute to detector and accelerator improvements.
Aim: critical mass at Fermilab, as good as going to CERN (once detectors completed).
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LHC and FermilabLHC and Fermilab
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Compact Muon Spectrometer CMS Remote Operations Center at Fermilab
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High-energy physics toolsHigh-energy physics tools
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pp-barppe+e-
+-
Telescopes;Undergroundexperiments;
Energy Frontier
Intensity Frontier
Non-accelerator
based
Intense , , K, .. beams; and
B, C factories;
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Need a TeV-scale lepton colliderNeed a TeV-scale lepton collider
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e- e+
p p
ILC
LHC
InternationalLinear Collider (ILC)
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ILC technology at FermilabILC technology at Fermilab
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Vertical Test Stand
Horizontal Test Stand
First cryomodule
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ILC and FermilabILC and Fermilab
Strong world-wide collaboration on ILC: by far the easiest machine beyond the LHC; both CLIC and muon colliders are more difficult.
ILC will be it – provided LHC tells us the richness of new physics is there.
Technology is broadly applicable – R&D on the technology is important: electron cloud effects, reliable high gradient cavities, final focus….
Fermilab and US community will continue with ILC and SCRF R&D – probably on stretched timescale.
Reality: the likelihood of building ILC in the US is much reduced after the latest round of Congressional actions on ILC, ITER.
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Intensity frontierIntensity frontier
The general rule: If the LHC discovers new particles – precision
experiments tell about the physics behind through rates/couplings to standard particles
If the LHC does not see new particles – precision experiments with negligible rates in the SM are the only avenue to probe higher energies
Additionally, neutrino oscillations coupled with charged lepton number violating processes constrain GUT model building
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Fermilab and the intensity frontierFermilab and the intensity frontier
We have designed a program based on a new injector for the complex. Can exploit the large infrastructure of accelerators:
Main Injector (120 GeV), Recycler (8GeV), Debuncher (8 GeV), Accumulator (8 GeV) – would be very expensive to reproduce today
New source uses ILC technology and helps development of the technology in the US
Provides the best program in neutrinos, and rare decays in the world
Positions the US program for an evolutionary path leading to neutrino factories and muon colliders
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Fermilab and the intensity frontier: Project XFermilab and the intensity frontier: Project X
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Project X: expandabilityProject X: expandability
Initial configuration exploits alignment with ILC But it is expandable (we will make sure the hooks are
there) Three times the rep rate Three times the pulse length Three times the number of klystrons
Would position the program for a multi-megawatt source for intense muon beams at low <8 GeV energies – very difficult with a synchrotron.
Neutrino program at 120 GeV (2.3 MW); 55% Recycler available at 8 GeV (200kW)
We can develop existing 8 GeV rings to deliver and tailor beams, allowing full duty cycle for experiments with the correct time structure: K decays, e conversion, g-2.
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Example: evolutionary path muonsExample: evolutionary path muons
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(Upgradable to 2MW)
PROJECT XMUON COLLIDER
TEST FACILITY
NEUTRINO FACTORY
Far Detectorat Homestake
Rebunch
Target
Decay
Phase Rot.& Bunch
Cool
Muon ColliderR&D Hall
0.2–0.8 GeV
Pre-Accel
4 GeVRing
RLA(1–4 GeV)
Illustrative Vision
Three projects of comparable scope: Project X (upgraded to 2MW) Muon Collider Test Facility 4 GeV Neutrino Factory
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1.5-4 TeV Muon Collider at Fermilab1.5-4 TeV Muon Collider at Fermilab
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SummarySummary
Tevatron collider has a very rich and exciting physics program. Detectors are running well (actually better than ever).
Tevatron is running well There is evidence for reliability improvements
Plan to run Tevatron until overtaken by LHC Our future plan is to construct world premier
“intensity-frontier” machine and to continue R&D on a lepton “energy-frontier” collider
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