Tense and aspect -clt framework

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Transcript of Tense and aspect -clt framework

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1. He used to smoke.

2. She works in the market.

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3. He is having supper.

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4. He got up at six o’ clock.

5. I‘ve been teaching for a long time.

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6. We’ll travel by plane.

7. We were out walking when it started to rain.

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8. It’s six o clock now, I shall have finished by eight o’clock.

..............x

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THE TENSE AND ASPECT

SYSTEM

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TENSE AND ASPECT

TENSE- it relates to time (past, present, future)

ASPECT- it does with the internal structure of the action occurring at anytime ( simple, perfect, progressive, perfect progressive)

TENSE-ASPECT- combination of tense and aspect

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TENSE

PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE

past present future

yesterday today/ nowtomorrow

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TENSE AND ASPECT

SIMPLE

PERFECT PROGRESSIVE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Ø Have+-en Be+-ing Have+-en be+-ing

Present Write/writesWalk/walks

Has/have writtenHas/have walked

Am/is/are writingAm/is/are walking

Has/have been writingHas/have been walking

Past Wrotewalked

Had writtenHad walked

Was/were writingWas/were walking

Had been writingHad been walking

Future Will writeWill walk

Will have writtenWill have walked

Will be writingWill be walking

Will have been writingWill have been walking

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ASPECT SIMPLE ASPECT- refers to events

that are conceptualized as complete wholes. The events are not presented as allowing for further development (Hirtle 1967)

PROGRESSIVE ASPECT- is imperfective, meaning that it portrays an event in a way that allows for it to be incomplete, or somehow limited.

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ASPECT PERFECT ASPECT- the core meaning is

“prior” and it is used in relation to some other point in time. For instance, present perfect is used retrospectively to refer to a time prior to now.

PERFECT PROGRESSIVE ASPECT- combines the sense of “prior” of the perfect with the meaning of “incompleteness” inherent in the progressive aspect.

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SIMPLE PRESENT FORM Remains in its base form (write, walk) and

the third person singular is made by adding an –s to the verb (writes, walks)

MEANING Conveys immediate factuality (Lewis 1986)

The earth rotates around the sun. Habitual action in the present

He walks to school every day.

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General timeless truths, such as physical laws or customs

Water freezes at 0 degrees centigrade.\

Expresses future (when a schedules event is involved, usually with a future-time adverbial)I have a meeting next Wednesday at that time.

SIMPLE PRESENT

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Present event/action (usually in sporting events or demonstrations/procedures of some sort)

Now I add three eggs to the mixture.

SIMPLE PRESENT

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Time expressions always, usually, often, frequently,

normally, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely, hardly ever, almost, never

all the time, most of the time, in general, generally, every, once a week, from time to time, now and then, off and on, once in a while

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FORM Combines a form of be verb (am, is, are) with

the present participle an “ing” form = am/is/are + present participle (V-ing)

MEANING Activity in progress He is attending the meeting now.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS

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A temporary situation

Phyllis is living with her parents. Repetition or iteration in a series of similar

ongoing actions.

Henry is kicking the soccer ball around the backyard.

Expresses future (when event is planned; usually with a future-time adverbial)

She is coming tomorrow.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS

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Emotional comment on present habit (usually co-occurring with frequency adverbs always or forever)He is always delivering in a clutch situation. (approving)He is forever acting up at these affairs. ( disapproving)

A change in progressShe is becoming more and more like her mother.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS

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Time expressions

now, right now, today, this year (month, week), at this moment, these days, nowadays, currently, at present, presently.

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COMPARISON OF THE USESIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

a. A habit Why do you wear

glasses? (habitual)

b. Permanent situation Linda lives with her

parents. (permanent-because it costs her too much to live alone)

c. General situation What do you do for

Thanksgiving? (the holiday each year)

a. Action happening at the moment of speaking

Why are you wearing glasses? ( moment of speech)

b. Temporary event Linda is living with her

parents. (temporary-until she gets a better job)

c. Specific event What are you doing for

Thanksgiving? (one specific Thanksgiving holiday- the forthcoming one)

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SIMPLE PRESENT

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

COMPARISON OF THE USE

PAST NOW

FUTURE

PAST NOW

FUTURE

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ACTIVITY

Use either the simple present or the present progressive to complete the dialogue between Corky and Borgy.

Example:

Corky and Borgy __________ (prepare) for their Christmas Party tomorrow.

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PRESENT PERFECTFORM Is formed with the verb has(3rd person

singular)/have and the past participle. “en” for irregular verb (written) “ed” for regular verb (walked) = Has/ have + past participle

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MEANING

A situation that began at a prior point in time and continues into the present.

I have been a teacher since 2007.

PRESENT PERFECT

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PRESENT PERFECT A very recently completed action (often with

JUST, RECENTLY, JUST RECENTLY)Mort has just finished his homework.

Indicates an action that happened at an UNSPECIFIED TIME in the past that has CURRENT RELEVANCE (usually with ALREADY)

DOH has already warned the people about dengue fever.

Dengue has already infected millions of people.

Dengue __________ (infect) many Filipino children in 2004.

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MEANING

Indicates an action that happened in the past, and got completed immediately before or at the time of

speaking (usually with FOR and SINCE.For many decades, dengue fever HAS BEEN

one of the most life threatening diseases of the warmest climates.

PRESENT PERFECT

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MEANING

Indicates a repetitive action BEFORE NOW (usually with SEVERAL TIMES,

MANY TIMES and REPEATEDLY).Dengue HAS ATTACKED our community

SEVERAL TIMES.

I HAVE repeatedly CALLED the attention of our leaders about the dengue epidemic.

PRESENT PERFECT

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Time expressions

already, just, just recently, yet, never, still, ever, so, far, up to now, repeatedly, many times, several times, twice, for (+period of time), since, (+beginning time)

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PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

FORM Can be seen to be a combination of the perfect

form with have + -en and the progressive form with be + -ing. In this case the be verb of the progressive carries the –en perfect ending, it is in the past participle form been.

= has/have been + present participle

(-ing)

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PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

MEANING A situation or habit that began in the past

(recent or distant) and that continues up to the present ( and possibly into the future)

Burt has been going out with Alice. An action in progress that is not yet

completed

I have been reading that book.

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PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

A state that changes over time

The students have been getting better and better.

Indicates that an action happened in a specific duration or time in the past and continues to occur up to the future time.

Up to now, the Health Department HAS BEEN TRYING to discover a vaccine for the disease.

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Time expressions

recently, so, far, up to now, to date, all day long, all my life, for (+period of time), since, (+beginning time), how long (for questioning)

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COMPARISON OF THE USE

PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

a. Prior event I have visited my great-

grandmother. (prior event)

b. Continuation being only a possibility

I have taught for 25 years. (so now, it’s time to think about doing something else

c. Completed action Gail has remodelled her

home. (complete)

a. Specific and possibly still ongoing activity

I have been visiting my great-grandmother. (possibly still ongoing)

b. Strong implication of continuation

I have been teaching for 25 years. (and I can’t imagine doing anything else)

c. Single accomplishment, incomplete.

Gail has been remodelling her home. (incomplete)

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SummaryLegend habitual action Completed action Continuous action Repetitive completed action/

recent completed action

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SIMPLE PRESENT

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

COMPARISON OF THE USE

PAST NOW

FUTURE

PAST NOW

FUTURE

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PRESENT

PERFECT

PRESENT

PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

COMPARISON OF THE USE

PAST NOW

FUTURE

PAST NOW

FUTURE

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ACTIVITY:

Complete the following text by putting the verbs in the parentheses in either the present perfect or present perfect progressive.

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SIMPLE PAST TENSEFORM Is formed by using its past form; infliction of -

d/ -ed for regular verbs and definite for irregular verbs or 0 inflection.

Remains invariant for all persons and number, except for past linking verbs, was and were.

Walk-walked= regular verb Write-wrote= irregular verb

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SIMPLE PAST TENSEMEANING Notions of completeness and

remoteness in timea. A definite single completed event/ action

in the pastI attended the meeting of that committee last week.

b. Habitual or repeated action/ event in the pastIt rained almost every weekend last July.

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SIMPLE PAST TENSEc. An event with duration that applied in the past

with the implication that it no longer applies in the presentProfessor Nelson taught at this university for 30 years.

d. With states in the pastHe owed me a lot of money.

e. Indicates that the past even has no room for changeLowla closed the door.

f. Social distancing Did you want to sit down and stay a while?

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TIME EXPRESSIONS last year, last week,

yesterday, last night, a week (month, year) ago, in 1750 (any year that had passed)

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PAST PROGRESSIVEFORM Combines the past form of the be verb,

here in two forms- first and third person singular form was and all the other persons and numbers with were- followed by the present participle.

= was/were + present participle

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PAST PROGRESSIVEMEANINGa. An action in progress at a specific point of time

in the past.He was walking to school at 8:30 this morning.

b. Past action simultaneous with some other event that is usually stated in the simple past.Karen was washing her hair when the phone rang.While Alex was travelling in Europe, he ran into an old friend.

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PAST PROGRESSIVEc. Repetition or iteration of some ongoing

past action. Jake was coughing all night long.

d. Social distancing ( which comes from the past tense and the tentativeness of the progressive aspect)

I was hoping you could lend me P10.

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TIME EXPRESSIONS all day (morning, week),

in (during, by), the summer, just a minute ago, at that time, during that time, at this this time, last month (week, year)

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COMPARISON OF THE USESIMPLE PAST PAST PROGRESSIVE

a. Complete action He drowned in the lake.

b. Sees the event as a totality with no room for change.

He left when I came.

a. Incomplete action He was drowning in the

lake, so the lifeguard raced into the water. (incomplete)

b. Indicates that an event has already begun and extends the event in time and thus allows for a change or its interruption

He was leaving when I came in. (and so may have changed his mind and stayed)

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COMPARISON OF THE USESIMPLE PAST PAST PROGRESSIVE

c. Permanent state They lived in Baltimore

all their lives. (past permanent)

c. Temporary state They were living in

Baltimore during the seventies. (past temporary)

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SummaryLegend habitual action Continuous action

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SIMPLE PRESENT

SIMPLE PAST

COMPARISON OF THE USE

PAST NOW

FUTURE

PAST NOW

FUTURE

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PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

COMPARISON OF THE USE

PAST NOW

FUTURE

PAST PROGRESSIVE PAST

NOWFUTURE

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COMPARISON OF THE USE

PAST PROGRESSIVE PAST

NOWFUTURE

SIMPLE PASTPAST

NOWFUTURE

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Activity Read the following text about a real

life embarrassing experience of some teenagers. Use the verb in the parentheses in either the simple past or past progressive. Show Off Pole PositionPuberty Patrol

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I (1. surf) ______________ at the beach with my friends, and we (2. have) ______________ a contest to see who could catch the biggest wave in order to show off in front of this gorgeous girl lifeguard. I (3. see) ______________a gigantic wave coming my way so I (4. call) ______________ it, and (5. paddle out) ______________ for some fun. I didn’t paddle fast enough and the wave (6. crash down) ______________ on me and pushed me under. The next thing I (7. know) ______________, the hot life guard (8. grab) ______________ me from under the water and (9. pull) ______________ me to shore. All my friends (10. laugh) ______________ at that time, and I (11. feel) ______________ like an idiot. I (12. thank) ______________ her for saving me, but then she (13. begin) ______________ to give me a lecture on being safe at the beach. That was the last time I (14. risk) ______________ my life for a girl. For my humiliation, I (15. don't even get) ______________ a mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

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I (1. have) ______________ a huge crush on a girl who was completely out of my league. As luck would have it, I (2. be pair up) ______________ with her for a class project, and we (3. become) ______________ pretty good friends. One day, she (4. ask) ______________ me to hang out with her during lunch. I (5. make) ______________ my way across the quad with her and I (6. notice) ______________ that her friends (7. check) ______________ me out. I (8. try) ______________ to be so cool and nonchalant, I (9. walk) ______________ straight into a pole. Everyone (10. laugh) ______________ at me including the girl of my dreams. It was real nightmare!

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When I (1. be) ______________ 15, I (2. work) ______________ in a grocery store and (3. have) ______________to help with all stock – related questions. One day, I (4. respond) ______________ to a cashier’s price check over the P.A. system when puberty suddenly (5. kick in) ______________. As I (6. answer) ______________ on the store speakers, my voice fluctuated from low to high - it (7. sound) ______________ like I (8. yodel) ______________. Everyone in the store, including my co – workers (9. laugh) ______________! I just (10. bolt) ___________to the parking lot to retrieve shopping carts for the rest of the day.

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PRESENT PERFECT A very recently completed action (often with

JUST, RECENTLY, JUST RECENTLY)Mort has just finished his homework.

Indicates an action that happened at an UNSPECIFIED TIME in the past that has CURRENT RELEVANCE (usually with ALREADY)

DOH has already warned the people about dengue fever.

Dengue has already infected millions of people.

Dengue __________ (infect) many Filipino children in 2004.

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PRESENT PERFECT VS. SIMPLE PAST Past with PRESENT RELEVANCE/Past involving the PRESENT.

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COMPARISON OF THE USE

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST

TEMPORAL ADVERBIALS (since, yet, for already, just)

I HAVE JOINED the Olympics since 1992.

SPECIFIC PAST TIME ADVERBIALS (yesterday, last year)

I JOINED the Olympics last year.

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COMPARISON OF THE USE

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST

INDEFINITE QUESTION

HAVE you JOINED the Olympics? The asker has no

idea if the person she/he is talking to has competed in an international sports competition.

DEFINITE QUESTION

DID you JOIN the Olympics? You said you

competed in an international sports competition

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COMPARISON OF THE USE: 1. continuation up to the present timePRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST

State-up-to-the PRESENT meaning

Habit-up-to-the present meaning

His sister has been an invalid all her life. (She is still alive)

Indefinite past meaning

His sister was an invalid all her life. She is now dead.

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Comparison on the useSIMPLE PAST

T.E. PRESENT PERFECT

T.E.

I graduated from DLSU in 2009.

In (year) I have graduated in DLSU.

Not specified

I submitted my application letter yesterday

Yesterday I have already submitted my application letter

Already

I have not submitted my letter yet.

Yet

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SIMPLE PAST

COMPARISON OF THE USE

PAST NOW

FUTURE

PRESENT

PERFECTPAST

NOWFUTURE

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Activity Read the following

article about Dr. Martina Romero, then underline the correct form of the verb in the parentheses.

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PAST PERFECTFORM

Is made with the past form of have which is had followed by past participle of the main verb.

= had+ past participle (-en/ -ed)

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PAST PERFECTMEANING (completed)

a. An action completed in the past prior to some other past event or time/ Indicates that two past actions happened SEQUENTIALLY

He had already left before I could offer him a ride. She had worked at the post office before 1962.

b. Indicates an action that was expected to occur in the past

Mike had expected her to come to the party.

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PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

FORM Is formed with the past form of the

have verb (had) followed by the past participle of the be verb (been) and the present participle of the main verb.

= had been+ present participle (-ing)

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PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

MEANING (continuous)

a. An action or habit taking place over a period of time in the past prior to some other past event or time.

Carol had been working hard, so her doctor told her to take a vacation.

She had been trying to finish her degree that year.

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PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

b. A past action in progress that was interrupted by a more recent past action.

We had been planning to go in Makati, but changed our minds after receiving the call from Mr. Dela Cruz.

c. Indicates that an action or habit was taking place over a period of time.

He had been longing to be loved by Lea ever since he met her.

Generally, for the perfect aspect, HAD is used on the

action that occurred first.

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THE USE OF PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

To say that something had been happening for a period of time before something else happened ( Raymond Murphy, 2004)

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SummaryLegend habitual action Completed action Continuous action Repetitive completed action/

recent completed actionSequential actionsIntercepted actions

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SIMPLE PRESENT

SIMPLE PAST

COMPARISON OF THE USE

PAST NOW

FUTURE

PAST NOW

FUTURE

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PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

COMPARISON OF THE USE

PAST NOW

FUTURE

PAST PROGRESSIVE PAST

NOWFUTURE

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COMPARISON OF THE USE

PRESENT PERFECT

PAST PERFECTPAST

NOWFUTURE

PAST NOW

FUTURE

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COMPARISON OF THE USE

PRESENT PERFECT

PROGRESSIVE

PAST PERFECT

PROGRESSIVEPAST

NOWFUTURE

PAST NOW

FUTURE

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Activity Directions: Read the

following article about Diana. Then give the correct form of the verb in the parentheses using the simple past, past perfect, or past perfect progressive.

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SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE : Will

FORM

Uses the modal will with the base form of the verb to indicate that the action takes place in the future.

=will + base form of the verb

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SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE:WILL

MEANING

a. An action to take place at some definite future time

Joel will take the bar exam next month.

b. In a formal situation, expressing a future event that will not happen immediately

Well, Mr. Secretary, the senate will approve it next week.

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SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE WILL

c. Expressing strong predictions You will definitely pass your exam. You will surely reap the fruit of your

labor eventually.

d. Expressing future plans or intentions (decisions was made at the time of speaking)

I will decide on it then and there. The phone is ringing. I will answer it.

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TIME EXPRESSIONS Tomorrow, next week

(day, month, year), in the future, from now on, tonight, next time, next semester, in a minute.

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SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE : BE GOING TO FORM

Uses the PHRASAL modal BE GOING TO with the base form of the verb to indicate that the action takes place in the future.

=BE GOING TO + base form of the verb

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SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE:BE GOING TO

MEANING

a. Expressing future plans or intentions (decision was made before speaking)

In March, I am going to visit my hometown.

b. Predicting and expressing expectations about the future

Our team is going to win the game.

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SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE: BE GOING TO c. Expressing an action that will

happen very soon / immediately Be careful! That building is going to

collapse.

d. Expressing expectations that are NOT 100 PERCENT SURE (with probably)

They are probably going to visit us next week.

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TIME EXPRESSIONS This afternoon

(weekend, evening), later tomorrow, tonight, soon, now, in a few minutes, next month

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SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE : SIMPLE PRESENT

FORM

Uses the PHRASAL modal BE GOING TO with the base form of the verb to indicate that the action takes place in the future.

=BE GOING TO + base form of the verb

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SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE:BE GOING TO

MEANING

a. Expressing future plans or intentions (decision was made before speaking)

In March, I am going to visit my hometown.

b. Predicting and expressing expectations about the future

Our team is going to win the game.

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SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE: BE GOING TO c. Expressing an action that will

happen very soon / immediately Be careful! That building is going to

collapse.

d. Expressing expectations that are NOT 100 PERCENT SURE (with probably)

They are probably going to visit us next week.

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TIME EXPRESSIONS This afternoon

(weekend, evening), later, tomorrow, tonight, soon, now, in a few minutes, next month

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FUTURE TENSE: SIMPLE PRESENT FORM Remains in its base form (write, walk)

and the third person singular is made by adding an –s to the verb (writes, walks)

MEANING Expresses future (when a schedules event

is involved, usually with a future-time adverbial)

I have a meeting next Wednesday at that time.

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SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE: SIMPLE

PRESENTExpressing a future habitual

action or state My father goes to office at 9

am everyday. (the statement was made before the actual action happens, maybe at 7 am)

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TIME EXPRESSIONS Tomorrow, next week

(day, month, year), in the future, from now on, tonight, next time, next semester, in a minute

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FORM Combines a form of be verb (am, is, are) with

the present participle an “ing” form = am/is/are + present participle (V-ing)

MEANING Expresses future (when event is planned;

usually with a future-time adverbial)

She is coming tomorrow..

SIMPLE FUTURE: PRESENT PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS

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MEANING Expresses future MEANING with

verbs of MOVEMENT OR TRANSPORTATION such as come, go, leave, drive and fly.

I am leaving in a few minutes. How about Jacky?

SIMPLE FUTURE: PRESENT PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS

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MEANING Expresses future plans that are not

100 percent sure. (usually with PROBABLY)

My parents are PROBABLY attending the PTA. How about you?

Mother is PROBABLY not coming.

SIMPLE FUTURE: PRESENT PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS

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Note: Sometimes the present progressive and BE GOING TO hava a similar meaning. However, you have to use BE GOING TO (not present progressive) for predictions or guesses about the future.

Correct: Mother is going to win the lottery next week

Wrong: Mother is winning the lottery next week.

SIMPLE FUTURE: PRESENT PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS

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FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

FORM Forms by the modal will

followed by present progressive

= will + be + present participle (-ing)

.

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FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

MEANING

a. An action that will be in progress at a specific time in the future.

He will be taking the test at 8 A.M tomorrow

b. Duration of some specific future action Mavis will be working on her thesis for the

next three years.

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TIME EXPRESSIONS At 5 pm, at this tomorrow,

at that time, the day after tomorrow, a week (month, year) from today, this weekend, for the next two (three, etc) years

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FUTURE PERFECT

FORM

Forms by the modal will and followed by the present perfect (have + past participle)

= will + have + past participle (-en)

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FUTURE PERFECT

MEANING

a. A future action that will be completed prior to a specific future time

I will have finished all this word processing by 5 P.M.

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FUTURE PERFECT

MEANING

b. A state or accomplishment that will be competed in the future prior to some other future time or event

At the end of the summer the Blakes will have been married for 10 years.

By the end of the year, you will have accomplished a major project that will prove them wrong.

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TIME EXPRESSIONS By next week (month,

year, etc), when time comes, when someone arrives or comes, when I reach 60 (any age)

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FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

FORM Forms by the modal will

followed by present perfect progressive.

= will + have + been + present participle (-ing)

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FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

MEANING Durative or habitual action that is taking

place in the present and that will continue into the future up until or through a specific future time.

On Christmas Eve we will have been living in the same house for 20 years.

He will have been keeping a journal for 10 years next month.

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FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

MEANING Indicates that a future action is

INTERCEPTED by another future action.

As she will teach me the vocal techniques, I will have been singing my favorite song.

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SummaryLegend habitual action Completed action Continuous action Sequential actionsIntercepted actions

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SIMPLE FUTURE

SIMPLE PAST

COMPARISON OF THE USE

PAST NOW

FUTURE

PAST NOW

FUTURE

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FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

COMPARISON OF THE USE

PAST NOW

FUTURE

PAST PROGRESSIVE PAST

NOWFUTURE

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COMPARISON OF THE USE

FUTURE PERFECTPAST

NOWFUTURE

PAST PERFECTPAST

NOWFUTURE

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COMPARISON OF THE USE

PAST

PERFECT

PROGRESSIVE

FUTURE PERFECT

PROGRESSIVE

PAST NOW

FUTURE

PAST NOW

FUTURE

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SIMPLE FUTURE (WILL) VERSUS OTHER WAYS OF INDICATING FUTURITY

a. Will is used for the following:

1. Future predictions Belinda will be 40 next year.

2. Spontaneous decision when the person has control over the action:

I will get the phone.

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SIMPLE FUTURE (WILL) VERSUS OTHER WAYS OF INDICATING FUTURITY

b. Be going to is used for the following:1. Future predictions (more informal than will); Belinda is going to be 40 next year.2. Future intensions (based on prior decisions) Randy and Joyce are going to get married in

October.3. Future certainty based on current condition or

present evidences; Pauline is going to have a baby. It is going to rain today.

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SIMPLE FUTURE (WILL) VERSUS OTHER WAYS OF INDICATING FUTURITY

c. Present progressive is used for the future plans that have already been made.

I am marching the parade next week.d. Simple present is used for:1. Fixed scheduled events: We get paid next Friday.2. Subordinate clauses of time (i.e., those

beginning with when, after, before, etc.) or condition (i.e., provided that, if as long as, etc.)

If the train arrives on time, we will beat rush hour getting home.

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DISTINCTIONS IN SIMPLE FUTURE

SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Scheduled events and future plans

Formal and impersonal Less formal

For travel arrangements and fixed timetables

For arrangements

Aunt Jeanne arrives today. Aunt Jeanne is arriving today.

BE GOING TO PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Focuses more on the speaker’s plans or intensions

Emphasizes that the arrangements have already been made

I am going to stay at the Marriott. I am staying at the Marriott.

BE GOING TO WILL

Expresses the speaker’s certainty Used to make strong prediction

Especially when there is evidence in the present to support the prediction.

Not necessarily

Mark is going to be tall like his dad. Mark will be tall like his dad. (?)

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DISTINCTIONS IN SIMPLE FUTURE

BE GOING TO WILL

Expresses the speaker’s certainty Used to make strong prediction

Especially when there is evidence in the present to support the prediction.

Not necessarily

Mark is going to be tall like his dad. ?Mark will be tall like his dad.

Used with more premeditated ones Used for quick, “on –the-spot” decisions

What can I give Jill for her birthday?

Oh! I know. ? I am going to get her that new novel.

Oh! I know. I will get her that new novel.

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DISTINCTIONS IN SIMPLE FUTURE

Finally, when they occur together, the be going to tends to come first, to introduce the event, with details supplied with will.

Tomorrow night we are going to have a cookout. Our guests will bring something to grill, and we will supply the rest.

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USE OF THE FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

Allows for the possibility of change with regard to some future event.

We will be offering that class next semester. (more tentative in that it allows to change)

We will offer hat class next semester. (more definite)

To say you will be in the middle of doing it in the future. (R. Murphy, 2004)

This time next week I’ll be on holiday. I will be lying on the beach or swimming in the sea.

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TENSE – ASPECT SYSTEM Prior past perfect

Past incomplete past progressive- (event is subject to change)

Complete simple past (event is conceived of as a whole) remoteness

Prior present perfect

Present incomplete present progressive

Complete; simple present immediate factuality

Prior future perfect

Future incomplete future progressive

Complete; simple future strong prediction

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THE LEXICAL ASPECT OF VERBS

FOUR CATEGORIES OF VERBS BASED ON INHERENT LEXICAL ASPECT

ACTIVITY ACCOMPLISHMENT ACHIEVEMENT (PUNCTUAL)

STATE

Run Paint (a picture) Recognize (something)

Have

Walk Make (a chair) Realize (something)

Contain

Swim Build (a house) Lose (something) Seem

live Write (a novel) Find (something) Want

study Grow up Win the race like

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THE LEXICAL ASPECT OF VERBSACTIVITY VERBS Are durative and describe an ongoing

action Have an undefined beginning and end

pointACCOMPLISHMENT VERBS Share with activity verbs their durativity but

each as well-defined end point, when the particular action described in the verb phrase is – or is not-completed.

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THE LEXICAL ASPECT OF VERBSACHIEVEMENTS VERBS Have a well defined end point; no

duration; and punctual.

STATIVE VERBS Do not involve change; depict a stable

situation that is assumed to last more or less definite.

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SUBCATEGORIES OF STATIVE VERBS

SENSORY PERCEPT-ION

MENTAL PERCEPT-ION

POSSESS-ION

EMOTIONS, ATTITUDES AND OPINIONS

MEASURE-MENTS

RELATION-SHIP

DESCRIPT-ION

Smell Know Possess Like Equal Contain Be

See Believe Have Love Measure Entail Resemble

Hear Think Own Hate Weight Consist of Sound

Taste understand Belong Dislike cost Appear

feel Mean Want Seem

doubt Desire look

Need

Prefer

Appreciate

wish

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INTERACTION OF FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES OF VERBS WITH THE ASPECT It has been said that stative verbs do not

normally take the progressive because of a fundamental semantic conflict between a grammatical aspect that denotes a limited duration and lexical aspect that expresses a stable state. (Murcia 2008)

I am knowing the answer. I know the answer.

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INTERACTION OF FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES OF VERBS WITH THE ASPECTHowever, such an unqualified generalization

discounts the frequently observation that the progressive can occur with stative verbs to achieve certain effects (Kesner Bland 1988).

a. Intensify the emotion expressed by the verb:

I am hating this assignment. I hate this assignment.b. Indicate current behavior as opposed to

general description: He is being rude. (cf) He is rude.

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INTERACTION OF FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES OF VERBS WITH THE ASPECTc. introduce change in states by focusing on

differences in degree across time: I am understanding less and less about life,

the older I get.Other uses of progressive statives found by

Gavis (1997)d. show limited duration Are you understanding this?e. Emphasize conscious involvement: What we are seeing is a red dwarf star.

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INTERACTION OF FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES OF VERBS WITH THE ASPECTf. Show vividness One night in the middle of the night, I am

hearing dripping.

g. Express politeness Are you liking it?

h. Mitigate criticism I like the first piano notes, I am not liking

it where the strings come in.

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thank you!