] TENSE AND ASPECT ]

Siti Fatimah

(1205085003)

Mulia Hariana

(1205085010)

Fithri Durotul Uyun

(1205085029)

. . . Overview

TENSE

ASPECT

How to locate events in time

How to distribute event in time

Past, present, & future

Simple, progressive &

perfect

. . . Overview

“When I told people I was spending time with farmers, they would say : how can you stand it, they just complain all day

and they’ve always got their hand out.”

. . . Tense past tense present tense Future tense

Simple aspect

progressive aspect

perfect aspect

past simplesaw

past progwas/were seeing

past perfecthad seen

present simplesee

future simplewill see

present progam/is/are seeing

present perfecthave/has seen

future progwill be seeing

future perfectwill have seen

&Preliminaries &Tense has to be explicated in relation to the

time of utterance which makes it a deictic feature of language

Present Tense

Past Tense

Future Tense

Before the timeutterance

After the timeutterance

In the time utterance

&Preliminaries &Tenses are indicated by :1. Auxiliary verbs : will, have, be2. Irregular verbs : saw, seen, thoughts, is,

was, would3. Inflectional suffixes :

- Past tense : -ed- Present tense : -s or –es- Progressive : -ing- Past participle : -(e)n or -ed

&Present . past . future &

PRESENT : exist in a period of time that includes the time of utterance.

The cat is happy (now).

And also used for timeless truths.At sea level, water (always) boils at 100°C.

&Present . past . future &

There is also the present tense forms signal the future.

You arrive in Australia in time for the Melbourne Cup next year.

Next Wednesday I am examining in Newcastle.

&Present . past . future &PAST : exist in a period before the time of utterance.

We ate at 7 o’clock this morning.

And also illustrated the historic present.They were watching TV when suddenly a runaway truck crashes through

their living room wall.

&Present . past . future &FUTURE : exist in a period after the time of utterance. Such

prediction :Lemon juice will remove that stain.

Not only use will + verb but also use going to + verbHe’s going to stay at home and look after the kids.

Can also be used for timeless truths.A diamond will cut glass.

&tense and adverbials&

past time present tense Future tense

then

last yearlast Batille Day

yesterday

now then

at presentnowadays

Next yearTomorrow

In forty-five minutes from now

today, this week, this year

&tense and adverbials&

Today, this week, and this year can’t be just ‘at the time of utterance’ because they

denote periods too long to count as the time of utterance.

And they sets include not only the time of utterance but also either times prior to the

moment of utterance or times after the moment of utterance, or both.

. . . aspect

Grammatical resources for encoding the times profiles of states and events

within an interval of time.

Tense is deictic but aspect is not deictic.

&habituality and simple aspect&She loves music nowadays. (state)

He drinks decaffeinated coffee nowadays. (activity)

Little Mauric brushes his teeth by himself nowadays. (accomplishment)

The clown pops the ballon nowadays. (achievement)c

&habituality and simple aspect&

past simple present simple Future simple

She loved music.

He drank decaffeinated coffee.

Little Mauric brushed his teeth by himself.

The clown popped the balloon.

She loves music.

He drinks decaffeinated coffee.

Little Mauric brushshis teeth by himself.

The clown pops the balloon.

She will love music.

He will drink decaffeinated coffee.

Little Mauric will brush his teeth by himself.

The clown will pop the balloon.

&habituality and simple aspect&Habitual interpretations can be made obligatory by means of

certain adverbials :- In those days ( past tense )- Nowadays / these days ( present tense )- In future ( future tense )

&progressive aspect&

Marked by BE + verb-ing and presenting as an ongoing activity.

When the team reached the site at five-thirty in the morning, one of two family members would be waiting for them.

&progressive aspect&

It can be used to mentally extend even a short event like the departure of a bus into an ongoing activity.

Hurry, the bus is leaving.

&progressive aspect&

The progressive aspect disregards the end of an event is clearly seen in an effect that it has on the entailments with situation of

the accomplishment type

&progressive aspect&a. The firm demolished the building.

>>>>> The building came down.b. The firm has demolished the building.

>>>>> dittoc. The firm was demolishing the building.

doesn’t entail ditto

&perfect aspect&

The combination of the auxiliary HAVE (have,has or had ) in front of the past

participle form of a verb.

Used to indicate occurrences in the aftermath of an event or state.

&perfect aspect&a. The rain started.

b. The rain has started.

c. The rain was starting.

A switch from not raining to raining occurred.

We are in the after-math of a switch from not raining to raining.

There was a switch from not raining to raining.

&perfect aspect&

Klein (1992) has pointed out about using recently that it behaves as a past time

adverb.

*I have arrived yesterday.*They go there recently.

They went there recently.They have been there recently.

They have been there since 1999.

&perfect aspect&

In past perfect, we are talking about a time in the aftermath.

When he phoned, I had already sent the email.

When he phoned, I had sent the email.

. . . summary

Tense is deictic. It locates events in relation to the time of utterance :

present, past, and future. But time adverbials can help reveal the mapping

between tense forms and time.

Aspect is about the time profile of events : progressive and perfect.