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TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CENTRAL MACEDONIADEPARMENT OF INFORMATICS & COMMUNICATIONS
------------------Master of Science in Communication & Information Systems
Serres, December 2013
Georgia KontoglouSupervisor Dr.Tsitsos Stilianos
DESIGN OF A WILKINSON POWER DESIGN OF A WILKINSON POWER DIVIDER WITH ADDITIONAL DIVIDER WITH ADDITIONAL
TRANSMISSION LINESTRANSMISSION LINES
Abstract
Problem : In designing a conventional Wilkinson power divider, the isolation resistor must be connected to two quarter-wave transmission lines and two
output ports. This physical proximity creates more parasitics and undesirable coupling between the two transmission lines as frequency increases.
Objectives: A modified Wilkinson power divider with additional transmission lines, able to overcome the above problems will be designed, simulated, constructed and tested.
Methodology: Review of the relevant theory and then design, simulate and optimize the circuit using the Advanced Design System (ADS) software package, implement the circuit using microstrip transmission lines.
Microwave power dividers
• Power dividers are passive microwave devices used for power division or power combining.
• an input signal is divided into two (or more) output signals of lesser power. • may be symmetric, antisymmetric, may have any number of isolated or non-
isolated ports (which may be in-phase or out-of-phase) and equal (3 dB), or
unequal power division ratio.
• Applications : in distribution networks for antenna arrays , in microwaves amplifiers and oscillators , in digital high speed circuit interconnects.
Wilkinson power divider• Splits power in any ratio.• Lossless when the output ports are matched. Achieves isolation between the output
ports while maintaining a matched condition on all ports.
Figure 1: Wilkinson power divider(a)An equal-split Wilkinson power divider in microstrip form. (b) Equivalent transmission line circuit.
• This circuit can be analysed by reducing it to two simpler circuits driven by symmetric and antisymmetric sources at the output ports and apply the “even” and “odd” mode analysis technique.
Figure 2 : The Wilkinson power divider circuit in normalized and symmetric form.
• For simplicity, all impedances are normalised to the characteristic impedance Zo, and voltage generators are added to the output ports.
• Even and odd mode analysis is applied to the circuit in order to determine the parameters of the circuit.
Even mode analysis• No current flows through the r/2 resistors or the short circuit between the inputs of the two transmission lines at port 1.
Figure 3 : Bisection of the circuit
•Looking through port 2,the impedance is:
ineZ
2
2Z =
For matching port 2 , should Ζ=√2 , Ζin=1• We obtain V2eve=Vo• Using transmission lines equation : 21 jVV e
2 0eveV V
Odd mode analysis
• Vg2=-Vg3, so there is a voltage null along the middle of the circuit . • We can then bisect this circuit by grounding it at two points on its midplane.
Figure 4 : Bisection of the circuit
Looking into port 2, we see an impedance of r/2, since the parallel-connected transmission line is λ/4 long and shorted at port 1, and so looks like an open circuit at port 2.• In order port 2 to be matched we select r=2.• Thus we obtain : Vodd2= Vo and Vodd1=0
• The input impedance at port 1 :
1)2(2
1 2 inZ
• In summary we can establish the following S-parameters for the Wilkinson power divider:
011 S
2/3113 jSS 03223 SS
(Zin = 1 at port 1 ) (ports 2 and 3 matched for even and odd modes )
2112 SS 2/2
02
10
1j
VV
VVe
e
= (symmetry due to reciprocity )
(symmetry of ports 2 and 3 )
(due to short or open at bisection )
S22 = S33 = 0
A general model of modified Wilkinson Power Dividers with additional transmission lines
• The generalized circuit that is going to be discussed: Terminal loads are represented by Ra ,Rb , and Rc Zb1, Zc1 and θ1 stand for characteristic impedances and electrical lengths of the
upper and lower transmission lines Zb2, Zc2, and θ2 are the characteristic impedances and electrical lengths of
additional transmission lines
• Even and odd mode analysis is applied to the circuit in order to determine the parameters of the circuit.
Figure 4 : Circuit model to be discussed
Figure 6: Upper circuit
• The fed power ratio of port 3 to port 2 is defined to be k2 to 1
• By the even-mode, the circuit can be divided into two equivalent circuits having symmetric voltage distribution, and no currents flow to the isolation resistor . The following equation denotes input admittance from port 2 to port 1 :
(4.6)
• From the real part of (4.6):
(4.7)
(4.8)
Even mode analysis
11 2
11 1 2
tan tan( tan )
1eve b abINb
b ab b b b
Z jRj
R jZ Z RY
2
1
b
b
Z QZ P
• From the imaginary part of (4.6):2 21 1
2 21
1(1 ) tan
1 b b
aab b b
Z Z PR R k R R
Figure 7: Lower circuit
• When port 2 and 3 are excited by an equal amplitude and out-of-phase current, the circuit is divided.
• Solving the real and imaginary part we obtain :
(4.12)
(4.15)
(4.16)
(4.17)
(4.18)
Odd mode analysis
2
2 2
2
11 2 ( tan )
tan1 1tan
b ab
ab b
oddINb
b b b
jR
R jZjZ Z RZY
2 22
1 2 22
(1 )(1 ) (1 )
ab bb
a b b
k Z R Rk R R Z P
Z
222(1 )
bab
a
Z Pk R
R
22 2
2(1 1/ ) bacab ab
a
Z PR k R
k RR R
21
1 2 21
(1 )tan
(1 )a b
a b b
k R R Pk R R Z
2
21 1
(1 )tan
b
kP
k R
R
θ2(4.19)
If the sign of (4.18) is negative, the sign of (4.19) must be positive by (4.7) and (4.10)
Figure 8: Upper circuit
Figure 9: Lower circuit
12(1 )0 b a bk R RZ
2
2(1 )0 ba bk R R
PZ
20 (1 ) bR k R
11 ( 1) tan
2n Pn
12 tanm Pm
Regarding the ranges of all values, firstly, (4.18) gives the ranges of Zb1 and θ1,
and, secondly, (4.15) gives the range of Zb2. Finally the ranges of θ2 and R are
determined. Consequently:
(4.21)
(4.22)
(4.23)
(4.24)
(4.25)where n and m are any integer.
Within these ranges, all other values are determined
Design and implementation of Wilkinson Power Divider with additional transmission lines
• The central operating frequency was selected to be 2 GHz.
Calculation of the electrical parameter values of the modified power divider
The terminal loads Ra, Rb, Rc are selected to be 50 Ω
Table 1: Calculated electrical parameter values
Parameter Value
Zb1 , Zc1 60 Ω
Zb2 , Zc2 60 Ω
R 72 Ω
θ1 117.89o
θ2 27.88ο
S12 S21 S13 S31 S23 S32 S11 S22 S33
-3.010 -3.010 -3.010 -3.010 -83.121 -83.121 -83.078 -103.123 -103.123
Scattering parameter values vs frequency in 2GHz frequency (dB)
In accordance with the above scattering parameter values, results the following:
• The Reflection Loss parameters in every port are having large negative values in dB. That means that in ports returns a signal of small power due to reflection. Therefore, all the ports are matched.• The isolation between port 2 and port 3,,is having a large negative value in dB. That means that the ratio of power that flows between these two ports is very small. This results to the fact that there is a good isolation between port 2 and 3.• The power that flows from port 1 to port 2 and port 3, is -3.010 dB (0.5).So the ratio of power that flows from port1 to the two others is 50%.As we can see, the circuit achieves an equal power division.
Design of the modified power divider using microstrip transmission lines
The parameters of the dielectric substrate :
• Substrate thickness H=0.52 mm • Conductor thickness T=0.035 mm • Relative dielectric constant Er=3.55 • Dielectric loss tangent TanD=0.0027 • Conductor surface roughness Rough=0 mm• Conductor conductivity in Siemens/meter Cond=5.813e7
Table 3: Calculated physical dimensions Line Characteristic
Impedance(Ohm)Electrical Length
(degrees)Width (mm) Lengh
(mm)
TL1 60 117.89 0.817713 30.0495
TL2 60 117.89 0.817713 30.0495
TL3 60 27.88 0.817713 7.10645
TL4 60 27.88 0.817713 7.10645
Scattering parameter values vs frequency in 2GHz frequency (dB)
S12 S21 S13 S31 S23 S32 S11 S22 S33
-3.077 -3.077 -3.077 -3.077 -55.599 -55.599 -48.734 -50.848 -50.848
In accordance with the above scattering parameter values, results the following:
• The Reflection Loss parameters in every port are having large negative values in dB. That means that in ports returns a signal of small power due to reflection. Therefore, all the ports are matched.• The isolation between port 2 and port 3,,is having a large negative value in dB. That means that the ratio of power that flows between these two ports is very small. This results to the fact that there is a good isolation between port 2 and 3.• The power that flows from port 1 to port 2 and port 3, is -3.077 dB (49.23%). As we can see, the circuit achieves an equal power division with a small deviation of 0.77%. This happens because of the losses to the dielectric substrate of the microstrip line.
Figure 14: Layout for the circuit
Figure 15: Constructed modified power divider with microstrip transmission lines
Construction and results
• The circuit constructed with the values that were calculated and the dielectric substratethat has been discussed
• The S-parameters was obtained using the Agilent E5071C microwave vector network analyzer
• The losses in the cable connected between the power divider and the network analyzer were calibrated
• The return loss associated with each port was measured while any unused ports were terminated with 50Ω loads.
S21 (dB) S31 (dB) S32 (dB) S11 (dB) S22 (dB) S33 (dB)
-3.5 -3.194 -27.973 -39.338 -42.932 -29.932
Table 5: Scattering parameter values vs frequency for Fig11 in 2GHz frequency
•A nearly equal power split is achieved by power divider. The parameter S21 is -3.5 dB, which means 44.6% of the input power is delivered to the one output. The parameter S31 is -3.194 dB, which means 47.9% of the input power is delivered to the second output. This further demonstrates the symmetry of device because S21 is essentially equal to S31.
•The isolation between the output ports for the modified power divider is -27.973 dB.That means that has a transmission coefficient that is close to zero, implying high isolation between ports two and three. Therefore there is not significant power transmission between the two output ports.
•The return losses for each port of the power divider are shown in Fig.16, Fig.17, and Fig.18.S11 parameter is -39.338 dB at the central operating frequency, this is almost equal to zero, so there are nearly no losses to port 1.The return loss for port 2 is -42.932 dB and for port 3 -29.932 dB. Therefore, there are not return losses due to reflection at port 2 and port 3 too. The ports are matched.
Figure 16: Power rate between port 1 and port 2 (S21 parameter)
Figure 17: Power rate between port 1 and port 3 (S31 parameter)
Figure 18: Isolation between the output ports (S23 parameter)
Figure 19: Input’s Return Loss (S11 parameter)
Conclusion
A generalized model for modified Wilkinson power divider has been presented and discussed using a modified even- and odd- modes method.
Experimental results showed the validity of the design equations and that modified power divider indeed can solve the problems of parasitics and undesirable coupling between the transmission lines.
Further development of this project can be achieved by designing the same circuit for dual band or for wideband.