Technical Cooperation Project RER/8/010

Electron Accelerator Facilities

Zbigniew Zimek, Sylwester BułkaDepartment of Radiation Chemistry and Technology

Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology

Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland

Regional Training Course on Validation and Process Control

for Electron Beam Radiation Processing

Technical Cooperation Project RER/8/010

“Quality Control Methods and Procedures for Radiation Technology”Warsaw, Poland, 3 - 8 December 2007

03 - 08 December 2007

Zbigniew ZIMEK, Sylwester BUŁKA,

INCT, Warsaw, POLAND 2

Aspects of progress in development of

industrial accelerators

� Adaptation of accelerators primary built for scientific experiments

� Electron energy and beam power increase in certain accelerator

constructions

� Computer control system managing accelerator start-up, routine

operation and technological process, maintenance (diagnostics)

� Accelerator technology perfection (electrical efficiency, operation

cost)

� Compact and more efficient accelerator constructions

� Reliability improvement according to industrial standards

� Accelerators for MW power levels

� Accelerators tailored for specific use

03 - 08 December 2007



Penetration [g/cm2] =

0.37(Energy [MeV] - 0.2)

for one side treatment

and equal entrance

and exit doses

Productivity [kg/h] =

3600 x Power [kW] x

Utilization efficiency /

Dose [kGy]

Average beam power

Although there are many different types of accelerators offering

a wide range of performances ratings, only few would be suitable

for particular application (Marshall R. Cleland, 1992).

Electron energy

03 - 08 December 2007



General considerations

� Product to be irradiated dimensions, densities, position

� Vetical or horizontal EB direction

� Operation schedule and seasonal requirements

� Reliability of accelerator

� Control system compatible with facility automation standarts

� Remote accelerator operation and diagnostics

� Accelerator external supply service

� Factory assembling tests

� Warranty conditions and post-warranty service

� Staff training

� Facility qualification

03 - 08 December 2007



Criterions for accelerator selection

Criterion of selection

Basic accelerator parameters� Electron energy

� Average beam powerAuxiliary accelerator parameters

� Scan characteristics

� Control system compatibility� Accelerator external supply service

Terms of accelerator purchase� Price

� Manufacturer

� Terms of delivery and installation� Warranty conditions

� Exploitation cost

Remarks

The main requirements which

define technological abilities

and facility throughput

The parameters which may

characterize accelerator for

facility design

Economical aspects which define

investments and exploitaton

costs

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Accelerator/Facility external supply service

� Safety installations (personnel, radiation, high voltage, fire,

TV surveillance system)

� Electricity consumption, grounding, mains frequency

compatibility

� UPS system or additional power line

� Stand-by conditions (vacuum and temperature regime)

� Water cooling system(s)

� Compressed air or other gases provided

� Air cooling and ozone ventillation

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ADVANTAGES

� Proven accelerator technology

� Simplicity of construction

� Long life power components

� High parameters stability

� High beam power

� Narrow energy spread

� Wide range of power adjustment

� Computer supported control system

� Low exploitation cost

� High quality maintenance service

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DISADVANTAGES

� Prototype accelerator construction (limited exploitation

experience)

� Parameters on the edge of present limits

� Some power components with limited lifetime (magnetron)

� High electric energy demands

� Poor accelerator availability

� Small company with limited resources

� High total cost

� Difficulties in spare parts availability

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Radiation process effectiveness

Acceptable price of 1 W electron beam power

Type of radiation process

Product characteristics

100-250 $/W Semiconductors

modification

Low dose Small scale

High unit price

100-50 $/W Radiation sterilization Medium dose Large scale

Medium unit price

<2.5 $/W Flue gas treatment Low dose

Very large scale No commercial value

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Accelerators for radiation processing

Direct accelerator Single cavity Linear accelerator

HV cable from Coaxial cable from Waveguide from

DC power RF generator source of microwaves

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Accelerators for radiation processing(achievements)

Type of Accelerator Parameter

Direct DC

RF 100 - 200 MHz

Linear microwave 1.3–9.3 GHz

Av. beam current Energy range Beam power In future Electrical efficiency

<1.5 A

0.05 – 5 MeV

~500 kW

1 MW

60 – 80 %

<100 mA

0.3 – 10 MeV

700 kW

1 MW

20 – 50 %

<100 mA

2 – 10 MeV

50 kW

100 kW

10 – 20 %

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DIRECT ACCELERATORS

transformer type

03 - 08 December 2007



List of transformer accelerator producers

� ESI - Energy Science, USA

� RPC Technologies, USA

� RDI - Radiation Dynamics, USA (IBA)

� Wasik Associates, USA

� NHV - Nissin High Voltage, Japan

� SHI - Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Japan

� High Voltage Engineering Europe, Netherlands

� INP - Institute of Nuclear Physic, Russia

� SIEA - Sci. Inst. of Electrophysical Apparatus, Russia

� Vivirad, France

� Res. Inst. of Automation for Machine-Building, China

� Inst. of Nuclear Studies, Establishment for Nuclear Equipment, Poland

03 - 08 December 2007



Capability of D.C. Power Supplyfor transformer accelerators

Accelerator Power line transformer

Cockckroft- Walton

HF Transformer

Dynamitron

Ratings 150-1000kV 10-1000 mA

300-5000 kV 30-1000 mA

500-1000 kV 30 mA

500-5000 kV 1-70 mA

Frequency 50/60 Hz 1-3 kHz 20-50 kHz 50-100 kHz

Insulation Oil/SF6 SF6 SF6 SF6

Efficiency >90 % 70-80 % 85 % 30-60 %

Remarks Low energy High power

High energy High power

Large

High energy Low power Compact

High energy Low eff.

03 - 08 December 2007



CASCADE ACCELERATOR

EPS-4 type

NISSIN HV, Japan

PARAMETERS:

ENERGY 1-5 MeV

STABILITY ± 2%

BEAM CURRENT 30 mA

STABILITY ± 2%

BEAM POWER 150 kW

SCANNER 1400 mm

HOMOGENEITY <± 5%

03 - 08 December 2007



K. Mizusawa,

M. Kashiwagi,

Y. Hoshi

Radiat. Phys. Chem. Vol.

52, Nos 1-6,

Pp 475-477, 1998

5 MeV, 150 kW Electron Beam FacilityRadia Industry, Japan

03 - 08 December 2007



High Power EB for Flue Gas Treatment

1 MW, 800 kV Power Supply 0.8 MeV, 300 kW Accelerator

NHV, Japan

03 - 08 December 2007



ELV 12 coreless transformer acceleratorElectron energy 1 MeVBeam power 400 kWFrequency 1000 HzOne power supply Three scanners

INP, Russia

03 - 08 December 2007



SINGLE CAVITY ACCELERATORS

single pass or multi-pass systems

03 - 08 December 2007



RF accelerator producers

(100 - 200 MHz)

� INP - Institute of Nuclear Physic, Russia

� IBA - Ion Beam Application, Belgium

� Denki Kogyo Co, Japan

� KAPRA – Research Association, Korea

03 - 08 December 2007



SINGLE CAVITY SINGLE PASSACCELERATORS

IŁU 6

energy 1,2-2,5 MeV

beam power 20 kW

frequency 127 MHz

IŁU 8

energy 1 MeV

beam power 20 kW

IŁU 10

energy 2-5 MeV

beam power 50 kW

frequency 115 MHz Scanner

Resonator IŁU 6

INP, Russia

03 - 08 December 2007



ILU 12 ELECTRON ACCELERATOR

Electron energy 5 MeVBeam power 300 kWFrequency 176 MHzRF power 450 kW

Auslender V.L. et all.,

EPAC 2002, Paris, France

Accelerating structure

03 - 08 December 2007



10 MeV ELECTRON

ACCELERATOR

RHODOTRON TYPE

1. Resonator2. Tetrode3. Water cooling system4. Support5. Electromagnet6. Vacuum pump

Frequency 107.5 MHz

03 - 08 December 2007



TT 1000:

up to 700 kW; 7 MeV (100 mA)

up to 500 kW; 5 MeV (100 mA)

TT 300:

up to 200 kW; 10 MeV (20 mA)

up to 135 kW; 5 MeV (27 mA)

TT 200:

up to 100 kW; 10 MeV (10 mA)

up to 100 kW; 5 MeV (20 mA)

TT 100:

35 kW; 10 MeV (3.5 mA)

IBA, Belgium

ELECTRON ACCELERATORS

RHODOTRON TYPE

M. Abs et all.,

Rad. Phys. Chem., 2004

03 - 08 December 2007



MULTI PASS

ACCELERATOR

FANTRON 1

Energy 10 MeV

Beam power 100kW

Frequency 160 MHz

RF power 220 kW

Bending magnets 16

Hyeok-jung Kwon et all

EPAC 2000, Vienna, Austria

03 - 08 December 2007



LINEAR ELECTRON

ACCELERATORS

03 - 08 December 2007



Linear electron accelerator producers

(microwave 1.3-9.3 GHz)� Varian, USA

� Titan Beta, USA

� RPC Technologies, USA

� American Science & Engineering, Inc., USA

� Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Japan

� Technical Systems Ltd, UK

� Thomson CSF, France

� Res. Inst. of Electrophysical Apparatus, Russia

� RIA TORYI, Russia

� Res. Inst. of Automation for Machine-Building, China

� Inst. of Nuclear Studies, Establishment for Nuclear Equipment,

Poland

03 - 08 December 2007



Accelerator for medical sterilization

� Electron energy

5 – 12 MeV

� Beam power

10 – 45 kW

P.J. Cracknell

Radiat. Phys. Chem.

46 (1995) 469-472

03 - 08 December 2007



Accelerator UEL-10-10S; 10 MeV, 10 kW

03 - 08 December 2007



10 MeV ELECTRON ACCELERATOR WITH

LOCAL SHIELD (TOP VIEW)K.G. Carlson, C. B.

Williams, B. Lambert,

Fuh-Wei Tang

Radiat. Phys. Chem.

57 (2000) 619-623

03 - 08 December 2007



10 MeV ELECTRON ACCELERATOR WITH LOCAL SHIELD

ELECTRON ENERGY 10 MeV DOSE 10-50 kGyBEAM POWER 3-5 kW PRODUCTIVITY up to 50 000 m3/y

03 - 08 December 2007



COMPACT

ACCELERATOR

MeVAc

Energy 3 MeVBeam power 3 kWScanning 30 to 50 cmHeight 1 mWidth 0,3 m

THOMSON-CSF

LINAC

03 - 08 December 2007



LINEAR ELECTRON ACCELERATOR

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd.

Electron energy 4 MeV; Length 60 cm; Weight 20 kg

03 - 08 December 2007



American Science & Engineering, Inc.

Energy 4 MeV; X-band 9303 MHz; control interface PLC;Acceleration section RF length 40 cm

03 - 08 December 2007



OUTPUT AND BEAM

SCANNING DEVICES

03 - 08 December 2007



BEAM SCANNING DEVICES

ELEKTRONIKA 10/10 IŁU 6

03 - 08 December 2007



Double beam path scanning horn

Golubenko Y. et all., INP

97-7, Russia

03 - 08 December 2007



90° Dual Beam,

Multiple Pass

Technique

550 keV

HV-Trans-

former

550 keV

HV-Trans-

former

HUBER + SUHNER, Switzerland

03 - 08 December 2007



ELECTRON-10 (0.5-0.75 MeV; 50 kW)

1 – Primary winding; 2 – Secondary winding; 3 – Pressure vessel;

4 – Electron source; 5 – Accelerating tube; 6 – Scanning device;

7 – Vacuum pump; 8 – Vacuum chamber; 9 – Outlet window;

10 – Turning magnet; 11 – Radiation shielding.

A.S. Ivanov, V.P. Ovchinnikov,M.P. Svinin, N.G. Tolstun,PAC 1993, Washington, USA

03 - 08 December 2007



LINEAR SCANNING SYSTEM

CAARI 2002

Denton, Texas

November 13, 2002

VACUUM CHAMBER

ELECTRON BEAM

ELECTROMAGNET TITANIUM FOIL

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COMPUTER CONTROL

SYSTEMS

03 - 08 December 2007



Measurement and control

� Parameters measurement and accelerator control

(energy, beam current, pulse repetition, scan width,

cooling and vacuum status, and others)

� Recording parameters

� Calculating parameters for further use

� Technological data processing and recording

03 - 08 December 2007



CONTROL ROOM IN INDUSTRIAL FACILITY FOR

FLUE GAS TREATMENT

03 - 08 December 2007



X-RAY CONVERSION

03 - 08 December 2007



X-RAY CONVERSION DEVELOPMENT

60

200150

5080

700

6020

150 150

20200

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

YEARS

BE

AM

PO

WE

R [

kW

]

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NFI : Irradiation Room with EB

and X-ray Ports

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Conveyor

Control

Truck

Yard

X-rayEB

Accelerator

Automated Storage

NFI:Irradiation Facility

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Remarks� A meaningful steps can be recognized in the past of accelerator development.

Present stage of accelerator technology perfection includes: cost

effectiveness, reliability, compactness, very low energy and introduction of

MW beam power level,

� Major industrial accelerator producers are located in USA, Russia, Japan

and Belgium. Several other countries including China and Poland are

capable to produce accelerators at limited scale,

� Any practical accelerator construction must be compromise between size,

efficiency and cost,

� The progress in accelerator technology is not a quick process but can be

easily noticed in longer time scale,

� Appropriate accelerator selection should be performed to meet all technical

and economical conditions for successful process implementation,

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� Highly trained personnel is not required to run modern accelerators because

of simplicity of their operation under computer support,

� Spare parts and major maintenance service should be available from the

manufacturer of the accelerator during the machine lifetime,

� New accelerators constructions can frequently offer better economic and

technical characteristics but only long time operation can reveal weak points

of certain construction in practical industrial conditions.

03 - 08 December 2007



THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION...THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION...

Technical Cooperation Project RER/8/010

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