marine RuduSauri

Tbilisis ekonomikuri

ganviTareba XIX saukuneSi

@`teqnikuri universiteti”@

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

m. RuduSauri

Tbilisis ekonomikuri

ganviTareba XIX saukuneSi

registrirebulia stu-s

saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos

mier. 02.07.2009, oqmi #6

Tbilisi

2009

naSromis _ “Tbilisis ekonomikuri ganviTareba XIX saukuneSi” kvlevis obieqtia XIX s. da XX s. dasawyisis Tbilisis guberniisa da uSualod qalaq Tbilisis ekonomika, romelic saqarTvelosa da ara mxolod saqar-TveloSi yovelTvis gansakuTrebul interess iwvevda. aRniSnuli perio-dis saqarTvelos qalaqebis, gansakuTrebiT ki Tbilisis ekonomikuri cxov-reba arnaxul dinamizms iZens, Camoyalibebas iwyebs kapitalisturi warmo-eba. saqarTveloSi mimdinare ekonomikuri procesebic swored Tbilisis magaliTzea ganzogadebuli.

warmodgenil naSromSi asaxulia is ZiriTadi Taviseburebebi da ekono-mikuri ganviTarebis tendenciebi, romliTac xasiaTdeba saqarTveloSi kapi-talisturi warmoebis warmoSoba. Seswavlilia sabazro urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis periodSi TbilisSi arsebuli im samrewvelo obieqtebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi, Sromisa da dasaqmebis pirobebi, romlebmac ZiriTadad gansazRvres ara mxolod Tbilisis, aramed zogadad saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi.

warmodgenilia xelosnuri warmoebis transformacia, wvrili sawarmo-ebis warmoqmna da ganviTareba, vaWrobis gaaqtiureba da safinanso insti-tutebis aRmoceneba.

naSromSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba ucxouri kapitalis da zogadad ucxoelTa rols Tbilisis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi. sakvlev periodSi xelisuflebis mxridan gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda ucxo-uri (gansakuTrebiT evropuli) kapitalis rols qveynis ekonomikis aRorZi-nebisaTvis. es sakiTxi, aqtualuri iyo, radgan xelisufleba kargad acno-bierebda, mwiri adgilobrivi kapitalis pirobebSi ekonomikis swrafi dawinaureba ver moxerxdeboda.

avtors damuSavebuli da gamoyenebuli aqvs mdidari saarqivo da statistikuri dokumentacia, aseve masalebi ekonomikis istoriidan.

wigni gankuTvnilia ekonomistTa sazogadoebisTvis, ekonomikuri profi-lis studentTaTvis da zogadad, yvela dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisTvis.

recenzenti saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis humanitarul-socialuri fakultetis ekonomikisa da biznesis departamentis asocirebuli profesori z. vaSakiZe

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-14-772-2 http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi

formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis

werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe. saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

3

Sinaarsi

Sesavali --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

Tavi I kapitalizmis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi ---------------------------------------------- 6

1.1 kapitalizmis warmoSobis Taviseburebani saqarTveloSi --------------------------- 6

1.2 Tbilisis ekonomikuri ganviTareba reformamdel periodSi ----------------------- 29

1.3 reformisSemdgomi saqarTvelis ekonomikuri ganviTareba --------------------------- 51

Tavi II adgilobrivi kapitali Tbilisis ekonomikaSi

XIX s. bolosa da XX s. dasawyisSi --------------------------------------------------- 64

Tavi III ucxouri kapitali Tbilisis guberniaSi XIX s.-

sa da XX s. dasawyisSi ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 115

3.1 germanuli kapitali Tbilisis guberniaSi -------------------------------------------------- 115

3.2 sxva evropuli qveynebis kapitali TbilisSi ------------------------------------------------ 140

daskvna -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 154

gamoyenebuli literaturis nusxa -------------------------------------------------------------------- 160

4

Sesavali

warmodgenili kvlevis obieqtia XIX s. da XX s. dasawyisis

Tbilisis guberniisa da uSualod qalaq Tbilisis ekonomika, romelic

saqarTvelosa da ara mxolod saqarTveloSi yovelTvis gansakuTrebul

interess iwvevda. XIX saukunesa da XX saukunis dasawyisis

saqarTvelos qalaqebis, gansakuTrebiT ki Tbilisis ekonomikuri

cxovreba arnaxul dinamizms iZens. saqarTveloSi mimdinare ekonomikuri

procesebic swored Tbilisis magaliTzea ganzogadebuli.

am naSromSi Seswavlilia sabazro urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis

periodSi TbilisSi arsebuli im samrewvelo obieqtebis ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi, Sromisa da dasaqmebis pirobebi, romlebmac

ZiriTadad gansazRvres ara mxolod Tbilisis, aramed zogadad

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTareba.

cnobilia, rom XX s. dasawyisSi komunisturi gatarialebis

Sedegad Camoyalibebis stadiaze myofi saqarTvelos ekonomikis

kapitalisturi ganviTareba Sewyda da sabazro urTierTobebi Secvala

sruliad axalma, ase vTqvaT, eqsperimentulma ekonomikurma modelma,

romelic uaryofil iqna Cvens epoqaSi da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

procesebi kvlav sabazro urTierTobaTa CarCoebSi dabrunda _ amjerad

damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebriobis pirobebSi. Aam mxriv, Tbilisis,

rogorc saqarTvelos ekonomikis flagmanis, ekonomikur warsulSi

CaRrmaveba, gamocdilebis gaTvaliswineba da Tanamedrove pirobebSi

ekonomikuri procesebis swori gziT warmarTva friad aqtualuria.

naSromSi ganxiluli periodis saqarTveloSi savaWro kapitali

gacilebiT Zlieri iyo, vidre samrewvelo, XIX saukunis meore naxevridan

adgilobrivi msxvili savaWro kapitali TandaTan iWreba mrewvelobaSi,

misma samrewevelo kapitalad gardaqmnam ki Zlieri biZgi misca

saqarTvelos da gansakuTrebiT Tbilisis ekonomikas. amasTan, sakvlev

periodSi iseve, rogorc Tanamedrove etapze, xelisuflebis mxridan

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda ucxouri (gansakuTrebiT evropuli)

kapitalis rols qveynis ekonomikis aRorZinebisaTvis. xelisufleba

kargad acnobierebda, rom mwiri adgilobrivi kapitalis pirobebSi

ekonomikis swrafi dawinaureba ver moxerxdeboda.

kvlevisas dadginda, rom kapitalistebi, gansakuTrebiT ki msxvili

kapitalistebi, yovelTvis kargad uRebdnen alRos ekonomikuri

politikis cvlilebebs, da TiTqmis yovelTvis poulobdnen bazarze

warmoqmnili dabrkolebebis, an gamZafrebuli konkurenciis daZlevis

5

gzebs. mewarmeebi warmoebuli produqciis asortimentsa da xarisxs

mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTunarianobis gaTvaliswinebiT, misi gemovnebiTa

da tradiciebisadmi erTgulebiT gansazRvravda, ramac didad ganapiroba

maTi warmatebebi ara mxolod saqarTvelos bazarze, aramed ruseTis

saimperio sivrceSic. kvlevisas gamovlinda, rom ekonomikuri viTarebis

gaTvaliswinebiT kvalificiuri kadrebis momzadebis, profesiuli da

zogadi ganaTlebis sferoSi momxdari cvlilebebi, drouli da

aucilebelic iyo, radgan specialistebisa da kvalificiuri muSaTa

kadrebis deficitma didad Seaferxa msxvil sawarmoTa sruli

datvirTviT muSaoba, amasTan, sawarmoebSi ZviradRirebuli ucxoeli

muSebisa da specialistebis daqiravebiT izrdeboda sawarmoo xarjebi

da mcirdeboda mogeba.

sagangebo yuradReba eTmoba ucxoelebis samewarmeo saqmianobis

analizs. imJamindeli xelisuflebis varaudiT, TbilisSi ucxouri,

gansakuTrebiT ki germanuli kapitalis (rogorc safinanso, aseve

adamianuri) Semosvlas adgilobrivi meurneobis transformacia da

sameurneo winsvla unda mohyoloda. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT xelisuflebis

mxridan ucxoelTa dasamkvidreblad gaweul saxazino xarjebs da

samewarmeo xelSewyobas. vTvliT, rom es molodini Sedegiani aRmoCnda,

magram naklebad efeqtiani.

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikas safuZveli

koloniur mdgomareobaSi yofnis pirobebSi eyreboda, sworad

ganxorcielebuli menejmentisa da marketingis meSveobiT arasaxarbielo

politikursa Tu socialur viTarebaSic ki SesaZlebeli gaxda mieRwiaT

Sedegebis maqsimizaciisaTvis.

aRniSnuli naSromis samecniero-praqtikul Rirebulebas

warmoadgens is, rom gamovlinda samewarmeo da administraciuli

xarvezebi da problemebi, romlebic dRemde erT uwyvet zolad gasdevs

qarTul politikursa Tu ekonomikur sinamdviles; upiratesad ki

warmoCinda is dadebiTi samewarmeo gamocdileba, romelic dRemde

inarCunebs aqtualobas.

6

Tavi I

kapitalizmis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi

1.1 kapitalizmis warmoSobis Taviseburebani saqarTveloSi

saqarTvelos ekonomikasa da kerZod, burJuaziuli urTierTobebis

ganviTarebisaTvis saTanado pirobebi XIX s.-Si iqmneba. ekonomikis saerTo

aRmavlobis pirobebSi TandaTan rRvevas iwyebs feodalur-batonymuri

urTierToba, viTardeba vaWroba, soflis meurneoba da mrewveloba.

warmoebis feodaluri urTierTobis wiaRSi Cndeba wvrili

kapitalisturi saxelosnoebi, manufaqturebi, aseve safabriko-saqarxno

tipis samrewvelo sawarmoebi.

20-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi SesamCnevi gaxda saqalaqo

cxovrebis SedarebiT gaaqtiureba. yvelaze metad es Tbiliss daetyo,

romelic im periodSi ara marto saqarTvelos, aramed amierkavkasiis

politikur centradac iqca. qalaqis mosaxleobis ZiriTad masas

warmoadgendnen xelosnebi da vaWrebi. vaWar-xelosnebi iyvnen

Tavisufalnic (moqalaqeebi) da araTavisufalnic. qalaqebSi aseve iyo

mcdeloba, rom daenergaT kapitalisturi warmoeba, magram batonymuri

urTierTobis simtkicis gamo es mcdelobebi xSirad marcxiT

mTavrdeboda.

ruseTTan SeerTebis pirvelive wlebidan ruseTis xelisuflebam

daiwyo saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri politikis gatareba, romelic mis

interesebs Seesabameboda, kerZod, mas surda saqarTvelo gadaeqcia iafi

nedleulis wyarod, rusuli saqonlis gasaRebis bazrad da misive

saqonlis aRmosavleTis qveynebSi gasatan satranzito gzad.

ruseTis ekonomikuri miznebis ganxorcielebas saqarTveloSi xels

uSlida aq tradiciulad dakanonebuli sabaJo sistema. adgilobriv

7

xelisuflebas hqonda mcdeloba, rom qarTuli Sida baJebi gauqmebuliyo,

amasTanave gavrcelebuliyo saerTo-saimperio kanonebi, Tumca sabolood

maT sakmarisad miiCnies baJebis akrZalva saqarTveloSi Semotanil

rusul saqonelze, xolo Sida baJebi gaauqmes samxedro da samoqalaqo

moxeleTa interesebidan gamomdinare mxolod kvebis produqtebze.

ruseTisTvis SemoerTebuli qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis interesebi,

romlisTvisac SidabaJebis sistema erT-erTi ZiriTadi xelSemSleli

garemoeba iyo, dRis wesrigSi arc ki yofila dasmuli.

rusul saqonelze baJebis gauqmebas diskriminaciuli xasiaTi

hqonda, vinaidan aseTive RonisZieba ar gatarebula ruseTSi

importirebul qarTul saqonelze. miuxedavad amisa, qveynis ekonomikis,

kerZod, vaWrobis mniSvnelovani aRmavloba SeimCneva XIX s.

dasawyisidanve, rac ZiriTadad ganpirobebuli iyo qveyanaSi mSvidobis

damyarebiT. am ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan Semaferxebel garemod

kvlav rCeboda Sida baJebis tradiciuli sistema, romelic ruseTis

xelisuflebam maSinRa gaauqma, roca am sistemam mis axal ekonomikur

politikas XIX s. 20-ian wlebSi dabrkoleba Seuqmna.

amierkavkasiis bazarze rusuli saqoneli Zalze mcire rols

TamaSobda. amas Sedegad mosdevda mmarTvelobisa da aq ganlagebuli

jaris Sesanaxad gamoyofili fulis niSnebis gadineba iransa da

osmaleTSi. osmalebma, Caketes ra Savi zRva, saqarTvelo mowyvetili

aRmoCnda evropisagan. amave dros irani gabatonda aRmosavleT

amierkavkasiaSi da saqarTveloSi iranisa da osmaleTis savaWro

monopolia damyarda. evropuli saqoneli aq iran-osmaleTis gziT

Semodioda. XIX s-is pirveli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi ruseTma ver SeZlo

amierkavkasiis bazris momarageba pirveli moTxovnilebis sagnebiT da

saqarTvelos bazarsac kvlav aRniSnuli qveynebidan Semosuli saqoneli

avsebda. fulis niSnebic sxvadasxvagvari iyo. amgvar viTarebis Sedegi is

iyo, rom amierkavkasiaSi ganlagebuli jaris da mmarTvelobis Sesanaxad

gamoyofili fuli iran-osmaleTSi gaedineboda. es ra Tqma unda didad

8

azianebda ruseTis politikur-ekonomikur miznebs axlo aRmosavleTSi,

romlis bazaric im periodSi ingliss epyra xelT. amis gamo ruseTis

xelisufleba cdilobda saqarTvelosa da mTlianad amierkavkasiaSi gza

gaexsna frangul-germanuli saqonlisaTvis da amiT Seesustebina yarsi-

arzrumis gziT momavali tranziti, romelic inglisis xelT iyo.

1821 wels ruseTis xelisuflebam amierkavkasiaSi SeRavaTiani

tranziti daawesa. kanoni tranzitis Sesaxeb 1822 wlidan Sevida ZalaSi.

am kanoniT ucxoeTidan saqarTveloSi Semotanili yovelgvari saqoneli

SeRavaTiani _ 5%-iani baJiT ibegreboda.1 vaWrebs ki, romlebic aTi wlis

ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi savaWro saxlebs moawyobdnen da biTumad

ivaWrebdnen, Sesabamisi gadasaxadisagan Tavisufldebodnen. tranzitis

mTel gzaze _ Savidan kaspiis zRvamde transportirebis usafrTxoebas

mTavroba kisrulobda. amave dros, kanonis ZaliT biTumad movaWreebi

Tavisufldebodnen gildiuri gadasaxadebisagan da sabinao begarisagan.

SeRavaTebi eZleodaT adgilmamulis SeZenaSi, savaWro da samrewvelo

dawesebulebebis mowyobaSi.

aRniSnuli tranzitiT ruseTis xelisufleba varaudobda, rom

amierkavkasiis gziT moaxerxebda kontinenturi evropis fabrikuli

saqonlis iranSi mizRvavebas, iq konkurenciul brZolaSi inglisis

saqonlis damarcxebas da amave dros amierkavkasiis bazris gawmendas

adgilobrivi da aRmosavluri saqonlisagan.

1822 w. saqarTveloSi ucxouri saqonlis Semotana wina welTan

SedarebiT daaxloebiT 120%-iT gaizarda, xolo 1823 wels 1821 welTan

SedarebiT daaxloebiT 217%-iT. miuxedavad amgvari gaaqtiurebisa,

ucxoel komersantebs am satranzito magistralisadmi ndoba

uneldebodaT, vinaidan xSiri iyo Zarcva-yaCaRoba, garda amisa, maT mier

Semotanil saqonels dakanonebulze gacilebiT maRali baJiT begravdnen;

kerZod, ucxoeli vaWrebi iranSi Casvlamde ibegrebodnen: navsadgurSi _

1 guguSvili p. kapitalizmis warmoSoba da ganviTareba saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi, gv.12, Tb. 1941

9

5%-iT, samegrelosa da imereTSi _ 3%-iT da bolos TbilisSi _ 3%-iT.2

amgvarma damokidebulebam ucxoel vaWarTa interesi gaanela, Tumca

amasobaSi evropasTan vaWrobiT dainteresda adgilobrivi, qarTuli

savaWro kapitali. garda amisa, imis gamo, rom ucxoelebs saqarTvelos

teritoriaze akrZaluli hqondaT sacalo vaWroba, es sfero

adgilobrivi vaWrebis xelSi rCeboda da maTi mniSvnelovani mogebis

wyarodac gadaiqca. sacalo vaWrobaSi miRebulma gamocdilebam qarTvel

vaWrebs ufro farTo komerciisken ubiZga. Tbiliseli vaWrebi evropis

bazarze gavidnen. mag. 1828 w. 23 Tbiliseli vaWris mier evropidan

Semozidulma produqciam 4 400 000 maneTs miaRwia da mTlianad

saqarTveloSi Semotanili saqonlis 67% Seadgina.3 tranzitma

adgilobrivi vaWrebi rusul bazars Camoacila. qarTveli vaWrebi rusul

bazarze adgilobriv saqonels yiddnen, xolo amoRebuli fuliT

rusul saqonels ki ar yidulobdnen, aramed liTonis fuli

gahqondaT sazRvargareT da iqidan evropuli produqcia SemohqondaT.

amierkavkasiis gziT iranSi Sesulma didZalma evropulma

iaffasianma da xarisxianma saqonelma Seaviwroa rusuli da ara

anglisuri saqoneli, rogorc amas ruseTis xelisufleba varaudobda.

inglisuri saqoneli ki, aramcTu iranis bazridan ar idevneboda, aramed

amierkavkasiis bazarsac ipyrobda. 1831 wels ruseTis savaWro-samrewvelo

burJuaziis moTxovniT SeRavaTiani tranziti vadaze 6 TviT adre

gauqmda.4

XIX s. pirvel naxevarSi saqarTveloSi samrewvelo kapitali

Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. am periodSi da gansakuTrebiT XIX

s. meore naxevarSi mniSvnelovnad ganviTarda vaWroba, mowinave

qveynebidan mza produqciis importma didad gazarda masze adgilobrivi

mosaxleobis moTxovna. garda amisa, 30-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi da

zogadad amierkavkasiaSi SemoRebul iqna zoma-wonisa da fulis rusuli 2 iqve, gv.15 3 guguSvili p., fulis niSnebi da triali saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi me-19 saukuneSi, Tb. 1937 4 sexniaSvili c. ekonomikis istoria, naw. I, Tb. 2000 w., gv.342.

10

sistema, romelic erTis mxriv, ruseTs uadvilebda erTiani bazris

formirebas, aTvisebas da amierkavkasiaSi damkvidrebas; meores mxriv ki

saqarTveloSi xeli Seewyo fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobebisa da

vaWrobis gaaqtiurebas. mimoqcevis ganviTarebam da amasTanave sasoflo-

sameurneo produqciis gasaRebis sferos gafarToebam gazarda glexobis

fulze moTxovnac. soflis meurneoba sul ufro Rebulobda sasaqonlo

warmoebis xasiaTs. Sedegad glexebi sul ufro metad gaxdnen

damokidebulni gasaRebis pirobebze da Sesabamisad vaWrobasa da

vaWrebze. am viTarebaSi, kerZod, kreditis ararsebobisa da qveyanaSi

susti kooperaciis pirobebSi mevaxSeobas gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli

pirobebi eqmneboda. mevaxSeebisagan sesxs ZiriTadad arasawarmoo

mizniT iRebdnen. xelosnebi fuls sesxulobdnen ZiriTadad

gadasaxadebis gasastumreblad da sakuTari minimaluri moTxovnebis

dasakmayofileblad. e.i. iRebdnen dasaxarjad da ara warmoebaSi

dasabandeblad. savaWro kapitalic savaxSo kapitalis gavlenas

ganicdida. saqarTveloSi ganviTarebis am etapze savaxSo operaciebSi

dabandebul kapitals ufro maRali mogeba hqonda uzrunvelyofili,

vidre qalaqis, an soflis warmoebaSi, an Tundac vaWrobaSi moTavsebul

kapitals, radgan sesxze arsebobda sargeblis SedarebiT maRali done.

mevaxSeoba aRniSnul periodSi fuladi kapitalis dagrovebis da

koncentraciis erT-erTi mTavari saSualeba iyo, magram rogorc ukve

aRiniSna, mevaxSis kapitali warmoebaSi ar midioda, an TiTqmis ar

midioda. am mxriv raime TvalsaCino progresi warmoebis wesSi, an

mrewvelobasa da soflis meurneobaSi ar SeiniSneba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom mevaxSeoba im periodis uaxles movlenad ver

CaiTvleba (saqarTveloSi mevaxSeoba manamdec arsebobda), savaxSo

kapitals arasodes hqonia saqarTveloSi aseTi usazRvro da TviTneburi

TareSis SesaZlebloba. qalaqis xelosanTa garda maT xelSi vardebodnen

glexebic; mevaxSeebi sakuTriv mevaxSeobis garda vaWrobasac misdevdnen.

magaliTad, Tbilisis sirajebs `erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebuli moqmedebis

11

mizniT Seqmnili hqondaT gildia. isini inawilebdnen Rvinis warmoebis

raionebs . . . . xSir SemTxvevaSi isini glexebs fuls windawin aZleven;

yiduloben agreTve momavali wlis yurZnis mosavals maT mierve

dawesebuli fasiT. produqciis udides nawils Rebuloben zomagadasuli

sargeblis saxiT”5

saqarTveloSi burJuaziis mxridan klasobrivi brZola ar

warmarTula. amis mTavari mizezi ki savaraudod savaWro kapitalis

warmomadgenlebis erovnuli siWrele unda yofiliyo, aq sakmaod didi

adgili erovnebiT Tu religiiT somxebs eWiraT. es faqti imiT iqcevs

yuradRebas, rom qarTveli feodaluri zedafena maT mimarT aSkarad

mtrulad iyo ganwyobili. isini somxuri burJuaziisadmi Seurigebel

mtrobas iCendnen ara mxolod ekonomikuri xasiaTis antagonizmis gamo,

aramed imis gamoc, rom savaWro kapitalis warmomadgenlebi _

axladwarmoqmnili burJuazia _ ukve aqtiurd imkvidrebda feodaluri

aristokratiis adgils. brZola feodaluri SezRudulobis winaaRmdeg ki

erovnul samosSi iyo gaxveuli.

aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom vaWrebi popularobiT da simpaTiebiT verc

mosaxleobis danarCen fenebSi sargeblobdnen. am periodis araerTi

savaWro-samrewvelo punqtis aRweraSi xazgasmiT aris aRniSnuli, rom

qarTvelebi muSaoben, amzadeben produqcias, somxebi ki maTi nawarmiT

vaWroben, anu ewevian maTs eqsploatacias; rom qarTvelebi Raribebi arian

da somxebi mdidrebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mravali sarwmunoebiT

marTlmadidebeli da kaTolike qarTvelic iyo vaWrobaSi Cabmuli, TviT

somxuri warmoSobis burJuaziis nawili ki TiTqmis gaqarTvelebuli iyo,

es gaRvivebul nacionalur grZnobebs ver anelebda.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos vaWarTa burJuaziul

klasad Camoyalibebis procesSi, maTi klasobrivi interesebis

dacvisaTvis aqtiur brZolas niadagi hqonda gamoclili, radgan rogorc

ukve aRvniSneT, vaWarTa erovnuli siWrele da aseve qveynis mZime

5 gaz. `iveria,” #146, 1899

12

politikuri mdgomareoba ganapirobebda imas, rom maTi socialuri

interesebi xSirad ar emTxveoda qarTul erovnul interesebs.

aRniSnul sakiTxTa irgvliv polemikaSi aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli sxva

qarTuli perioduli gamocemebic. gaz. “droebis” erT-erT

korespondenciaSi qarTvel inteligencias mimarTaven: “gaumarTeT xalxsa

imisTana sazogado rameebi, sadac is yidulobdes yvelafers, rac misTvis

Seadgens usaWiroes sagansa da rasac TiTon akeTebs! gaumarTeviT

imisTana rameebi, sadac is sargebeli, romelic exla miaqvs somexs,

uriasa, nemecsa, frangsa da sxvas, darCes TviTon xalxsa!”6

cxadia, rom saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT ki sazogadoebis

ganaTlebul wreebSi mevaxSeoba safuZvlian guliswyromas iwvevda. isini

cdilobdnen, rom am problemas gamsesxebeli salaroebis da gamsaRebeli

amxanagobebis daarsebiT SebrZolebodnen. am guliswyromas is ufro

amZafrebda, rom rogorc aRvniSneT, mevaxSeobas umTavresad ucxo tomis

warmomadgenlebi eweodnen.

saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi inteligenciis meoxebiT daarsda kidec

sxvadasxva amxanagoba, magram isini naklebad sicocxlisunarianni

aRmoCndnen. amgvari proeqtebiT nacionalur ekonomikas rom bevrs

verafers uSvelidnen, kargad hqondaT gacnobierebuli im periodis

qarTvel moRvaweTa did nawils da presis furclebze qilikobdnen

kidec. mag. igive “droebis” furclebze st. WrelaSvili abuCad igdebs

amgvari amxanagobis ideas da ususurobad miiCnevs: “gamarTeT qalaqelebo,

didi Zmuri sazogadoeba qarTvelebisa, SeadgineT Tanxa, gaxseniT

tfilisSi didi savaWro bina, gamoiwereT evropis fabrikebidgan da

qarxnebidgan saqoneli iafad, hyideT zogi tfilisSive da zogic

gamogvigzavneT sxva qalaqebis da soflebis depoebSi, sadac gavaCaRebT

saamxanago vaWrobasa da amiT bolos movuRebT ucxo Temis uRmerTobas,

Zarcvasa da glejas.”7

6 gaz. “droeba”, # 110, 1875. 7 gaz. “droeba”, # 42, 1883.

13

im periodis gazeTi “droebis” azriT, amgvar safuZvelze

damyarebuli amxanagobebi sicocxlisunarianobas iyo moklebuli. muSa

kvlav mepatroneze rCeboda mijaWvuli da amitomac isini darwmunebulebi

iyvnen, rom amxanagobebi, romlebic materialur sikeTes qmnian,

sargebloba kapitalistebisTvis moaqvs. “droeba” aRniSnavs, asociaciis

pirobebSi, rac unda iyos, muSa damokidebulia mepatronezeo, mepatrone

dRes aZlevs muSas mogebaSi monawileobas, xval SeuZloa waarTvas, muSas

fexi magrad ar udgas, rac kargad esmiT muSebso. Semdeg iqve

vkiTxulobT, rom bevr muSas dauwesebia amxanagoba, romlis patronebic

Tavadve yofilan. amisTana asociacia pirvelad 1830 w. durglebs

dauarsebiaT buSes xelmZRvanelobiT. “droebas” sityva-sityviT mohyavs

maTi statusi: “qvemo xelis momwerni SeverTdiT asociaciaSi kapitalis

uqonlobis gamo da damoukideblobisaTvis. mepatroneebi, ra saqmec unda

iyos, yovelTvis sCagraven muSa kacebs. Cveni Sroma imaT miaqvT. Sromis

gancalkeveba yvelaze mometebulad avnebs muSebis interess da

mepatroneebs umonavebs. am gancalkevebas Seudgeba konkurencia muSebisa,

da maSasadame is amcirebs samuSao fass. araviTari imedi ar aris saqmis

gaumjobesebazed, muSebisagan fulis SeZinebazed, rom iman sneulebaSi da

moxucebaSi xeli Seuwyos.”8

kapitalizmis ganviTarebis procesSi kapitalistur sawarmoTa done

ar iyo Tanabari. kapitalizmi viTardeboda samuSao Zalis “sasaqonlo

formis” CamoyalibebiT. samuSao Zalis sasaqonlo formas ki,

OganviTarebis procesSi gaaCnda sxvadasxva safexuri da xarisxi. amis

mixedviT erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebodnen kapitalisturi sawarmoebi. am

ganviTarebis safexurebisa da xarisxis dones gansazRvravda

kapitalistur sawarmoebSi Cabmuli muSaxelis socialur-ekonomikuri

mdgomareobis sxvadasxvaoba, anu, sawarmoebi Tavisi ganviTarebis

doniT gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan imis mixedviT, Tu ra kategoriis

samuSao Zala hyavda mas: miwerili yma-glexi, batonisgan gaqceuli

8gaz. “droeba”, #17 1866.

14

nebiTdaqiravebuli yma-glexi, batonis nebarTviT wasuli daqiravebuli

yma-glexi, damokidebulebisgan Tavdaxsnili daqiravebuli glexi,

romelic jer kidev ar iyo mowyvetili sakuTar meurneobas, Tu savsebiT

eqsproprirebuli, Tavisufali muSa.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, daqiravebul Sromas gaaCnda

ganviTarebis sxvadasxva done da xarisxi iseve, rogorc kapitalistur

sawarmoebs gaaCndaT ganviTarebis sxvadasxva xarisxi, anu, sawarmos

(manufaqturis, fabrikis) kapitalisturi xarisxis sidide damokidebuli

iyo samuSao Zalis sasaqonlo formis, daqiravebuli Sromis xarisxze.

batonymuri damokidebulebisagan Tavdaxsnili, Tavisufali glexebis da

xelosnebis nebiTdaqiravebul Sromaze damyarebuli sawarmos

kapitalisturi xarisxi ufro maRali iyo, vidre yma-glexebis

nebiTdaqiravebul Sromaze dafuZnebuli sawarmosi. magaliTad, TbilisSi

arsebuli zubalaSvilis Saqris qarxnis kapitalisturad mowyobis

xarisxi ufro maRali iyo, vidre Tbilisis abreSumsaxvevi sawarmosi, an

igive alaverdis, axtalis da SambluRis samTo qarxnebis, radgan

zubalaSvilebis qarxanaSi mxolod nebiTdaqiravebuli Sroma iyo

gamoyenebuli, xolo abreSumsaxvev, aseve axtalis, alaverdisa da

SambluRis qarxnebSi nebiTdaqiravebul SromasTan erTad, iZulebiT

Sromasac iyenebdnen. Tumca aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom es garemoeba

warmoebas ar ukargavda Canasaxovani kapitalisturi sawarmos xasiaTs,

radgan kapitalisturi warmoeba ar gamoricxavda iZulebiTi Sromis

gamoyenebas. magaliTad, iZulebiTi Sromis gamoyenebisgan kapitalisturi

warmoeba mis klasikur qveyanaSi _ inglisSic ki ar yofila Tavisufali.

iZulebiT Sromas manufaqturul periodSi _ XVII-XVIII ss-Si farTod

iyenebdnen rogorc inglisSi, aseve safrangeTSi, germaniaSi, ruseTSi (XX

s-mde) da sxva qveynebSic.

warmoebis is struqtura, romelic XIX s-is saqarTveloSi

arsebobda, gansakuTrebiT safeiqro warmoebaSi, yvela im niSnis

matarebelia, riTac manufaqtura xasiaTdeba. amgvarad, am periodSi

15

manufaqturebi ara marto arsebobda, aramed mniSvnelovnadac iyo

gavrcelebuli.

zogierTi mkvlevari uaryofs saqarTveloSi kapitalisturi

mrewvelobis manufaqturul safexurs, mag. prof. g. baqraZe. misi

mosazrebiT, “wvrili kapitalisturi sawarmosgan da wvrili mrewvelis

saxelosnosgan manufaqtura gansxvavdeba ara marto Sromis danawilebiT,

aramed warmoebaSi dasaqmebuli muSebis raodenobiTac.”9 kapitalistur

manufaqturas igi akuTvnebs iseT sawarmos, sadac dasaqmebulia 15 da

meti muSa.

prof. d. gogolaZis mosazrebiT, manufaqturul sawarmod SeiZleba

CaiTvalos iseTi sawarmoc, sadac daqiravebuli muSebis raodenoba

4-5 kacs, an mets aRwevs da arsebobs Sromis danawileba. e.i. manufaqturis

gansazRvrebisTvis aucilebeli aris is, rom arsebobdes Sromis

danawileba da amis Sedegad damzadebuli produqcia gadiodes bazarze;

xolo muSebis raodenoba damokidebulia imaze, ramdenad msxvilia

manufaqtura. amgvari midgoma ufro marTebulia, vinaidan sxvadasxva

saxis manufaqturuli sawarmosaTvis ganisazRvreba muSaTa raodenobis

sxvadasxva minimumi, rac damokidebulia Sromis danawilebaze _

warmoebis fazaTa raodenobaze, e.i. muSaTa raodenoba da am raodenobis

minimumi ganisazRvreba Sromis arsebuli danawilebis (sadetalo

operaciebis odenobis) intensivobiT.

prof. g. baqraZe miuTiTebs saqarTveloSi “warmoebis mraval dargSi

fabrikebis erTbaSad gaCenis Sesaxeb wvrili saqonluri warmoebisa da

manufaqturis safexuris winaswar gavlis gareSe”10 es procesi mas miaCnia

masobriv movlenad.

saqarTveloSi manufaqturebis SedarebiT mcire nawili gadaiqca

fabrika-qarxnebad, ra Tqma unda, yvela wvrili kapitalisturi sawarmo

ver gardaiqmneboda fabrikad, an qarxnad da es arc iyo savaldebulo.

9 g. baqraZe _ saqarTveloSi kapitalisturi mrewvelobis ganviTarebis zogierTi sakiTxis swori gagebisaTvis _ Tsu Sromebi. t. 100, gv. 243, 1963. 10 iqve _ gv. 249.

16

manufaqturebis nawilSi inergeboda orTqlis Zravebi da manqanuri

sistemebi da amgvarad gardaiqmneboda fabrika-qarxnebad; xSirad ki

fabrikebis mowyoba-daarseba xdeboda ara arsebuli manufaqturuli

sawarmoebis gardaqmniT, aramed sruliad damoukideblad. mrewvelobis

ganviTarebis manqanuri periodi ukanaskneli safexuria misi xangrZlivi

ganviTarebis procesSi. ase, rom mrewvelobis axali dargi, an qvedargi

bunebrivia, unda mowyobiliyo axal teqnikur, anu manqanur bazaze, da ar

iyo aucilebeli, rom igi maincdamainc manufaqturis evoluciis

momdevno safexuri yofiliyo. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, manufaqturuli

warmoebis arsebobis mtkicebisaTvis sruliad ar aris aucilebeli

yoveli manufaqturuli sawarmo fabrika-qarxnebad gadaqceuliyo.

unda aRiniSnos, rom manufaqturuli stadia, iseve, rogorc

kapitalisturi warmoeba da zogadad kapitalizmi yvela qveyanaSi

erTnairi simZlavriT ver viTardeba da sxvadasxva qveyanaSi igi

ganviTarebis met-naklebi doniT da TaviseburebiT aris warmodgenili.

saqarTveloSi kapitalisturi mrewvelobis warmoSoba da

ganviTareba, rogorc irkveva, gamdidrebuli glexebis, ostat-xelosnebis

da vaWrebis mier kapitalisturi sawarmoebis (manufaqturebis, fabrika-

qarxnebis) uSualod, pirdapiri mowyobis gziT xdeboda. XIX s.-Si

arsebuli kapitalisturi sawarmoebi, ZiriTadad swored am gziT aris

warmoSobili, es iyo masobrivi movlena saqarTveloSi kapitalistur

warmoebaze gadasvlis gzaze. imasac unda SevexoT, rom

kapitalistur mrewvelobaze gadasvlis sxvagvari gzac arsebobs. es

aris vaWarTa mier warmoebis TandaTanobiT daufleba. es procesi iwyeba

vaWar-Semsyidvelis mier nedleulis, magaliTad bambis SesyidviT,

romelsac dasamuSaveblad gansazRvrul fasad mpentavebs urigebda, amis

Semdgom ki gapentili bamba gadaecemoda samRebro da saCiTav

saxelosnoebs. cnobisaTvis, gvian SuasaukuneebSi warmoebis aseTive wesi

iyo ZiriTadad damkvidrebuli italiis qalaq-respublikebSi, mag.

florenciaSi.

17

zemoaRwerili procesi warmodgenas iZleva savaWro kapitalis

pirvel nabijebze kapitalisturi mrewvelobis warmoSobis procesSi da

wvrili mwarmoeblebis (e.w. Sinamrewvelebis) daqvemdebarebis gzaze.

Tumca am movlenas kapitalizmis aRmoceneba_damkvidreba ar mohyolia. es

moxdeboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki vaWar-Semsyidvelebi moawyobdnen sarTav,

an saqsov sawarmo-manufaqturebs, sadac Tavs mouyridnen manamde

saxlebSi momuSave daqsaqsul xelosnebs. vaWar-Semsyidvelebs samuSaos

saxlebSi CamorigebasTan erTad da am saqmesTan uSualo kavSiriT ar

mouwyiaT Sromis danawilebaze dafuZnebuli manufaqturebi. amgvari

mowyobiT igi mrewveli kapitalisti gaxdeboda da Seiqmneboda

kapitalisturi warmoeba mrewvelobaSi.

arsebobda kapitalisturi mrewvelobis warmoSobis sxva gzebic,

rogoric iyo saxazino warmoebis mowyoba, an mTavrobis calkeuli

moxelis da zogierTi Tavadaznauris mier samrewvelo sawarmos gaxsna

da a.S.

gviani feodaluri xanis saqrTvelos ekonomikis istoriis

Seswavlisas gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs xelosanTa da wvril

vaWarTa saqmianoba, vinaidan xelosnoba saqalaqo meurneobis wamyvan

Zalas warmoadgenda. politikuri viTarebisa da ekonomikuri politikis

cvlilebis Sesabamisad xelosnobac ganicdida metamorfozas.

kapitalistur urTierobaTa gaaqtiurebis fonze xelosnur-amqruli

warmoeba (tradiciuli saxiT) rRvevas iwyebda da adgils uTmobda wvril

kapitalistur warmoebas.

miuxedavad imisa, rom amqruli xelosnobis daSlis procesi 30-40-

iani wlebidan SeiniSneba, XIX s. pirveli naxevris saqarTvelos

mrewvelobaSi upiratesobas mainc xelosnoba inarCunebda, Tumca misi

xvedriTi wili kapitalisturi warmoebis wesis aqtiuri damkvidrebis

Sedegad TandaTan mcirdeboda. qalaqad xelosnuri warmoebis amqruli

forma mniSvnelovnad abrkolebda mrewvelobis ganviTarebas. xelosnuri

korporacia zRudavda warmoebis ganviTarebas; amqris SigniT

18

konkurenciis zrda bevr xelosans ymis mdgomareobaSi ayenebda, xolo

warmoebas amuxruWebda.

saqarTveloSi kapitalizmis ganviTarebis kvlevisas amqarsa da

zogadad xelosnobis ganviTarebaze aqcentis gakeTeba mniSvnelovania ara

mxolod imitom, rom saqalaqo da gansakuTrebiT Tbilisis ekonomikaSi

mas sakmaod mozrdili adgili ekava, aramed imis gamoc, rom am sferoSic

gamovlinda kapitalizmis warmoSobis Taviseburebebi. magaliTad,

warmoebis kapitalisturi evoluciis kvaldkval, Tbilisis wvril

mwarmoebelTa sazogadoebis or kategoriad gaTiSva, pirvel kategorias

miekuTvneboda amqrul organizaciaSi gaerTianebuli xelosnoba, xolo

meores _ amqarsgareSe xelosnuri warmoeba, romlis zrda-ganviTareba

savsebiT kanonzomier movlenad iqca. am tipis saxelosnoebi im periodis

statistikur cxrilebSi fabrika-qarxnebis gverdiT aRinusxeboda. garda

amisa, amqruli xelosnoba zemoaRweril periodSi Tbilisis ekonomikis

erTgvar imijs warmoadgenda.

mniSvnelovania cvlilebebi, romelic ruseTSi samocian wlebSi

gatarebul finansur reformas da sakredito sistemis kapitalistur

reorganizacias mohyva. es reforma saqarTvelozec gavrcelda. kerZod,

daiwyo kapitalisturi kreditis ganviTareba, Tuki saqarTvelos erTian

safinanso sistemaSi CarTvam erTis mxriv daaCqara saqarTvelos

ruseTTan ekonomikuri integracia, meores mxriv, kreditze moTxovnis

zrdam sakiTxi daayena sakredito dawesebulebaTa daarsebaze. es procesi

ki mevaxSeTa poziciebs sakmaod asustebda.

1866 wels TbilisSi daarsda saxelmwifo bankis ganyofileba, amave

periods ukavSirdeba saaqcio_komerciuli sakredito dawesebulebebis

aRmoceneba rogorc aRmosavleT, aseve dasavleT saqarTveloSi. daarsda

wvrili Semnaxvel_gamsesxebeli amxanagobebi, agreTve sakredito saxlebi,

romlebic Tumca primitiul formebSi, magram sakmao raodenobiT

eweodnen sasesxo operaciebs. am sakredito dawesebulebebSi aTeul

milionobiT sasesxo kapitali trialebda da did Zalas warmoadgenda

19

saqarTvelos kapitalisturi ganviTarebis gzaze. rac Seexeba sabanko-

sakredito sistemas, misi dawinaureba odnav mogvianebiT xdeba.

XIX s. meore naxevari Tbilisis ekonomikis istoriaSi misi

burJuaziul qalaqad Camoyalibebis periodia. misi mrewveloba

ganviTarebis kapitalistur stadiaze gadavida. kapitalisturi warmoebis

wasis damkvidrebisa da mrewvelobis ganviTarebis maCvenebelia XIX s. 70-

iani wlebidan XIX s. bolomde saqarTveloSi urbanizaciis tempis

daCqareba. urbanizaciasTan dakavSirebuli procesebis Sesaxeb f.

gogiCaiSvili werda: `savaxSo kapitalis mier glexobis Seviwrieba, iseve,

rogorc miwis da niadagis nakleboba, aiZulebs glexobas, rom mTlianad,

an xangrZlivi droiT gawyviton kavSiri soflis meurneobasTan da

wavidnen qalaqebSi muSebad . . . . romlebsac mxolod daqiravebul

muSebad SeuZliaT arseboba da amis gamo mZimed ganicdian qveyanaSi

kapitalisturi warmoebis sust ganviTarebas.”11

f. gogiCaiSvilis gamoangariSebiT, 1886 wlidan 1897 wlamde

saqarTvelos soflebidan qalaqebSi gadavida daaxloebiT 89 890 kaci, e.i.

weliwadSi saSualod miedineboda 8 170 kacze meti. aRniSnul periodSi

qalaqis mosaxleoba mTlianad 123,3 aTasi kaciT (182,5 aTasidan 305,8

aTasamde) gaizarda. es zrda ki ZiriTadad soflidan wamosuli

mosaxleobis xarjze xdeboda.

saqarTvelos qalaqisa da soflis mosaxleobis dinamika saglexo

reformis Semdgom periodSi mocemulia # 1.1 cxrilSi.

rogorc cxrilidan irkveva, 1873 wlidan 1897 wlamde periodSi

saqarTveloSi aSkara xdeba urbanizaciis tempis zrda, anu, qalaqis

mosaxleoba upiratesad soflidan wamosuli mosaxleobis xarjze

izrdeboda. es tendencia ki zogadad kapitalisturi ekonomikis

gaaqtiurebas axasiaTebs. mTliani mosaxleoba gaizarda 696,0 aTasi

kaciT, anu 54,7 %-iT. maT Soris qalaqis mosaxleoba gaizarda 158,5 aTasi

11 gogiCaiSvili f. xelosnoba saqarTveloSi, Tb. 1976, gv. 148

20

cxrili #1.1

saq. qalaqisa da soflis mosaxleobis dinamika reformisSemdgom

periodSi. (aT. kaci)12

saqarTvelos

mosaxleoba (aTasi kaci)

maT Soris

wlebi

sul

qalaqis

M

soflis

qalaqis

wili

saqarTvelos

mosaxleobaSi

%

Q

Tbilis

is

mosaxl.

(aTasi

kaci)

Tbilisi

s wili

qalaqis

mos-Si

%

1873 1272,8 147,3 1125,5 11,6 89,5 60.8

1886 1731,4 182,5 1548,9 10,6 78,4 42.9

1897 1968,8 305,8 1663,0 15,5 160,6 52.2

kaciT, anu 107,6 %-iT, soflis mosaxleoba ki 537,5 aTasi kaciT, anu

47.7 %-iT. monacemebi cxadyofs, rom, qalaqis mosaxleoba ufro swrafad

izrdeboda, vidre soflis.

saqarTveloSi mocemuli periodis demografiul tendenciaSi

gamonaklisi 1886 welia, rac imiT aixsneba, rom am konkretul cnobebSi

Sevida saqarTvelosTan SemoerTebuli istoriuli teritoriebis _

12 Dr. Gogitshaishwili, Das Gewerbe in Georgien (under besonderev Berucksichtigung der primitiven Betriebsfomen.Tubingen,1901,s 120 *1873г. _Сборник сведении о Кавказе, т. VII, Тифлис, 1880. 1886г. _Свод статистических данных о населении Закавказского края, Тифлис, 1893. 1897г._Сборник стат. сведении по закавказскому краю, часть I, Тифлис, 1902.

21

yarsis, baTumisa da arTvinis olqebis mosaxleoba, sadac

mniSvnelovnad Warbobda soflis mosaxleoba. amitom 1873 welTan

SedarebiT qalaqis mosaxleobis absoluturi - 35.2 aT. kaciT zrdis

miuxedavad, 1886 wels misi wili saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mTlian

raodenobaSi 1%-iT mcirdeba.

arazusti cnobebiT SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom 1886-dan 1897

wlamde periodSi soflebidan qalaqSi migrirebulTa saerTo raodenoba

daaxloebiT 89,9 aTasi kacia, xolo analogiur periodSi qalaqis

mosaxleoba mTlianad 123,3 aTasi kaciT gaizarda (182,5 aTasidan 305,8

aTasamde). aqedan gamomdinare, qalaqis mosaxleobis 123.3 aT. kaciT zrdis

ZiriTadi faqtori, anu 73% _ soflidan wamosuli mosaxleobaa, xolo

zrdis danarCeni wili _ 33,4 aTasi kaci, anu 27% modis qalaqis

mosaxleobis bunebriv matebaze da aseve imperiis sxvadasxva

guberniebidan imigrirebul pirebze.

cxrilis monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom 1873-1897 ww. Tbilisis

mosaxleoba gaizarda 74,4 %-iT, xolo misi wili saqarTvelos qalaqis

mosaxleobaSi Semcirda 60,8 %-dan 52,5 %-mde, xolo danarCeni qalaqebis

wili 39,2 %-dan 47,8 %-mde gaizarda. es ki imis maCvenebelia, rom

saqarTvelos danarCen qalaqebSic SeiniSneba kapitalisturi ekonimikis

gaaqtiureba.

gansaxilvel periodSi (1886_1897 ww.) ar moipoveba cnobebi

mosaxleobis Sobadobasa da sikvdilianobis Sesaxeb. 1902 wels

gamocemul statistikur cnobarSi ukve mocemulia aRniSnuli informacia

Tbilisis Sesaxeb 1894-1898 wlebisTvis. am oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi

TbilisSi daibada 22 162 adamiani, xolo gardaicvala _ 17 818. mateba

aris 4 344 adamiani. analogiuri monacemebi ufro vrcel periodze rom

arsebobdes, ufro konkretul warmodgenas Segviqmnida, Tu ramdenad

ganapiroba mosaxleobis esoden swrafi mateba Sobadobis gaaqtiurebam da

ra wili hqonda mosaxleobis matebaSi gare migraciebs. safiqrebelia, rom

orive faqtori iyo mniSvnelovani. mSvidobianobisa da zogadad

22

ekonomikuri aRmavlobis dros Sobadobac aqtiurdeba da aseve didi iyo

mosaxleobis mezobeli qveynebidan, gansakuTrebiT ki somxeTidan

saqarTvelosken migraciis procesic, rac gansakuTrebiT TurqeTis mier

somxebis Seviwroebas mohyva da ris Semdegac ruseTis xelisuflebam

daiwyo am mosaxleobis masiuri Camosaxleba saqarTveloSi.

zogadi kanonzomiereba, rac naTlad ikveTeba zemoT moyvanil

stastistikur monacemebSi, aris is, rom qalaqis mosaxleobis

gansakuTrebiT swrafi zrda mas Semdeg SeimCneva, rac dasrulda

rkinigzis mSenebloba da gaixsna moZraoba transkavkasiur sarkinigzo

magistralze baTumidan baqomde Tbilisis gavliT. am movlenam xeli

Seuwyo mosaxleobis moZraobis gaaqtiurebas da ganapiroba ganapira

raionebidan da miyruebuli kuTxeebidan soflis mosaxleobis

qalaqebisken midinebis procesi.

Tbilisis demografiuli viTareba warmodgenilia #1.2 cxrilSi.

1886-1897 ww. mosaxleobis gansakuTrebiT maRali tempebiT _ 104,8 %-

iT zrda aRiniSna. TbilisSi 1886 wlis monacemebi aRebulia saojaxo

aRweris mixedviT, xolo 1897 wlis ki _ sayovelTao erTdRiani aRweriT.

Tu sabazo periodad aviRebT 1858 wlis monacemebs da SevadarebT

danarCeni wlis monacemebs, aRmoCndeba, rom Tbilisis mosaxleoba 1858

wlidan 1886 wlamde gazrdila 16 854 kaciT, anu 27,4%-iT, maT Soris

mamakacTa raodenoba _ 5 362-iT, anu 13,9 %-iT, xolo qalTa raodenoba _

11 492-iT, anu 49,7 %-iT, 1897 wlisTvis gaizarda sul _ 99 054-iT, anu 160,8

%-iT; mamakacTa _ 57 639-iT, anu 150 %-iT da qalTa _ 41 415-iT, anu 179 %-

iT. 1901 wlisTvis ki Sesabamisad: 173 240-iT, anu 281,3 %-iT, 99 561-iT, anu

258,9 %-iT da 73 679-iT, anu 318,5 %-iT.

ormocdasami wlis ganmavlobaSi Tbilisis mosaxleobis zrdis

masStabi STambeWdavia, kerZod, 1858 wlidan 1901 wlamde periodSi

sul Tbilisis mosaxleoba gaizarda 173 240 kaciT, anu 3,8-jer. es ki

garda Sobadobis gaaqtiurebisa, ganapiroba rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,

urbanizaciis tempis daCqarebam da imigraciebma.

23

Tbilisis mosaxleobis dinamika 1886-1901 ww.13

cxrili #1.2

maT Soris

wlebi

sul mamakaci qali

1858

61 591

38 460

23 131

1886 78 445 43 822 34 623

1897 60 645 96 099 64 546

1901 234 831 138 021 96 810

arsebuli monacemebiT (1858-1901 wlebSi) mosaxleobis saSualo

wliuri mateba TbilisSi iyo 4028,8 kaci; maT Soris mamakacTa saSualo

wliurma matebam aRniSnul periodSi Seadgina _ 2315,3, xolo qalTa

matebam _ 1713,4. e.i. mamakacebis mateba aRniSnul periodSi sagrZnoblad

Warbobda qalebisas. es gamowveuli, iyo TbilisSi safabriko-saqarxno

warmoebaSi mamakacTa dasaqmebis upiratesobiT.

erT-erTi yvelaze mWidrod dasaxlebuli qalaqi iyo Tbilisi. 1897

wlis monacemebiT 1 kvadratul versze (1 versi_1,06 km.) modioda 57,5 kaci.

saqarTveloSi dasaxlebis simWidroviT mas mxolod quTaisi uswrebda,

sadac 1 kv. versze 71,2 kaci modioda.

13 Сборник статистических сведении по Закавказскому краю, часть I, Тифлис 1902.

24

1897 wlisTvis saqarTveloSi qalaqebSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis

saerTo raodenoba iyo 305,8 aTasi. qalaqebSi mcxovrebTa umravlesoba _

52,5 % TbilisSi iyo Tavmoyrili. amave periodSi quTaisis mosaxleoba

iyo _ 32 492, baTumis mosaxleoba ki _ 28 5123. saqarTvelos qalaqebSi

mcxovrebTa saerTo raodenobidan quTaisSi cxovrobda 10,6%, xolo

baTumSi _ 9,3 %. saqarTvelos am sam yvelaze msxvil qalaqSi Tavs iyrida

qalaqSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis 72,4 %, xolo danarCeni 27,6 % SedarebiT

mcire zomis qalaqebze modioda. Sesabamisad, am sam qalaqSi iyo yvelaze

metad ganviTarebuli mrewveloba.14

kapitalisturi urTierTobebis ganviTarebis Sedegad TandaTan

xdeba feodaluri tradiciebis gandevna da Tbilisi yalibdeba

burJuaziul qalaqad ganviTarebuli infrastruqturiT. aRniSnul

periodSi daiwyo qalaqis gegmiani rekonstruqcia da ganaSenianeba,

gaiyvanes farTe, mokirwyluli quCebi, aSenda ramdenimesarTuliani qvis

Senobebi, gaCnda axali saxis saqalaqo transporti _ konka, tramvai,

momravlda etlebis raodenoba; intensiurad Sendeboda evropuli tipis

sastumroebi, biblioTeka-muzeumebi, klubebi, Teatri, maRaziebi, ewyoboda

sasoflo-sameurneo iaraRebisa da manqanebis gamofenebi; am periodSi

gaCnda fosta-telegrafi, telefoni; garda amisa, Tbiliss gaaCnda

xelsayreli geografiuli mdebareobac, rac xels uwyobda mis gadaqcevas

kavkasiis administraciul, politikur, kulturul da ekonomikur

centrad. es informacia dawvrilebiT aqvs gadmocemuli general majd-os-

saltanes, romelmac TbilisSi 1894 wels imogzaura. “ori weli iqneba,

rac TbilisSi mcxovrebTa komunikaciis gaadvilebis mizniT, aSenda

telefonis saagento. es saagento didi Senobis mesame sarTulze

mdebareobs. mTeli qalaqis satelefono xazebi centrSia Tavmoyrili.

saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi, sxvadasxva punqtebi, maRaziebi, sastumroebi

da abanoebi daqselilia satelefono xazebiT. TiToeuli abonenti am

momsaxureobisTvis ixdis yovelwliurad 85 maneTs.

14 Сборник статистических сведении по закавказскому краю, часть 1 . Тифлис 1902. Ggv. 260-27

25

. . . amJamad TbilisSi bevr binazea gayvanili telefonis xazi,

. . . Tbilisis yvela cnobili quCa daqselilia tramvais xaziT, amas

emateba sami aTasi gasaqiravebeli msubuqi etli, sagvareulo etlebi da

karetebi.

. . . abanos gasaxdelSi aris eleqtronis zari momsaxure

personalis gamosaZaxeblad. orbelianis abanos direqcias TiToeuli

nomridan saaTSi 2 Tumnamde Semosavali aqvs.”15

saqarTveloSi safabriko-saqarxno mrewvelobis zrdam, masTan

dakavSirebulma teqnikuri siaxleebis danergvam, evropuli civilizaciis

SemoWram, (gansakuTrebiT qalaqebSi), saWiro gaxada xelosnobis axali

dargebis aRmoceneba. igi dRis wesrigSi ayenebda zogadi teqnikuri

ganaTlebis aucileblobas. teqnikuri progresi saTanadod momzadebul

muSaxels moiTxovda. marTalia, ruseTidan da ucxoeTidan intensiurad

modiodnen erTeuli ostatebi, Tu daxelovnebuli xelosnebi, aseve

manufaqturebis muSakebi da maRali kvalifikaciis inJiner-teqnikosebi,

magram isini teqnikur kadrebze arsebul moTxovnilebas sanaxevrodac ki

ver akmayofilebdnen.

Tuki kapitalisturi urTierTobebis gaRrmaveba sawarmoTa

mflobelebs interess uRrmavebda sakuTari ekonomikis gasaumjobeseblad,

mosaxleobis Rarib fenas fulis Sovnis axal perspeqtivas uSlida. am

mxriv igi ise Zlier iyo dainteresebuli Tavisi da sakuTari

STamomavlobis Sesaferisi profesiuli swavla-ganaTlebiT _ raime saxis

xelobis SeswavliT, rom saxsrebs ar iSurebda. amgvari moTxovna

didad zrdida moTxovnas saswavlo dawesebulebebsa da kvalificiur

ostatebze, romelTa deficiti ukve aSkara iyo.

60-70-iani wlebisaTvis saqarTveloSi da zogadad amierkavkasiaSi

momwifda profesiul-xelosnuri swavlebis danergvis aucilebloba da

ruseTis xelisuflebam dasaSvebad miiCnia zogierTi dargis

15 majd-os-saltane, “qalaq Tbilisis aRwera”, Tb. 1971.

26

specialistebis momzadeba.

1870 wlisTvis TbilisSi _ kukiaze, zubalaSvilis saxlSi gaixsna

e.w. saxelosno Skola, romelic teqnikuri sazogadoebis kavkasiis

ganyofilebam daaarsa. 1872 wlisTvis. am skolaSi 25 moswavle

iricxeboda, romlebic wera-kiTxvis garda euflebodnen durglobas,

mWedlobas da sxva xelobebs, maT sxvadasxva ostatebi aswavlidnen da

kargi anazRaurebac hqondaT. aq 8-dan 16 wlamde asakis moswavleebi

miiRebodnen. am saswavlebelSi arsebobda sakvirao kursebic, romlis

moswavleTa kontigentis wlovaneba ar iyo gansazRvruli, kursebze

daswrebisaTvis ki gadasaxadi iyo TveSi 65 kap.16

garda saswavleblisa, romelic kukiaze mdebareobda,

teqnikuri sazogadoebis kavkasiis ganyofileba dainteresebuli iyo

agreTve soflis meurneobisTvis saWiro xelosnebis momzadebiT. loWinSi

daarsda sameurneo skola, sadac ZiriTadad soflis meurneobis

gaZRolas da sxvadasxva xelobas aswavlidnen.17 mas unda uzrunveleyo

sasoflo-sameurneo profesiuli ganaTlebis gavrceleba soflad da

uSualod mwarmoebeli glexebisaTvis saWiro sasoflo-sameurneo

inventaris mkeTebeli da SemkeTebeli xelosnebis momzadeba.

1872 w. qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobam ganizraxa didi mTavris _

mixailis saxelobis saxelosno-saswavlebeli daearsebina. mas mxardaWera

hqonda xelosanTa sazogadoebaSic, kerZod, Tbilisis amqrebma skolis

Senobis asagebad gamgeobas 6 aTasi maneTi gadasces da survili

gamoTqves usasyidlod emuSavaT mSeneblobaze (iseve, rogorc eklesiebisa

da sxva sakulto Senobebis agebis dros iqceodnen).18 es saxelosno

saswavlebeli 1880 wels gaixsna da sazogadoebis yvela wodebisa da

socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebs SeeZloT swavla. am periodisTvis

gansakuTrebiT SeiniSneba aristokratiisa da sasuliero wodebis

daintereseba profesiuli ganaTlebiT. saswavlebeli eqvemdebareboda

16 Кавказский календарь на 1872 год, с. 105. 17 saxelosno Skola teqnikuri sazogadoebisa _ n. yifiani _ gaz. “droeba” #3, 1872. 18 Кавказский календарь на 1872 год, с. 105

27

Tbilisis TviTmmarTvelobas.

damoukidebeli saxelosno-profesiuli skolebis mowyoba fuladi

saxsrebis simwiris gamo, metnaklebad sirTuleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli,

masTan SedarebiT praqtikuli iyo erT, an orklasian

zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebTan saxelosno klasebis gaxsna. am mxriv

ki is dabrkoleba arsebobda, rom Wirda rusulenovani Tavisufali da

kvalificiuri xelosani-pedagogebis moZieba (swavleba unda

warmarTuliyo rusul enaze).

saxelosno-profesiuli ganaTlebis danergvis saqmeSi Tavisi

wvlili Seitana Tbilisis saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebam, romelic 1859

wels daarsda. misi mTavari mizani iyo “ufasod eswavlebinaT Raribi

ojaxis SvilebisaTvis wera-kiTxva, xelsaqme,saojaxo saqme da raime

xeloba... “19 am sazogadoebas mfarvelobda imperatoris meuRle _ olga.

saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebis skolebSi bavSvebs aswavlidnen

RvTismetyvelebas, wera-kiTxvas, rusuls, ariTmetikas, xelsaqmes, saojaxo

saqmes, gundur simRerebs. garda amisa, “bavSvebs koluCebalkinskis da

xarfuxis magninskis skolebSi aswavlidnen saamkinZao xelobas da

durglobas vaJTa skolaSi”20

1873 wlis mixedviT, kavkasiis okrugis uwyebaSi Semaval

saswavleblebSi moswavleTa sakmaod mozrdili raodenoba dafiqsirda.

Tbilisis saswavleblebSi, sadac arsebobda profesiul-xelosnuri

swavleba, moswavleTa raodenoba ase gamoiyureba: vaJTa erTklasian da 3

orklasian saswavlebelSi swavlobda _ 236 moswavle; qalTa qalaqis

saswavleblebSi _ 672 moswavle; kerZo pansionebsa da skolebSi _ 1006

moswavle (romlis moswavleTa udidesi wili erovnebiT qarTul

mosaxleobaze modioda); wminda ninos saswavlebelSi _ 490;

saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebis skolebSi ki 534;21 am monacemebiT

yuradRebas ipyrobs ara mxolod swavlis msurvelTa sakmaod didi

19 Кавказский календарь на 1875 год, с. 96. 20 iqve. 21 iqve, gv. 170.

28

raodenoba, aramed am raodenobaSi qalTa mozrdili wili. qalTa wilis

zrda ki progresul movlenad SeiZleba CaiTvalos rogorc ekonomikuri,

aseve socialuri TvalsazrisiT.

XIX s. 90-iani wlebidan, kapitalizmis ganviTarebis mkveTr

aRmavlobasTan dakavSirebiT saimperio xelisufleba iZulebuli gaxda

angariSi gaewia drois moTxovnebisaTvis da finansuri TvalsazrisiT

xeli Seewyo specialuri skolebis daarsebisTvis. magaliTad, 1882 w.

TbilisSi qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis saxsrebiT gaixsna qalTa

profesiuli saswavlebeli, sadac mxolod xelsaqme iswavleboda da mas

saxelosnos uwodebdnen. am kursebze miiRebodnen 18 wlidan zeviT asakis

moswavle-qalebi.22

xelisuflebis xelSewyobiT saxelosno saswavleblebi ara marto

TbilisSi ixsneboda, aramed ekonomikurad mzard qalaqebSic, magaliTad,

baTumSi, quTaisSi da sxva qalaqebSi.

22 eZgveraZe l. socialur-ekonomikur urTierTobaTa burJuaziuli evolucia saqarTveloSi, gv. 84. Tb. 1986.

29

A1.2 Tbilisis ekonomikuri ganviTareba 1864 wlis saglexo

reformamdel periodSi

reformamdeli saqarTvelos mrewvelobaSi TandaTan aRmocenda da

ganviTarda kapitalisturi sawarmoebi. am periodSi jer kidev

gabatonebuli iyo warmoebis martivi formebi: saojaxo Sinamrewveloba

da xelosnoba. amasTanave, qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis kvaldakval

Cndeba mrewvelobis maRali formebic _ kapitalisturi manufaqtura da

fabrikebi. mrewvelobaSi daqiravebuli Sromis gamoyenebis gaxSireba,

aseve, qveyanaSi savaWro-samrewvelo mosaxleobis zrda kapitalisturi

urTierTobebis gaRrmavebas gulisxmobda.

gviani feodaluri xanis saqrTvelos ekonomikis istoriis

Seswavlisas gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs xelosanTa da wvril

vaWarTa saqmianoba, vinaidan xelosnoba saqalaqo meurneobis wamyvan

Zalas warmoadgenda. politikuri viTarebisa da ekonomikuri politikis

cvlilebis Sesabamisad xelosnobac ganicdida metamorfozas.

kapitalistur urTierobaTa gaaqtiurebis fonze xelosnur-amqruli

warmoeba (tradiciuli saxiT) rRvevas iwyebda da adgils uTmobda wvril

kapitalistur warmoebas.

miuxedavad imisa, rom amqruli xelosnobis daSlis procesi 30-40-

iani wlebidan gaaqtiurda, XIX s. pirveli naxevris saqarTvelos

mrewvelobaSi upiratesobas mainc xelosnoba inarCunebda, Tumca misi

xvedriTi wili kapitalisturi warmoebis wesis aqtiuri damkvidrebis

Sedegad TandaTan mcirdeboda. qalaqad xelosnuri warmoebis amqruli

forma mniSvnelovnad abrkolebda mrewvelobis ganviTarebas. xelosnuri

korporacia zRudavda warmoebis ganviTarebas; amqris SigniT

konkurenciis zrda bevr xelosans ymis mdgomareobaSi ayenebda, xolo

warmoebas amuxruWebda.

vinaidan XIX s. dasawyisisTvis amqruli xelosnobis rRveva jer

kidev ar iyo dawyebuli, anu misi regresi arc Tu ise TvalsaCino iyo.

30

saqalaqo meurneobaSi igi mozrdil wils inarCunebda, amitomac

mizanSewonili iqneba mimovixiloT, Tu rogori iyo misi arsi da

struqtura.

amqari Tavisi arsiT iyo amxanagoba, romelic erTi romelime

gansazRvruli saxis saxelosno samuSaos asrulebda, an erTi romelime

saxis saqonliT vaWrobda da erT romelime korporacias warmoadgenda.

amqars xelmZRvanelobda arCeuli piri. igi amqris wevrTa raodenobas ar

zRudavda da aerTianebda yvela im pirs, vinc mocemul saqmianobas

eweoda. amqris wevrobisaTvis mniSvneloba ar hqonda, pirovneba

sazogadoebis romel fenas miekuTvneboda, ra erovnebis, an romeli

religiuri aRmsareblobis iyo. erTaderTi moTxovna is iyo, rom

damorCilebodnen amqris mier arCeul xelmZRvanels, e.w. ustabaSs (sityva-

sityviT _ xelosanTa Tavs _ Turqulad). ustabaSi am korporaciis

Sinagan meurneobaSi axorcielebda srul mmarTvelobas, amqris wevrebis

mimarT sasamarTlo-policiur zedamxedvelobas da iTvleboda

korporaciis warmomadgenlad sagareo urTierTobebSi. miuxedavad imisa,

rom ustabaSs irCevdnen ganusazRvreli droiT, Tuki igi ar

gaamarTlebda amqris molodins, an miiRebda mikerZoebul

gadawyvetilebas, aranairi dbrkoleba ar arsebobda misi gadarCevisaTvis.

iyvnen aseve ustabaSebi, romlebic 15-20 wlis ganmavlobaSi da

sikvdilamde asrulebdnen Tavis funqcias. ustabaSis dauZlurebis, an

avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi igi Tavad ixsnida ufleba-movaleobebs da axal

ustabaSs irCevdnen, xandaxan misive rekomendaciiT.

calkeul amqars TiTo ustabaSi hyavda. ustabaSs hyavda ori

asistenti, e.w. aRsakali, romlebsac aseve amqris wevrebi irCevdnen. isini

ustabaSis aryofnis SemTxvevaSi mis funqciebs asrulebdnen. aRsaklis

Tanamdebobaze, romlis vadac aseve ganusazRvreli iyo, xandaxan yofil

ustabaSebsac irCevdnen.

amqars hyavda aseve molare, anu xazinadari, romelsac abarebdnen

amqris fuls. xazinadari krebda gadasaxadebs da jarimebs, romelic

31

gankuTvnili iyo amqris salaroSi Sesatanad. igi savsebiT damoukidebeli

iyo ustabaSisa da uxucesebisagan. xazinadari unda yofiliyo gamWriaxi

gonebis, wignieri adamiani, romelsac mTeli amqari endoboda. salarodan

Tanxis ganawileba-gacema ustabaSis miTiTebiT xdeboda, romelic Tavis

mxriv gadawyvetilebas amqris wevrebTan winaswari TaTbiris Sedegad

iRebda. ustabaSis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebs amqris wevrebs acnobda

da SeiZleba iTqvas, mdivnis funqciebs asrulebda e.w. igidbaSi, romelic

yvela amqars hyavda.

XIX s. meore naxevridan qalaqis zrdasTan erTad izrdeboda

xelosnur nawarmze moTxovnac, Sesabamisad garkveuli kategoriis amqris

wevrTa raodenoba mkveTrad izrdeboda. amqris samewarmeo areali da

masStabebi farTovdeboda. qalaqis moSorebul ubnebSi gafantul amqars

ustabaSi srulfasovnad veRar ganagebda, vinaidan ver aswrebda qalaqis

sxvadasxva mxares gadaadgilebas, saWiro gankargulebebis gacemas da

maT meTvalyureobas.GamqarTa nawilma saWirod CaTvala, rom calkeul

ganayofebad danawilebuliyvnen. ganayofi calke amqrad yalibdeboda da

TavisTvis ustabaSsac irCevda. magaliTad, kalatozebi Tavdapirvelad

daiyvnen or, xolo Semdgom xuT amqrad; xuroebi _ sam amqrad. amave

mizeziT, anu gamsxvilebis gamo, sxva amqrebsac sWirdebodaT dayofa,

Tumca maT amgvari gziT danawevreba ar isurves da Camoayalibes e.w.

Tabunebi, romlebsac kvlav saerTo ustabaSi hyavdaT. TiToeuli

TabunisaTvis erT, an or aRsakals irCevdnen, romlebic Tabunis saqmeebs

ganagebdnen ustabaSis mier dadgenili wesebiT. saorganizacio saqmeebis,

an problemebis mosagvareblad isini TaTbirobdnen ustabaSTan. amgvari

saxiT mesanTleTa amqari daiyo or Tabunad, durglebis _ oTx Tabunad,

TiToeuli or-ori aRsakliT. markitantebis amqari daiyo rva Tabunad

TiTo aRsakliT.

ase, rom amqris mmarTveloba ZiriTadad Sedgeboda oTxi

safexurisagan: ustabaSis, aRsakalis, xazinadaris da igidbaSisagan.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mzardi kapitalisturi mrewvelobis

32

gaaqtiurebis paralelurad mimdinareobda xelosnuri warmoebis

transformacia. am process aCqarebda xelosnur warmoebaSi daqiravebuli

Sromis gamoyenebis zrdis tendencia, aseve amqrisgareSe xelosnobis

warmoqmna da bazrisaTvis saqonlis warmoebaze gadasvla.

amqari erTgvarad Zlieri da Sekruli organizacia iyo. igi ar

cnobda xelisuflebis mier gamocemul kanonebs da tradiciuli adaT-

wesebiTa da dauwereli kanonebiT moqmedebda. am mxriv igi saxelmwifoSi

saxelmwifos emsgavseboda. XIX s. 50-iani wlebisTvis

ruseTis xelisuflebam mizanSewonilad CaTvala, rom gaetarebina

rigi burJuaziuli reformebisa, romlis arsic iyo amqruli

organizaciisTvis Seeryia safuZveli da qalaqis mosaxleoba

sakanonmdeblo kontrolisaTvis daeqvemdebarebina, amasTanave xeli

Seewyo burJuaziuli gardaqmnebisTvis. erT-erTi amgvari mcdeloba iyo

1856 w. miRebuli kanoni, romlis mixedviTac ucxoeli da rusi xelosnebi

qalaqis mmarTvelobas daumorCiles, aseve, ustabaSebs CamoerTvaT amqris

wevrTa Soris sadavo sakiTxebis garCevis ufleba. am kanoniT

xelisuflebam scada gaeZlierebina amqrisgareSe xelosnoba, rasac

Semdgom TandaTan unda mohyoloda xelosnuri warmoebis kapitalisturze

gadasvla. xelisufleba kargad acnobierebda amqris SigniT mimdinare or

urTierTgamomricxav tendencias: erTni yovelmxriv cdilobdnen

SeenarCunebinaT F amqari feodaluri, tradiciuli gagebiT, xolo meoreni

_ eswrafvodnen Tavi daexsnaT amqris marwuxebidan da wamoewyoT

sakuTari, Tavisufali warmoeba. xelisuflebis mxridan amgvari

RonisZieba 50-ian wlebSi Sedegiani aRmoCnda. swrafad gaizarda

damoukideblad momuSave ara mxolod rusi da Camosaxlebuli ucxoeli

xelosnebis raodenoba, aramed adgilobrivi xelosnebisac, romlebic

aarsebdnen sakuTar, amqrisgareSe saxelosnoebs.

momdevno etapi, amqruli xelosnobis SezRudvisa xelisuflebis

mxridan iyo 1865 w., rodesac amqarma saprotesto gamosvlebiT scada win

aRdgomoda sagadasaxado politikas. xelisuflebam amis sapasuxod

33

daayena sakiTxi amqruli organizaciis gauqmebis Sesaxeb, Tumca es

gadawyvetileba naadrevi aRmoCnda qveyanaSi realurad arsebuli

ekonomikuri viTarebis gamo. axalfexadgmuli kapitalisturi

mrewvelobis pirobebSi amqroba jer kidev mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda

qveynis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. aq erT sagulisxmo realobasac unda

SevexoT, kerZod, am periodisTvis ruseTSi sakmaod iyo momwifebuli

amqrebis likvidaciis sakiTxi, amisgan gansxvavebiT, saqarTveloSi es

sakiTxi mwvave winaaRmdegobas xvdeboda. jer erTi, jer kidev SedarebiT

mcire iyo msxvil sawarmoTa wili ekonomikaSi (Warbobda wvrili

sawarmoebi); garda amisa, qarTul amqarSi rusul da Tundac evropul

msgavsi tipis organizaciebisgan gansxvavebiT amqris mowyobis SedarebiT

demokratiuli principebi Warbobda. rac Seexeba amqarSi gaerTianebas da

amqris statusebs, igi qonebriv cenzs ar moiTxovda. es faqtori didad

ganapirobebda imas, rom adgilobrivi xelosnebi, gansakuTrebiT ki

Raribi xelosnebi ar iyvnen antagonisturad ganwyobilni warmoebis

amgvari sistemis mimarT da arc misi transformaciis survili gaaCndaT.

yovelive zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, ustabaSi tradiciisamebr

ganusazRvreli uflebebiT sargeblobda. arcerTi sakiTxi, es exeboda

ostatis mier Tavis nawarmze fasis dawesebas, SemkveTsa da ostats

Soris damokidebulebas, an warmoebis organizaciis reglamentacias,

ustabaSis gareSe ar wydeboda. amis garda, qargals ufleba ar hqonda

Tavisi surviliT mietovebina saxelosno da gadasuliyo sxva ostatTan

samuSaod, aseve amqris dauwereli kanonis ZaliT aravis SeeZlo sxvisi

naSegirdali mieRo missive yofili ostatis nebadaurTvelad _ am

yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT da miuxedavad amqris potencialis

TandaTanobiT Sesustebisa, mas jer kidev SeeZlo dadebiTi rolis

Sesruleba, magaliTad, qalaqis Raribi xelosnebis didi nawili

gadaerCina sruli gaCanagebisagan _ pauperizaciisagan.

am faqtorTa gamo dRis wesrigidan moixsna xelosanTa amqris

gauqmebis sakiTxi, Tumca isini iZulebulni gaxdnen Seguebodnen

34

cxovrebis axal pirobebs; kerZod, 1867 wels damtkicda debuleba

“wesdeba q. Tbilisis saxelosno amqrebzed da maT gamgeblobazed”. am

debulebiT moispo vaWarTa amqrebi da darCa mxolod xelosanTa amqrebi.

amave debulebiT amqrobam sruli damoukidebloba dakarga. is

dauqvemdebares TbilisSi gaxsnil saxelosno sammarTvelos, romelsac

qalaqis mmarTvelobasa da xelosnebs Soris erTgvari Suamavlis roli

ekisreboda da yvela amqars ganagebda. mas daevala gadasaxadebis

droulad da sruli akrefa, ostatebisa da qarglebis wodebis

damtkiceba da a. S. am debulebis mixedviT, amqris xelmZRvanelad kvlav

ustabaSi rCeboda, Tumca mas aRar hqonda sasamarTlo uwyebani da

CamoerTva axali ostatis ayvanis ufleba. im xelosnebisTvis ki,

romlebic amqarsgare saxelosnos daarsebis survils gamoTqvamdnen,

saxelosno sammarTvelos SeZlebisdagvarad xeli unda Seewyo; aseve,

ustabaSis arCevis vadebi ganisazRvra sami, xolo molarisa _ erTi wlis

vadiT (manamde, rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, ustabaSs ganusazRvreli

droiT irCevdnen, Tu ra Tqma unda, xelosanTa yriloba mas ar

gadairCevda); qarglebisa da Segirdebis vadebi xuTi wlis vadiT

ganisazRvra (manamde maTi daostatebis vadebi ar izRudeboda da sakmaod

xangrZlivi iyo); amqarTa ustabaSebs, aseve krebas aekrZalaT xelosnis

xelfasis, an nakeTobis fasis TviTneburi dawaseba; am akrZalvis

darRveva isjeboda jarimiT 50-dan 200 maneTamde im SemTxvevaSic ki,

Tundac uSualod TviTon ar yofiliyo misi monawile.23 TviT saxelosno

sammarTvelo xelosnobasTan dakavSirebul saqmeebSi eqvemdebareboda

saqalaqo mmarTvelobas. igi 1917 wlamde arsebobda da qalaqis yvela

saxelosnos saqmianobas akontrolebda.

XIX s. miwuruls arsebuli, tradiciuli xelosnobis dargebis

garda dawinaurda xelosnobis iseTi dargebi, romelic Camosulma

ucxoelma da rusma xelosnebma Semoitanes saqarTveloSi da garda

ucxoelebisa, adgilobrivma xelosnebmac SeiTvises, maT Soris

23 scsa, f. 416, aR. 3, saq. 800

35

aRsaniSnavia: ludis damzadeba, konditeroba, mefunTuSeoba, meZexveoba,

meTunuqeoba, meSuSeoba, mkinZavoba, meeetleoba, mekasreoba, da sxva.24 amave

periodisaTvis xelosnuri saqmianoba umetesd sayofacxovrebo sagnebis

damzadebis sferos moicavda. axal xelosnur dargad yalibdeba

samSeneblo qvis damuSaveba (Sadrevnebi, wisqvilis dolabebi da sxva),

rewvis es saxeobebi ZiriTadad TbilisSi iyrida Tavs.25

gafarTovda amqarsgare xelosnobis masStabi, gaizarda xelosnur

warmoebaSi Cabmuli Tavisufali, daqiravebuli muSebis raodenoba.

magaliTad, evropuli fexsacmlis mkeTebeli xelosnebi formalurad

amqrebSi iyvnen gaerTianebulni, magram amqrul reglamentacias da

SezRudvas ar eqvemdebarebodnen. xabazebi da mefunTuSeebi amqars ar

ganekuTvnebodnen, mespilenZeebi, mkalavebi da lampis mkeTeblebi aseve ar

ganekuTvnebodnen amqars.26 statistikuri monacemebiT 1883 wels

TbilisSi 59 xelosnuri amqaria dafiqsirebuli, romlebSic

gaerTianebulebi iyvnen: xuroebi _ 500 kaci, durgali da xarati _ 450,

mamakacis evropuli tansacmlis mkeravi _ 350, mepure _ 150 kaci, xarazi _

300, zeinkali da meqanikosi _ 116, damWedi (nalis) _ 40, aziuri waRebis

mkeravi _ 90, evropuli fexsacmlis mkeravi _ 350, borblebis mkeTebeli _

140 da a.S. sul ostati _ 2 782, qargali _ 2 002 da Segirdi _ 1 091, sul

_ 5 875 xelosani.27

am periodis qarTuli presa sakmao yuradRebas uTmobda saxelosno

urTierTobebs, maT Soris yuradRebas amaxvilebda saxelosnoebis

mowyobasa da sanitariul mdgomareobaze. rogorc irkveva, xelosnuri

warmoebis ubnebi iyo sakmaod mouwyobeli da iq antisanitaria sufevda,

uamindobis dros ki viwro da bneli quCebi Znelad gasavleli yofila.

saxelosnoebis umravlesoba Zvel da avariul SenobebSi iyo

24 scsa, f. 12, Ar. 1, saq. 1460, f. 29. 25 А.Г. Гнедич, Обзор промышленности фабрично-заводской, кустарной и горнозаводской губерний и областей Кавказского края, составлено в 1900 году, с. 4. 26 scsa, f. 7, saq. 2 229, furc.81-92; xoStaria e. damuSavebiTi mrewveloba saqrTveloSi XIX s. pirvel naxevarSi. TB. 1958. 27 scsa, f. 17, saq. 2 283, furc. 34.

36

ganlagebuli, xelosnebs iqve patara duqnebi hqondaT mowyobili.

Tbiliseli meZexveebi da mepureebi uvargis saqonels amzadebdnen,

romelsac SedarebiT iafad Rarib mosaxleobaSi asaRebdnen. mag. gazeTi

iveria werda, “Tbiliseli meZexveebi amzadeben Zexveuls avadmyofi

saqonlis xorcisagan, bazarze gamoaqvT da girvanqas Sauridan 8

kapikamde hyidian. aseTi saZageli saqonlis muStari aris Raribi da

sawyali xelosani xalxi.”28

saqarTveloSi TiTo-orola SedarebiT msxvili kapitalisturi

sawarmo XIX s-is 20-30-iani wlebidan aRmocenda. samrewvelo kapitalis

zrda ukve SesamCnevi xdeba, gaxSirda kerZo pirebis mier fabrika-

qarxnebis daarsebis mcdeloba. marTalia am wamowyebaTa umravlesoba ar

iyo warmatebuli, magram mainc imsaxurebs yuradRebas, radgan igi axali,

kapitalisturi warmoebis wesis damkvidrebas uwyobda xels.

XIXs. 30-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi iyo mcdeloba daenergaT Saqris

warmoeba. Saqris lerwami nedleulis saxiT Semodioda kaspiis samxreTi

sanapiroebidan, sparseTis mazandaranidan. mazandaranis Saqris lerwami

Seicavda 80% Saqris kristals da 1 fuTis Rirebuleba iyo 1,5 man.

pirvelad Saqris warmoebis awyobis mcdeloba ekuTvniT Zmebs _

aleqsi da gabriel Sadinovebs. maT mimarTes saqarTvelos

mTavarmmarTebels _ baron rozens rafinirebuli Saqris qarxnis

mSeneblobis Taobaze, Tumca is SeRavaTebi, romlebsac isini iTxovdnen,

xelisuflebisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda. 29

oriode wlis Semdeg saqarTveloSi iqmneba Saqris warmoebis

TaosanTa meore, ufro Zlieri kompania iakob zubalaSvilis meTaurobiT.

zubalaSvilebi jer kidev manamde, mTels saqarTveloSi iyvnen

dawinaurebulebi savaWro da samrewvelo asparezze da saxelic hqondaT

ganTqmuli. isini savaWrod dadiodnen sparseTSi, TurqeTSi, ruseTSi,

indoeTSi da sxv. gansakuTrebiT dawinaurdnen erekle II-is mefobisas _

XVIII s-is meore naxevarSi. am periodis Tbilisis vaWarTa da moqalaqeTa

28gaz. “iveria”, #66. 1888. 29 saq. cssa, fondi 2, aR. 1, saqme 3109.

37

Soris erT-erTi mowinaveTagani iyo ivane zubalaSvili. misi Svili _

iakob zubalaSvili (1792_1865 ww.) XIX s. savaWro da samrewvelo

asparezze yvelaze metad dawinaurda.30 pirvel xanebSi igi sazRvargareT

eweoda masStabur savaWro operaciebs. saqarTvelodan mas gahqonda

matyli, bamba, bzis xe, xili da sxva, xolo Semohqonda farTleuli,

Saqari, Cai, yava, Zafeuli, minisa da brolis nakeTobani da sxva.

XIX s. 30-ian wlebSi i. zubalaSvilTan savaWro saqmianobaSi

erTvebian vaWrebi: enibekovi, loris-meliqovi, TamamSevi da sxvani.31 garda

amisa, iakob zubalaSvili armiis momaragebisTvis yidulobda pursa da

qers, eweoda saijaro saqmeebsac. did savaWro operaciebs eweoda aseve

iakobis Zma _ iagor zubalaSvili. masTan Tanamosaqmeobda msxvili

Tbiliseli vaWari _ mirimanovi. zogadad, XIX s. dasawyisidan

zubalaSvilebi savaWro-komerciul asparezze TvalsaCino rols

TamaSobdnen da am gziT maT msxvili fuladi kapitalis dagroveba

SeZles.

1936 w. Saqris warmoebis asamuSaveblad SadinovebTan SedarebiT

mokrZalebuli saSeRavaTo pirobebiT xelisuflebas winadadebiT

mimarTes i. zubalaSvilma, d. TamamSevma da ter-gukasovma. 1837 w. 22

ivliss maT neba miecaT kaspiisa da Savi zRvis sanapiroebze 500 desetina

saxazino miwebze gaeSenebinaT Saqris lerwami, maTve miecaT ufleba, rom

aeSenebinaT qarxana da importirebuli nedleulis bazaze gamoexadaT

Saqari. amasTanave, mewarmeebs miecaT SeRavaTebi:Q qarxnis arsebobis

pirvel sam wels 120 000 fuT Saqris fxvnilze ar gadaixdidnen

gadasaxadebs, xolo momdevno sam wels SeeZloT amave odenobis Saqris

fxvnilze gadaexadaT gadasaxadis mxolod naxevari, anu fuTze 70 kap.

mewarmeebi gaecnen ra kaspiisa da SavizRvispireTis regionebis

pirobebs, xelisuflebas axali SuamdgomlobiT mimarTes, rom qarxana

aeSenebinaT ara am zRvispira raionebSi, aramed TbilisSi, sadac maT

gacilebiT ukeTesi pirobebi eqnebodaT. amis Semdeg maT gamoeyoT saWiro

30 iqve, saqme 1043. 31 iqve, saqme 2605.

38

adgili da qarxana amuSavda. sawarmoSi muSaTa raodenoba 50 kacs aRwevda

(adgilobriv mcxovrebTagan). aqve iyo aTamde gamyidveli da

zedamxedveli. sawarmos maqsimaluri gamomuSaveba 40-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi 186 000 maneTs Seadgenda. qarxnis amuSavebis Semdeg miiRes

damatebiTi SeRavaTebi im saxiT, rom eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi maT

SeeZloT 240 000 fuTi nedleuli SemoetanaT ucxoeTidan Semdegi

sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT: mTeli Semotanili nedleulis naxevarze ar

gadaexadaT gadasaxadi, xolo meore naxevarze gadaexadaT gadasaxadis

mxolod naxevari. aRsaniSnavia, rom es SeRavaTebi realurad eqvs

weliwadze met xans gagrZelda. garda amisa, maT miecaT ufleba, rom im

daSvebuli 240 000 fuTi Saqridan 6 000-mde fuTi sakuTari

Sexedulebisamebr sacdelad gamoeyenebinaT qarTuli xilis

dasakonserveblad, romelic gamiznuli iyo rogorc adgilobrivi, aseve

ruseTis bazarze gasatanad.32 miuxedavad am sakmaod xelsayreli

SeRavaTebisa, mewarmeTa amxanagoba bolomde seriozulad ar miudga

am saqmes, maT arc ucdiaT kaspiisa da SavizRvispireTSi gaeSenebinaT

Saqris lerwmis plantaciebi, mxolod isargebles im SeRavaTebiT, rasac

saxelmwifosagan Rebulobdnen da im saSeRavaTo vadis gasvlis Semdeg

kompaniam SeaCera muSaoba.

rac Seexeba xilis dakonservebis saqmes, miuxedavad saqarTveloSi

xexilis mravalferovnebisa da xilis siuxvisa, igi TiTqmis ar arsebobda.

ar arsebobda gamagrilebeli sasmelebis, an Tundac xilisagan

damzadebuli buraxis warmoeba, rac ruseTSi didad popularuli iyo. es

im pirobebSi, roca soflis mosaxleoba moWarbrbuli xilisagan

xSirad umweo mdgomareobaSi vardeboda. xili, isic mxolod maRali

xarisxis, iyideboda mxolod TbilisSi, saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi mas

fasi TiTqmis ar hqonda.

mogvianebiT, 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gorSi, k. Sepfis afTiaqSi

warmoadgines xilis maRali xarisxis vaJinebi da esenciebi. hqondaT aseve

32 Гулишамбаров СТ. ОФЗ Т губернии, Тифлис, 1888

39

xilis mSrali, granulirebuli esenciebi wvenebis dasamzadeblad. wvenebs

awarmoebda Tbiliseli vinme yazarovi, Tumca raime saxis seriozuli

warmoeba ar Camoyalibebula. analogiuri produqtebi ZiriTadad

ucxoeTidan Semodioda.

rac Seexeba Saqris Warxlis warmoebas, misi gamarTvis morigi

mcdeloba hqondaT Zmebs ananovebs. maT Caatares ra quTaisis guberniaSi

Saqris Warxlis moyvanis eqsperimenti da darwmundnen mis xarisxianobaSi,

TbilisSi Saqris qarxnis aSeneba moindomes. xelisuflebas isini

sTxovdnen sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs da ucxouri nedli Saqris Semotanas

gadasaxadis gareSe. Semotanil nedleulze SeRavaTebi xelisuflebis

mxridan mTlianad iqna uaryofili, xolo saaqcizo gadasaxadze

SeRavaTebi 1870 w. 9 Tebervals amgvarad Camoyalibda: 1) qarxnis

aSenebidan pirveli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi aqcizisgan mTlianad unda

gaTavisuflebuliyvnen; 2) momdevno ori wlis ganmavlobaSi unda

gadaexadaT aqcizis naxevari; 3) kidev momdevno ori wlis ganmavlobaSi

aqcizis 2/3. mTliani saaqcizo gadasaxadis gadaxda maT unda daewyoT

qarxnis amoqmedebidan eqvsi wlis Semdeg. Zmebma ananovebma es SeRavaTebi

sakmarisad ar miiCnies da uari Tqves am saqmeze. rogorc Cans,

adgilobrivi Saqris gadamamuSavebelTaTvis, an gadamuSavebis

mosurneTaTvis gacilebiT ioli gamdidrebis saSualeba iyo SeRavaTian

pirobebSi Semotanil nedleulze muSaoba, vidre adgilobrivi

sanedleulo bazis Seqmna da am nedleulis gadamuSaveba. es maT

sariskod eCvenebodaT.33

5_6 wlis Semdeg Tbiliseli komersantebi kvlav Seecadnen

wamoewyoT Saqris warmoebis saqme, xelisufleba kvlav dapirda

garkveul SeRavaTebs, Tumca miuxedavad xelisuflebis seriozuli

dainteresebisa, es saqme adgilidan ver daiZra. soliduri safabriko

warmoeba vera da ver gaimarTa, Tumca arsebobda realuri Sansi imisa,

rom Saqris warmoeba adgilobriv sanedleulo bazaze yofiliyo

33 Гулишамбаров Ст. ОФЗТ губернии,T 1888 gv. 107-108

40

dafuZnebuli, radgan Saqris Warxlis aklimatizaciam Tbilisis

guberniaSi warmatebiT Caiara. amis dasturad arsebobs specialistebis

mier Catarebuli adgilobrivi Saqris Warxlis dawvrilebiTi

laboratoriuli analizis pasuxebi, romelic mowmobs, rom umaRlesi

xarisxis Saqris Warxlis moyvana Tbilisis midamoebSi SesaZlebeli iyo.

interesmoklebuli ar iqneba, Tu zemoaRweril viTarebas

SevadarebT Tanamedroves. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom navsi Saqris Warxlis

warmoebaSi ar tydeba, Tumca, XX s. 50-70-ian wlebSi kaxeTisa da qarTlis

regionebSi iyo mcdeloba, rom moeyvanaT Saqris Warxali da am

nedleuliT adgilobrivi Saqris gadamamuSavebeli qarxana

moemaragebinaT. es mcdelobac warumatebeli aRmoCnda. adgilobrivi

umaRlesi xarisxis Saqris Warxlis warmoeba, romelic Tavisi

sargeblianobiT Saqris lerwams aRemateba, sakmaod sainteresod

gamoiyureba imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom adgilobrivi Saqris qarxana

momaragdeba iafi nedleuliT, xolo soflis meurneoba

uzrunvelyofili iqneba damatebiT samuSao adgilebiT.

yurZnisa da Rvinis tradiciul qveyanaSi ludis warmoebam karga

xans ver moikida fexi. mcire zomis ludsaxarSebi TbilisSi araerTxel

gaixsna, Tumca maleve wyvetda arsebobas. magaliTad: XIX s. 30-iani

wlebisTvis TbilisSi 4 ludsaxarSi arsebobda. ludsaxarSebis

damkvidrebas gansakuTrebiT xeli Seuwyo germaneli kolonistebis

Camosaxlebam, romlebic ZiriTadad Tbilisis guberniaSi saxldebodnen.

ludis warmoebis xelSemwyob pirobad SeiZleba CaiTvalos isic, rom

Rvinis mwarmoebel qveyanaSi misi eqsportirebis gaaqtiurebasTan erTad

izrdeboda misi fasic. fuTi Rvino, romelic 30-40 kap. Rirda, 1,5-2

maneTamde gaZvirda.34 amasTan, TvalSisacemi iyo misi xarisxis vardna

falsificirebis gamo. ludis warmoebisTvis saWiro nedleuls _ qers

Tbilisis qarxnebi yarsis olqidan da erevnis guberniidan

34 Ст. Гулишамбаров _ ОФЗТ губернии, . Т. 1888 gv.. 35-39

41

sakmaod iafad iZendnen. fuTis Rirebuleba saSualod 20-30 kap. iyo.35

ludis dasamzadeblad, nedleulad iyenebdnen qers, romelic

ZiriTadad mTagorian adgilebsa da zeganebze mohyavdaT, magaliTad,

axalqalaqSi, aleqsandrapolSi, goris maRlobebze, gogCis tbis

midamoebSi da sxva adgilebSi. aq ZiriTadad ori saxis qeri mohyavdaT:

e.w. “axalTesli” da “ZvelTesli”, maT Soris pirveli orjer ufro

Zvirad fasobda, vidre meore, swored am saxeobebs gamoiyenebdnen ludis

sawarmoeblad. 90-ian wlebamde misi Rirebuleba fuTze 25 kap. iyo, xolo

90-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis misi fasi gaormagda. saSualod 1 fuTi

“axalTeslis” jiSis qeris Tbilisamde mowodeba 80 kapikamde jdeboda.

igi qarxnebs ZiriTadad CenCoianad miewodebodaT, sadac Semdeg xdeboda

maTi gasufTaveba. xarisxiani qeris gasufTavebis Semdeg rCeboda 70%

alao, xolo 1 fuTi alaosgan miiReboda 4,5 vedro saSualo xarisxis

ludi. rac meti ludi gamoixdeboda, TavisTavad, miT ufro wyalwyala

iqneboda da piriqiT, 4 vedroze naklebis gamoxdiT kargi xarisxis ludi

miiReboda.36

sakmaod warmatebuli aRmoCnda ludis warmoebis erT-erTi

Tbiliseli specialistis _ k.kiriSCevis mier Tbilisis gareubanSi

ludsaxarSis gaxsna. aseve warmatebuli iyo lorTqifaniZis mier

germaneli gutbrodis ludsaxarSis SeZena. es mewarmeebi

gamoiyenebdnen Zravebs, romlebic moZraobaSi cocxali gamwevi Zalis

(cxenis) meSveobiT modiodnen. lorTqifaniZis warmoebaSi dasaqmebuli

iyo 16 kaci, xolo kiriSCevTan _ 3. am ukanasknelis warmoeba

Sesabamisad naklebad masStaburi iyo.

aRsaniSnavia lorTqifaniZis novacia, romelmac didad Seuwyo xeli

TbilisSi ludis popularizacias. man qalaqis baRSi moawyo rotonda

(Ria pavilioni), sadac daiwyo ludis gayidva. Tbilisuri zafxulis

sicxeebSi baRSi moseirneebsa da ludis moyvarulebs saSualeba

eZleodaT ludxanebis magivrad civi ludi pirdapir Ria sivrceSi 35 ст. Гулишамбаров, ОФЗТ губернии, Т 1888 gv. 35-39. 36 Сборник стат. сведении по Зак. краю. Часть 1, gv. 238

42

daegemovnebinaT. garda am sikeTisa, xalxs musikiTac izidavdnen. am

siaxlem gansakuTrebiT saSualo da dabali fena miizida, romlebic

uwyvet nakadad miedinebodnen rotondisken. amgvarad, lorTqifaniZem

uzarmazari mogeba miiRo da mas TandaTan ludis sxva mwarmoeblebs

Soris mimbaZvelebic gamouCndnen.

Tbilisuri warmoebis vedro ludis Rirebuleba miuxedavad misi

aradamakmayofilebeli xarisxisa, sakmaod soliduri iyo, 1,2-dan 1,6

maneTamde meryeobda misi xarisxis mixedviT da ZiriTadad TbilisSive

saRdeboda. boTlis ludi ufro Zvirad fasobda, igi 10-12 kapikiT meti

Rirda boTlis Rirebulebis CauTvlelad. 37 aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac,

rom adgilobrivi ludis mwarmoeblebi raime saxis seriozul

konkurencias ar ganicdidnen. magaliTad, ruseTidan Zneldeboda ludis

Semotana imis gamo, rom sarkinigzo fraxti Zlier maRali iyo. mxolod

rostovidan da odesidan Semodioda garkveuli raodenobis ludi,

romelmac bazris sakmaod mozrdili nawili daikava foTSi, baTumsa da

quTaisSi.

Tbilisuri ludi gahqondaT borjomSi abasTumansa da quTaisSic,

sadac rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ZiriTadad moixmardnen odesis, rostovisa

da varSavis luds. am ludis nawili garda quTaisisa, mcire raodenobiT

TbilisSic iyideboda. igi gacilebiT Zvirad fasobda da adgilobriv

warmoebul luds xarisxiTac jobda, Tumca Semotanili ludi Tbilisis

bazarze adgilobrivs raime mniSvnelovan konkurencias ver uwevda.

ludasaxarSebSi dasaqmebuli muSaxeli sakmaod mZime pirobebSi,

amave sawarmos teritoriaze saxlobda da Tviurad 15-25 man. anazRaurebas

iRebda38 mZime pirobebi iyo aseve TviT ludaxarSebSic, gansakuTrebiT

lorTqifaniZis ludsaxarSSi, romelic imdenad moZvelebul SenobaSi da

WuWyian garemoSi imyofeboda, rom antisanitaria momxmareblis

janmrTelobas safrTxes uqmnida da xelisuflebas amis gamo misi

daxurva ramdenjerme ucdia. amave dros, germaneli kolonistebis

37 iqve. 38 iqve.

43

ludsaxarSebSi sanimuSo wesrigi da higienuri pirobebi arsebobda.

zogadad, rodesac germaneli kolonistebis warmatebuli

sawarmoebi mimoixileba, qarTveli mkvlevarebi mudam amaxvileben

yuradRebas im faqtze, rom maT xelisuflebisgan didi xelSewyoba

hqondaT rogorc finansuri, aseve administraciuli TvalsazrisiT. es

faqti marTlac didad ganapirobebda maT dawinaurebas, Tumca amasTan

erTad im faqts versad gaveqceviT, rom germanelebi gacilebiT

disciplinirebulebi, akuratulebi da gulmodgineni iyvnen, vidre

qarTveli mewarmeebi. amis magaliTad ara mxolod germanuli

ludsaxarSebis da lorTqifaniZis ludsaxarSis Sedareba gamodgeba,

aramed mirzoevis mitklis fabrikac, sadac iseTi antisanitaria sufevda,

rom misi Semowmebisas iJiner-teqnologi guliSambarovi SeSfoTebas

gamoTqvams da varaudobs, rom am fabrikis muSebi ase xSirad swored

amgvari pirobebis gamo avadmyofobdnen.

XIX s. 60-ian wlebamde amierkavkasiis da gansakuTrebiT

saqarTvelos qalaqTa Soris yvelaze swrafi tempiT Tbilisi

viTardeboda. igi mTeli kavkasiis ara mxolod administraciul-

politikur da samxedro, aramed ekonomikur centradac iqca.

aRniSnul periodSi evropasa da aseve ruseTSi teqnikuri progresi

xelosnur da Sinamrewvelur warmoebaSi mniSvnelovan warmatebebs

aRwevda. am procesebs ki SeuZlebeli iyo gavlena ar moexdina

saqarTvelos samrewvelo ganviTarebaze. saqarTveloSi daarsebul

pirvelsave SedarebiT msxvil sawarmoebSi gamoiyenebdnen ucxoeTidan da

ruseTidan Semotanil manqana-danadgarebs (dazgebs, Rumelebs, qvabebs da

sxva), Tumca teqnikuri siaxleebi mxolod nawilobriv gamoiyeneboda,

prioritetuli jer kidev xeliT Sroma iyo. amasTanave, warmoebis

meqanizacias isic didad abrkolebda, rom adgilobrivi kadrebi ar iyo

saTanadod momzadebuli, iqmneboda winaaRmdegoba teqnikis, meqanizaciis

donesa da muSaTa dabal kvalifikacias Soris. calkeuli warmatebebis

miuxedavad, manqanuri teqnikis danergvis gzaze arsebuli dabrkolebani

44

(danadgarebis Semotanis xarji, kvalificiur muSaTa kadrebis simcire da

saTanado energetikuli bazis ararseboba) ganapirobebda xeliT Sromis

prioritetulobas. dazgebis asamoZraveblad iyenebdnen cocxali gamwevi

Zalis (cxenis, xaris) da wylis energias, mTel rig sawarmoebSi ki

dazgebi xeliT mohyavdaT moZraobaSi da orTqlis Zrava iSviaTobas

warmoadgenda. am problemis mosagvareblad sazRvargareTidan da

ruseTidan sxvadasxva manqana-danadgarebTan erTad aseve iwerdnen

kvalificirebul ostatebsa da muSebs.

TbilisSi saqalaqo cxovrebis ganviTarebam da gansakuTrebiT

samxedro saWiroebam jer kidev XIX s. pirvelsave aTeul wlebSi

warmoqmna meqanikur sarewTa arsebobis aucilebloba. amgvar sarewTa

Soris reformamdel periodSi aRsaniSnavia saxazino sawaxnago fabrikis

mowyoba TbilisSi. es fabrika amuSavebda Zvirfas qvebs: iasps, mewamul

qvas, obsidians, marmarilos da sxv. fabrika 1849 wels moewyo.39 1850 wels

ki moewyo kartonis qvis fabrika, romelic sxvadasxva samoqalaqo da

saeklesio arqiteqturul nakeTobebs amzadebda. es fabrika xuTiode

wlis ganmavlobaSi ase, Tu ise funqcionirebda, 1855 wels ki SekveTebis

simciris gamo daixura, Tumca maleve, 1856 wels igi aRadgines da

SeuerTda sawaxnago fabrikas. fabrika ZiriTadad amuSavebda algeTis

qvas, adgilobriv da Semotanil marmarilos, obsidians da sxv. igi aseve

amzadebda saeklesio, upiratesad ki samoqalaqo arqiteqturis nakeTobebs

SenobebisTvis, TeatrisTvis.

sawarmoSi dasaqmebulebi iyvnen daqiravebuli muSebi da ostatebi,

aseve samxedro uwyebisa da samTo uwyebis xalxi. fabrika iyo saxazino

da mas ganagebdnen jer inJineri lemkuli, Semdeg ivanicki, akademikosi

arqiteqtori _ simonsoni da sxvebi. fabrikas hyavda aseve teqnikuri

zedamxedvelebi. warmoebis gaumjobesebisa da gafarToebis mizniT,

ekaterinburgis meqanikur qarxanas SeukveTes oTxi orTqlis manqana. 1854

wels am qarxanam Tbilisis sawaxnago fabrikisaTvis daamzada oTxi

39 saq. cssa, fondi 10, saqme 1835. furc. 13.

45

Zlieri manqana, romelic 1700 maneTamde dajda.40 es manqanebi TbilisSi

Camoitanes da fabrikaSi igi inJiner-teqnologma lemkulma 1857 wels

daamontaJa,41 romlis montaJic 1000 maneTamde dajda.42 manqanebs

amuSavebdnen SeSiT, fabrikaSi muSaobda manqanebis SemkeTebeli _

meqanikosi zomeri, xolo Tujis saWiro detalebi da nakeTobani Stiuses

meqanikuri qarxnidan mohqondaT.43 fabrikaSi sul ufro metad iyenebdnen

daqiravebul Sromas da bolos igi gabatonda kidec. sawarmoSi hyavdaT

mowafeebi da qarglebi.

sawaxnago fabrikis Sesaxeb nawilobriv warmodgenas iZleva cxrili

#1.3, sadac asaxulia am fabrikis mier TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi

gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenoba.

warmodgenili cxrilis mixedviT sawaxnago fabrikis muSaobis

Sefaseba, gansakuTrebiT pirveli aTi-TerTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi

sakmaod rTulia, radgan 1850-1860 wlebis intervalSi monacemebi

praqtikulad ar moipoveba. savaraudoa, rom sawarmo pirveli aTi wlis

ganmavlobaSi araTanabari warmatebiT (an, sulac warumateblad)

muSaobda. amgvari varaudis mizezi is aris, rom warmoebuli

produqciis raodenoba 1860 wlidan 1861 wlamde 3 000-dan mxolod 3 020

maneTamde izrdeba, xolo 1850-dan 1860 wlamde 3 400-dan 3 000 maneTamdec

Semcirebula; amave dros, warmodgenili informaciiT, 1857 w. sawarmoSi

dainerga teqnikuri siaxleebi, rogoric iyo ekaterinburgis qarxanaSi

damzadebuli orTqlis manqanebi. obieqturad, am siaxleebs oriode

weliwadSi warmatebac unda moetana da es produqciis gamoSvebis

raodenobriv maCvenebelzec unda asaxuliyo. orTqlis manqanebis

damzadeba da Semdgom misi montaJi sakmaod soliduri Tanxebi dajda da

mewarmeebs meti motivacia hqondaT aqtiurad ezrunaT ukugebisTvis.

garda amisa, bazarze sawaxnago fabrikis produqciaze moTxovna

40 saq. cssa, fondi 10, saqme 1823, furc. 1_2. 41 iqve. 42 iqve, saqme 1835, furc. 13. 43 iqve, saqme 810, furc. 97.

46

cxrili #1.3

sawaxnago fabrikis mier gamoSvebuli produqcia

wlebi Pproduqciis raodenoba (man.)

1850 3 40044

1860 3 00045

1861 3 02046

1862 7 50047

1863 12 00048

1864 12 00049

1865 15 00050

arsebobda da mas zrdis tendencia hqonda, aseve, rogorc cnobilia, 1856

w. mas SeuerTda kartonis qvis fabrika. amitom bundovania, 1857-dan 1862

wlamde ratom ar aisaxa es gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenobaze. 1862

wlidan ukve TvalsaCino xdeba fabrikis warmatebebi, roca gamoSvebuli

produqciis raodenoba erTbaSad 3 020 –dan 7 500 man.-mde gaizarda. es

bumi savaraudod ruseTidan damatebiTi SekveTebis mopovebasTan aris

dakavSirebuli. zrdis tendencia gagrZelda momdevno wlebis

ganmavlobaSic. gamomuSavebuli produqciis nawili adgilobrivi

44 ЦГИАЛ, ф.1268, оп.10. 1860. Д 170 45 iqve 1861. Д.228 46 iqve 1862. Д.134 47 iqve 1863. Д. 108 48 iqve 1864. Д. 137 49 iqve 1865.Д. 127 50 iqve 1866 Д. 142

47

moxmarebis garda peterburgs, imperatoris sasaxleSi igzavneboda.51

saglexo reformis Semdeg TbilisSi am profilis sxva sawarmebic

warmoiSva, xolo es sawaxnago fabrika 1868 wels kerZo pirs gadaeca.52

am periodis saqarTvelos sawarmoebsa Tu sarewebSi teqnikur

siaxleTa danergva aqtiurad ar mimdinareobda. am fonze yuradRebas

iqcevs inJiner-teqnologi lemkuli, romelic sawarmoebSi ara mxolod

sawarmoo-teqnologiur procesebs meTvalyureobda, aramed saintereso

teqnikur proeqtebsac axorcielebda. 1853 wels man Seadgina gazis

sanaTi aparaturis proeqti, romlis gamocdamac warmatebiT Caiara.

Amomdevno wels am sistemis 20 sanaTi lampa ukve enTo Tbilisis

centralur _ golovinis prospeqtze sami saaTis ganmavlobaSi. sam

saaTSi iwveboda 450 saJeni gazis maragis naxevari, ris Semdegac maRali

wnevis gamo saxifaTo iyo erTdroulad gazis miReba da gaSveba, mas

SeiZleba avaria mohyoloda. Aamgvari sanaTi mowyobilobis SekveTa

misces aseve Stiuses sawarmodan. 53

lemkulma yorRanaSvilis xis saxerxisTvis daamzadebina axali

saxerxi, romelic dReSi 20-25 cal 4 saJeni sigrZis mors, xolo

ramdenime xnis Semdeg ukve 30 mors xerxavda. Aam saxerxma

yorRanaSvilTan 30-36 muSa Secvala, Tumca mas ufro metis, 50kacis

Secvlis potencialic gaaCnda.

saqarTveloSi mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis ganviTareba

da amis kvaldakval saqalaqo cxovrebis gaaqtiureba moiTxovda Sromis

saSualebaTa damamzadebeli warmoebis mowyobas. es gansakuTrebiT 50-

iani wlebidan igrZnoboda. am saqmeSi TvalsaCinoa ucxoelebis, metadre

germanelebis aqtiuroba.

reformamdel saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT ki TbilisSi mravali

sxvadasxva saxis sawarmo moqmedebda. maT Soris raodenobrivi

TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas ipyrobs aguris sarewebi, romelTa

51 ЦГИАЛ, ф. 1268, оп. 10 1860 д. 170, л. 63 52 Ст. Гулишамбаров _ ОФЗ Тифлисской губернии, 1888 г.,ст. 3, 20. 53 guguSvili p. safabriko-saqarxno mrewvelobis ganviTareba amierkavkasiaSi, Tsu Sromebi. 1940, t. XVI, gv. 140-141.

48

raodenobac TbilisSi saqalaqo mSeneblobis gaaqtiurebis kvaldakval

izrdeboda.

1858 wlisTvis TbilisSi arsebuli “fabrika_qarxnebi” da maT mier

gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenoba warmodgenilia #1.4 cxrilSi.

es cxrili warmodgenas iZleva reformamdel TbilisSi

samewarmeo saqmianobaze. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im patriarqalur

socialur-politikur viTarebas, rac im periodis ruseTis imperiaSi da

Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSic sufevda, am fonze Tbilisis ekonomika

sakmaod mravalferovnad gamoiyureba.

sawarmoTa gansakuTrebuli simravliT gamoirCeva aguris sarewebi,

romelTa raodenobac qalaqSi yvelaze meti, 48 iyo. Mmis ganviTarebas

saqalaqo cxovrebis da Sesabamisad mSeneblobis gaaqtiurebam ubiZga.

sakmaod iyo momravlebuli sapnis sarewebi, romelTa raodenobac

8 iyo. misi produqcia maRali xarisxiT ar gamoirCeoda, magram am

sarewebSi warmoebul saponze mainc didi moTxovna arsebobda. rkinigzis

ararsebobis pirobebSi adgilobrivi produqcia aqtiur konkurencias ar

ganicdida da momxmarebelsac alternatiuli arCevani TiTqmis ar

hqonda. Uukve ociode wlis Semdeg, rkinigzis gayvanam qarTveli

mewarmeebisTvis pirobebi aSkarad Secvala da meti Zalisxmevac

dasWirdaT, rom momravlebuli ucxouri produqciis konkurencia

daeZliaT. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sanTlis warmoebazec, romelic

cxrilSi sakmaod solidurad _ 4 sarewiT aris warmodgenili da

romelic 13 990 man. Pproduqcias uSvebda. Mdabali xarisxis miuxedavad,

am sarewebs ar hqondaT gasaRebis problema, magram es mxolod im

dromde, sanam mogvianebiT, rostovidan Semosuli maRali xarisxis

stearinis sanTlebi ar gauwevda mas seriozul konkurencias.

warmodgenili sawarmoebis mier gamoSvebuli produqciis

raodenobis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, aq tyavis warmoeba liderobs

(66 150 man). Mmas mcired Camouvardeba aguris warmoeba, sadac

49

cxrili #1.4 54

TbilisSi arsebuli sawarmoebi (1858w.)

#

sawarmoTa dasaxeleba

raodenoba

gamoSvebuli

produqcia

.(man.)

1 sawaxnago da masTan

erTad aguris

1

3 400

2 abreSumsaxvevi 1 4 800

3 Tujsamsxmelo 1 10 000

4 qaRaldis 1 1 500

5 spilenZis WurWlis 1 4 200

6 aryissaxdeli 1 10 000

7 ludsaxarSi 2 4 050

8 tyavis 1 66 150

9 sanTlis 4 13 990

10 sapnis 8 31 250

11 saxerxi 2 3 000

12 kramitis 1 11 000

13 aguris 48 58 080

14 maudis 1 4 000

54 Сборник стат. сведений по закавказскому краю, часть 1, Т. 1902.

50

58 080 maneTis produqcia iwarmoeboda. sakmaod msxvili sarewebi

arsebobda kramitisa da aryissaxdel warmoebaSi.

51

1.3 reformisSemdgomi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTareba

1861 wlidan ruseTSi gatarda saglexo reforma, sadac

maqsimalurad iqna gaTvaliswinebuli memamuleTa interesebi. aseve moxda

saqarTveloSic 1864 wlidan, ramac reformisSemdgom periodSi

batonymuri gadmonaSTebis siuxve ganapiroba. 1864-1971 wlebis saglexo

reformas didad ar Seucvlia feodaluri miwaTmflobeloba. miwis

fondis didi nawili kvlav feodalTa uSualo mflobelobaSi rCeboda.

amave dros reforma uSedego ar yofila, batonymuri urTierTobebisagan

saqarTveloSi glexTa 75 565 komli gaTavisuflda55 da imis miuxedavad,

rom gaTavisuflebul glexTa materialuri mdgomareoba garkveulwilad

gauaresda kidec, am reformas mainc uaRresad dadebiTi mniSvneloba

hqonda.

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi erTi saglexo komli reformamde saSualod

5,9 desetina miwas flobda, xolo reformis Semdgom maTi mflobeloba

saSualod 3,9-mde Semcirda. dasavleT saqarTvelos glexobam reformis

Sedegad saSualod miwis 1/3 dakarga. saqarTveloSi umiwod

gaTavisuflda 7 051 glexuri komli.56 miwis ukmarisobam ganapiroba is,

rom glexebi iZulebulebi gaxdnen miwa ijariT aeRoT, an Tavis sarCenad

sacxovreblad qalaqad gadasuliyvnen da iq eZebnaT samuSao. am dros

warmoiSva glexebis droebiTvaldebuli damokidebuleba feodalebisadmi.

manam, sanam isini sabolood gamoisyididnen sanadelo miwebs da

gadaecemodaT mudmiv mflobelobaSi, feodalebisTvis unda exadaT

feodaluri gadasaxadebi, romlebic reformamdelze erTiorad meti iyo.

garda amisa, mouwesrigebeli iyo saZovrebisa da tyeebis, aseve soflis

adgilobrivi miwaTsargeblobis sakiTxebi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom saglexo reforma memamuleTa interesebis

maqsimaluri gaTvaliswinebiT gatarda, glexobas mainc eZleoda

saSualeba, rom SedarebiT ukeTes pirobebSi waremarTa Tavisi sameurneo

55 Бендианишвили А. Аграрные отношения в Грузии в 1890-1917 гг. Тб. 1965. стр. 6 56 iqve, gv. 6

52

saqmianoba, ar iyo ra Zveleburad SezRuduli. kerZod, mas mieca ufleba

SeeZina qoneba da survilisamebr ganekarga, wamoewyo vaWroba, an

mewarmeoba. Aqedan gamomdinare, gaZlierda glexis piradi daintereseba da

misi Sromis nayofiereba.

rac Seexeba rentas, XIX-s. 40-iani wlebidan saxelmwifo gamosaRebis

gadaxda xdeboda mxolod fuliT, xolo memamuleTa mimarT gadasaxadebi

ZiriTadad produqtebiT gadaixdeboda. aqve unda iTqvas, rom droTa

ganmavlobaSi, qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis kvaldakval es

gadasaxadebic fuladi gadasaxadebiT icvleboda. es ZiriTadad xdeboda

glexsa da memamules Soris urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze. mag. 1874 w.

Tbilisis gubernatoris angariSSi naTqvamia, rom “305 komli

droebiTvaldebuli glexi sakuTari nebiT, memamulesTan SeTanxmda, rom

gadasaxadebs samiwaTmoqmedo mosavlis magivrad gadaixdian fulad

gadasaxads.”57 aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom meTambaqoeobaSi, saijaro

urTierTobebSi mxolod fuladi angariSi arsebobda. cxadi iyo, rom

memamulur meurneobas niadagi ecleboda.

fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobebis gaaqtiureba, aseve glexTa

eqsploataciaze monopoliuri uflebis dakargva sxva gzas ar utovebda

aristokratias garda imisa, rom memamuluri meurneoba kapitalistur

yaidaze gardaeqmna. am process abrkolebda feodalis xelSi darCenili

e.w. “CamoWrili miwebi”_ tyeebi, mdeloebi, saZovrebi, sarwyavebi, anu,

glexuri meurneobebi sabolood ar iyo gamijnuli memamulurisgan.

memamules glexi xsenebuli mizezis gamo mainc hyavda erTgvar

damokidebulebaSi.

Tergdaleulebi kargad xedavdnen kapitalisturi ganviTarebis

progresulobas, amasTan, cdilobdnen ekonomikuri politikis miRma, ukana

planze ar darCenliyo socialuri sakiTxebi, magaliTad, ilia WavWavaZe

sakuTrebis sakiTxebis gadaWras sakmao yuradRebiT ekideboda. Mmiwebis

uTanabro ganawilebis gamo igi mizanSewonilad miiCnevda mis xelaxal

57 ЦГИАГ, ф. 31, д. 888, л.24-34.

53

dayofas soflis TviTmmarTvelobis mier. Aam sakiTxis gadawyvetas

sWirdeboda swori, samarTliani, meTodologiuri midgoma. aseTad ki

ilias esaxeboda sakuTrebis kerZo da sazogado formebs Soris swori,

optimaluri Tanafardobis dacva, anu, urTierSeTanxmeba, interesTa

yovelmxrivi gaTvaliswinebiT.

batonymuri valdebulebebisgan gaTavisuflebuli umiwo glexoba

qalaqebisken miemarTeboda, gansakuTrebiT ki Tbilisisaken, am process

stimuls aZlevda qalaqebSi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqareba.

migraciuli procesebi qalaqebisken ara mxolod soflebidan iyo

mimarTuli, aramed ruseTis guberniebidan da aseve sazRvargareTidan

(magaliTad germanelebis Camosaxleba). ruseTis guberniebidan

asaxlebdnen rus da ebrael xelosnebs, agreTve samxedro

valdebulebamoxdil jariskacebs. kavkasiis armiaSi samxedro

valdebulebis moxdis Semdeg, am jariskacebs SeeZloT esargeblaT

xelisuflebis mier 1867 wlis brZanebulebiT maTTvis miniWebuli

SeRavaTiT, survilisamebr dasaxlebuliyvnen kavkasiaSi da xeli moekidaT

raime xelobisaTvis.58

saqarTveloSi kapitalisturi sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis

gaaqtiurebam rusuli da evropuli _ umetesad fabrikuli nawarmis

Semotanam Secvala mosaxleobis gemovneba da Sesabamisad moTxovnac. es

cvlilebebi qalaqSi gacilebiT metad igrZnoboda, vidre soflebSi,

magram ekonomikuri viTarebis cvlileba sofelzec aisaxeboda da

zegavlenas axdenda mwarmoebel sazogadoebaze. magaliTad, soflad

vaWrebis (e.w. CarC-vaWrebis) gaCenam qalaqis xelosnuri warmoeba soflis

moTxovnebs ufro mWidrod daukavSira. sofels gauCnda axali stilis

pirveladi moTxovnilebebis mzamzareuli da SedarebiT iafi saojaxo

saqoneli da piriqiT, soflis nedleuls _ bazari fabrikis saxiT.

58 l. eZgveraZe, socialur-ekonomikur urTierTobaTa burJuaziuli evolucia saqarTveloSi.gv. 21, Tb. 1986.

54

mosaxleobis moTxovnebis zrdis Sesabamisad cvlilebebi xdeboda

xelosnobis dargebSi rogorc qalaqad, aseve soflad. soflad

kapitalizmis TandaTanobiT damkvidrebis kvaldakval aucilebeli gaxda

axali tipis samuSao iaraRebis danergva, mdored, magram mainc daiwyo

infrastruqturuli cvlilebebi sameurneo da politikuri gardaqmnebis

Sesabamisad, kerZod, rkinigzebisa da Saragzebis mSenebloba; qalaqad

axali burJuaziuli yofis Casaxvas mohyva ramdenimesarTuliani binebis

mSenebloba, quCebis gafarToeba, xidebis mSenebloba, mTlianad qalaqis

rekonstruqcia; gaCnda axali tipis ganaTeba, saqalaqo transporti (etli,

konka), Seicvala sacxovrebeli inventari, saojaxo nivTebis

nomenklatura da formebi da a.S.

yovelive am gardaqmnebis Sedegad, daqveiTeba daiwyo, an saerTod

gaqra xelosnobis mravali iseTi dargi, romelic XVIII s. bolosa da XIX

s. dasawyisSi wamyvan rols asrulebda, maT adgils ikavebda xelosnobis

axali dargebi. gansakuTrebiT dawinaurdnen mSeneblobasTan,

transportTan, piradi moxmarebis sagnebis warmoebasTan, an xelsawyo-

iaraRebis SekeTebasTan dakavSirebuli saxelosnoebi da sawarmoebi.

rac Seexeba saxelosnoebs, romelic misi klasikuri gagebiT iyo

warmoeba damkveTisaTvis, nel-nela gardaiqmneboda warmoebad

bazrisaTvis. am statusiT maT gacilebiT meti saqonlis warmoeba

SeeZloT da kerZo damkveTTan uSualo damokidebulebiT aRar

izRudebodnen, anu maT ukve SeeZloT saqonlis warmoeba momxmarebelTa

farTo masisTvis. amgvar modernizebul saxelosno-sawarmoSi

daqiravebul muSaTa raodenoba aRemateboda Cveulebriv, tradiciul

saxelosnoebSi arsebuli qarglebisa da Segirdebis raodenobas.

amasTanave, saxelosnos patroni mrewvelad yalibdeboda.

am periodisTvis, kerZod, XIX s. meore naxevrisaTvis ukve myarad

gamoikveTa wvril saxelosnoTa nawilis magivrad msxvili saxelosnoebis

aRmocenebis tendencia, gaizarda daqiravebuli Sromis masStabi da moxda

Sromis naturaluridan fulad anazRaurebaze gadasvla.

55

reformis Semdgomi periodis dasawyisSive 1866 wlidan qarTvelma

ganmanaTleblebma daiwyes zrunva xalxis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaze

asociaciebisa da amxanagobebis meSveobiT. cnobilia, rom asociaciebis

daarsebisTvis moZraoba inglisSi daiwyo da farTod gavrcelda

dasavleT evropis qveynebSi, Semdeg ki _ ruseTsa da saqarTveloSi.

asociaciebisa da sxva amxanagobebis gziT inglisis progresulad

moazrovne inteligencias surda mSromelTa mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba.

qarTveli ganmanaTleblebi aRiarebdnen asociaciebis mniSvnelobas,

magram ara gadaWarbebulad. isini arc erT ukiduresobas ar emxrobodnen.

aRiarebdnen, rom kapitalizmis pirobebSi asociaciebs SeuZliaT

Seasrulon progresuli roli da xeli Seuwyon xalxis materialuri

mdgomareobis erTgvar gaumjobesebas, daicvan isini vaWar-mevaxSeTa

ulmobeli Zarcvisagan; maTi azriT saWiro iyo arsebuli ekonomikuri

urTierTobebis Zireuli gardaqmna.

gazeTi “droebis” publicistebi xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi

eweodnen asociaciebisa da amxanagobebis popularizacias. asociaciebis

gavrcelebis Sesaxeb arsebuli istoriuli masalebis analizis

safuZvelze maT SeZles xeli SeewyoT sxvadasxva amxanagobebis

daarsebisaTvis saqarTveloSi. asociaciis gavrcelebis saWiroebas isini

muSebis mZime mdgomareobas ukavSireben “1843 wels angliaSi q. roCdelSi

mogrovdnen ramdenime muSa kacebi, romelTac moisurves SeerTebulis

RonisZiebiT gaesworebinaT Tavisi mdgomareoba materialuri, zneobiTi

da gonebiTi. _ am mizeziT daafuZnes sazogadoeba.”59DNEN

gazeTi “droeba” yvela saxis asociaciebs ar uwevda agitacias,

aramed im saxis asociaciebs, romlebic Raribi xalxis mier aris

daarsebuli. “mxolod am gvaris asociaciebs SegviZlian mivceT

warmateba. . . . . asociaciebis dasafuZneblad kapitali saqarTveloSi

yovelTvis mogrovdeba, saWiroa mxolod momatebuli energia, rac Seexeba

Cveni xalxis niWierebas, gonebas, me vgoneb, amiT saqarTvelo sxva xalxze

59gaz. «droeba”, #24 1869.

56

dabla ar dgas. iqneba pirvelad SevxvdeT romelime damabrkolebel

mizezs, magram Cven amas ar unda SeuSindeT, da arc iqneba, rom sruliad

mSvidobianad moxdes. . . . . yovel saqmes mozdevs Tavisi mowinaaRmdege.”60

saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri reformebis gaaqtiureba upiratesad

ukavSirdeba XIX s. 70-ian wlebSi sarkinigzo mSeneblobas. saqarTvelos

mrewvelobaSi daiwyo axali xana, SeiZleba iTqvas _ namdvili samrewvelo

gadatrialeba. sarkinigzo mSeneblobis kvaldakval swrafad viTardeboda

fabrika-qarxnebi, samTamadno mrewveloba, safuZveli Caeyara qveynis

kapitalistur industrializacias.

adgilobrivma xelisuflebam, ZiriTadad saxsrebis uqonlobis gamo,

sarkinigzo mSenebloba 1867 w. gadaabara inglisel koncesionerebs. am

sazogadoebam 1871 w. saeqsploataciod gadasca foTi-yvirilas xazi. 1872

wlidan ki yviriladan xazi gagrZelda Tbilisamde. 1877 w. FfoTi-

Tbilisis magistrals SeuerTda q. quTaisi calke Stos saxiT. 1883 w.

damTavrda rkinigzis xazis mSenebloba baTumsa da samtredias Soris.

imave wlis maisSi ki gaixsna regularuli mimosvla baqo-Tbilisis

magistralze. amrigad, amierkavkasia transkontinenturi magistraliT

gadaisera. Savi da kaspiis zRvebis sarkinigzo xaziT dakavSirebis Semdeg

swrafi tempiT daiwyo qveynis Sida regionebis erTian sarkinigzo

sistemaSi CarTva. 1887 w. gaiyvanes rkinigza quTaisidan tyibulSi, 1894w. _

xaSuridan borjomSi, 1895w. _ Sorapnidan WiaTuramde, xolo 1904 w. _

saCxeremde.61

rkinigza garda imisa, rom TavisTavad umsxvilesi kapitalisturi

sarewia, man mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli kapitalisturi sawarmoebisa da

vaWrobis ganviTarebas. 90-iani wlebisaTvis qveynis umTavresi

samiwaTmoqmedo da samrewvelo raionebi mWidrod daukavSirda erTmaneTs

rkinigzis meSveobiT. Seiqmna pirobebi saqarTvelos wiaRiseul

simdidreTa sargebliani eqsploataciisaTvis. amgvar pirobebSi ruseTis

60 iqve 61 p. guguSvili, kapitalizmis warmoSoba da ganviTareba saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi. Tb.1941, gv. 81.

57

xelisufleba ver Seegua, rom rkinigza sxvis xelSi yofiliyo da 1889 w.

igi saxelmwifo xazinas gadaeca. Sedegad, imperiul xelisuflebas meti

SesaZlebloba gauCnda saqarTvelos da zogadad amierkavkasiis

sameurneo-ekonomikuri cxovreba metad daeqvemdebarebina da Tavisi

ekonomikuri politikis Sesabamisad waremarTa.

saglexo reformis Semdgom movlenaTa msvlelobam gamoiwvia

Tavadaznauruli miwaTmflobelobis rRveva da kapitalisturi

urTierTobebis ganviTareba, anu daaCqara ekonomikis transformacia.

1874 w. maisSi gaixsna Tbilisis saTavadaznauro samiwaTmoqmedo

banki. saqarTvelos progresuli inteligencia maqsimaluri ZalisxmeviT

cdilobda rom bankis saqmianoba qveynis sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebis

samsaxurSi Camdgariyo. banki kapitalisturi epoqis dawesebuleba iyo da

misi saqmianobis gafarToebac epoqis Sesabamisad mimdinareobda.

amasTanave, bankis saqmianobas didi daRi daasva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva

socialur fenebs Soris arsebulma garTulebulma urTierTobebma.

sazogadoebis yvela fena cdilobda bankis saqmianoba sakuTari

interesebis Sesabamisad warmarTuliyo, hyoloda sakuTari

warmomadgeneli bankis xelmZRvanelobaSi. sabolood, sxvadasxva klasis

interesTa dapirispireba sabanko politikis ganxorcielebaSi gamovlinda.

qarTuli progresuli inteligencia miznad isaxavda Tbilisisa da

quTaisis saTavadaznauro samiwaTmoqmedo bankebis gaerTianebas. am ori

bankis SeerTeba gamoiwvevda sabanko kreditis gamsxvilebas da

centralizacias, rac didad mniSvnelovani iyo sabanko saqmianobis

Semdgomi gaumjobesebisaTvis, muSaobis meTodebis urTierTgaziarebis da

meti ndobis mopovebisaTvis. garda amisa, sakredito saqmis

centralizacia nakarnaxevi iyo arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri

mdgomareobiT, kerZod, kapitalizmis ganviTareba moiTxovda sameurneo

saqmianobis safinanso uzrunvelyofas da qveynis sxvadasxva regionebs

Soris vaWrobis gafarToebas.

58

qveynis ekonomikur dawinaurebas Sedegad mohyva msxvili bankebis

warmoSoba. Tbilisisa da quTaisis saadgilmamulo bankebi erTnairi

tipis da ruseTis saadgilmamulo bankebis (romelTa gavleniTac Sedga

Tbilisisa da quTaisis saadgilmamulo bankebis wesdeba) identuri

sakredito organizaciebi iyo, magram saqarTveloSi arsebul sakredito

dawesebulebebs gaaCndaT is Tavisebureba, rac maT principulad

ganasxvavebda ruseTsa da sxva qveynebSi moqmed sakredito

dawesebulebebisgan; kerZod, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba is iyo,

rom saqarTveloSi moqmedi saadgilmamulo bankebis mier miRebuli

Semosavlis didi nawili erovnuli interesebidan gamomdinare,

sazogadoebrivi saqmeebisTvis da qvelmoqmedebisTvis gamoiyeneboda.

amdenad, bankis damfuZnebel TavadaznaurTa piradi Semosavlis zrda, anu

maTi gamdidreba bankis Semosavlidan gamoricxuli iyo. am TvalsazrisiT,

Tbilisisa da quTaisis saadgilmamulo bankebi, rogorc komerciuli

dawesebulebebi arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda dasavleT evropis amave tipis

komerciuli dawesebulebebisgan.

i.WavWavaZe Tbilisis bankis Taviseburebas amgvarad axasiaTebs:

“misi niSandoblivi da sayuradRebo Tviseba, romelic sxva

saadgilmamulo bankebis wesdebisagan ganarCevs, is aris, rom bankis

mogeba, imis garda, rac sxvadasxva Tanxas unda miematos, hxmardeba

amerTis ara marto miwaTmflobelTa, ese igi TavadaznaurTa, aramed

miwaTmoqmedTa saerTo saWiroebas. am saxiT, tfilisis saTavadaznauro

saadgilmamulo banki TiTqmis iseTi erTaderTi dawesebulebaa

saadgilmamulo kreditisa ruseTSi, romlis wesdebiTac sruliad

uaryofilia kerZo interesi mogebiT sargeblobisa sazogado sikeTisa da

saWiroebisaTvis.”62

qarTuli saadgilmamulo bankebis, rogorc sakredito

dawesebulebebis amgvari Tavisebureba konkretuli garemoebebiT iyo

ganpirobebuli. pirvel rigSi, im istoriuli sinamdviliT, romelsac

62 i. WavWavaZe, Txz., sr. kr. t. IX, 1957, gv. 310

59

miusadaga sabanko politika progresulad moazrovne qarTulma

inteligenciam. kerZod, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ruseTi sakuTari

koloniuri interesebidan gamomdinare zRudavda saqarTvelos

ekonomikur ganviTarebas. garda amisa, ruseTs Tavad ar gaaCnda

ganviTarebuli ekonomika da sameurneo kultura da aqedan gamomdinare,

verc Tavisi koloniebis ganviTarebaze moaxdenda progresul zegavlenas.

saqarTvelos ekonomikis, ganaTlebis da kulturis ganviTarebaze zrunva

qarTuli patriotulad ganwyobili elitis interesebSi iyo. am

garemoebas isic emateboda, rom saglexo reformis Semdgom periodSi

mimdinare mtkivneuli agraruli gardaqmnebi kidev ufro mwvavdeboda

samefo xelisuflebis biurokratiuli aparatis mier, romlebic

aWianurebdnen da xels uSlidnen qveynis ekonomikaSi reformis

efeqturad Catarebas. am garemoebaTa gamo qarTuli sazogadoebis

progresulma fenam Tavad iTava qveynis sasicocxlo interesebze zrunva.

sabanko saqmianoba sazogadoebis interesebis Sesabamisad

warimarTa. burJuaziuli sakredito aparati gamoyenebul iqna maTi

sameurneo da kulturuli-saganmanaTleblo donis asamaRleblad.

mxolod burJuazia am misias ver Seasrulebda, vinaidan saamisod

nacionaluri burJuazia uaRresad susti iyo, did kapitals ki flobda

qarTuli burJuaziis somxuri da ebrauli nawili, aseve evropelebi,

romlebic saqarTveloSi eweodnen samewarmeo saqmianobas da romlebic

sruliad indiferentulni iyvnen saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi da

erovnuli interesebis mimarT.

i. WavWavaZes da mis Tanamoazreebs zustad esmodaT, rom

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba sWirdeboda sazogadoebis ganaTlebis donis

amaRlebas da sabanko finansebis didi nawili swored am saqmes

xmardeboda. Tumca arsebobda qarTveli Tavadaznauroba, romelTac

amgvari sabanko politika sakamaTod, an sulac mcdarad miaCnda. amis

magaliTia erT-erTi Tavadis guliswyroma i. WavWavaZis mimarT:

“saswavlebels wamosCxiraven xolme win, im saswavlebels, romelsac

60

magdeni sargeblobac ara moaqvs ra, da bankis avkargianobas

saswavleblis sikeTis kvalobazed swonaven . . . . . naxevari milioni

fuli CavyareT da aba ra sikeTe dagveyara mag saswavleblidan, rom exla

kidev magis gulisaTvis msesxeblebi SemovifrTxoT. ra saWiroa

saswavlebeli, Tu Tavadaznauroba siZviris gamo Semosatans vals ver

Semoitans da umamulod, umiwawylod darCeba.”63

1881 wlidan saadgilmamulo bankebis saqmianobaSi erTgvari

cvlilebebi xdeba, romlis safuZvelic gaxda wodebrivi xasiaTis

SezRudvebis gauqmeba. kapitalisturi urTierTobebis zrdis kvalobaze

sabanko saqmianoba TandaTan farTovdeboda da matulobda msesxebelTa

raodenoba. msesxeblebs (maT Soris araTavadaznauruli warmoSobis) am

cvlilebebis Sedegad mieniWaT damfuZnebelTa Tanabari uflebebi.

bankidan feodaluri aristokratiis gamodevnis saSiSroeba sul ufro

aSkara xdeboda, vinaidan vaWrebi da kapitalistebi sul ufro metad

euflebodnen qveynis sameurneo cxovrebas. saqarTvelos feodaluri

aristokratia, rasakvirvelia zrunavda privilegirebuli mdgomareobis

SenarCunebaze. ukve TvalsaCino gaxda, rom msesxebelTa raodenoba

sagrZnoblad izrdeboda, xolo socialurad niadaggamoclili

Tavadaznauroba ekonomikuradac sustdeboda. TavadaznaurTa mier

bankidan gatanili fulis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb gazeTi “droeba” werda:

“Cveni Tavadaznauroba, am bankebidan fulis amRebni, iseT mdgomareobaSi

arian amJamad Cavardnilni, rom aTasSi erTs ar SeuZlia, marTla

namdvilad im adgil-mamuls moaxmaros bankidan nasesxebi fuli, romlis

giraoTac sesxulobs da romlis SemuSavebis gasaumjobesebladac

vardeba valSi. aTasSi erTi aZlevs bankidan aRebul fuls Tavis namdvil

daniSnulebas; danarCeni an Zvel valebs ixdian am nasesxebi fuliT, an

axal qeifebs ewevian.”64

qarTuli feodaluri aristokratia ver axerxebda socialur

transformacias. sabolood, es procesebi xels uwyobda Tavadaznauruli

63gaz. “iveria”, #111 1891. 64gaz. «droeba”, #88 1881,

61

miwaTmflobelobis rRvevas da kapitalisturi urTierTobebis

sayovelTaod (rogorc qalaqad, aseve soflad) damkvidrebas.

1994 w. Tbilisis saadgilmamulo bankma miiRo gadawyvetileba

sabanko krebis reorganizaciis Sesaxeb im mimarTulebiT, rom

damfuZnebel TavadaznaurTa interesebi maqsimalurad yofiliyo

gaTvaliswinebuli. finansTa saministroc mxars uWerda, rom

saadgilmamulo bankebs SeenarCunebinaT wodebrivi xasiaTi. 1899 wlidan

dawesda damfuZnebelTa da msesxebelTa garkveuli Tanafardoba.

warmomadgenlebs irCevdnen sami wlis vadiT. arCeva xdeboda mazrebis

mixedviT, iq mosaxle TavadaznaurTa raodenobisa da maTi kuTvnili

qonebis gaTvaliswinebiT. am principis mixedviT Tbilisis mazraSi 357

saTavadaznauro komlidan irCevdnen 15 rwmunebuls.

qarTuli feodaluri aristokratia pirvel xanebSi kmayofili iyo

(miuxedavad imisa, rom bankma maTi imedebi ar gaamarTla) da bankidan

xalisiT gahqondaT fuli. 1898 w. maTze gacemuli sesxebis Sesaxeb

warmodgenas iZleva statistikuri monacemebi, romelic #1.5 cxrilSia

mocemuli.

ori bankis _ Tbilisis saTavadaznauro da Tbilisis sakredito

sazogadoebis mier gacemuli sesxebi sakmaod solidurad gamoiyureba,

gansakuTrebiT sakredito sazogadoebis, romelmac 1898 wels 14 016 800

maneTis Rirebulebis sesxi gasca. samive safinanso organizacaSi giraod

Cadebuli iyo 2886 erTeuli uZravi qoneba, xolo maT mier gacemuli

sesxebis jamuri raodenoba 22 240 234 maneTs aRwevda. saqarTvelos (aseve

konkretulad Tbilisis) ekonomikaSi am raodenobis investiciebis

ganxorcielebas savaraudod sakmao ukugebac eqneboda da feodaluri

aristokratiac naklebad mtkivneulad gadaitanda reformisSemdgom

socialur-ekonomikur cvlilebebs, maT umravlesobas sesxad aRebuli

fulis investireba rom moexdina da meurneobis gaumjobeseba _

gaZlierebisTvis moexmara. amis nacvlad sesxad aRebuli fuli

araracionalurad ixarjeboda, ris gamoc veRar axerxebdnen sesxis

62

cxrili #1.5 65

q. Tbilisis uZravi qonebis mflobelTa davalianeba 1898 w.

1 ianvrisTvis

bankebi Cadebuli

uZr.qoneba

giraos

Sefaseba

Ggacemuli

sesxi

Tbilisis

saTavadaznauro

1 150

16 661 900

8 210 034

Mmixailis

saTavadaznauro

1

24 900

13 400

Tbilisis sakred.

sazogadoeba

1 735

22 655 388

14 016 800

gastumrebas, maTi davalianeba izrdeboda da banki iZulebuli

xdeboda memamuleTa dagiravebuli mamulebi sajaro vaWrobiT gaeyida.

swored am niadagze daiwyo qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis kargad

cnobili mwvave ideologiuri brZola. 80-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi

Camoyalibda Tavadaznauruli opozicia, romelmac presis saSualebiT

sastiki brZola gaumarTa Tbilisis bankis xelmZRvanelobas. rogorc

cnobilia, am opozicias saTaveSi Caudga d. yifiani, xolo demokratiuli

inteligenciis saxeliT mas win aRudga i. WavWavaZe.

65 Сборникъ статистическихъ свъдъний по Зак. краю, часть 1, Тифлис 1902, стр. 262

63

amrigad, 80-iani wlebis pirveli naxevridan movlenaTa msvlelobam

gamoaaSkarava saadgilmamulo bankebSi interesTa dapirispireba, aSkara

gaxada burJuaziis gaZliereba. axlad aRorZinebuli burJuazia

TandaTanobiT fuladi kapitalis mflobeli gaxda da sakredito

dawesebulebebSi prioritetuli mdgomareoba daikava, maT Siris

saadgilmamulo bankebSic. qarTulma Tavadaznaurobam alRo ver auRo

axali cxovrebis moTxovnebs, samewarmeo gulmodginebis nacvlad igi

sakuTari tragediis wyarod xan calkeul pirovnebebs miiCnevda da xan

ucxoelebs. am urTierTbraldebebSi vaWarTa da mrewvelTa fena sul

ufro metad Zlierdeboda da xelSi uvardeboda gakotrebuli da

socialurad degradirebuli aristokratiis mamulebi.

aRniSnul periodSi saqarTveloSi arsebuli socialur-ekonomiuri

viTarebis zogadi mimoxilva warmodgenas iZleva saqarTveloSi

kapitalisturi warmoebis ganviTarebis im ZiriTad tendenciebze da

ekonomikur politikaze, romelic Camoyalibda ruseTis imperiuli

xelisuflebis mier XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi gatarebuli reformebis

Sedegad da romelmac xeli Seuwyo qveynis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi

safuZvlian cvlilebebs. aRniSnuli cvlilebebi met-naklebad manamdec

iyo dawyebuli, magram ganxilulma sakanonmdeblo reformebma mas

stimuli misca da legitimuri gaxada.

64

Tavi II

adgilobrivi kapitali Tbilisis ekonomikaSi XIX s-is bolosa da XX

s. dasawyisSi

XIX s. bolosTvis TbilisSi upiratesad wvrili samrewvelo

sawarmoebi viTardeboda, Tumca qalaqis ekonomikuri ganviTareba aSkarad

kapitalisturi xasiaTis iyo. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom mowinave

kapitalistur qveynebTan SedarebiT sawarmoo Zalebi gacilebiT neli

tempiT viTardeboda, romlis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo saqarTvelos

koloniuri mdgomareoba da feodaluri urTierTobebis gadmonaSTebi,

rac mZime tvirTad awveboda sawarmoo Zalebs da ar aZlevda mas swrafi

tempiT ganviTarebis saSualebas. am periodSi TandaTan SesamCnevi xdeba

SedarebiT msxvili sawarmoebis aRmoceneba, romelic ZiriTadad

adgilobrivi kapitalis meSveobiT fuZndeboda.AAAAAAAAA

ganvixiloT is ZiriTadi sawarmoebi, romlebmac mniSvnelovani

roli Seasrules aRniSnuli periodis saqarTvelos ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis saqmeSi.

TbilisSi tradiciulad arsebobda wvrili da uwvrilesi

Sinamrewveluri tipis sarewebi, romlebic tyavs amzadebdnen. isini

,ZiriTadad wvrili sarewebis, an xelosnuri tipis iyo. XIX s-is 60-iani

wlebidan TbilisSi Cndeba ramdenime SedarebniT msxvili sarewi, anu

iseTi saxelosno, sadac 4_10, an ufro metni (ostatebi, qarglebi da

Segirdebi) Sromobdnen erTad. amgvar sarewebSi TandaTan xdeboda

Sromis danawileba da manufaqturebis warmoSoba. aq ZiriTadad saxarazo

tyaveuli mzaddeboda. Tbilisis tyavis sarewTa Tavisebureba is iyo, rom

es sarewebi ganlagebulni iyvnen mtkvris sanapiroze, gogirdis Tbil

wyaroebTan, rac maTi arsebobis ZiriTadi piroba iyo.

tyavis “qarxnebis”didi nawili e.w. aziuri xerxebiT muSaobda,

amasTan, 70-iani wlebidan TbilisSi rusi kolonistebis e.w. moloknebis

“qarxnebi” daarsda, maTi tyavis sarewebi sacxovrebeli binis ezoSi iyo

65

mowyobili da 4-5 kaci muSaobda. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi nawarmic

kustaruli xerxiT mzaddeboda, tyavis RebvaSi ufro dawinaurebulni

iyvnen da am mxriv moloknebis mier damzadebuli tyavis nawarmi jobnida

“aziuri wesiT” nawarmoeb tyavs. tyavi moloknebis sarewebSic upiratesad

xeliT gamohyavdaT, magram aseve primitiul teqnikasac iyenebdnen.

magaliTad, yvela maTgans hqonda erTgvari sacexvi (safqvavi), romelic

cxenis gamwevi Zalis meSveobiT modioda moZraobaSi. am mowyobilobiT

icexveboda muxis qerqi, romelic tyavis gamosayvanad iyo saWiro.

sarewebSi hqondaT wyalamwe tumboebi, romlis meSveobiTac sarews Widan

wyali miewodeboda.

cxrili #2.1 _Si mocemuli masala warmodgenas iZleva aRniSnuli

sarewebis masStabebze.

cxrili #2.1 66

rusi kolonistebis (moloknebis) sarewebSi warmoebuli produqcia.

(1884 w.)

sarewebi

Ggamoyvanili

tyavis raod.

(cali)

muSaTa

raodenoba

warmoebuli

Pproduqcia

(man.)

miniaeva 800 4 4 000

ponomariovi 700 4 3 500

mineva 500 5 3 000

am cxrilSi ar aris warmodgenili warmoebuli produqciis

asortimenti, vinaidan, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, isini mxolod saxarazo

66 Гулишамбаров СТ. ОФЗТ губернии. Тб. 1888 gv.38

66

tyavs amzadebdnen, romelic Semdgom saxelosnoebs miewodeboda,

saxelosnoebSi ki mas saboloo produqciis saxe eZleoda.

mocemuli cxrili cxadyofs, rom aRniSnuli tipis tyavis sarewebis

masStabebs Soris raime arsebiTi gansxvaveba ar arsebobda, Tumca mainc

SeiZleba gamovyoT miniaevas sarewi, romelmac oTxi muSis pirobebSi

SeZlo 4 000 maneTis Rirebulebis 800 tyavi gamoeSva. SedarebiT uaresi

maCvenebeli aqvs minevas, romlis sarewic naklebad mwarmoebluria,

vidre ori danarCenis; kerZod, dasaqmebuli iyo 5 muSa, anu meti, vidre

miniaevasa da ponomariovTan, rasac logikurad meti produqciis

damzadeba unda uzrunveleyo, realurad ki minevam maTze naklebi

raodenobisa (500 c.) da Sesabamisad naklebi Rirebulebis tyavi (3

000Mman.) awarmoa.

am tipis “qarxnebSi” Sroma danawilebuli iyo, warmoeba 3_4

operaciad iyofoda; mag. leSis gatyaveba, tyavis damarileba, qatoSi

dalboba, bewvis gacla, tyavis moqna_gamoyvana da Semdeg kvlav gafxeka.

marTalia, zogierTi muSa 2-3 operaciaSi iyo \daxelovnebuli, magram am

warmoebaSi muSaTa sul ufro meti raodenoba iyrida Tavs da ufro

metad xdeboda maTi daspecialeba erT romelime operaciaze.

aziuri xerxiT tyavis dammuSavebeli “qarxnebi” damxmare masalad

iyenebdnen kirs, marils, Trimls, Sabs, qatos, qers, simindis fqvilsa da

sxv. samuSao masalebidan mTavari iyo geja, anu rofi, romelic sarewis

sardafebSi miwaSi iyo Cadgmuli, masSi miliT gadioda gogirdis wyali.

erT gejaSi saSualod 3-5 muSa idga welamde tyavis Smorian wumpeSi,

sadac xelebiTa da fexebiT xdeboda tyavis moqna. amgvarad gamoyvanili

tyavisgan ZiriTad mzaddeboda fexsacmelebi, aziuri Ceqmebi, xolo

mTlian (unakero) tyavs iyenebdnen sasirajo warmoebaSi, mag. tikebis

dasamzadeblad, amzadebdnen aseve tyavis nairgvar nawarms: karetebis,

etlebis, cxenis aRkazmulobisTvis da sxva saWiroebisaTvis. SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom tyavis warmoeba sxva dargebs gacilebiT CamorCeboda da

aSkarad neli tempebiT viTardeboda. Sromis pirobebic am sferoSi

67

gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo. “qarxnebis” umniSvnelo nawili rogorc

aRvniSneT, primitiul teqnikas iyenebda, xolo danarCen umravlesobaSi es

teqnikac ar gaaCndaT da tyavis gamoyvanis procesi mTlianad xeliT

Sromas efuZneboda.

70-iani wlebidan tyavis RebvaSi mcenareuli saRebavebis nacvlad

TandaTan daiwyes mineraluri saRebavebis _ anilinisa da alizarinis

gamoyeneba. mineraluri saRebavebis damkvidrebiT “aziurma tyavebma”

dakarges uwindeli simtkice da feradovneba, xolo am siaxlis danergvis

Sedegad gamsxvilebul sarewebs ufro gauadvildaT wvrili sarewebis

Seviwroeba.

1875 wlidan warmoebis am sferoSi mniSvnelovani winsvla

SeiniSneba, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac TbilisSi kerZo mewarmem _ g.

adelxanovma tyavis sakmaod msxvili qarxana gaxsna. igi am saqmeSi

sakmaod kargad iyo Caxeduli da saWiro fuladi saxsrebic gaaCnda.

warmoeba adelxanovma im droisaTvis maRal teqnikur doneze moawyo da

tyavis warmoebis mowinave teqnologia danerga. tyavis saqarxno wesiT

warmoebisaTvis aucilebel nedleuls qarxnis patroni kerZo Sesyidvebis

gziT, sakmaod didi odenobiT Rebulobda saqarTvelos mecxoveleobis

ZiriTadi (maRalmTiani) raionebidan, xolo nawils igi umTavresad iRebda

CrdiloeT kavkasiidan da saqarTvelos farglebs miRma raionebidan,

xandaxan amerikidanac (salanCe tyavs). es qarxana tyavis erTaderT da

yvelaze msxvil sawarmod iTvleboda ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed

mTel amierkavkasiaSi. igi tipiuri kapitalisturi sawarmo iyo Tavisi

yvela maxasiaTebliT.

fabrikam, sadac daarsebisas 30 muSa muSaobda, pirvelsave wels

SeZlo 60 000 man. Rirebulebis cxvrisa da Txis tyavi daemzadebina. ori

wlis Semdeg fabrikam daiwyo msxvilfexa pirutyvis tyavis gadamuSaveba _

mag. cxenis tyavis. amzadebda: TalaTins (rbil tyavs), salanCe tyavs.

amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom Ffabrika amuSavebisTanave mxolod

adgilobriv SromiT potencials eyrdnoboda da ar dasWirvebia

68

ucxoeTidan mowveuli specialistebis daxmareba, magram imis gamo, rom es

potenciali SezRuduli iyo, fabrikas mudmivad uwevda Tavadve

moemzadebina ostatebi.

1879 wlisTvis fabrika SesamCnevad gaizarda da srulad gamoavlina

sakuTari SesaZleblobani. mas ukve mieca saSualeba, rom evaWra

moskovTan, aseve, swored es fabrika iyo kavkasiaSi erTaderTi, sadac

safabriko wesiT (da ara kustarulad) daiwyo Ceqmebis kerva. aq

warmoebuli Ceqmebis saukeTeso xarisxis gamo man sakmaod msxvili

saxelmwifo SekveTebi miiRo kavkasiis samxedro olqisagan, rom

moemaragebina jari 360 000 maneTze meti Rirebulebis CeqmebiT. asrulebda

ra xarisxianad da daubrkoleblad samxedro olqis SekveTebs, 1881

wlidan adelxanovis fabrikas kvlav gaugrZeles xelSekruleba.

samxedro SekveTebis mTliani Rirebuleba 400 000 maneTs aRwevda. am

RirebulebaSi ar igulisxmeba msxvili SekveTebi im samxedro amuniciaze,

romelsac igi aseve jarebs awvdida.67 adelxanovis tyavis qarxnis

warmatebebi didad iyo damokidebuli msxvilsa da garantirebul

SekveTebze. jarisaTvis saCeqme da saamunicio tyavis SekveTebi sakmaod

msxvili da stabiluri iyo da amis safuZvelze 80-iani wlebidan xdeba

warmoebis gafarToeba, sadac 300-mde kaci dasaqmda. momdevno periodSi

maTma raodenobam 500-s miaRwia. dasaqmebulTa Soris iyvnen mozardebic,

romlebic ZiriTadad mSoblebs mihyavdaT samuSaod da garda imisa, rom

wera-kiTxvis ucodinarebi rCebodnen, janmrTelobac ukiduresad hqondaT

Selaxuli.

1884 wels fabrika kapitalurad gadaiaraRda, romlis drosac didi

yuradReba mieqca sanitarul - higienuri pirobebis mkveTr gaumjobesebas;

momdevno 1885 wlisTvis tyavis fabrikasTan gaixsna fexsacmelebis

msxvili meqanizebuli samkervalo. Tavdapirvelad aq dasaqmebuli iyo 60

kaci da kviraSi 300 wyvil Ceqmas amzadebdnen. imis gamo, rom samxedro

SekveTebi aq regularuli iyo, saxelosno msxvildeboda. saxelosno

67 Ст. Гулишамбаров ОФЗ по Закавквзскому краю. Тиф. 1894, gv. 209-210.

69

SekveTebs iRebda saxelmwifosganac, yovelwliurad 50 000 wyvili

fexsacmlis odenobiT. am samkervaloSi aTi wlis Semdeg, 1895 wlisTvis

250-mde kaci muSaobda, xolo XIX s-is miwuruls ukve 600-mde kaci.68

samkervalo saxelosno TandaTan gamoeyo tyavis fabrikas da

sruliad damoukidebel, fexsacmlis msxvil meqanikur fabrikad

Camoyalibda. es fabrika tyavisa da Culeulis fabrikebis maxloblad

mdebareobda. am gamoyofil sawarmoSi mxolod saxelmwifo SekveTebi

sruldeboda, Tumca mas gacilebiT didi potenciali gaaCnda da amitom

iqve moewyo sagangebo saamqro, sadac kerZo SekveTebs iRebdnen qalisa da

mamakacis fexsacmelebze, Cemodnebze, unagirebze, cxenis Tvalsafarebze,

romlis sarealizaciodac adelxanovma Tbilisis garda, vladikavkazsaA

da baqoSic gaxsna sakuTari sawyobebi da maRaziebi. am sawarmoebSi 1893

wlisTvis muSaobda 220 mudmivi muSa, romlebic weliwadSi 120 000 maneTis

saqonels awarmoebdnen.69

1889 w. adelxanovis tyavis fabrika teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT

sakmaod maRal doneze idga. qarxnis warmoebis saSualebebi iyo 55 cxenis

Zalis 3 orTqlis manqana orTqlis sami qvabiT, betonis 42 avzi, Sabis 18

rofi, nacris 34 rofi, 34 saTrimlavi rofi wyalsadeni filtrebiT,

xelovnuri wevis hidroeqstraqtori matylis racionaluri SrobisaTvis.

xis saTrimlavi rofebi betonis rofebiT Seicvala. amis Sedegad is

sayovelTaod gamefebuli antisanitaria, rac zogadad tyavis kustarul

warmoebas axasiaTebs, aq mTlianad moispo. garda amisa, amoqmedda

Sidasaqarxno saliandago transporti, romelic aseve misi

mwarmoeblurobis zrdas da sawarmoo procesis racionalizacias

uwyobda xels.

fabrikis saSualo wliuri simZlavre am periodSi ase gamoiyureba:

amzadebda 11 600 cal salanCe tyavs, 14 000 cal msxvilfexa rqosani

pirutyvis uxeS sqel tyavs, 36 000 cal gaTrimlul tyavs da sxva.

fabrikis wliuri brunva1889 wels iyo daaxloebiT 700 aTasi maneTi,

68 iqve 69 iqve

70

xolo momdevno, 1890 wlisTvis _ 741,9 aTasi maneTi.70 imis gamo, rom

amierkavkasiaSi im periodSi ar arsebobda tyavis ramdenadme gamarTuli

warmoeba garda adelxanovis warmoebisa, mas uwevda yvela saxis tyavis

nawarmis gamoSveba da misi viwro specializacia ar xerxdeboda.

90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aq kravelis tyavisagan daiwyes e.w.

laikis damuSaveba, risganac sawarmosTan arsebul profesiul skolaSi

xelTaTmanebs keravdnen.

qeCis warmoeba erT-erTi yvelaze tradiciuli da gavrcelebuli

iyo amierkavkasiis maRalmTian raionebSi mcxovreb xalxTa Soris,

romelic matylis gadamuSavebaze iyo damyarebuli. meCuleobis

produqtad iTvleba: qeCa, nabadi, sxvadasxva saxisa da formis nabdis

qudi da sxva romelTa Sorisac yvelaze mniSvnelovania nabdis warmoeba.

nabadi mTels amierkavkasiaSi erTob gavrcelebuli wamosasxami iyo.

garda amisa, igi iyo kavkasiaSi arsebuli jaris samxedro amuniciis

atributic.

adelxanovis damsaxurebad unda CaiTvalos qeCis (Culis)

Sinamrewveluri warmoebis safabrikod gadaqcevac. 1889 wels adelxanovma

gaiTvaliswina ra bazarze arsebuli nabadze didi moTxovna, xeli

mohkida misi masobrivi warmoebis organizebas. TbilisSi Camoayaliba

saaqcio sazogadoeba, romelmac gaxsna Culeulis fabrika. es fabrika

ZiriTadad orientirebuli iyo kazakTa jarebisaTvis nabdis miwodebaze.

imis gamo, rom ruseTSi tyavisa da qeCis warmoeba sustad iyo

ganviTarebuli, adelxanovis mier wrmoebuli produqcia konkurenciis

gareSe aRmoCnda.

sawarmom or weliwadSi daamtkica, rom warmatebuli sawarmo iyo,

misi warmadoba iyo 100 000 cali nabadi weliwadSi. fabrika mewarmes

70 000 man. daujda. saWiro teqnika, aseve ostatebi germaniidan

gamoiwera, mxolod muSebi iyvnen adgilobrivi mcxovrebni. Savi sanabde

matyli Semodioda daRestnidan fuTi _ 6-6,5 maneTad. misi Tbilisamde

70 iqve-

71

transportireba jdeboda fuTi 1,5 man. recxvisa da WuWyis gaclis Semdeg

vargisi iyo mTliani masis mxolod 50%. ase, rom gamzadebuli mouqneli

matyli fabrikants recxvis xarjis CaTvliT fuTi 14-17 man. ujdeboda.71

adelxanovis Culeulis fabrikaSi mzaddeboda yvela saxis qeCis

nawarmi, rogoricaa: qudebi (TuSuri), fafaxebi (osuri), FfaCuCebi, nabdis

maRalyeliani fexsacmeli (daRestnuri, e.w. valinkebi) da sxv. Ees

produqcia iwarmoeboda msxvil partiebad, safabriko wesiT, orTqlis

energiis gamoyenebiT.

adelxanovis Culeulis fabrikam daarsebis dRidan, saguSago

razmebisaTvis daamzada 40 000 nabadi. 1892 wlisTvis es nabdebi SinelebiT

Seicvala, Tumca mewarmes Sinelebis warmoebasTan erTad arc nabdis

warmoeba Seuwyvetia, mas kerZo gayidvebisTvis awarmoebda. gamoSvebuli

nabdis sigrZe iyo 2,5 arSini, sigane qveda nawilSi _ 5 arSini, xolo zemo

nawilSi _ 1 arSini. TiToeuli nabdis wona 6 fuTs utoldeboda.

yoveldRiurad amzadebdnen 40 nabads, yovelwliurad _ daaxloebiT

12 000 cals. nabdebi iRebeboda ucxoeTidan Semotanili egzotikuri xis

eqstraqtebiT, romlis Rirebulebac TbilisSi iyo 1 fuTi _ 12 maneTi.72

nabdis Rebva Semdegi teqnologiiT xdeboda: Tavdapirvelad qeCas

albobdnen msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis SardSi SabiamanTan da

sodasTan erTad. amis Semdeg ki mas Rebavdnen meqsikuri e.w. kampeCes xis

eqstraqtis xsnarSi, romelic germaniidan SemohqondaT 1 fuTi 12

maneTad.73

fabrikulad damzadebul qeCas moixmardnen ara mxolod

fexsacmlis, Tavsaburavis, an sxvadasxva saxis samosis sawarmoeblad,

aramed aqtiurad iyenebdnen nestis sawinaaRmdegodac. mag: akravdnen

kedlebze, axvevdnen im boZebisa da koWebis boloebze, romlebic nestian

niadagSi iyo CasarWobi. qeCas xmarobdnen aseve ficris iatakis qveS

dasagebad. iataks amgvari wesiT agebdnen rogorc notio, aseve mSral

71 iqve, gv. 251 72 iqve 73 iqve, gv. 252

72

adgilebSic siTbos SesanarCuneblad. sawarmoo nedleulad

gamoiyeneboda aseve cxvris dabalbewviani matyli, romlisganac

amzadebdnen faCuCebs da sxvadasxva nawarms. matyliT adelxanovis tyavis

fabrikidan maragdebodnen. am bewvis gadamuSaveba xdeboda saWiro zomebis

mixedviT, weliwadSi 5 000 fuTis odenobiT.74

Culeulis fabrikaSi bewvis gadasamuSaveblad wylis magivrad

iyenebdnen orTqls maRali wneviT, rac imis garantias iZleoda, rom

yovelgvari paraziti da misi kvercxebi, romelic SesaZloa yofiliyo am

bewvSi, ganadgurdeboda. qeCis moqnis Semdgom xdeboda misi xelaxali

moqna orTqlis energiaze momuSave sabegviT, sabolood ki mas avlebdnen

gogirdmJavas sust xsnarSi. amgvari teqnologiiT damuSavebuli bewvi

saimedod higienuri da xarisxiani iyo, nawarms parazitebisagan gafuWeba

aRar emuqreboda.

90-ian wlebSi fabrikaSi mravali saxis saWiro masala da nedleuli

SemohqondaT sakmaod Soreuli teritoriebidan. mag. tyavis

gasaTrimlavad yovelwliurad 130 000 fuT sxvadasxva saxis saTrimlav

masalas moixmardnen: muxis qerqs moixmardnen rogorc adgilobrivs,

aseve SemohqondaT tveridan. tirifisa da vazis qerqi SemohqondaT

volgis dablobidan, alJiruli muxis qerqi _ marselidan, marselidanve

SemohqondaT e.w. kvebrako da garuli, smirnadan _ volone, xolo

TuTubo da kermeki _ elizavetpolis guberniidan, mirabeli _

indoeTidan, meqsikuri kampeCes xis eqstraqti _ germaniidan, saTrimlavi

eqstraqtebi SemohqondaT aseve ungreTidan da a.S. unda aRiniSnos, rom am

masalebis umravlesobis mopoveba saqarTvelos tyis masivebidanac iyo

SesaZlebeli, magram misi mopoveba-damuSaveba ar iyo organizebuli. amis

gamo adgilobrivi masalis moZieba da mogroveba imden uxerxulobasTan

da dabrkolebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, rom mewarmes ar uRirda

awyobili warmoeba Seferxebis safrTxis qveS daeyenebina.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ilia WavWavaZe aRSfoTebuli iyo im faqtiT, rom

74 iqve

73

saqarTvelos tyeebi savse iyo TrimliT, da misi Segrovebis

araorganizebulobis gamo tyaveulis sawarmoTa mesveurebs erCivnaT

yvela zemoCamoTvlili masala Zvirad, magram saimedo wyaroebidan da

daubrkoleblad ucxoeTidan SemoetanaT.

1890 wlisTvis adelxanovis tyavis fabrikis mier gamoSvebuli

nawarmis asortimenti sakmaod mravalferovani iyo, razec warmodgenas

iZleva cxrili #2.2.

cxrili #2.2 75

adelxanovis tyavis fabrikis mier gamoSvebuli nawarmi (1890w.)

Nnawarmis saxeoba raodenoba

(cali)

Rirebuleba

(man.)

tyavi (gaTrimluli) 50 000 300 000

salanCe tyavi 17 400 261 000

qeCa 13 700 137 000

uxeSi tyavi 4 300 38 700

TalaTini 2 600 5 200

sul 88 000 741 900

rogorc cxrilidan irkveva, gaTrimluli tyavis gamoSveba

fabrikisTvis prioritetuli iyo da yvelaze soliduri raodenobiT

swored mas uSvebdnen. misi Rirebuleba _ 300 000man. mTliani produqciis

Rirebulebis (741 900 man.) 40,4%-s Seadgenda. aseve soliduri iyo salanCe

tyavis (261 000 man.) gamoSveba, romelic Seadgenda mTliani produqciis

75 Краткий очерк истории возникновения, развития и современ. положения акц. общества кожевенного и войлочного производства на Кавказе – Г.Г. Адельханова. Тифлис 1901, gv. 8-9.

74

Rirebulebis 35,2%-s.

yuradRebas ipyrobs qeCis warmoebis masStabebi, vinaidan misi

masobrivi warmoeba, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, adelxanovma 1889

wels daiwyo da erT weliwadSi seriozuli masStabebic SeiZina.

cxrilidan TvalsaCino xdeba, rom ukve 1890 wlisTvis gamoSvebuli qeCis

Rirebuleba mTlianad gamoSvebuli produqciis Rirebulebis 18,5 %-s

Seadgina.

1891 wlidan adelxanovis fabrikaSi pirvelad, tyavis gaTrimvla

daiwyes eleqtrobis meSveobiT.1891 wels mTlianad Tbilisis tyavis

qarxnebSi dasaqmebuli iyo 361 kaci, xolo maTi saerTo brunva iyo 871 550

man. aqedan adelxanovis wilad modioda 791 900 man. da muSaobda 240 kaci.

mis warmoebaSi damontaJebuli iyo sami orTqlis manqana da qvabi. am

wels warmoebul iqna 88 000 erTeuli tyavis nawarmi. sagulisxmoa, rom

mis mier warmoebuli maRali xarisxis tyaviT mzaddeboda

fexsacmeli, romelic Tavisi xarisxiT adgilobriv bazarze

konkurencias uwevda varSavis fexsacmels.76

1901 w. TbilisSi moewyo saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis 100

wlisTavisadmi moZRvnili ”kavkasiis saiubileo gamofena.” am gamofenaze

g. adelxanovis firmas gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira, rogorc kavkasiaSi

kapitalisturi mrewvelobis danergvis flagmans. am gamofenidan irkveva,

rom adelxanovis tyavis qarxanas 1882 w. sruliad ruseTis samrewvelo

gamofenaze moskovSi mieniWa brinjaos medali. 1889w. TbilisSi sasoflo-

sameurneo da samrewvelo gamofenaze _ oqros medali, aseve oqros

medali 1890w. finansTa saministrosgan da ruseTis teqnikuri

sazogadoebisagan. 1896 wels ki oqrosa da vercxlis medlebi

niJegorodis gamofenaze. amave gamofenaze xazgasmiT iyo aRniSnuli, rom

adelxanovis sawarmoebSi 1500-ze meti kaci muSaobs (am raodenobaSi

Sedioda qeCis, e.w. Culeulis fabrikuli warmoebac), xolo saSualo

wliuri produqciis moculoba 2 mln. maneTs aRemateba. adelxanovis

76 rodonaia n. Tbilisis mrewveloba XIX s. meore naxevarSi. Tb. 1961.

75

safabriko-saqarxno warmoeba qebas imis gamoc imsaxurebda, rom igi

iTvleboda pionerad amierkavkasiis msxvil samrewvelo sawarmoebs Soris,

Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT baqos navTobis qarxnebs.77

1893 wlisTvis dedaqalaqis mrewvelobaSi wamyvani adgili tyavisa

da Tambaqos fabrikebs ekavaT. am dros TbilisSi tyavis dammuSavebeli 8

sawarmo arsebobda.78

XIX_XX ss. mijnaze TbilisSi arsebobda samrewvelo aqcionerTa

amxanagobebi, romlebic produqciis warmoebis garda maTi gasaRebiTac

iyvnen dakavebulebi. 1897 wels Camoyalibda `tyavisa da qeCis warmoebis

kavkasiis saaqcio sazogadoeba”, romelic adelxanovis sawarmoTa bazaze

iyo Seqmnili da wliurad 2 083 760 man. produqcias uSvebda. am

droisaTvis misi ZiriTadi kapitali 1,5 mln. maneTs Seadgenda, xolo

saaqcio sazogadoebis wminda mogebam arasruli cnobebiT 1901 w. _ 152 170

man., xolo 1915 w. _ 171 743 man. Seadgina.79

aRniSnul periodSi saaqcio sazogadoeba samxedro uwyebasa da

amierkavkasiis saxazino rkinigzas didi raodenobiT awodebda farajebs,

bluza-Sarvlebs, sxvadasxva saxis Tbili nabdis fexsacmels, qudebs,

yabalaxebs, riTac jari da rkinigzis momsaxure personali imoseboda.

bazarze gadioda amave sazogadoebis mier damzadebuli qalis paltoebi,

xaliCebi, nabdebi da sxva. garda amisa, mas gaaCnda sasirajo, unagirebis,

Cemodnebis da samgzavro nivTebis mwarmoebeli saamqroebic.80

adelxanovi garda imisa, rom daaarsa msxvili tyavis warmoeba, iyo

aseve `saurTierTo kreditis sazogadoebis” Tavmjdomare.

saqarTveloSi safabriko-saqarxno warmoebis ganviTarebis

saTaveebTan, garda adelxanovis warmoebisa, saintereso Zvrebi SeiniSneba

safeiqro warmoebaSic. miuxedavad im dabrkolebebisa, romelsac

metropolia uqmnida Tavis daqvemdebarebul qveynebs (amis dasturad

77 iqve. 78 saq. csia, f.17. aR.1. saq. 3574, furc. 32 79WGBF CCCH, a 22 jg 4 c 89 c 429 a 23 jg 28 c 963 80 sscia, f. 271, anaw. 1, saq. 2

76

gamodgeba Tundac kastelas mier fabrikis daarsebasTan dakavSirebuli

peripetiebi), am dargSi mainc eyreba safuZveli safabriko wamowyebas.

ruseTis kvlavindeburad sust ekonomikas Zala ar Seswevda sruli

koloniuri diqtati daemyarebina Tavis uzarmazar imperiaze, amisi

mcdelobac ki mas metad Zviri ujdeboda.

am sferoSi amgvari viTareba iyo: ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWom

mizanSewonilad cno evropidan saqarTveloSi Semotanil narmasa da

saerTod, bambis qsovilebze dawesebuli baJi gaezarda. 1868 wlidan

girvanqa evropul ubralo bambis qsovilze aTkapikiani tarifis nacvlad

daawesa 15 kapiki, rac am qsovilebis Rirebulebis 18%-s Seadgenda. am

garemoebam seriozulad Seaferxa evropis qveynebidan bambis qsovilebis

Semotana.

bambeulis yvelaze msxvili sarTavi da saqsovi fabrika

saqarTveloSi, romelic wminda kapitalistur sawyisebze aRmocenda, iyo

Tbiliseli vaWris _ g. mirzoevis mier 1870 wels gaxsnili fabrika.

fabrikis daarsebamde is xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi bambeulis

qsovilebiT vaWrobda, Sedegad sakmaod msxvili fuladi kapitali

daagrova, romlis meSveobiTac man SeZlo bambeulis sarTavi da saqsovi

warmoeba moewyo. mirzoevma Tavisi savaWro kapitalis udidesi nawili

samrewvelo kapitalad aqcia.

mirzoevma 1868 wels manam, sanam saqarTveloSi yvelaze msxvil

bambeulis sarTav-saqsov fabrikas Seqmnida, mtkvris sanapiroze matylis

sarecxi msxvili sarewi moawyo. matylis sarecxis mowyobamde,

adgilobriv vaWrebs gasayidad ucxoeTSi gaurecxavi matyli gahqondaT

da imis gamo, rom matyli am saxiT naklebs fasobda, zaralsac

naxulobdnen. am pirobebSi mirzoevis iniciativa momgebiani aRmoCnda,

radgan gasufTavebuli matyli bazarze sarfianad gaiyida. mirzoevma

matylis sarecx sarewSi daamontaJa wyalsaqaCi mowyobiloba, romliTac

mtkvridan wyali iqaCeboda da sarews wyliT uzrunvelyofda.

mirzoevis mier 1870 wels gaixsna fabrika, romelic wminda

77

kapitalistur sawyisebze iyo aRmocenebuli. mewarmem manqana-danadgarebi

inglisidan gamoiwera. imis gamo, rom adgilobriv muSaxels am manqana-

danadgarebis asamoqmedeblad da sameTvalyureod kvalifikacia ar

hyofnida, mewarmem warmoebis specialistebic inglisidan moiwvia.

fabrika Sedgeboda ori ZiriTadi _ sarTavi da saqsovi saamqrosgan.

aq upiratesad qsovdnen mitkals, aseve rifss, fanels, tilos. 1870 wels,

muSaobis dawyebis pirvelsave TveebSi, am fabrikaSi 400-mde muSa

iTvleboda, xolo 1871 wels aq ukve 450 kaci muSaobda.81 1872 wlisTvis es

raodenoba 500 kacamde gaizarda.82

mirzoevis fabrikaSi mowveulma ingliselebma, romlebic kargad

erkveodnen fabrikis manqana_danadgarebTan muSaobis specifikaSi, sakmaod

maRali anazRaureba moiTxoves. mirzoevma CaTvala, rom Tanxebi,

romelsac is ingliselebs uxdida, mZime tvirTad awveboda mis warmoebas

da am mizeziT man ingliselebTan kavSiri TandaTan gawyvita. 1872

wlisTvis warmoebas mxolod xuTi ingliseli SemorCa.

ucxoeli specialistebis simciresTan dakavSirebuli problemebis

miuxedavad, mirzoevis fabrika sakmaod warmatebuli da masStaburi

warmoeba iyo da bunebrivia, im drois Tbilisis periodul gamocemaTa

yuradRebas ipyrobda. gansakuTrebiT dainteresebuli iyo gazeTi

’’droeba”. 1871-1872 wlebSi cnobilma publicistebma da sazogado

moRvaweebma _ n. nikolaZem da p. umikaSvilma araerTi statia miuZRvnes

am fabrikas da miuxedavad imisa, rom igi piradad ar hqondaT nanaxi, iq

momuSaveebTan gasaubrebaze dayrdnobiT sakmaod maRal Sefasebas

aZlevdnen. am maRali Sefasebis miuxedavad, orive avtori yvela

statiaSi ukmayofilebas ver faravs imis gamo, rom fabrikis muSaoba

gareSe pirTaTvis sruliad dafaruli iyo, anu ucxo pirebi miuxedavad

maTi socialuri da sazogadoebrivi statusisa, fabrikaSi ar

daiSvebodnen. Tavad mirzoevi amis oficialur mizezad imas

81 n.nikolaZe _ mirzoevis mitklis saqsovi fabrika TbilisSi. gaz.”droeba”, #24, 1872 82 st. guliSambarovi _ zogierTi ram Cvens ekonomikur mdgomareobazed. gaz. “droeba” #24, 1872.

78

asaxelebda, rom damTvaliereblebi fabrikaSi arsebuli siviwrovis gamo

muSebs muSaobaSi xels SeuSlidnen. n. nikolaZe am akrZalvas paradoqsad

miiCnevda, radgan mewarme amgvari qmedebiT sakuTari warmoebis

reklamirebis Sanss uSvebda xelidan.83

p. umikaSvilis xelT arsebuli aseve arapirdapiri informaciiT,

fabrikis amuSavebis pirvel etapze aq 400 kacamde muSaobda, xolo 1872

wlisTvis momuSaveTa raodenoba 800 kacamde gazrdila. es raodenoba

zemoT moyvanil cifrs bevrad aRemateba. misive informaciiT, muSebi

sakmao siviwroveSi muSaobdnen. maTi Sromis anazRaureba xdeboda

gamomuSavebis mixedviT kviraSi 2-dan 10 maneTamde, anu imis mixedviT, Tu

ramden Tof qsovils, an ramden girvanqa qsels (narTs) gamouSvebdnen.84

mirzoevma scada, rom muSebisTvis fiqsirebuli jamagiri daeniSna,

magram anazRaurebis am meTodma ar gaamarTla. muSebma dakarges ra

gaweuli Sromis mixedviT meti jamagiris miRebis stimuli, naklebad

efeqturad Sromobdnen. amis gamo, fabrikanti kvlav daubrunda

gamomuSavebis mixedviT anazRaurebis sistemas.

fabrikaSi mzaddeboda umaRlesi xarisxis qsovili, e.w. “amerika”,

romelic saukeTeso iyo adgilobriv bazarze arsebul analogiur

nawarms Soris. miuxedavad imisa, rom kardakar mosiarule xelze

movaWreebi aqtiurad avrcelebdnen xmas misi uxarisxobis Sesaxeb, mainc

yvelaze ukeT saRdeboda, Tanac sakmaod solidur fasad. “amerika”

iyideboda ara zomiT, aramed Tofebad, girvanqobiT. erTi girvanqis fasi

iyo _ 3 abazi.85

fabrikis sawarmoo saqmianoba Tavdapirvelad sakmaod kargad

midioda, magram mogvianebiT, sabrunavi kapitalis naklebobisa da

muSebTan urTierTobis gamwvavebis gamo warmoeba sakmaod

arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi Cavarda. gaz. “droebis” informaciiT, aq

83 n. nikolaZe _ mirzoevis mitklis saqsovi fabrika TbilisSi. gaz. “droeba” # 48, 1871. 84 p. umikaSvili _ ramdenime sityva mirzoevis fabrikazed _ gaz. “droeba” #3 1872 * p. umikaSvili _ ramdenime sityva mirzoevis fabrikazed. gaz. “droeba” #3, 1872 85 iqve

79

saukeTeso muSebs kviraSi 7_8 maneTze mets ar uxdidnen. qalTa Sroma ki

am fabrikaSi, rogorc sazogadod yvelgan, Zlier iafad fasobda.

fabrikis patrons ki rasakvirvelia, xels aZlevda dabalanazRaurebadi

qalebisa da mcirewlovanebis daqiraveba. muSebs dReSi 12 saaTze mets

amuSavebdnen da amisaTvis qalebs mxolod erTi abazi dRiuri qira

eZleodaT. zemoxsenebuli gazeTis korespodenciis avtori aRniSnavs:

“fabrikis patronma kargad icis, rom qals TiTqmis yoveli gza

sacxovrebeli saSualebis mopovebisa mospobili aqvs da Zala-uneburaT

nakleb fasad unda imuSaos, vidre kacma. is sargeblobs qalis am gvari

mdgomareobiTa da mxolod imdens aZlevs, ramdenic lukma purisaTvis

Zlivs hyofnis. amis gamo agreTve muSa-kacis qirac Tan da Tan

hklebulobs. erTis sityviT, am Cvens axals fabrikaze sworeT imnairaT

midis muSa xalxis saqme, rogorc im qveynebSi (mag. inglisSi, safrangeTSi

da sxv.), sadac sxva da sxva warmoeba Zlier gavrcelebulia. gansxvaveba

is aris, rom am garemoebas jer CvenSi imdeni vneba ar moaqvs, ramdenic

zemoxsenebul qveynebSi, radgan CvenSi erTis mxriT fabrikebi da qarxnebi

naklebad aris, da meores mxriT, arc imdeni umiwawylo xalxi ar

moipoveba.”86

gazeTi “droeba” sakmaod did yuradRebas aqcevda ekonomikuri

sakiTxebis mimoxilvas. misi yuradReba miipyro mirzoevis fabrikaSi

momxdarma gaficvamac da iq arsebuli problemebi misi ganxilvisa da

ganzogadebis sagnad iqca. metic, mis furclebze gamoqveynebul masalebSi

Sromasa da kapitals Soris arsebuli urTierTobis gamwvavebaze

msjelobisas dasavluri ekonomikuri Teoriebis gavlena igrZnoba.

“droeba” wers: “sapolitiko ekonomiis mecnierebaSi naTlad damtkicebul

WeSmaritebad iTvleba is azri, rom muSa-kacis dRiuri qira arc

matulobs da arc klebulobs. kacobriobis cxovreba imnairaTaa axla

gamarTuli, rom muSa xalxs sazogadoT TiTqmis imdeni dRiuri qira

eZlevaT, Tavisi SromisaTvis, ramdenic imis aucilebeli saWiroebis

86 st. guliSambarovi _ zogierTi ram Cvens ekonomikur mdgomareobaze. “droeba”, 1872, # 24.

80

dasakmayofileblad saWiroa”.87 garda amisa, statiaSi grZeldeba

ekonomikaze Teoriuli msjeloba: “cxadia, rom muSa-xalxi yovelTvis im

qveyanaSi midis samuSaod, sadac misi Sroma ukeT iqneba dasaCuqrebuli,

e.i. sadac imas momatebuli qiris aReba da ukeT cxovreba SeeZleba……. . .

gaCndeba is socialuri seni, romelsac “konkurencias” eZaxian, e.i.

Seiqmneba qiSpoba. fabrikanti an mamulis patroni mxolod im muSebs

daiqiravebs, romelnic dReSi, TxuTmeti Sauris magivrad aT SauraT

imuSaveben. muSebma, rasakvirvelia, Tu sul ulukma _ puroT ar undaT

darCena, uTuod unda dauklon qiras.”88 mTeli es msjelobani gazeTis

furclebze mirzoevis fabrikaSi arsebuli gamwvavebuli viTarebis

gasaanalizeblad gaxda saWiro.

70-iani wlebis meore naxevridan fabrikantma is oriode ingliseli

teqnikosic daiTxova, romlebic masTan jer kidev muSaobdnen. finansuri

viTarebis gamwvavebas periodulad Tan erTvoda teqnikis mwyobridan

gamosvla, adgilobrivi muSebis sawarmoo travmebi, romlebic zogjer

tragikuladac sruldeboda. es ZiriTadad gamowveuli iyo manqana-

danadgarebTan muSaobis specifikis gauTvaliswineblobiT, ucodinarobiT

da usafrTxoebis normebis daucvelobiT. fabrikam TandaTan

SeferxebebiT iwyo muSaoba. es Seferxebebi ufro da ufro xangrZlivi

xdeboda. mirzoevi uunaro muSaobis Sedegad produqciis TviTRirebuleba

izrdeboda, gaZvirebuli nawarmis gaiafebas ki mewarme muSaTa xelfasebis

SemcirebiT cdilobda, rac muSebis mxridan did winaaRmdegobas

awydeboda. warmoqmnili problemebis mougvareblobis gamo 1880 wels igi

iZulebuli gaxda samrewvelo sawarmo 6 wlis vadiT ijariT gadaeca

frangi riSarisTvis.

riSari safeiqro saqmis specialisti iyo. safrangeTidan Camoitana

axali manqana-danadgarebi, warmoeba daakompleqta kvalificiuri muSebiT

da fabrika warmatebiT aamuSava. riSarma fabrikisTvis stabiluri

dakveTebisa da rentabelobis uzrunvelsayofad kavkasiis armiis

87 “droeba”, 1871 #22 88 iqve

81

administraciasTan mitklis miwodebaze saijaro xelSekrulebis

gaformebas miaRwia. armia manamde ruseTis safeiqro fabrikebidan

maragdeboda.

80-iani wlebis pirveli naxevris miwuruls fabrikis teqnikuri baza

amgvarad gamoiyureboda: 3 c. 80 cxenisZaliani orTqlis manqana, 4

orTqlis qvabi, 11 000 TiTistari, 300 saqsovi dazga. fabrika maragdeboda

mxolod kavkasiis (erevnis) bambis nedleulze. amgvari teqnikuri

aRWurvis pirobebSi weliwadSi gadaamuSavebda 25-30 aTas fuT bambas da

uSvebda mxolod mitkals. am wlebSi fabrikis produqciis saSualo

wliuri Rirebuleba 0,5 mln. maneTs aRwevda.89 fabrikaSi momuSave

zogierTi feiqari ise iyo daostatebuli, rom zogjer erTdroulad or

da met dazgazec axerxebda muSaobas. aq 300 safeiqro dazgaze 140 feiqari

muSaobda. samuSao dro dilis 7 saaTidan saRamos 8 saaTamde

grZeldeboda, SuadRis SesvenebiT.90

1880 wels Tbilisis guberniaSi fabrika-qarxnebis raodenobam 722-s

miaRwia. maTi wliuri brunva iyo 6 361 733 maneTi, es wina wlis

analogiur maCvenebels 3 275 617 maneTiT aRemateboda. fabrika-qarxnebis

raodenoba Sesabamis periodSi 8 erTeuliT, xolo muSaTa raodenoba 6

798 kaciT gaizarda.91

fabrika-qarxnebis warmoebis aseTi mniSvnelovani zrda (3 mln.

maneTze metiT) upiratesad imis Sedegi iyo, rom riSaris meoxebiT

ganaxlda mirzoevis kuTvnili fabrika. sawarmo imdenad warmatebuli

gaxda, rom Tbilisis da ara marto Tbilisis ekonomikaSi wamyvani adgili

daikava. Tbilisis gubernatori Tavis moxsenebaSi aRniSnuli periodis

sawarmoebs Soris sagangebod gamoyofda am fabrikas, xolo sxva sakmaod

mozrdil sawarmoebs is Tavis moxsenebaSi axasiaTebs, rogorc “sxva

danarCens”: “. . . За тем из числа прочих действующих фабрик обращают на себя

внимание 21 табачная фабрика, обороты которых простираются до 1 214 335 руб.

89 Ст. Гупишамбаров _ ОФЗТ губернии,gv.. 85,86,87,88. Тифлис 1892. 90 iqve, gv.87 91 saq. csia, f 17, AaR. 1, saq. 9004, furc. 2

82

9 пилных заводов _ 350 000 руб., и 2 шёлкомотальных фабрики, сработавщих год

на 20 400 руб.

Остальные затем фабрики и заводы не обращают своею деятельностью осового

внимания.”92

ijaris vadis gasvlis Semdeg (1886w.) fabrikis mesakuTrem _

mirzoevma aRar ganaaxla riSarTan xelSekruleba da gadawyvita, rom

riSaris mier gamococxlebul warmoebas kvlav sakuTari ZalebiT

gaZRoloda. Tavdapirvelad man molaparakeba daiwyo adgilobriv

muSebTan, magram Sromisa da anazRaurebis pirobebze ver miaRwia

SeTanxmebas, ris gamoc iZulebuli gaxda q. loZidan (poloneTi) moewvia

gamocdili germaneli feiqrebis 30 ojaxi (sul 94 kaci). TbilisSi maTi

Camosvlis Semdeg gairkva, rom mirzoevis agents maTTvis muSaobis

pirobebis Sesaxeb mcdari informacia miuwodebia. Tuki isini loZSi

kviraSi xelfasis saxiT 7-8 maneTs Rebulobdnen, mirzoevma maT kviraSi 1

maneTamde anazRaureba SesTavaza.93 muSebi friad savalalo

mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom Ria cis qveS darCenil

muSebs ukan dasaxevi gza aRar hqondaT, mirzoevma mainc ver daiTanxma

Tavis pirobebze da amrigad, es mcdelobac marcxiT damTavrda.

mirzoevis warmoebas arc iman uSvela, rom warmoebaSi damatebiT

75 000 man. investireba ganaxorciela. igi male iZulebuli gaxda, rom

fabrika, romelic 800 000 maneTze meti daujda, 210 000 maneTad Tavisi

kreditoris _ i. CiTaxovisTvis mieyida, romelic adgilobrivi bankiri

iyo da msxvili fuladi kapitalic gaaCnda. man fabrika iseT fasad

Caigdo xelSi, romelic odnav Tu aRemateboda misi faqtiuri

Rirebulebis meoTxeds.

axalma mflobelma _ CiTaxovma, romelic sakmao raodenobiT

flobda Tavisufal kapitals, warmoeba mniSvnelovnad gaafarToa,

muSebTan Tanxmobas miaRwia, droulad iZenda nedleuls da

92 saq. csia, f 17, aR. 1, saq. 640, furc. 20 93 guguSvili p. kap. warmoSoba da ganviTareba saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi, Tb. 1941, gv.363

83

daubrkoleblad amaragebda fabrikas, ris Sedegadac es fabrika kvlav

amoqmedda. igi amuSavda amierkavkasiis (erevnis) adgilobrivi nedleulis

bazaze. CiTaxovis xelSi bambis saqsov-sarTavi fabrika kvlav momgebiani

gaxda da warmatebiT iwyo ganviTareba, warmoebis moculoba imdenad

izrdeboda, rom fabrika Zlivs audioda moZalebul SekveTebs.

bambis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmo erTaderTi iyo amierkavkasiaSi da

warmoebuli produqcia mTel amierkavkasiaSi saRdeboda.

fabrikis mier gamoSvebuli wliuri produqciis moculoba da masSi

momuSaveTa raodenoba or aTeul welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi

cvalebadi iyo, anu ganuxrelad ar progresirebda. 1874-1898 wlebSi am

maCveneblebis Sesaxeb warmodgenas iZleva cxrili #2.3 .

aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom cxrilSi mocemuli gasaanalizebeli

wlebi raime kanonzomierebiT ar aris aRebuli, aramed mxolod im wlebis

maCveneblebia mocemuli, romlis mopovebac gaxda SesaZlebeli.

cxrilis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, 1874 wlisTvis, miuxedavad imisa,

rom inglisidan mowveuli kvalificiuri muSebis umravlesoba mirzoevs

ukve gaSvebuli hyavda, garda amisa, adgilobriv muSebTanac periodulad

umwvavdeboda urTierTobebi, gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenoba mainc

sakmaod solidurad (500 000 man.) gamoiyureba, aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom

muSaTa raodenobac fabrikis amoqmedebis pirvel wlebTan SedarebiT

sakmaod gaizarda, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, warmoebis amoqmedebisas _

1870 wels iq 400 kacamde muSaobda, 1973 da 1874 wlebisTvis ki

momuSaveTa raodenoba. 600 kacamde gaizarda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

mirzoevis fabrika sakmaod warmatebiT muSaobda.

interess iwvevs 1875 weli, rodesac muSaxelis Semcirebis

pirobebSi 1 000 000 maneTis produqciis gamoSvebaa dafiqsirebuli. aseTi

naxtomis ganmapirobebeli mizezebi ki sruliad ucnobia. am wlis

statistikuri monacemebi safuZvlian eWvs badebs imitom, rom arsebul

masalebSi arsad Cans arc msxvili investirebis kvali, rac fabrikis

84

cxrili #2.3 94

mirzoevis mitklis fabrikis mier warmoebuli produqcia

(1871-1898ww.)

wlebi

gamoSvebuli

produqcia (man.)

muSaTa

raodenoba

1871 500 000 500

1872 400 000 500

1873 500 000 600

1874 500 000 600

1875 1 000 000 500

1876 508 000 680

1884 1 200 000 415

1891 350 000 404

1896 560 000 395

1897 560 000 440

1898 530 000 460

gadaiaraRebas uzrunvelyofda da amis safuZvelze muSaxelis

gamoTavisufleba gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli, arc raime saxis msxvili

dakveTa, rac SesaZlebels gaxdida mokle periodSi gamoSvebuli

94 Ст. Гулишамбаров _ ОФЗ по ЗК, Т. 1992; rodonaia n. Tbilisis mrewveloba XIX s. meore naxevarSi, Tb.1961.

85

produqciis raodenoba gaeormagebina. amasTan, momdevno wels aseTi

naxtomis kvalic ki arsad Cans.

mirzoevis warmatebebs sakmaod auferulebs 1884 wlis maCveneblebi,

igulisxmeba periodi, rodesac fabrikis meijare mflobelma _ riSarma

muSaTa SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT rekordulad didi odenobis _ 1

200 000 maneTis produqcia gamouSva. es man absoluturad sworad

ganxorcielebuli menejmentis meSveobiT SeZlo, kerZod: 1. warmoebis

gadaiaraReba teqnikuri siaxleebis mixedviT; 2. kvalificiuri muSebis

SerCeva da 3. kavkasiis armiis administraciasTan dadebuli kontraqti,

romlis saxiTac moipova regularuli damkveTi da warmoebuli mitklis

mudmivi momxmarebeli. 1884 wlis Semdgom periodSi, savaraudod 1886

wlidan (monacemebi 1884-1891 wlamde aRar moipoveba), rodesac fabrikis

mesakuTrem _ mirzoevma aRar ganaaxla xelSekruleba riSarTan da

gadawyvita sakuTari ZalebiT gaZRoloda fabrikas, kvlav Semcirda

gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenoba 1884 wlis 1 200 000 maneTidan 1891

wlis 350 000 maneTamde muSebis TiTqmis igive raodenobis pirobebSi.

momdevno wlebis mixedviT (rodesac fabrikas axali patroni

gamouCnda CiTaxovis saxiT), SedarebiT warmatebulad gamoiyureba 1896

weli. am wels fabrikam 560 000 man. produqciis gamoSveba SeZlo 395

muSis pirobebSi, rasac ver vityviT momdevno or welze, am periodSi

cxadi xdeba Sromis nayofierebis vardna. bolo or weliwadSi

momuSaveTa raodenobis damatebiT 45-65 kacamde gazrdis miuxedavad,

CiTaxovma ara Tu veRar SeZlo gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenobis

gazrda, aramed 1898 wlisTvis 30 000 maneTiT Seamcira kidec.

am periodSi fabrikis nawarmi mTel amierkavkasiaSi saRdeboda.

narTi iyideboda gorglebad, romlis fasi iyo 23 maneTi. pirveli

xarisxis bamba Rirda 9 man. da 50 kap., meore xarisxis _ 8 man., xolo

mitkali (biazi), warmoebis ZiriTadi sagani _ arSini 10,5 maneTidan 21,5

maneTamde, siganis mixedviT. 15 goji siganis mitkali iyideboda 10,25

maneTad; 16 goji _ 11,5 man; 18 goji _ 12,5 man; 20 goji _ 13,5 man; 22 goji

86

_ 15,5 man; 24 goji _ 17,5 man; 26 goji _ 19,5 man; 28 goji _ 20,5 man, xolo

30 goji _ 21,5 maneTad. saukeTeso xarisxis arSini mitkali 1 kapikiT

Zvirad iyideboda.95

XX s. damdegidan TbilisSi bambis sarTavi da saqsovi da zogadad

safeiqro fabrikuli warmoeba karga xnis ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis Sewyda.

1900 wlisTvis TbilisSi arsebobda ori Zafsaxvevi sawarmo, romelTa

wliuri brunva iyo 16 000 man., xolo dasaqmebuli iyo 9 kaci.96 igi

konkurencias ver uwevda ruseTidan Semotanil saqonels. mogvianebiT

Zmebma mahmudbegovebma aamuSaves TbilisSi bambis saqsovi SedarebiT

mcire zomis fabrika, romelic I msoflio omamde muSaobda. meurneobis

axali dargebidan (rogorc soflis meurneobis, aseve mrewvelobis),

romlebmac kapitalisturi mewarmeobis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani

roli iTamaSes, yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli da xelisufalTagan

xelSewyobili iyo meTambaqoeoba. meTambaqoeobas saqarTvelos soflis

meurneobaSi me-19 s. meore naxevridan erT-erTi wamyvani adgili eWira, 80-

iani wlebisTvis ki iseT maRal safexurs miaRwia, rom maTma didma

nawilma sasaqonlo saxe miiRo. feodalur _ batonymuri sistemis

pirobebSi Tambaqos moyvanas saqarTveloSi yuradReba ar eqceoda,

mxolod me-19 s. 40-iani wlebidan mTavrobam, romelic ZiriTadad

metropoliis Tambaqos fabrikebisaTvis saWiro iaffasiani nedleulis

miwodebiT iyo dainteresebuli, gadadga praqtikuli nabijebi am

kulturis ganviTarebisTvis. soflis meurneobis departamentma 1845-1846

wlebSi aSS-Si Tambaqos saukeTeso jiSebi SeiZina da saqarTveloSi

gamoagzavna.97

am faqtTan dakavSirebiT 1845 wlis 12 seqtembers quTaisis mazris

ufrosi deistvitelni statski sovetniks _ safonovs werda: “Прислания

вами семена табаков: Виргинского, Мериландского, Кентукского, и Албанского розданы

для посева жителям Вакинского, Кутайсского и Сабекского участков. Всходы и

95 Гулишщамбаров Ст. _ ОФЗТ губернии, Тифлис 1892. 96 C,jhybr Cnfn Cdtltybb gj Pfr rhf. Xfcnm I N 1902 c 236 97 saq. csia, f. 4, aR. 5, saq. 2, furc. 1.

87

произрастание означенных табаков, по сведе означенных табаков, по сведениям, мною

полученным в настоящее время довольно удовлетворительный, и если погода будет

благоприятствовать, то можно надеятся на хороший урожай.” 98

am sagulisxmo cnobaSi savaraudoa, rom Tambaqos Tesli, romelic

aSS-is samxreTis Statebidan Semoitanes, albaneTi SecdomiTaa

moxseniebuli, vinaidan evropis am qveyanaSi, romelic mocemul periodSi

saxelmwifod arc ki iyo formirebuli, meTambaqoeoba ar arsebobda. unda

vivaraudoT, rom albaneTis nacvlad aSS-is samxreT-aRmosavleTi Stati

_alabama igulisxmeba, sadac sxvadasxva jiSis Tambaqo mohyavdaT. 1854

wlisTvis mTavrobam ukve sakuTari saxsrebiT gamoiwera amerikidan

Tambaqos Tesli da aseve Tambaqos warmoebis specialistebi. es

specialistebi da saTesle masala daigzavna ZiriTadad samegreloSi,

imereTsa da Tbilisis guberniaSi.99 xelisuflebis mxridan esodeni

zrunva aSkarad metyvelebs imaze, rom maTTvis didad mniSvnelovani iyo

imperiis ganapira mxareebSi mowyobiliyo Tambaqos dammuSavebeli

sawarmoebi, an SeeqmnaT sanedleulo baza imperiis fabrikebisaTvis

maTTvis xelsayreli pirobebiT. ruseTi gamosavals eZebda Tavi daeRwia

im didi finansuri xarjebisaTvis, rac sazRvargareTidan Tambaqos

imports sWirdeboda.

saqarTveloSi Tambaqos saxelosnoebis warmoSoba ufro adreul _

XIXs-is pirvel naxevarSic fiqsirdeba. mag. istorikosi z. WiWinaZe

aRniSnavs, rom TbilisSi mravlad iyo Tambaqos savaWroebi da misi

qarvaslac ki arsebobda.100 saqarTveloSi Tambaqos kulturis gaSenebas

xeli mohkides burJuaziuli meurneobebis pionerebma: solomon

gurgeniZem, dimitri afxazma, solomon andronikaSvilma, niko CijavaZem

da sxvebma. mogvianebiT, garda amerikuli Tambaqosi, xeli mohkides

Turquli Tambaqos moyvanasac. mag. 1860-ian wlebSi Tavadma

andronikaSvilma kaxeTSi, sofel bakurcixesTan gaaSena Tambaqos

98 Акты, т. Х, gv. 160. 99 «Кавказ», 1854, № 17, стр. 66 100 saq. csia, f. 240, aR. 1, saq. 1291, furc. 1_5.

88

plantacia. am meurneobaSi pirvelad scades Turquli Tambaqos moyvana.

man kontraqtiT moiwvia erTi ostati da ori muSa. Turqi ostatis

gancxadebiT ki moyvanili Tambaqo imdenad kargi xarisxis iyo, rom

arafriT Camouvardeboda Turquls.101

1859 wels Tbilisis guberniaSi miiRes 11 772 fuTi, xolo gayides

7 944 fuTi Tambaqo. am droisaTvis Tbilisis guberniaSi Tambaqos

moyvaniT dakavebuli iyo 1 600-ze meti kaci.102 aRsaniSnavia, rom Tambaqo

Znelad mosavleli, Sromatevadi kulturaa da misi damzadebis

teqnologia muSebis daspecialebas moiTxovda. amiT aixsneba is faqti,

rom me-19 s. 80-90-ian wlebamdec ki samrewvelo plantaciebSi mowveuli

specialistebi muSaobdnen _ ZiriTadad Turqebi, an muSaobdnen

adgilobrivi muSebi specialistTa zedamxedvelobiT.

meTambaqoeobis ganviTarebisTvis mniSvnelovani iyo rogorc

politikuri garemoeba, aseve ekonomikuri politikac. magaliTad:

importirebul Tambaqoze sabaJo gadasaxadi iyo 25 kapiki, xolo 1872

wlidan mTavrobam es gadasaxadi 2 maneTamde gazarda.103 1877 wlisTvis ki

1 fuT importirebul Tambaqoze dawesda sabaJo gadasaxadi 14 maneTis

(oqroTi) odenobiT. garda amisa, daiwyo omi TurqeTTan, ramac

mefabrikeebs sazRvargareTidan Tambaqos Semotanis gza mouWra.

zemoaRniSnuli faqtorebi xels uwyobda samrewvelo plantaciebis

gamravlebas. zogierTma mefabrikem Tavad mihyo xeli sakuTari Tambaqos

plantaciebis gaSenebas. magaliTad, Tbiliselma erT-erTma msxvilma

mefabrikem _ a. enfianjiancma samsunidan (TurqeTi) moiwvia gamocdili

specialistebi da xeli mohkida Tambaqos plantaciebis gaSenebas. ukve

1873 wlidan enfianjianci fabrikaSi sakuTar plantaciebSi moyvanil

Tambaqos amuSavebda. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavdapirvelad fuTi

Tambaqos damzadeba Semotanilze Zviri jdeboda, vinaidan mowveuli

ostatebi did gasamrjelos Txoulobdnen.

101 ЦГИАЛ. Ф. 225, д. 1479, л. 66-69. 102 ”Кавказ”, 1875, # 116, gv. 1. 103 z. WiWinaZe, mrewveloba, vaWroba-xelosnoba saqarTveloSi, Tb.1909,gv. 23

89

80-ian wlebSi adgilobriv Tambaqoze moTxovna gaizarda ara marto

saqarTveloSi, aramed mis farglebs gareTac. 1884 wels Tbilisis

guberniidan adgilobrivi Tambaqo ruseTis imperiis Sida guberniebSic

gaitanes.104 1887w. ki saqarTvelodan saukeTeso jiSis Tambaqo ukve

sazRvargareT gaitanes. 105

TbilisSi Tambaqos gadamamuSavebeli fabrikebi XIX s. 50-ian

wlebSi Cndeba. am periodis Tambaqos dammuSavebel sawarmoebs Soris

yuradRebas iqcevs ambarcum da beniamin enfianjiancebis fabrikebi. a.

enfianjiancs sakmaod kargad hqonia awyobili warmoeba da mwvavedac

reagirebda arajansaR konkurenciaze. 1859 w. 22 oqtombriT daTariRebul

werilSi igi mimarTavs mefisnacvlis mTavari sammarTvelos ufross

kruzenSterns: “8 wlis winaT TbilisSi gavxseni Tambaqosa da papirosis

fabrika, me mudam vcdilobdi Cemi nawarmisaTvis saukeTeso xarisxi da

zomieri fasebi SemenarCunebina. TurqeTis kompaniis drosac ki, roca

Tambaqos fasi 2-3-jer gaizarda, me imave fasebSi vyiddi, rogorc manamde.

amiT SevZeli kavkasiis da amierkavkasiis publikis ndobis mopoveba. me

gamovigone Cemi nawarmisTvis sxvadasxva iarliyi, romelic male

cnobili gaxda amierkavkasiasa da kavkasiaSi, rogorc niSani Cemi

nawarmis saukeTeso xarisxisa. axla Cemma Zmam _ beniaminma, romelic

sxvasTanaa kompaniaSi, gadaiRo Cemi iarliyebi da zed TavisTan erTad

Cemi saxelic miawera, rac yovlad dauSvebelia.”106

1863 wlisTvis TbilisSi 7 Tambaqos fabrika muSaobda, romelic

21 000 maneTis produqcias uSvebda.107 1864 wels Tambaqos 8 fabrika

uSvebda 24 000 maneTis,108 xolo 1865 wels Tambaqos 10 fabrika uSvebda

30 000 maneTis produqcias.109 aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom 60-ian wlebSi

Tambaqos fabrikebis Sesaxeb sruli informacia ar moipoveba, rac am

104 ЦГИАЛ Ф. 1263, Oп . I, д. 4525, лист.30. 105 “Kавказский Kалендарь”, 1887. ст.. 187. 106 xelnawerTa institutis fondi, R- S 2513_16. 107 ЦГИАЛ, ф. 1268, Oп.10,д. 137, л. 64. 108 saq. csia, f. 414, aR. I, saq. 10, furc. 237. 109 ЦГИАЛ, ф. 1268, Oп. 11, д. 142,л. 70.

90

periodis Tanamimdevrul ganxilvas xels uSlis. arsebobs agreTve

gubernatorTa angariSebis uwyebani, sadac mocemulia cnobebi safabriko-

saqarxno mrewvelobis Sesaxeb da aqac Tambaqos fabrikebi iSviaTad

moixsenieba.110

1871 wels TbilisSi arsebobda Tambaqos 29 fabrika, sadac

dasaqmebuli iyo 210 kaci da uSvebda 51 000 maneTis produqcias.111 am

fabrikebis mier gamoSvebuli mza produqcia ZiriTadad saqarTveloSi da

aseve amierkavkasiis sxvadasxva guberniebSi saRdeboda.

1871 wels xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebiT daiwyo muSaoba

saaqcizo sistemis SemoRebis proeqtze. amave wlis 13 Tebervals

imperatorma daamtkica axali reformis proeqti, amave TveSi Seiqmna

amierkavkasiis saaqcizo sammarTvelo da eqvsi saaqcizo sammarTvelo,

romelTac Tavdapirvelad mxolod fabrika-qarxnebis aRwera evalebodaT.

fabrikebis gaxsna mxolod kavkasiis xelisuflebis nebarTviT gaxda

dasaSvebi.

saqarTveloSi daarsda saaqcizo sammarTvelos ori okrugi:

pirvelSi Sedioda Tbilisis gubernia, xolo meoreSi _ quTaisis

gubernia, sadac Sedioda soxumi da baTumi. saaqcizo RonisZiebis

gatarebidan pirveli sami wlis manZilze, 1879 wlis ivlisis

dasawyisamde, fabrikebs eZleodaT mTavrobisagan SeRavaTi banderolebis

damzadebisTvis, magram am periodSi aRniSnuli SeRavaTebiT sargebloba

ar moxerxda. saaqcizo sistemis Sedegad gazrdili gadasaxadi

ZiriTadad momxmareblis kiserze gadadioda da ruseT- TurqeTis omis

(1877-1878ww.) Sedegad isedac gaZvirebuli cxovrebis pirobebSi mas mZime

tvirTad awveboda. garda amisa, saaqcizo RonisZiebas naklic aRmoaCnda,

rac ZiriTadad foTlovani Tambaqos mimoqcevas, dacvasa da

gadamuSavebas Seexeboda.

finansTa saministrom SeimuSava Tambaqos aqcizis axali proeqti,

romelic 1882 wels damtkicda da momdevno wlis 1 ianvridan gatarda.

110 saq. csia,f. 17, aR. 1, saq. 8954. 111 iqve, saq. 8977.

91

“1882 w. wesdebam mniSvnelovnad gaaZliera kontroli foTlovani

Tambaqos mimozidvaze, daawesa sawyobebsa da fabrikebSi misi Senaxvis

mowesrigebuli aRricxva, xolo foTlovani Tambaqos gadamuSavebis, misi

mza nakeTobis fabrikidan gamoSvebisa da gayidvis mTeli procesi

daumorCila AaRricxvisa da kontrolis axal wesebs. zustad

ganisazRvra, rom Tambaqos saxazino Semosavali Seadgens: 1. Tambaqos

mzanawarmis aqcizi, rac aiReba Tambaqos nakeTobaze dadebuli

banderolis saxiT; 2. Tambaqos fabrikebis da foTlovani Tambaqos da

Tambaqos nakeTobis gasayid dawesebulebaTa (adgilTa) mflobelobis

patentis mosakrebeli da 3. Semoziduli foTlovani da mzanawarmi

Tambaqos baJi.”112

yvela zemoaRniSnuli RonisZieba mTavrobis sasargeblod iyo

mimarTuli, raTa meti Semosavali mieRoT Tambaqoze arapirdapiri

gadasaxadisagan.

saaqcizo sistemis damkvidrebam mravali wvrili Tambaqos fabrikis

daxurva gamoiwvia, SedarebiT msxvilebi ki ganagrZobdnen arsebobas. am

sistemis SemoRebis wels saqarTveloSi 17 Tambaqos fabrika iyo, aqedan

Tbilisis guberniaSi _ 15. am fabrikebidan wliuri produqciis

RirebulebiT gamoirCeodnen a. enfianjiancis da n. bozarjiancis

fabrikebi.

1873 wels TbilisSi amuSavda p. sagoiancis Tambaqos fabrika113 1880

wlis monacemebiT am fabrikaSi gadaamuSaves 1 250 fuTi Tambaqo da

gamouSves 4 025 000 cali papirosi. mTlianad am wels fabrikam 51 000

maneTis produqcia gamouSva. muSaTa raodenoba iyo 40 kaci. maT Soris

ar iyo specialisti_ostati.114 samuSao dro grZeldeboda 12 saaTs.

dRiuri xelfasi ki iyo saSualod 60 kap. 1886 wlis monacemebiT,

fabrikaSi muSaobda 8 Tambaqos saWreli. erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi aq

112 p. guguSvili _ saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri ganviTareba XIX_XX ss., t IV, w. I, Tb., 1965, gv. 15_16. 113 saq. csia, f. 204, aR. 1, saq. 654, furc. 72. 114 saq. csia, f. 17, aR. 1, saq. 486, furc. 68.

92

gadaamuSavebdnen 2 091 fuT adgilobrivsa da 641 fuT ruseTidan

Semotanil Tambaqos. mza produqcia saRdeboda amierkavkasiaSi.115

1873 wlidan arsebobda TbilisSi g. aznaurovis fabrika. am

fabrikaSi 1880 wlisTvis muSaobda Tambaqos saWreli 13 dazga da 1

dasaqucmacebeli manqana, dasaqmebuli iyo 50 kaci, romelTaganac 20

ostati iyo da 30 _ muSa. nedleuli fabrikaSi Semodioda feodosiidan,

ialtidan, novorosiiskidan, baTumis olqidan, aRbulaxidan, kaxeTidan,

quTaisidan, aseve sazRvargareTidanac. am wels fabrikaSi gadamuSavda

1 497 fuTi da 33 girvanqa adgilobrivi da 102 fuTi sazRvargareTuli

Tambaqo. 1 fuT adgilobriv Tambaqos mewarme 15 maneTad iZenda, xolo

importuls _ 65 maneTad. am wels fabrikam gamouSva 5 540 000 c.

papirosi, 221 000 c. sigara da 1 030 fuTi TuTuni. aznaurovis fabrikis

wliuri brunva iyo 100 000 man116.

i. firaliSvilis (firalovis) Tambaqos fabrika TbilisSi 1879

wels, ianvarSi gaixsna. 1880 wlisTvis aq 64 muSa muSaobda, amaTgan 34

iyo ostati, xolo 30 _ muSa. am wels fabrikaSi muSaobda 12 dazga,

romelic xeliT mohyavdaT moZraobaSi. fabrikis mier gamoSvebuli

produqciis Rirebuleba 24 338 man. da 70 kap.-s Seadgenda.117 1881 wels

awarmoes 7 269 000 cali papirosi da 881 fuTi TuTuni,118 xolo 1884 wels

_ 2 144 500 c. pirveli xarisxis da 4 083 400 c. meore xarisxis

papirosi.119 1885 wels sawarmom 42 295 man. Rirebulebis produqcia

gamouSva, maT Soris 5 277 000 c. 26 467 man. Rirebulebis papirosi da

1 137 fuTi 15 828 man. Rirebulebis TuTuni. momdevno 1886 wels fabrikis

mier gamoSvebuli produqciis Rirebulebam 50 441 man. da 50 kap.-s

miaRwia, rac wina wlis analogiur maCvenebels 8 146 maneTiT aWarbebda.

fabrikaSi damzadda 4 948 300 c. sxvadasxva xarisxis papirosi da 1 188

fuTi TuTuni. 1883 wlidan aq damontaJda 2 dazga, romelic moZraobaSi

115 saq. csia, f. 204, aR. 1, saq. 654, furc. 72. 116 saq. csia, f. 17, aR. 1 saq. 486,furc. 40. 117 iqve furc. 66. 118 saq. csia, f. 370, aR. 1 saq. 150, furc. 31. 119 Гулишамбаров Ст., ОФЗТ губернии 1888 г. стр. 27.

93

cxenis gamwevi Zalis meSveobiT modioda.120 1886 wels sawarmoSi samuSao

drois xangrZlivoba 12 saaTi iyo, muSaTa yovelkvireuli xelfasi ki 3

maneTidan iwyeboda da 10 maneTs aRwevda. fabrikis mier gamoSvebuli

mza produqcia amierkavkasiaSi saRdeboda.121

1873 wlidan TbilisSi arsebobda meore gildiis vaWris _ s.

davlianiZis (davlianovis) Tambaqos fabrika.122 1880 wlis monacemebiT

sawarmoSi damzadda 8 413 000 c. papirosi da 31 630 girvanqa TuTuni; sul

awarmoes 20 112 man. da 30 kap. Rirebulebis produqcia. fabrikaSi

nedleuli SemohqondaT Tbilisisa da quTaisis guberniebidan, agreTve

novorosiiskidan da yubanis olqidan. 1880 wels novorosiiskSi erTi

fuTi Tambaqos Sesyidva jdeboda 8 man. da 50 kap., imereTSi _ 8 man,

xolo kaxeTSi _ 8 man da 30 kap. mza produqciis realizacia ZiriTadad

amierkavkasiaSi da Tergis olqSi xdeboda. davlianiZis fabrikaSi

dasaqmebuli iyo 50 muSa. Sawarmos hqonda Tambaqos saWreli 5 dazga,

romelic moZraobaSi xeliT modioda.123

aseve 1873 wels daarsda TbilisSi jimSerovisa da “k”-s Tambaqos

fabrika. 1880 wlisTvis aq Tambaqos saWreli 6 dazga idga da 40 saWreli

dana iyo. muSaobda 69 kaci, aqedan 44 ostati da 25 muSa. fabrika

nedleuliT maragdeboda guriidan, imereTidan, borCalodan da

novorosiiskidan. sawarmosaTvis saWiro masalas adgilzeve, TbilisSi

iZendnen. nawilobriv TbilisSi iZendnen nedleulsac. statistikur

dokumentebSi ar aris miTiTebuli, Tu ramdeni man. Rirebulebis

produqcia gamouSva aRniSnul wels am fabrikam. mza produqcias ki

asaRebdnen baqoSi, SemaxaSi, salianSi, grodnoSi, yizlarSi, axalcixeSi,

gorSi, TbilisSi da sxvagan.124

1880 wels TbilisSi moqmedebda t. akopjaniancisa da g.

zoxrobiancis Tambaqos fabrika. am fabrikis daarsebis TariRi

120 saq. csia, f. 370, aR. 1, saq. 207, furc. 46. 121 saq. csia, f. 204, aR. 1, saq. 654, furc. 76. 122 saq. csia, f. 17, aR. 1, saq. 486, furc. 44. 123 iqve. 124 iqve, furc. 105.

94

dokumentebSi ar aris miTiTebuli, cnobilia, rom am wels fabrikaSi

hqondaT Tambaqos xeliT saWreli 5 dazga da dasaqmebuli iyo 15 kaci.

wlis ganmavlobaSi fabrikaSi damzadda 4 200 000 c. papirosi da 26 000

girvanqa TuTuni, sul 62 000 man. Rirebulebisa, fabrika ZiriTadad

Turqul nedleulze muSaobda, xolo mza produqcias amierkavkasiaSi

asaRebda.125

70-iani wlebis bolosaTvis Tambaqos fabrikebSi xelis dazgebis,

xolo cota mogvianebiT xelis meqanikuri dazgebis gamoCena

SesaZlebelia miCneul iqnas, rogorc momavali samrewvelo-teqnikuri

gadatrialebis dasawyisi, magram e. w. sruli samrewvelo gadatrialebis

Semdegac Tambaqos fabrikaSi xeliT Sroma mainc didxans gamoiyeneboda.

amas ki ZiriTadad Tambaqos damuSavebis specifika ganapirobebda.

Tambaqos fabrikebSi warmoebis procesi aseTi TanmimdevrobiT

xorcieldeboda: Tambaqos foTlis daxarisxeba, daWra, awonva, yuTebSi

Cawyoba, papirosis damzadeba da misTvis taris gakeTeba, kolofSi

Cawyoba da bolos banderolis gakeTeba. am fabrikebis momuSaveTa Soris

wamyvani adgili ekavaT damxarisxeblebs da maTi kviris xelfasi 4-dan 6

maneTamde iyo. muSaTa Semdegi kategoria iyo Tambaqos mWrelebi. isini

mZime SromisTvis xelfass kviraSi 5-dan 7, zogjer ki 9 maneTamdec ki

iRebdnen. Camwyobi muSebis movaleoba iyo Tambaqos awonva da misi

yuTebSi Calageba. maTi kvireuli xelfasi ki 4-dan 6 maneTamde meryeobda.

mepapirose muSebi amzadebdnen papiross da 1 000 c. papirosis

damzadebaSi 50 kap. eZleodaT.126 CamoTvlili kategoriis muSebis garda

fabrikebSi muSaobdnen mza produqciisTvis banderolebis mkeTeblebi da

mtvirTavebi, magram isini specifikur samuSaos ar asrulebdnen.

fabrikebSi Tambaqos daxarisxebis (foTlebis dacalkevebisas)

specifika moiTxovda, rom nedleuli notio yofiliyo, rom calkeul

sawarmoo operacias foTlebis msxvreva ar gamoewvia. am specifikis gamo

miRebuli meTodi iyo, rom damxarisxebels pirSi Caegubebina wyali da

125 iqve, furc. 70. 126 Ст. Гулишамбаров, ОФЗТ губернии, Тиф. 1888, gv. 30

95

piridan gamofrqveviT daenama Tambaqos foTlebi. es procedura

higienuri TvalsazrisiT friad arasaxarbielod gamoiyureboda. Semdgom

es meTodi Seicvala imiT, rom damxarisxebels daudges wyliT savse

Tasi da cocxi, romlis meSveobiTac inameboda Tambaqos foTlebi. Tumca

arc es meTodi iyo pirvelze bevrad ukeTesi, radgan xSirad

moZvelebuli da lpobadi cocxebi ixmareboda (mas ar cvlidnen

regularulad) da amis gamo TasSi wyali binZurdeboda. Tbilisis 2-3

fabrikaSi am naklis aRmosafxvrelad daiwyes pulverizatorebis

gamoyeneba da amiT higienasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi gvardeboda,

magram msxvilma Tambaqos mwarmoebelma _ bozarjiancma aRmoaCina, rom

pulverizatoriT danamvisas Tambaqos foTlebi sinestes araTanabrad

iRebda. misi gadawyvetilebiT fabrika aRiWurva orTqlis qvabiT,

romelic Tambaqos orTqlis meSveobiT Tanabrad atenianebda.

Tbilisis da zogadad kavkasiis Tambaqos fabrikebSi sxva saxis

teqnikuri problemebic arsebobda. magaliTad papirosis gadaxvevis

teqnologia. Tavdapirvelad fabrikebSi TuTuns qaRaldTan erTad

axvevdnen, romlis kideebsac saxamebliT awebebdnen. amgvari gadaxvevis

gamo, TuTuni ver nawildeboda Tanabrad da Sesabamisad kargad ar

iweoda. gacilebiT efeqturi meTodi aRmoCnda papirosis damzadeba

masrebis meSveobiT. am meTodma TandaTan gamodevna papirosis gadaxvevis

manamde arsebuli primitiuli meTodi.

garda amisa, Tambaqos daqucmacebis procesi fabrikantebs sakmaod

Zviri ujdebodaT. muSas erTi fuTi Tambaqos daqucmacebisTvis 1,5 man.-s

uxdidnen. am procesis gaiafebisTvis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi

ramodenime meTambaqoem scada gamoeyenebina Carxebi, romelic cxenis

gamwevi Zalis meSveobiT modioda moqmedebaSi. Tumca problema aqac iyo,

vinaidan cxenis SeZena, Senaxva da misi meTvalyuris anazRaurebac

sakmaod Zviri jdeboda. am meTodis Secvla moxda benzinis Zravis

(romelic otom gamoigona) meSveobiT. es Zrava pirvelad TbilisSi

enfianjiancma gamoiyena, Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom igi karga xans

96

umoqmedod edgaT, radgan alRo ver auRes. Amoqmedebis Sedegad

oTxcxenisZaliani otos sistemis Zravam oci damqucmacebeli muSa

Secvala, amasTanave, Tuki manamde TuTunis daqucmaceba 1,5 man. jdeboda,

axali Zravis meSveobiT es procesi mkveTrad gaiafda da 45-50 kap. gaxda.

bozarjiancma daamontaJa analogiuri, 2-3 cxenisZalis simZlavris Zrava,

romelic dRiurad naxevar fuT benzins moixmarda. man Secvala aTi

damqucmacebeli muSa, romlebzec dRiurad 8 man. gaicemoda.127 am Zravebis

upiratesoba imdenad aSkara iyo, rom maTi soliduri Rirebulebis

miuxedavad is mesame Tbiliselma meTambaqoem _ safarovmac SeiZina,

oRond ara benzinze, aramed navTze momuSave, rac ra Tqma unda ufro

sarfiani iyo.

Tambaqos fabrikebSi arsebobda kvalificiuri specialistebis,

kerZod damxarisxeblebis mwvave problema. damxarisxebels, romlis

kvalifikaciazec didad iyo damokidebuli fabrikis warmateba,

saTanadod ar afasebdnen da meorexarisxovnad Tvlidnen. misi dRiuri

anazRaureba 70-90 kapiks ar aRemateboda. am fasad ki kargi ostatebis

mozidva Wirda. kvalificiuri damxarisxebeli kargad arTmevda Tavs ama

Tu im xarisxis Tambaqos daxarisxebas, anu damxarisxebel specialists

moeTxoveboda Tambaqos xarisxebis zusti codna da maTi erTmaneTisagan

garCeva. Tambaqo unda daxarisxebuliyo ise, rom daekmayofilebina

sxvadasxva kategoriis moTxovnebi. adgilobrivi fabrikantebi ki

ratomRac swored im sferoSi cdilobdnen xarjebis Semcirebas,

romelSic saxsrebi ar unda daezogaT. fabrikaSi 2_3 kvalificiuri

damxarisxeblis yola, Tundac maTi xelfasi 100 maneTi yofiliyo,

mewarmeebs gacilebiT met mogebas moutanda, vidre maT gaumarTlebel

momWirneobas mohqonda.

Tambaqos warmoebis ganviTarebis seriozul xelisSemSlel

faqtorad iqca qalaqSi erTob momravlebuli e.w. “papirosnikebi”,

romlebic aralegalurad amzadebdnen papirosebs im TuTunisagan,

127 iqve, gv. 31

97

romelzec ukve iyo gadaxdili saaqcizo gadasaxadi. isini SedarebiT

iafad yidulobdnen ZiriTadad ruseTidan Semotanil Tambaqos (es

adgilobriv Tambaqoze iafi ujdebodaT), yidulobdnen aseve meore

xarisxis, anu mdare xarisxis TuTuns, romelsac mcire doziT

umatebdnen maRali xarisxis, surnelovan TuTuns, magaliTad “Svars”. am

nazavs asaRebdnen, rogorc pirveli xarisxis papiross. amgvar

saqmianobasTan brZola xSirad ar iyo Sedegiani, vinaidan papirosnikebis

saqmianobiT saxelmwifos fiskaluri interesebi ar zaraldeboda, xazina

Tavisas TuTunis saaqcizo gadasaxadisagan mainc iRebda, xolo

zaraldebodnen rogorc mewarmeebi, aseve Tambaqos momxmareblebi,

romlebic papiross yidulobdnen rogorc pirvelxarisxovans,

sinamdvileSi ki iyo meorexarisxovani. momxmarebelTa didi umravlesoba

ver erkveoda Tambaqos xarisxebSi da maT erCivnaT is papirosi SeeZinaT,

romelic safabriko nawarmze iafi Rirda.

importirebuli rogorc papirosi, aseve TuTuni ewyo mosaxerxebel

kolofebSi da lamazad iyo SefuTuli. SefuTuli nawarmis iarliyebze

miTiTebuli xarisxi yovelTvis emTxveoda masSi moTavsebuli nawarmis

xarisxs. kavkasiaSi warmoebuli Tambaqos nawarmi ki myidvels yovelTvis

ucruebda imeds. garda amisa, rusi Tambaqos mefabrikeebi rogorc Cans,

ukeTesad erkveodnen marketingSi, kerZod, isini mniSvnelovan

fasdaklebas sTavazobdnen wvril vaWrebs da amis meSveobiT maT SeZles

TiTqmis mTlianad daepyroT amierkavkasiis bazari. vaWrobas amgvari saxe

hqonda: magaliTad, Tuki vaWari, romelic rostovidan pirveli xarisxis

kuSnarevis Tambaqos gamoiwerda, dawesebuli iyo 22% SeRavaTi, meore

xarisxze _ 18 %, mesameze ki 14-dan 15%-mde. amasTan, aqcizi maSinve

ixdeboda, xolo saqonlis Rirebulebis gadaxda SesaZlebeli iyo sam

Tvemde vadaSi. saqonlis gadazidvis xarjebs ixdida vaWari, romelsac

Semohqonda Tambaqo. garda am SeRavaTebisa, kuSnarevi vaWrebs uwesebda

premiebs: Tuki is gamoiwerda 50 aTasi maneTis Rirebulebis Tambaqos,

eZleoda SeRavaTi 2%-is odenobiT; 100 aTasi maneTis saqonelze _ 3%-is,

98

xolo 150 aTasi maneTis zeviT _ 4%-is odenobiT.128

bazarze arsebulma amgvarma viTarebam adgilobrivi Tambaqos

msxvili fabrikantebi erTgvarad gamoacocxla da sakmaod gaaqtiures

brZola importirebuli mza nawarmis Sesaviwroeblad. isini ukve

cdilobdnen myidvelisaTvis mimzidveli gaexadaT sakuTari saqoneli,

kerZod, wina planze wamoswies Tambaqos SefuTvis sakiTxi, romelsac

manamde did yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen. papirosis kolofi

momxmareblisTvis mimzidveli unda yofiliyo, garda amisa izrunes misi

xarisxis gaumjobesebazec. aRsaniSnavia, rom adgilobrivi meTambaqoeobis

nawarmi mxolod provinciebSi saRdeboda, xolo qalaqebSi ZiriTadad

Semotanili papirosi iyideboda. garda amisa, rusi mefabrikeebis mier

vaWrebisTvis dawesebuli zemoaRniSnuli SeRavaTebiT seriozuli

safrTxe emuqrebodaT adgilobriv fabrikantebs da isini iZulebulni

gaxdnen vaWrebisTvis TviTonac daewesebinaT kuSnarevis mier

SemoRebuli SeRavaTebis tolfasi SeRavaTebi. es stimuli efeqtiani

aRmoCnda, kuSnarevis Tambaqos Sesyidva, romelic mkveTrad

progresirebda, TandaTan Senelda da daiwyo Semcireba. am sapasuxo

RonisZiebis Sedegad 1890-iani wlebis dasawyisSi rostovis Tambaqoze

moTxovna 40%-iT Semcirda.129

garda zemoxsenebuli RonisZiebebisa, adgilobrivma fabrikantebma

ruseTidan moiwvies am saqmis specialistebi. menejmentis gaumjobesebis

Sedegad msxvilma fabrikantebma, mag. enfianjiancma da bozarjiancma did

warmatebebs miaRwies da maTi nawarmi ara mxolod gautolda ruseTSi

warmoebuli saukeTeso xarisxis nawarms, aramed ajobes kidec mas. am

ori mewarmis mier gamoSvebul produqciaze arsebobda didi moTxovna

ara mxolod adgilobriv bazarze, aramed maT gauCndaT msxvili

SekveTebi moskovidan da peterburgidan. am cvlilebis gamo TandaTan

mcirdeboda ruseTidan Tambaqos Semotana.

90-iani wlebis Tbilisis mrewvelobis dargebs Soris SedarebiT

128 Гулишамбаров Ст. ОФЗ по ЗК Тиф.1894. gv. 144 129 iqve 145

99

wina planze idga tyavisa da Tambaqos fabrikebi. 1892 wels maTi

wliuri brunva Sesabamisad Seadgenda _ 777 936-sa da 560 881 maneTs.130

Tambaqos fabrikebs Soris warmoebis zrdiTa da misi doniT gamoirCeoda

Tbiliseli meore gildiis vaWris _ enfianjiancis fabrika (iseve,

rogorc es wina wlebSi iyo). man Tavis plantaciebSi gaaumjobesa

Tambaqos xarisxi, fabrikaSi moaxdina damatebiTi investireba, kerZod,

damontaJda axali manqana-danadgarebi, nedleuli xarisxdeboda

kvalificiurad, ramac saboloo jamSi xeli Seuwyo mza nawarmis

xarisxis amaRlebas da gafarTovda produqciis sarealizacio areali.

mis mier warmoebuli papirosi, sigara da TuTuni saRdeboda

amierkavkasiaSi, kaspiismiRma olqebsa da ruseTSi.

90-iani wlebis Tbilisis Tambaqos warmoebaSi SesamCnevi xdeba

warmoebis gamsxvilebis procesi. 1895 wels Tbiliselma pirveli

gildiis vaWrebma _ baindurovma, egiazarovma, avalianma da gokielma

daaarses saaqcio sazogadoeba “miri”. misi ZiriTadi kapitali 500 000

maneTs Seadgenda, romelic dayofili iyo 2 000 aqciad _ TiToeuli 250

maneTad.

saaqcio sazogadoebis saqmianobas sami kacisgan Semdgari sabWo

ganagebda. mas yuradReba unda mieqcia aqciebis brunvisaTvis, wliuri

angariSis, balansisa da sabuRaltro saqmeebisaTvis. warmoeba unda

uzrunveleyo saWiro specialistebiT, Tvalyuri edevnebina Nnedleulis

Sesyidvisa da mza nawarmis realizaciisaTvis, daedo xelSekrulebebi

rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve kerZo amxanagobebTan da sazogadoebasTan.

wesdebiT saaqcio sazogadoebis arsebobis vada ar iyo gansazRvruli. im

SemTxvevaSi, Tuki saWiro gaxdeboda sazogadoebis daxurva,

gadawyvetileba unda mieRo aqcionerTa saerTo krebas. saaqcio

sazogadoeba “miri”, aRWurvili iyo uaxlesi teqnikiT.

cxrili #2.4 cxadyofs, rom saaqcio sazogadoeba miris mier

gamoSvebuli produqcia sakmaod solidurad gamoiyureba. Mmiuxedavad

130 cincaZe d. kap. mrewvelobis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi XIX s. meore naxevarsa da XX s. dasawyisSi, Tb. 1979

100

imisa, rom III xarisxis TuTunsac sakmaod mozrdili raodenobiT

awarmoebda, mainc SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es sawarmo upiratesobas

ZiriTadad I da II xarisxis Tambaqos warmoebas aniWebda. bazarze

prioritetulad II xarisxis Tambaqos miwodeba cxads xdis, rom fabrikas

Tavisi warmoeba ZiriTadad am xarisxis Tambaqos momxmarebelze hqonda

gaTvlili. Mmis mier warmoebuli II xarisxis TuTunis raodenoba 44 837

fuTiT aWarbebs I xarisxisas da 153 030 fuTiT III xarisxis TuTunis

raodenobas. igive SeiZleba iTqvas papirosis warmoebaze: II xarisxis

papirosis warmoeba 13 336 500 cali papirosiT aWarbebs I xarisxisas, III

xarisxis papirosi ki saerTod ar iwarmoeba cxrilSi warmodgenili

monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom TuTunis. warmoebaSi importis wili

maincdamainc STambeWdavi ar aris. importSic II xarisxis Tambaqo didad

Warbobs I xarisxis Tambaqos imports da aseve Warbobs III

xarisxisas.Ppapirosis importis xarisxobriv stuqturaSi TiTqmis

Tanabaria I da II xarisxis nawarmis odenoba, I xarisxis papirosis gatana

daaxloebiT 1 %-iT aWarbebs II xarisxisas.

1900 wels bozarjiancma Tavisi fabrika gadaakeTa firmad. Ffirmis

wevrebi iyvnen n. bozarjianci, misi sami vaJi da erTic naTesavi. am

amxanagobaSi mis TiToeul wevrs 2 000 maneTi Sehqonda, kapitali

mTlianad 10 000 maneTs Seadgenda. firmaSi gareSe piris Seyvana

ikrZaleboda, xolo Tuki amxanagobis romelime wevri miatovebda firmas,

mas ekrZaleboda Tambaqos fabrikis gaxsna ara marto TbilisSi,

aramed mTlianad ruseTis imperiaSi. Ffirmis gamgebeli iyo n.

bozarjianci daFmis saqmianobasac is ganagebda. Aam saaqcio

sazogadoebas savaWro saxlebi hqonda Tbilissa da baqoSi. Mmisi

cxrili #2.4 131

saaqcio sazogadoeba “miris” mier warmoebuli produqcia (1906 w).

131 cincaZe d. kapitalisturi mrewvelibis ganviTareba saqarT. XIX s. meore naxevarsa da XX s. dasawyisSi. Tb. 1979

101

warmatebebi Tbilisis analogiur sawarmoebs Soris TvalsaCinoa,

igi bazarze aSkara lideria. Amas adasturebs is statistikac, romelic

#2.5 cxrilSia mocemuli.

Ddamzadebuli

produqcia (xarisxebis

mixedviT)

importirebuli

prod.

(xarisxebis

mixedviT)

importis

wili

%

nawarmis

dasaxe

leba

I

II

III

I

II

III

I

II

III

TuTuni

(girvan.)

257778

302615

149

585

1738

29825

801

0

0,7

9,8

5,4

papirosi

(cali)

336785

00

47015000

_

251250

0

310500

0

_

7,5

6,6

_

sul

339362

78

47317615

149

585

2514238

3134825

801

0

_

_

_

102

cxrili #2.5 132

Tbilisis Tambaqos ZiriTadi mwarmoeblebi (1908 w.)

warmoebuli

produqciis raod.

(man.)

muSaTa raod. (kaci)

mewarme

1900w. 1908 w. 1900 w. 1908 w.

bozarjianci 731 429 715 661

401

206

“miri” 518 500 368 000

212 165

enfianjianci 515 800 336 053 315 459

sul samive saw. -Si 1 765 729 1 419 714 928 630

sul Tbilisis

Tamb. fabrikebSi.

__ 1 718 074 __ 818

warmodgenili. cxrilis mixedviT bozarjiancebis firma Tbilisis

Tambaqos warmoebaSi udavo lideria. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom

enfianjiancis fabrikisa da “miris” saaqcio sazogadoebis mier

gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenoba sakmaod masStaburia, bozarjiancis

warmoeba 1900 wels gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenobis mxriv orive

maTgans bevrad uswrebs, xolo 1908 wels orives mier warmoebuli

132Варзар, Список фабрик и заводов Росийской Империи. 1912

103

produqciis jamsac ki aWarbebs. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Tuki

aseT masStabur warmoebas igi 1900 wels 401 muSaxelis pirobebSi

axerxebda, 1908 wlisTvis man teqnikuri siaxleTa danergvis meoxebiT

produqciis TiTqmis igive raodenobis warmoeba 206 muSaxelis pirobebSi

SeZlo. teqnikur siaxleebSi orTqlis Zravebis garda benzinisa da

eleqtoenergiaze momuSave Zravebic igulisxmeba. magaliTad, bozarjianis

fabrika aRWurvili iyo Tambaqos saWreli eleqtroZraviani 4 manqaniT da

garda amisa, mas gaaCnda benzinze momuSave 3 Zrava. M

moulodnelia warmatebuli da didi gamocdilebis mqone

enfianjiancis warmoebis ukusvla.M mis mier warmoebuli produqciis

raodenoba mkveTrad ecema da amis fonze igi zrdis muSaxelis

raodenobas 1900 wlis 315-dan 1908 wlis 459 kacamde. rac Seexeba 1908

wlis Semdgom periods, vardnis Semdgom, momdevno 7-8 wlis ganmavlobaSi

enfianjianci ayalibebs sakmaod msxvil saaqcio sazogadoebas da

rogorc mosalodneli iyo, SeZlo lideris poziciis damkvidreba.

samive sawarmos wili mTlianad Tbilisis Tambaqos fabrikebis

mier gamoSvebul produqciaSi 1908 wels 82,6 %-ia, mxolod

bozarjiancis sawarmos wili ki _ 41,6 %, rac sakmaod STambeWdavia.

“miris” fabrikam, miuxedavad imisa, rom masSi koncentrirebuli iyo xuTi

mewarmis kapitali (rac zemoT mimovixileT), mainc ver SeZlo seriozuli

konkurencia gaewia bozarjiancebis firmisaTvis. Aamis savaraudo mizezi

jer erTi is iyo, rom bozarjiancebs naxevar saukuneze meti xnis

gamocdileba gaaCndaT am sferoSi (jer kidev ambarcum bozarjiancis

periodidan) da garda amisa, aq ufro msxvili kapitalis koncentracia

moxda, vidre “mirSi”.

warmodgenil sam fabrikaSi Tavmoyrili iyo mTlianad Tbilisis

Tambaqos fabrikebSi dasaqmebul muSaTa 77 %.

Mmrewvelobis calkeuli dargebis ganviTarebis kvaldakval

viTardeboda spirtis, aryisa da koniakis samrewvelo warmoebac. arayi

ojaxur pirobebSi saqarTveloSi manamdec mzaddeboda, romelic

104

ZiriTadad ojaxis saWiroebisTvis moixmardnen, magram mas sasaqonlo

xasiaTi ar hqonda. Mmdgomareoba mas Semdeg Seicvala, rac saqarTvelo

ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda. ruseTis jaris nawilebis

saqarTveloSi damkvidrebam arayze moTxovna gazarda. saojaxo

meurneobis pirobebSi damzadebuli aryiT, raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT,

ruseTis jaris dakmayofileba SeuZlebeli iyo. Bbazris gafarToebasTan

da Sromis sazogadoebriv danawilebasTan erTad venaxis mflobel

mwarmoeblebs gamoeyvnen uSualod sasaqonlo produqciis mwarmoebelni,

(romelTa raodenobac XIX s. I naxevarSi mcire iyo) da vaWar-

Semsyidvelebi, romlebic mwarmoebelsa da momxmarebels Soris

Suamavlis funqcia ikisres.

XIX s. pirvel naxevarSi aryis wvrili warmoebis garda

saqarTveloSi kapitalisturi tipis aryisa da spirits “qarxnebic”

arsdeba. spirtis qarxnebSi gamoyenebdnen daqiravebul Sromas, manqana-

iaraRebsa da danadgarebs. msxvili kapitaldabandebebis, meSveobiT

umjobesdeboda warmoeba, magaliTad, barbare imerliSvilis (1829w.),

zubalaSvilis (1838w.), kalainis (1854w.), andrievskis (1847w.) aryis

qarxnebi.133

60-ian wlebSi gaixsna da axal saaqcio sistemis SemoRebamde

iarseba kuzminskis, bariatinskis, mikirtiCevis, iasenis, Straubes

sawarmoebma. Aam periodis aryis qarxnebs Soris gansakuTrebis

aRsaniSnavia baron baxis warmoeba, romelic 1876 wels gaixsna da

wyvetilebiT 900-ian wlebamde iarseba.134

1873 wlamde sasmelebis warmoeba saqarTvelosa da mTlianad

amierkavkasiaSi gadasaxadiT ar ibegreboda. Ggadasaxads ixdidnen

bazarSi gasayidad gatanil sasmelze. 1873 wels axali saaqcizo

133 samsonaZe m. Tbilisis samrewveli ganviTareba saqarTveloSi XIX s. reformamdel xanaSi . gv. 124-131; gogolaZe d. kapitalisturi sawarmoebi soflis meurneobasa da mrewvelobaSi reformamdel saqarTveloSi (1830-1864 ww.), Tb. 1969, gv. 151-201. xoStaria e., dammuSavebeli mrewvelobis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi XIX s. 30-60-ian wlebSi _ istoriis inst. Sromebi, t. III, Tb. 1958, gv. 153-181. 134 Гулищамбаров Ст. ОФЗТ губернии, Т. 1888, ст.41-48

105

kanonmdeblobiT daibegra rogorc bazarze gatanili aryis sasaqonlo

produqti, ise misi warmoebac. erTi vedro puris spirtis gamoxdaze

dawesda saaqcizo gadasaxadi 5 kap. odenobiT, yurZnisa da xilis

spirtebze ki _ gadasaxadi gamosaxdeli masalis moculobisa da misi

yoveldRiuri gamoxdis Sesabamisad (1 vedro moculobis qvabze dRe-

RameSi 11 kap. Aaqcizi) SemoiRes. saaqcizo gadasaxadisagan

Tavisufldeboda venaxis mflobelTa is “qarxnebi”, romelTa produqti

sasaqonlo xasiaTs ar atarebda.

saaqcizo gadasaxadebis garda, dawesda aseve sapatento gadasaxadi.

Mmisi odenoba ganrigebis mixedviT ganisazRvra. pirvel ganrigSi

Sevidnen TbilisSi arsebuli sawarmoebi, romelTa wliuri sapatento

gadasaxadi dawesda 3 man. odenobiT. Mmeore ganrigisaTvis (sagubernio da

saolqo qalaqebi ) _ 50 man; mesame ganrigisaTvis (sabazrobo qalaqebi da

portebi) _ 30 man; meoTxe ganrigisaTvis (sxva danarCeni qalaqebi) _ 15

man. amasTan, sardafebs, samikitnoebs da duqnebs aryis produqtebiT

TavRia WurWlidan wvril-wvrilad vaWroba aekrZalaT. amisaTvis

sagangebo nebarTva iyo saWiro. I ganrigis savaWroebs TavRia WurWlidan

aryis produqtebiT vaWrobisaTvis weliwadSi 200 man. Uunda gadaexadaT,

II Tanrigis savaWroebs ki _ 100 man.135

saxelmwifom qarxnis warmoebis mixedviT spirits gamoxdis norma

daawesa. Nnormis zeviT gamoxdil spirtze mwarmoebeli saaqcizo

gadasaxads aRar ixdida. Aam SeRavaTebma warmoebebs zrdis stimuli

misca. Pproduqciis zrdis saSualeba qarxnis teqnikuri donis amaRleba

iyo. kargad mowyobili qarxnebi did Semosavals iRebdnen. Wvrili

mwarmoeblebi, romelTac qarxnis reorganizaciis saSualeba ar hqondaT,

msxvili qarxnebis konkurencias ver uZlebdnen da ixurebodnen. 60-ian

wlebSi TbilisSi arsebuli 18 aryis sawarmodan, axali saaqcizo

sistemis SemoRebis Semdeg cxram arseboba Sewyvita.

1879 w. kanoniT sxvadasxva saxis specialuri aryis produqtebze e.w.

135 scsa f.7, aR. 6, s. 489, furc. 92, iqve, s. 437, furc. 12-13.

106

damatebiTi, sabanderolo gadasaxadi dawesda. igi aryis produqtebis

odenobis mixedviT qarxnis patrons erTi, an naxevari wliT adre unda

gadaexada, rac qarxnis mier gamoSvebul erT vedro arayze 1 maneTs

udrida. Aaryis qarxnebisTvis ganisazRvra agreTve sabanderolo Tanxa.

Tbilisis aryis qarxnebs weliwadSi 2 000 man. Bbanderoli unda

SeesyidaT, sagubernio qalaqebs 1 000 maneTis, xolo samazro qalaqebs _

500 maneTis. Tu romelime qarxana dawesebuli Tanxis banderols ver

SeiZenda, mas avtomaturad daxurva eloda. Aaryis produqtebi qarxnidan

mxolod dabanderolebuli saxiT unda gaetanaT, banderolze

aucileblad aRniSnuli unda yofiliyo mwarmoebeli qarxnis, an firmis

saxelwodeba, misi beWedi, adgilsamyofeli, sasmelis saxelwodeba da

simagris xarisxi. Aaryis produqtebis simagris norma dadgenili ar iyo,

igi qarxnebSi sasmelis xarisxis mixedviT ganisazRvreboda. 1890 wlidan

aryis produqtebis savaldebulo simagre 40 gradusiT ganisazRvra.136 A

amgvari wesebis SemoRebam Tbilisis aryis sawarmoebis xelaxali

SezRudva da Sesabamisad Semcireba gamoiwvia. darCenili 9 aryis

qarxnidan 6 daixura.137

zemoCamoTvlili sakanonmdeblo aqtebi xels uwyobda msxvili

warmoebis Camoyalibebas da maT xelSewyobas. wvrili mwarmoeblebi

sakanonmdeblo CarCoebs ver uZlebdnen da Tmobdnen poziciebs, Tumca

maT mier damzadebuli produqciis sasaqonlo wili ar mcirdeboda,

vinaidan, wvrili mwarmoeblebis mier gamoxdili arayi mxvil warmoebaSi

nedleulad gamoiyeneboda.

aryisa da spirtis msxvil warmoebaSi 80-iani wlebis bolodan

dargobrivi specializacia gaRrmavda, amoqmedda spirtis sareqtifikacio

(gamwmendi), sxvadasxva saxis aryisa da koniakis qarxnebi. spirtis

warmoebaSi gza gaikafes msxvilma mewarmeebma, romlebmac SeZles

warmoebis materialur_teqnikuri aRWurva umTavresad ucxoeTidan

Semotanili ZravebiT, manqana-danadgarebiT da aparaturiT.

136 Гулишамбаров Ст. ОФЗТ губ. Ggv. 49 137 iqve

107

aRniSnuli droidan alkoholiani sasmelebis warmoeba

saqarTveloSi (igulisxmeba spirits sareqtifikacio, aryisa da koniakis

warmoeba) ZiriTadad sami msxvili mrewvelis _ d. sarajiSvilis

(sarajevis), m. xublarovis da a. sogomonovis xelSi moeqca. maT Soris

yvelaze Zlieri sarajiSvilis warmoeba iyo. maT ekuTvnodaT iyo

spirits sareqtifikacio aryis da koniakis qarxnebi.

am sawarmoebSi 80-iani wlebis bolos da 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi

alkoholuri sasmelebis warmoebis ganviTarebas mZlavri biZgi misca

sxvadasxva saxis gaumjobesebuli manqana-danadgarebis, kerZod: giliomis,

savalis, neimanis, bormanosa da Svedes sareqtifikacio, pistoriusis,

Sarantis, deruas sakoniake spirtsaxdeli aparatebis danergvam, aseve

orTqlis Zravis, orTqlis qvabebis, orTqlis saqaCavebis damontaJebam.

spirtis reqtifikaciis dros uxarisxo spirtis, an aryis gawmenda-

gasufTavebis, misi sxvadasxva saxis minarevebisagan gaTavisuflebis

Sedegad umaRlesi xarisxis sufTa _ 95-96 gradusis simagris spirts

iRebdnen. spirtis sareqtifikacio qarxnebis Seqmnamde aryisa da spirtis

gawmenda naxSirisa da silis filtrebSi xdeboda, rac umaRlesi

xarisxis spirtis miRebas ver uzrunvelyofda da ararentabeluric iyo.

spirtis sareqtifikacio warmoebis Seqmna spirtiani sasmelebis

warmoebaSi erTgvari gadatrialebis tolfasi iyo.

pirveli sareqtifikacio aparati amierkavkasiaSi 1886 wels

TbilisSi d. sarajiSvilma dadga.138 sareqtifikacio qarxnebi TbilisSi

gaxsnes agreTve iv. sitovma 1886 w., n. sitovma 1887 w., a. sogomonovma

1892w., n. xublarovma 1893w. spirtisa aryis sawarmoebSi 1985 w. orTqlis

qvabi daayenes sarajiSvilma da iv. sitovma, 1886 w. i. karaevma, 1890 w. s.

meRvinovma, 1891 w. m. xublarovma, 1892 w., a. sogomonovma.139

konkurencias, romelic alkoholuri sasmelebis warmoebaSi

arsebobda, spirtis mwarmoebelTa nawili ver uZlebda. 90-ian wlebamde

warmoebas CamoSordnen sitovebi, karaevi, 1890 wels meRvinovis qarxana m.

138 Dd. sarajiSvilis saxsovrad. Tb. 1911. Ggv.3-6 139 scsa, f. 370, s. 409, furc. 5. iqve 204, s. 563, furc. 3, 9, 20, 23, 34, 39, 89, 95

108

xublarovis kompanioni gaxda. 1897 wlidan m. xublarovis kompanionebi

gaxdnen sakuTari Zmebi, xolo meRvinovi CamoiSora. TviT xublarovis

warmoeba 1903 wlidan d. sarajiSvilis mflobelobaSi gadavida.

d. sarajiSvilma pirveli sabiTumo sawyobi _ “qarxana” 1884 w.

TbilisSi gaxsna. igi mTeli wlis gamavlobaSi muSaobda da wliurad 12

000 vedro spirts uSvebda, romlis Rirebulebac 48 000 man. iyo.

“qarxnis” teqnikur aRWurvilobas Seadgenda: erTi spirtsaxdeli aparati

da 6 cxenisZalis orTqlis qvabi. Qqarxana mazuTze muSaobda da

yovelwliurad 1 000 man. sawvavs iyenebda. produqciis gasaReba

umTavresad Tbilissa da mis SemogarenSi xdeboda. qarxanaSi mudmivad

dasaqmebuli iyo 8 muSa, samuSao dRis xangrZlivoba ki 10 saaTs

udrida.140

oriode welSi sarajiSvilma qalaqis Tavis saaqcizo sammarTvelos

da samedicino komisiis saTanado daskvnis Semdeg 1886 w. 8 marts

aamuSava axali danadgarebiT aRWurvili qarxana.141 Qqarxnis

rekonstruqcias muSaxelis Semcireba mohyva, produqciis odenoba 12 000

vedrodan 1886 w. 25 000 vedromde gaizarda.142

1892Q w. qarxnis aRWurviloba kidev ufro gaumjobesda. daidga 10

cxenisZaliani orTqlis qvabi neimanis, bormanos da Svedes 17 koloniani

safiltracio savalis tipis ori sareqtifikacio aparati (erTi 720

vedros, xolo meore _ 240 vedros tevadobis). muSaTa raodenoba 40

kacamde gaizarda. Qqarxanas dReRameSi 20 000 gradusi, xolo weliwadSi

6 500 000 gradusi sxvadasxva xarisxis spirtis gamoSveba SeeZlo.*

qarxanasTan arsebobda spirtis Sesanaxi sawyobi, sadac spirtis sami

cisterna idga. Mmisi tevadoba iyo 12 500 vedro, iqve arsebobda maRaziebi

140 scsa, f. 204, s. 592, furc 99 141 iqve, s. 591, furc 1-2 142 iqve, s. 654, furc. 89 *gradusiT aRiniSneba absoluturad uwylo spirtis raodenoba, romelic 120 mililitrs udrida. sazom erTeulad miRebuli iyo 12 litris tevadobis vedro, romlis measedi nawili aris 120 mililitri.

109

da sadurglo saxelosno.143

1885-1899 ww. warmoebuli produqciis zrdaze Semdegi monacemebi

metyvelebs: 1885 w. sarajiSvilis Tbilisis qarxanam gasawmendad 39 463

gradusi naxevarfabrikati miiRo da 38 034 gradusi (4 564 man.) sufTa

spirti gamouSva. 1899 w. gasawmendad miiRo 1 578 532 gradusi spirtis

nedleuli da 1 521 383 gradusi (197 775 man.) reqtificirebuli spirti

daamzada,144 e.i. 14 wlis ganmavlobaSi warmoeba 40-jer gaizarda.

1901 wels sarajiSvilis preiskurantSi 65 dasaxelebis sxvadasxva

arayia dafiqsirebuli, mzaddeboda aseve umaRlesi xarisxis liqiorebi:

maraskini, benediqtini, Sartrezi, kakao-Suva, ananasis da sxva.145

1903 w. sarajiSvilis Tbilisis warmoebas kidev erTi

sareqtifikacio sawarmo Seemata, romelic m. xublarovisgan iyida.

SeZenisTanave sarajiSvilma misi rekonstruqcia ganaxorciela, warmoeba

ganaaxla da evropul standartebs gauTanabra. Mmis mier gamoSvebuli

produqciis 80% umaRlesi xarisxis spirti iyo. saaqcizo uwyebis

zedamxedvelebi maRal Sefasebas aZlevdnen sarajiSvilis

sareqtifikacio warmoebas da aRniSnavdnen, rom iq spirtis gawmenda

maRal doneze xdeba, iReben umaRlesi xarisxis spirts, Seesabameba

saimporto spirtebis standartebs da advilad uZlebs am mizniT

specialurad Catarebul gamocdas,146 maSin, rodesac zogadad

saqarTvelos analogier produqcias uaryofiT Sefasebas aZlevdnen.

sarajiSvilis sareqtifikacio qarxnis produqciis gasaReba amave

qarxanasTan arsebuli spirtis sabiTumo sawyobidan xdeboda.Ees nawarmi

didi mowonebiT sargeblobda rogorc amierkavkasiaSi, aseve ruseTis

imperiaSi. P produqciis realizacia xdeboda moskovSi, peterburgSi,

rigaSi, varSavaSi, xarkovSi, kievSi, feodosiaSi, samaraSi, odesaSi,

baqoSi, kiSiniovSi, mervSi, erevanSi, vladikavkazSi da a.S., firmis mier

143 Д.З. Сараджев, Тифл. 1901, gv.5. 144 scsa, f.371, s. 206, furc. 99; s. 181, furc. 22, 23, 60, 150. 145 mirianaSvili m. kapitalisturi mrewvelobis ganviTareba saqarTveliSi. Tb. 1980, gv. 65 146scsa,f. 370, s. 940, furc. 29: s. 947, furc. 21

110

gaxsnil savaWroebsa da sawyobebSi.147

amave tipis, magram SedarebiT mcire moculobis sareqtifikacio

qarxnebi TbilisSi ekuTvnodaT sogomonovsa da xublarovs. Aarsebobis

pirvel (1892 w.) wels sogomonovis qarxanam 27 363 gr. (3 150 man.) spirti

gamouSva, xublarovis qarxanam ki 1893 w. 34 484 gr. (4 137 man.). 1899

wlisTvis sogomonovis qarxnis produqciis odenoba 1 083 833 gradusamde

(140 798 man.), xolo xublarovis _ 1 407 850 gradusamde (183 020 man.-mde)

gaizarda.148 orive qarxanaSi idga savalis sistemis sareqtifikacio

aparati. qarxanasTan arsebobda spirtis Sesanaxi rezervuarebi, aseve

sadurglo da sazeinklo saxelosnoebi. 1895-1903 ww. monacemebiT,

sogomonovis qarxanaSi 24 muSa muSaobda, xublarovis qarxanaSi _ 22.149

aRniSnuli qarxnebi produqcias sakuTari sawyobebidan da

maRaziebidan amierkavkasiasa da ruseTSi asaRebdnen. xublarovs

sawyobebi hqonda: TbilisSi, baqoSi, erevanSi, SuSasa da rostovSi,

xolo saagentoebi _ moskovSi, varSavaSi, rostovsa da dvinskSi.150

sarajiSvilis sareqtifikacio qarxnis produqciis odenoba

TiTqmis yovelTvis Warbobda xublarovisa da sogomonovis qarxnis

warmoebas, xolo xublarovis warmoebis mierTebis Semdeg sarajiSvilis

wilad modioda TbilisSi reqtificirebuli spirtis 85%. garda amisa,

teqnikuri aRWurvis donis mixedviT sarajiSvilis qarxnebs isini bevrad

Camouvardebodnen. Aar hqondaT saaldehido kolonebi, muSaobdnen

sakontrolo mowyobilobebis gareSe da SedarebiT dabali xarisxis

produqcias uSvebdnen.

d.sarajiSvili ruseTis imperiaSi koniakis pirveli specialuri

qarxnis damaarseblad da koniakis samrewvelo warmoebis pionerad

iTvleba. 1888 wlis oqtomberSi TbilisSi amoqmedda sarajiSvilis

koniakis qarxana. Mmis mier daarsebuli Tbilisis qarxana ruseTis

147 Д.З. Сараджев, Тифл. 1905, gv.1 148 scsa, f. 371, s. 181, furc. 22-23. 149 Фаврично-заводская промышленность России, 1897. С. 922. Список фабрик и заводов Европейской России, 1903, с. 680. 150 Сведения о производительности заводов Хубларова с братьями в Тифлисе. Тиф. 1901, gv.3

111

imperiis pirveli srulyofili, specializebuli qarxana iyo.151

igi aRiWurva Aspecialurad Sveicariidan miRebuli sakoniake

spirtsaxdeli aparatiT, romelic 41 vedros tevadobis iyo da Sedgeboda

deflegmaciuri cilindris, ori TefSisa da klaknila macivrisagan.152

qarxanaSi yvela piroba iyo Seqmnili saimisod, rom saukeTeso xarisxis

sakoniake spirti miRebuliyo. am spirtis warmoebisaTvis kaxeTisa da

qarTlis saukeTeso xarisxis Rvinoebi gamoiyeneboda. Ggamoxdis Sedegad

miiReboda 55-58 gradusi simagris spirti. am spirts inaxavdnen mcire

zomis _ 20 vedros tevadobis muxis kasrebSi, romelic saqarTvelos

maRalmTian raionebSi sagangebod koniakis daZvelebisTvis SerCeuli da

kargad gamomSrali muxisagan mzaddeboda. imisaTvis, rom muxis merqans

damaxasiaTebeli surneli SeenarCunebina, misgan kasrebs yovelgvari

damduRvrisa da orTqlSi gatarebis gareSe amzadebdnen.153

qarxanaSi yvela piroba iyo Serqmnili saimisod, rom saukeTeso

xarisxis sakoniake spirti mieRoT. am spirtis warmoebisaTvis

sarajiSvili diRmis, kaxeTis, yizlaris da sxva mamulebSi dawuruli

saukeTeso xarisxis sakuTari warmoebis masalas iyenebda. Sogomonovi da

xublarovi am mizniT erevnisa da elizavetpolis mamulebis Rvinoebs

iyenebdnen.154

sarajiSvilis koniakis qarxanaSi xdeboda warmoebisaTvis saWiro

Rvinomasalis SerCeva da misi gamocda. zustdeboda da ixveweboda

koniakis dayenebisa da dakupaJebis teqnologia, akvirdebodnen da

adgendnen spirtis vargisianobas, koniakis damzadebis procesSi

iTvaliswinebdnen misi warmoebisaTvis saWiro yvela wess. Am

TvalsazrisiT, es qarxana erTgvar laboratoriad iqca.

sarajiSvilis warmoebis masStabebis Sesaxeb warmodgenas iZleva

cxrili # 2.6.

151 Д.Сараджев 1905 gv. 6 152 iqve, gv. 7 153 mirianaSvili m. kapitalisturi mrewvelobis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi. Tb. 1980, gv.89 154 iqve, gv.92

112

cxrili #2.6155

d. sarajiSvilis qarxnis wili sareqtifikacio qarxnebis saerTo

produqciaSi (1896-1903 ww.)

cxrilis monacemebidan irkveva, rom Tbilisis sareqtifikacio

qarxnebSi 1896 wlis momdevno or wels _ 1898 wlis CaTvliT warmoebuli

produqciis raodenobis mcirdeba. AaRniSnul periodSi analogiuri

vardna SeiniSneba sarajiSvilis warmoebaSic. am konkretuli

periodisaTvis Tbilisis aryis mwarmoeblebi ibrZodnen ruseTis

bazris dasapyrobad. ruseTSi maT mier warmoebuli produqciis

155 mirianaSvili m. kapitalisturi mrewvelobis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi. Tb. 1980 Ggv. 20

wlebi

Tbilisis

qarxnebis

raodenoba

Pproduqciis

saerTo

Rirebuleba

(man.)

sarajiSvilis

qarxnis

produqciis

Rirebuleba

(man.)

sarajiSvilis

qarxnis wili

Tbilisis

qarxnebSi

(%)

1896 3 415 738 273 898 65

1897 3 328 269 197 406 60

1898 3 258 179 142 496 55

1899 3 518 012 197 775 38

1900 3 736 416 299 604 40

1901 3 679 481 374 968 55

1902 3 703 485 404 065 57

1903 3 678 020 387 775 57

113

gasaReba Wirda, radgan iq ZiriTadad moixmardnen ukve cnobilsa da

myarad damkvidrebul rusulsa da sazRvargareTul nawarms,

romelTan konkurenciasac ver uZlebda saqarTveloSi warmoebuli

produqcia. mwarmoeblebis brZola ruseTis bazris dapyrobisaTvis

didad Seaferxa 1900 wels SemoRebulma axalma saaqcizo wesebmac,

romelmac gaaormaga aryis warmoebaze gaweuli xarjebi. dadgenili

wesebiT saaqcizo Tanxa damzadebul 1 vedro aryis produqtze 1

maneTidan 2 maneTamde gaizarda.156 A

aryis warmoebisTvis erTgvar Semaferxebel faqtorad is movlenac

iqca, rom aRniSnul periodSi spirtisa da aryis mwarmoeblebma mTeli

yuradReba koniakis warmoebaze gadaitanes. am faqtorTa gamo daiwyo

produqciis Semcireba da warmoebis daqveiTeba. Aaseve sagulisxmoa, rom

sarajiSvilis warmoebas dargSi imdenad mozrdili wili hqonda (es

cxrilis monacemebidanac Cans) rom misi warmoebis vardna aucileblad

axdenda gavlenas mTlianad Tbilisis sareqtifikacio qarxnebSi

warmoebuli aryis moculobaze.

rogorc cxrilSi warmodgenili statistikuri masalidan Cans, 1899

wlidan aRmavloba aRiniSneba rogorc zogadad saqarTvelos

sareqtifikacio qarxnebSi, aseve konkretulad sarajiSvilis

warmoebaSic. es aRmavloba aSkaraa da 1899 wlidan 1902 wlamde

stabiluria. sarajiSvilis warmoebisa da zogadad saqarTvelos

analogiuri monacemebi (zrdisa, Tu daqveiTebis suraTi) amjeradac

erTmaneTs emTxveva.

sarajiSvilis warmoebis maRali done dadasturda 1900 wlis

parizis saerTaSoriso gamofenasa da 1901 w kavkasiis sasoflo-

sameurneo gamofenaze, sadac sarajiSvilis aryis nawarmi oqros medliT

dajildovda.157 Mmanamde,M1889 wels, parizis saerTaSoriso gamofenaze

sarajiSvilis qarxnis produqcia ori vercxlis medliT dajildovda.

amave wels, kavkasiis sasoflo-sameurneo gamofenaze _ ori oqros

156 mirianaSvili m. kapitalisturi mrewvelobis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi. Tb. 1980, gv. 71 157 Д.Сараджев, 1901 gv. 13

114

medliT.158

miuxedavad calkeuli warmatebebisa, romelic saqarTvelos aryis

warmoebaSi 1900 wlidan kvlav daiwyo, es warmatebebi ar iyo stabiluri.

158 iqve, gv. 12

115

Tavi III

ucxouri kapitali Tbilisis guberniaSi XIX s. da XX s. dasawyisSi

3.1 germanuli kapitali Tbilisis guberniaSi

XIX s. 60-ian wlebSi ruseTis imperiaSi batonymobis gauqmebam gza

gauxsna qveynis kapitalistur ganviTarebas. rogorc ruseTSi, aseve

amierkavkasiaSi. am movlenam mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi gamoiwvia mTeli

imperiis masStabiT. kapitalizmis ganviTarebis daCqarebisTvis Seiqmna

friad xelsayreli pirobebi, Tumca mxolod social-ekonomikuri da

politikuri viTareba, Tundac wiaRiseul simdidreTa siuxve ver

uzrunvelyofda mrewvelobisa da zogadad ekonomikis calkeuli

dargebis swraf aRmavlobas. saWiro iyo mniSvnelovani odenobiT

Tavisufali kapitali, romelic naklebad gaaCnda rogorc adgilobriv,

aseve ruseTis burJuazias. ruseTis xelisuflebam scada Tavis Tavze

aeRo soflis meurneobis, aseve mrewvelobis, transportis, vaWrobis,

sabanko saqmis ganviTareba, rac warumatebeli aRmoCnda. am

warumateblobiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom mefis mTavroba yvelanairad

uwyobda xels ucxouri kapitalis Semosvlas da ucxoel mewarmeTa

damkvidrebas amierkavkasiaSi.

adgilobrivi da rusuli kapitalis sisustiT sargeblobdnen

ucxouri kapitalis warmomadgenlebi da sakmaod myarad ikidebdnen fexs

amierkavkasiis mrewvelobis wamyvan dargebSi _ manganumis, spilenZis,

navTobis warmoebaSi. es Tavis mxriv xels uwyobda amierkavkasiaSi

saSinao bazris Camoyalibebas, romelic ruseTis bazris Semadgeneli

nawili iyo.

XXs.-is damdegisaTvis ukve dasrulebuli iyo msoflio

kapitalisturi sistemis Seqmna. dedamiwa ZiriTadad gadainawiles

wamyvanma kolonistma qveynebma _ inglisma, safrangeTma, ruseTma.

axalgazrda, msxvili da mzardi kapitalisturi qveyana, rogoric iyo

116

germania, Tavs daCagrulad grZnobda da ama Tu im formiT msoflios

xelaxali gadanawilebisken iswrafvoda. arsebuli viTarebis pirobebSi

igi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda kolonializmis arapirdapir

formebs _ sxvisi koloniebis teritoriebze germanuli dasaxlebebis

Seqmnas, ama Tu im saxis qonebis SeZenas, kapitalis gatanas da a.S. igi

iZulebuli iyo miemarTa rTuli taqtikuri manevrebisaTvis da gamoeZebna

eqspansiis moqnili meTodebi. am mxriv gansakuTrebul yuradRebas

insaxurebda berlini_baRdadi_bosforis rkinigzis mSenebloba, romelic

unda qceuliyo germaniis ekonomikuri SeRwevis mTavar arteriad ara

mxolod TurqeTSi, aramed mcire da Sua aziaSi. am strategiaSi

moiazreboda germaniis poziciebis gamtkiceba kavkasiaSi da britaneTis

indoeTSi. am generaluri gegmis mixedviT moqmedebdnen germanuli

monopoliebi, politikuri agentura, diplomatia da samxedro wreebi.

germanuli kapitali, iseve, rogorc zogadad ucxouri kapitali,

romelic ruseTSi Semodioda XIX s.-is meore naxevridan, miznad isaxavda

maqsimaluri mogebis miRebas. am droisaTvis ruseTSi sakuTari kapitalis

dagrovebis procesi jer kidev ar iyo damTavrebuli da amdenad ucxouri

kapitalis SemodinebiT ruseTis imperiaSi xeli ewyoboda ekonomikis

ganviTarebas. imisaTvis, rom ucxoel kapitalistebs maqsimaluri mogeba

mieRoT, SemohqondaT uaxlesi teqnika da teqnologiebi. amasTanave,

vinaidan ucxoeTidan maRalkvalifikaciuri muSaxelis Semoyvana Zalze

Zviri jdeboda, ucxouri, maT Soris germanuli kapitalis meSveobiT

xdeboda profesiuli momzadeba, rac ekonomikas nawilobriv mainc

uvsebda kvalificiuri kadrebis deficits, maT Soris saqarTveloSic.

XIX-s-is 90-iani wlebidan swrafad viTardeba germaniis sagareo

vaWroba. 1890 wlisTvis igi Seadgenda 7,5 mlrd. markas oqroTi, 1900

wlisTvis igi 10 mlrd. markamde gaizarda, xolo 1913 wels miaRwia 12

mlrd. markas. aseTi zrdis miuxedavad, germaniis sagareo vaWrobis

balansi mainc pasiuri rCeboda. Semotanili nedleulisa da produqciis

Rirebuleba mniSvnelovnad Warbobda samrewvelo saqonlis eqsportis

117

Rirebulebas.159

XIX s-is 80-iani wlebis dasawyisasi germaniis investiciebma

sazRvargareT 5 mlrd. markas miaRwia.160 1893 wels _ 10, xolo 1905

wlisTvis _ 15-18 mlrd. markas.161 am periodisTvis arsebobs gansxvavebuli

monacemebic da zusti cifris dadgena Wirs.

rac Seexeba germaniisa da saqarTvelos sameurneo urTierTobebs,

germanelTa mxriv saqarTveloTi daintereseba XIX s. Sua xanebidan

SeimCneva. germanulma kapitalma XIX s-is bolos da XX s-is dasawyisSi

firma “simensi da halskes”, samTamadno saaqcio sazogadoebebis _

“gelzenkirxenisa,” “germaniis kaizeris”, saaqcio sazogadoeba “zingeris”,

da aseve uamravi wvrili sawarmos saxiT mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia

saqarTvelos ekonomikur ganviTarebaze.

arsebiTia is garemoeba, rom garda aRniSnuli periodisa,

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi germaniasa da saqarTvelos hqondaT met-

naklebad mniSvnelovani urTierTobebic, romlebic ZiriTadad samxedro-

politikuri xasiaTis iyo. zogjer mas komerciuli mimarTulebac hqonda,

kerZod, jer kidev antikuri xanidan, mTeli Suasaukuneebis manZilze

saqarTvelo imyofeboda savaWro gzajvaredinze dasavleTisa da

aRmosavleTis qveynebs Soris. am gzebis erTi ganStoeba, romelic mcire

aziidan xmelTaSua da Savi zRvis gavliT aRmosavleTisaken

miemarTeboda, swored saqarTveloze gadioda da es transkontinenturi

savaWro-saqaravno _ “abreSumis didi gza” CineTs evropasTan akavSirebda.

am gziT saqarTveloSi mravalgzis Camosulan evropeli da maT Soris

germaneli vaWrebi.162

didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis Sedegad, XVI-XVII saukuneebSi

evropelebma upiratesoba saokeano gzebs mianiWes da saxmeleTo-

satransporto vaWrobac Senelda. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelomac,

159 Лукин-Антонов Н.М. _ Очерки по новейщей истории Германии 1890-1914 гг. М. 1925, gv. 37. 160 Кучинский Ю. _ История условия труда в Германии. М. 1949 г. gv. 1

161 Fis H. _ Europe the World’s Banker _ 1870-1914. New Haven 1930 p.70 162 D _ gvelesiani r. germania-saqarTvelos ekonomikuri urTierTobebi.

118

rogorc “abreSumis didi gzis” erT-erTma monakveTma mniSvneloba

dakarga.

XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi saqarTveloTi germanelTa daintereseba

sameurneo interesebma ganapiroba, gaCnda interesi saqarTvelos bunebrivi

wiaRiseuli simdidreebisadmi. 1779-1783 wlebSi saqarTvelos mefe

_ erekle II-is karze cxovrobda da moRvaweobda iakob reinegsi,

romelmac xeli Seuwyo saqarTvelos samTamadno warmoebis teqnikis

gaumjobesebas, Tofis wamlis evropuli wesiT warmoebas, zarbaznebis

Camomsxmeli “qarxnis” daarsebas,qarTuli sastambo – poligrafiuli

meurneobis gaumjobesebas. garda amisa, i. reinegsma (romelsac

saqarTveloSi iakob beis saxeliT moixseniebdnen) mefis sasaxlis erT-

erT darbazSi gaxsna “sabatoniSvilo skola”, sadac batoniSvilebs

TviTon da YTbiliseli kaTolike patrebi aswavlidnen. maT pirvelad

SemoiRes ucxo enebis: frangulis, germanulis, italiuris, laTinuris

swavleba. reinegsis daxmarebiT gaizarda jaris raodenoba, dadginda

jarSi samsaxuris vada, ulufa, jamagiri ise, rogorc es germanul

jarSi iyo. gafarTovda Tbilisis zarafxana, sadac 1832 wlamde

iWreboda qarTuli fuli. manve wvlili Seitana saqarTveloSi vaWrobisa

da xelosnobis ganviTarebaSi. mimowera gamarTa avstriasa da

poloneTTan, moiwvia iqauri xelosnebi, romlebmac mravali siaxle

Semoitanes.

XIX s-Si daiwyo germanelTa gadmosaxleba amierkavkasiaSi, romelic

garda zemoT aRwerili politikuri strategiisa, mizezTa kompleqsma

ganapiroba. mag. akad. p. guguSvili saqarTveloSi germanel kolonistTa

gamoCenas ekonomikuri mizezebiT xsnis da religiuri faqtori mxolod

sababad miaCnia. is, rom religiuri faqtori ara sababi, aramed

gadmosaxlebis sakmaod safuZvliani mizezi unda yofiliyo,

damajereblad sabuTdeba prof. a. cincaZis mier; kerZod, 1817-1818 wlebSi

saqarTveloSi pirveli germanuli koloniebis damaarsebelni ZiriTadad

iyvnen viurtenbergidan da badenidan. swored aq arsebobda Rrmad

119

fesvgadgmuli separatuli religiuri moZRvreba, romelic bibliis

safuZvelze aqcents akeTebda apokalifsze, anu qristes meored mosvlaze

da mis mier aTaswlovani samefos Seqmnis Sesaxeb. maTi moZRvarni

apokalifsisTvis mzadebas da sulieri ganwmendis SesaZleblobas

xedavdnen aRmosavleTiT gadasaxlebaSi da TavianT mimdevrebs

mouwodebdnen maRalmTian amierkavkasiaSi gadasaxlebisken, sadac maTi

mosazrebiT SesaZlebeli iqneboda gankiTxvis dRisagan Tavis gadarCena.

amgvari religiuri Sexedulebebis propagandisaTvis isini idevnebodnen

germaniis oficialuri eklesiisagan. amas Tan daerTo ekonomikuri

Seviwroeba da politikuri uuflebobiT gamowveuli ukmayofileba.

kavkasia da gansakuTrebiT qristianuli saqarTvelo maT am

winaaRmdegobebisagan Tavis daxsnis erT-erT axal socialur garemod

dasaxes, sadac sabolood moxda kidec maTi pirovnuli da sameurneo-

kulturuli adaptireba.

ruseTis xelisufleba ar iyo winaaRmdegi am gadmosaxlebis, mag.

general ermolovs, romelic 1816 w. kavkasiis mTavarmmarTeblad dainiSna,

miaCnda, rom qarTvelebs meurneobis gaZRolis unari ar SeswevdaT, anu

ar hqondaT sameurneo kultura da rom kargi iqneboda igi sxvebisgan, am

SemTxvevaSi germanelebisgan eswavlaT. Tumca sayovelTaod iyo cnobili,

rom sameurneo kulturis mwvave deficits sxvebze aranaklebad Tavad

ruseTi ganicdida. Tanxebi, romelic axal miwebze kolonistebis

mowyobaze ixarjeboda, sakmaod soliduri iyo (sami aTasi maneTi

saSualod TiTo ojaxi). 1810 wels da ufro vrceli saxiT 1816 wels

gamoica kanoni xazinis mier aRniSnuli xarjebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb.

miuxedavad amisa, mTavrobam germanelTa amierkavkasiaSi dasasaxleblad

Tavdapirvelad 100 000 man. mainc gaiRo.163

viurtembergelTa pirveli jgufi 31 ojaxis odenobiT (181 kaci) 1817

w. seqtemberSi ukve TbilisSi iyo. am kolonistebisaTvis mTavrobam miwebi

163 scss, mia, fondi 75, saqme 578|171. f. 1_29; fondi 151, saqme 3|19, 1821-1835 ww. f. 516.

120

Tbilisis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, sarTiWalis maxloblad gamoyo.

TiToeul ojaxze gaTvaliswinebuli iyo 60 desetina miwa. maTTvis

sacxovrebeli binebis asaSeneblad generalma stalma (mTavarmmarTebel

ermolovis moadgilem) daasaqma jariskacebi, xolo sanam saxlebs

aaSenebdnen, axalmosaxleni sof. martyofSi daabinaves.

1818 wlis dasawyisisTvis yvela germaneli daasaxles Semdeg

adgilebSi:

1. 1817 w. Camosuli 31 ojaxi marienfeldSi md. iorTan sarTiWalaSi,

Tbilisidan 35 versis manZilze. TiToeul ojaxs misces 35 desetina

saxnavi, agreTve saZovrebi, tyeebi;

2. 1818 w. viurtembergidan Camosuli 17 ojaxi (148) kaci dasaxlda

petersdorfSi, marienfeldidan naxevari versis manZilze, Semdeg es ori

kolonia gaerTianda;

3. 23 ojaxi (99kaci) dasaxlda aleqsandersdorfSi, Tbilisis

Crdilo-dasavleTiT maSindeli didubis saxazino miwebze (665 desetina);

4. kolonistebis erTi nawili (49 ojaxi, 200 kaci), romlebmac

icodnen sxvadasxva xeloba, dasaxlda kukiaze (TbilisSi);

5. 65 ojaxi (307 kaci) dasaxlda elizabettalSi _ md. algeTis

xeobaSi samaCveTis saxazino miwebze;

6. 102 ojaxi (350kaci) _ md. maSaveras xeobaSi ekaterinenfeldSi,

Tbilisidan 60 versis manZilze;

7. 91 ojaxi (237kaci) _ anenfeldSi, Samqoris saxazino miwebze,

Tbilisidan 155 versis manZilze;

8. 130 ojaxi (501 kaci) _ elenendorfSi, ganjis maxloblad.164

Camosaxlebuli germanelebi adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT

upiratesobebiT sargeblobdnen, magaliTad, iRebdnen saxelmwifo

daxmarebas, Tavisufldebodnen valis gadaxdisagan, ixdidnen sxvebTan

SedarebiT nakleb gadasaxads, maTze gaicemoda adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi

164 scss. mia, fondi 75, saqme #250, 1839-50 ww. furc. 40.

121

ufasod mokrebili xorbali. germanelebs upiratesoba mianiWes

CamosaxlebulTa Sorisac. magaliTad, iranidan da TurqeTidan

saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebul somxebs misces 6 desetina miwa 1 ojaxze;

TurqeTidan Camosaxlebul berZnebs _ 3 desetina, xolo germanelebs _ 35

desetina miwa. (uSualod TbilisSi dasaxlebul germanel xelosnebs _ 2

desetina).

1842 w. saqarTveloSi germanelTa kidev 10 ojaxi Camovida,

romlebic freidentalSi (abasTumanTan) dasaxldnen, kolonistTa es

jgufi savargulebis ukmarisobis gamo ukmayofiloni darCnen da maTi

umravlesoba marienfeldTan gadasaxlda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom mTavroba namdvilad cdilobda Camosaxlebul

germanelTa yovelmxriv daxmarebas, arsebobda mTeli rigi mizezebisa,

romelic xels uSlida maT sameurneo aqtiurobas da zogadad axal

garemosTan adaptacias. kerZod, 1. saqarTvelos tradiciul mterTa

TareSis jer kidev srulad aulagmavoba; 2. saqarTvelos miwebze

sakuTrebis uflebis gaurkvevloba, ris gamoc miwis erTsa da imave

nakveTze xSirad pretenzias acxadebdnen calke memamuleebi, calke xazina

da calke eklesia; 3. kolonistebisaTvis uCveulo hava da garemo da 4.

dabrkoleba, romelic maTive mistikur-religiuri Sexedulebebidan

momdinareobda. saqme exeba kolonistebs Soris erTxans miwynarebul

separatul moZraobas, romelic kvlav gamwvavda 1832 wels,165 Semdeg 1835

wels, gansakuTrebiT ki _ 1843 wels,166 rodesac separatistTa liderebi

ukve niSnavdnen dRes (30 maiss), rodesac unda daetovebinaT koloniebi da

“uzenaesi Zalebis” STagonebiT palestinaSi unda gamgzavrebuliyvnen. am

moZraobis centri iyo ekaterinenfeldi.

religiur sakiTxebze davaSi garTulni uyairaTobas iCendnen ara

mxolod soflad dasaxlebuli kolonistebi, aramed TbilisSi (kukiaze)

165 АСКАК, VIII , № 161-163, gv. 229-232.

166 АСКАК, IX, № 573 gv . 680-691.

122

dasaxlebulebic, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini sxvadasxva xelobis

ostatebi iyvnen. am dros ki TbilisSi didi moTxovna arsebobda

kvalificiur ostatebze da yoveli rigiani ostatis Sroma Zvirad

fasobda.

mTavroba ra Tqma unda xangrZlivad ver Seegueboda kolonistebis

amgvar yofas. generalma neidgardtma maTgan moiTxova davalianebis

dafarva, rodesac am xerxmac ar gaWra, mTavarsardalma brZaneba gasca

isini samxedro ZalebiT SeeCerebinaT.167 amave wlis agvistoSi mTavrobis

SegonebiT separatistebma sami kaci miavlines palestinaSi, maTi iq

dasaxlebis SesaZleblobebis gasarkvevad. mivlinebulebi imave wels

dabrundnen da moitanes informacia, rom SeuZlebeli iyo palestinaSi

gadasaxleba. amis Semdeg germaneli kolonistebi TandaTan damSviddnen

da guli daudes sameurneo cxovrebas. isini evangelistur moZraobas

miekedlnen da Sromasac ufro muyaiTad mohkides xeli. amrigad,

germanelebma, romlebic mTeli ocdaxuTi wlis manZilze “Cemodnebze

isxdnen”, sameurneo cxovrebas xeli ormocdaaTian wlebSi mohkides.

Camosaxlebulma germanelebma sakmaod gaaqtiures sameurneo cxovreba da

daiwyes samewarmeo saqmianoba.

sakmaod mniSvnelovani iyo germanelTa interesebi amierkavkasiaSi

da kerZod, saqarTveloSi. momravlda axalSenebi, sadac kompaqturad

saxldebodnen germanelebi. kolonistebs xelisufleba didad uwyobda

xels, maT mravaljer gadaecaT Tanxa daubrunebeli sesxis, Tu

daxmarebis saxiT imisaTvis, rom SeeZinaT Senoba-nagebobebi mewarmeobis

dasawyebad, wisqvilebi, arxebi da a.S. maT fexi moikides saqarTveloSi,

gansakuTrebiT ki TbilisSida Tbilisis SemogarenSi, amas mowmobs

1886 wlis monacemebi. keZod, Tbilisis guberniaSi aRiricxeboda 1984,

xolo mTlianad saqarTveloSi 3455 germaneli. germanelebma xeli

mihyves xelosnobas, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac XIX s. 60-ian wlebSi

gatarda saamqro reforma da saxelosnoebi erTian saqalaqo

167 АСКАК, IX, № 573, gv. 695-700.

123

mmarTvelobas dauqvemdebares. germaneli xelosnebi erTiandebodnen

amqarSi upiratesad rogorc ustabaSebi, an misi kandidatebi. magaliTad,

kotrinma Seqmna etlebis mkeTebelTa amqari, bemlers ekuTvnoda germanel

meCeqmeTa, xolo klotcs germanel mefunTuSeTa amqari.168

sagangebo yuradRebas imsaxurebs “simensisa da halskes” firma,

romelic GgermaniaSi eleqtrotelegrafis damfuZneblad iTvleba. mas

gansakuTrebuli warmatebebi hqonda eleqtroganaTebis SemoRebis Semdeg,

aseve, erTerTi pirvelTagani iyo kapitalis gatanaSi. Mman amierkavkasiaSi

Tavisi saqmianoba XIX s. 50-ian wlebSi satelegrafo xazebis gayvaniT

daiwyo. satelegrafo xazebis gayvana ruseTis xelisuflebis interesebSi

Sedioda, raTa kavSiri daemyarebina kavkasiis sxvadasxva regionSi

ganlagebuli jaris nawilebis sardlobasTan swrafi kontaqtebisTvis.

samxedro uwyebam es saqme “simenssa da halskes” daavala. Mman

satelegrafo xazi gaiyvana Tbilisidan kojris mimarTulebiT. Ees xazi

1858 wlis ivlisSi amuSavda da pirveli iyo amierkavkasiaSi. Aam xazis

Semdeg amoqmedda kavkasiis sxva satelegrafo xazebic: Tbilisi_foTis

(borjomis ganStoebiT), Tbilisi_stavropolis, Tbilisi_baqos,

kavkasia_sparseTis, kavkasia_TurqeTis da aseve, indoeT_evropis

satelegrafo xazi Tbilisze gavliT.169

simensebis mier am regionSi gayvanili satelegrafo xazebis

meSveobiT germaniis kapitalistebi gacilebiT srulyofil cnobebs

iRebdnen aq sameurneo-ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sesaxeb.

XIX s. 70-iani wlebisaTvis TiTqmis mTeli kavkasia daifara

telegrafis qseliT. Yyvela mozrdil qalaqs hqonda satelegrafo

kavSiri sxva qalaqebTan. 1865 wels satelegrafo kavSiri damyarda

Tbilissa da Teirans Soris, garda amisa, Tbilisis saSualebiT Teirani

ukavSirdeboda moskovsa da peterburgs, maTi meSveobiT ki evropas. 170

“simensma da halskem” saqarTveloSi mtkiced daimkvidra adgili ara

168 D _manjgalaZe g. “germaneli kolonistebi amierkavkasiaSi”Tb. 1970. 169 iqve, gv. 35. 170 iqve gv. 36

124

mxolod satelegrafo xazebis mSeneblobaSi, aramed ekonomikis

sxvadasxva dargebSic: spilenZisa da navTobis warmoebaSi, kobaltisa da

Zvirfasi liTonebis mopovebaSi. Mmisi damsaxurebaa aseve amierkavkasiaSi

eleqtrosadgurebis mSenebloba. am mSeneblobiT amierkavkasiasa da

saqarTveloSi sul ufro metad moixmardnen eleqtroenergias da

Sesabamisad, izrdeboda moTxovna eleqtroteqnikur saqonelzec. `simensma

da halskem” daiwyo mniSvnelovani raodenobiT eleqtroteqnikuri

saqonlis Semotana da warmatebiT vaWrobda.

garda msxvili kapitalisa, saqarTveloTi dainteresebulni iyvnen

kerZo pirebic. 60-iani wlebis zemoT naxseneb saamqro reformamde, 1852

wels prusielma karl meicnerma Tbilisis maxloblad, md. veraze sof.

dreSi gaxsna maudis safeiqro sarewi. meicneris varaudiT, maudi unda

ewarmoebina umTavresad kavkasiis calke korpusis armiisaTvis.Bmisi

varaudiT, sruli datvirTvis pirobebSi am ,,fabrikaSi” unda emuSava 269

kacs. ,,fabrikas” hqonda matylis sarecxi, sapenti, saSrobi,

damxarisxebeli, sarTavi da safeiqro saamqroebi. sarTavsa safeiqro

saamqroebSi mxolod meorexarisxovan matyls amuSavebdnen, xolo

daxarisxebis Semdeg miRebuli pirvelxarisxovani matyli gankuTvnili

iyo saeqsportod ucxoeTisa da moskovis bazrebisaTvis.

“fabrikis” nawarmis mTavari momxmarebeli samxedro uwyeba unda

yofiliyo, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier mesarewesTan dadebuli

xelSekruleba _ kavkasiis calke korpusisaTvis Sida ruseTSi arsebuli

fasebis mixedviT am sarewis mier maudis miwodebis Sesaxeb _ gaauqmes,

radgan es daazaralebda ruseTis Sida guberniebSi arsebul igive

profilis fabrikebs, romlebic mauds aseve armiisaTvis amzadebdnen.

momdevno wlebSi am maudis ,,fabrikam” kvlav ver miaRwia imas, rom armiis

maudis mimwodebeli gamxdariyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom es maudi

gacilebiT iafi daujdeboda xazinas, vidre ruseTis guberniebidan

Semotanili.

ministri mizanSeuwonlad miiCnevda dres fabrikisTvis wliurad

125

90 arSini maudis SekveTas da man am Txovnaze Sesabamisi rezolucia

daado: ,,... по мнению моему едва ли удобно допустить, чтобы промышленности

означённого края было оказываемого поощрение в ущерб промышленности внутренних

губернии”171 am winaaRmdegobaTa gamo, ramdenime wlis Semdeg, 1860 w. es

fabrika daixura.

meicneris warmoebaSi iyo manufaqturuli da fabrikuli warmoebis

elementebi. xeliT warmoebas sakmaod mozrdili adgili eWira, aq

safeiqro saamqroSi moqmedebda 9 xelis dgimi (saqsovi dazgis detali)

da 2 meqanikuri dgimi.

XIX s-is 60-iani wlebidan amierkavkasiaSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda

liTondammuSavebel sawarmoTa raodenoba. momravlda aseve is sawarmoebi,

sadac sxva komponentebTan (umTavresad xis masalebTan) erTad iyenebdnen

liTonis detalebs. germanelTa mier mowyobili amgvari

liTondammuSavebeli sawarmoebi ZiriTadad TbilisSi iyo ganlagebuli.

am sawarmoebs didi saxelosnoebis saxe ufro hqondaT, vidre fabrika-

qarxnebisa.

1860 wlidan TbilisSi arsebobda ernst zomeris meqanikuri

saxelosno, romelic liTonis saxvadasxva nakeTobebs awvdida rogorc

TviT qalaqs, ise mTels amierkavkasias. saxelosnoSi 10 qargali da 12

Segidi muSaobda,172 saxelosno amzadebda saxvadasxva saxis manqana _

iaraRebs. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia am saxelosnos mier damzadebuli

simindis safxvneli xelis manqana, 50 c. odenobiT. 1862 wels soflis

meurneobis sammarTvelom aRniSnuli manqanebi sawarmos SeukveTa,

TiToeuli 30 maneTad. amave wels, saSemodgomo gamofenaze es manqana

waradgines da mowoneba daimsaxura, ris Sedegadac zomerma Tavisi

warmoeba mniSvnelovnad gaafarToa.

amave periodSi moqmedebda gotlib geningenis sawarmo, sadac 9

ostati iyo dasaqmebuli da liTonis sxvadasxva saxis nakeTobebs

171 ЦГИАЛ, док. 1268. оп. 7, д №350, 1835 г. л. 25 172 xoStaria e _ mrewvelobis ganviTareba da muSaTa klasis Camoyalibeba XIX s saqarTveloSi. Tb. 1966. gv. 129.

126

amzadebda. igi weliwadSi 6000 maneTamde Rirebulebis produqts

uSvebda. 173

60-iani wlebis bolosaTvis meqanikuri saxelosno gaxsna prusielma

vilhelm frankenma. sawაrmoSi saqmianobda 15 muSa da ZiriTadad

mzaddeboda sasoflo sameurneo iaraRebi da manqanebi, romelTa saerTo

Rirebuleba weliwadSi 6-7 aTasi maneTi iyo. 70-ian wlebSi es saxelosno

frankenis qvrivis _ luiza frankenis xelSi gadavida, Tumca garkveuli

siZneleebis miuxedavad saxelosno warmatebiT ganagrZobda muSaobas.

1883 wels TbilisSi meqanikuri saxelosno gaxsna emanuel Svarcma.

TviT Svarci fizikurad am saxelosnoSi ar muSaobda, igi saxelosnos

nawarmiT vaWrobda. saxelosnoSi muSaobda 12 muSa, maT Soris 8 iyo

mcirewlovani. saxelosnoSi warmoebuli wliuri produqciis moculoba

iyo 10 000 man.174

mogvianebiT, 1900 wels, amave profilis SedarebiT msxvili sawarmo

gaxsna beplem. am sawarmoSi erTi wyaros cnobiT 13-14, xolo meoreTi _

21 muSa muSaobda. wliuri produqciac erT SemTxvevaSi naCvenebia 5-6

aTasi man, xolo meoreSi _ 10 000 man. 1901 wlidan am sawarmoSi gazis

Zravac amoqmedda.175

zemoaRniSnul meqnikur sawarmoebSi manqana-iaraRebTan erTad

mzaddeboda rkina_kaveuli, sxvadasxva saxis furnitura, kliteebi,

sayofacxovrebo sagnebi da sxva. germanelTa saxelosnoebi

mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen avejis warmoebaSic. 1846 wels fridrix

zaitcerma TbilisSi daaarsa avejis saxelosno, romelic Semdgom

TandaTan gafarTovda da 80-iani wlebisaTvis kapitalistur sawarmod

iqca. sawarmoSi xisa da liTonos nawilebisagan amzadebdnen yovelgvar

avejs da maRali xarisxis parkets. aq am droisaTvis muSaobda 40 muSa

maT Soris_15 mcirewlovani. fabrikis yovelwliuri produqcia 40 000 man.

aRwevda.

173 iqve, gv 137 174 Гулишамбаров ОФЗТ губернии, Тб.1888. gv. 184-185. 175 xoStaria e. – dasax. naSromi. gv. 133

127

1877w avejis saxelosno gaxsna rencma. aq mzaddeboda kar-fanjrebi,

magidebi, skamebi, karadebi. sawarmoSi 6 kaci muSaobda, romlebic

wliurad 7000 maneTis produqcias uSvebdnen. 1900 wlisTvis aq

dasaqmebuli iyo 24 kaci, xolo wliuri brunva iyo 11 000 man.176

etlebis warmoebaSi yuradRebas iqcevs meore gildiis vaWari

kotrini, romelmac gaamsxvila Tavisi saxelosno da 1884 wels sawarmo

daaarsa. igi weliwadSi amzadebda 10 etlsa da 40 sazidars _ 10 400 man.

Rirebulebis produqcias. kotrinis sawarmoSi 20-24 kaci muSaobda.

sawarmo mdebareobda Tbilisis germanelTa koloniaSi, kotrinis sakuTar

saxlSi. 177

etlebis damamzadebeli, SedarebiT mcire, saxelosno hqonda d.

meiers. aRsaniSnavia, rom am sawarmoebSi iSviaTad iyenebdnen meqanikur

Zravebs, Tumca isini iyenebdnen mravali saxis xelsawyo_iaraRebs da

mravalnair mowyobilobas_saxarato dazgebs, burRebs, samWedlo qurebs

da sxva, rac muSebisa da ostatebis saTanadod daspecialebas da

kvalifikacias moiTxovda. Tavisi xasiaTiT es sawarmoebi ZiriTadad

kapitalistur, martivi tipis kooperatiul sawarmoebs warmoadgendnen.

maT did umravlesobas manufaqturis saxe hqonda, sadac Sroma

danawilebuli iyo.

SedarebiT msxvili iyo beples samWedlo_meqanikuri sawamo, sadac

Tavdapirvelad meqanikur Zravas iyenebdnen. am sawarmos 900-ian wlebSi

aSkarad qarxnis saxe hqonda, dasaqmebuli iyo 20-ze meti muSa da misma

wliurma brunvam 14000 man. Seadgina.178

sakmaod mozrdili iyo vuderlixis rkina-kaveulis sawarmo, sadac

saukunis miwurulisaTvis muSaTa raodenoba 12-dan 25-mde gaizarda da

25 000 maneTis nawarmi mzaddeboda.

maRali xarisxis instrumentebs amzadebda anderegis sainstrumento

saxelosno. aq 10-mde ostati muSaobda da wliuri produqciis Rrebuleba

176 Гулишамбаров Ст. iqve, gv. 187-189 177 manjgalaZe g. DD _ “germaneli kolonistebi amierkavkasiaSi”Tb. 1970 178 iqve

128

700 maneTs Seadgenda.

aRniSnuli sawarmoebi, romelTa umravlesobasac, msxvili,

gafarToebuli saxelosnoebis saxe hqondaT, farTod iyenebdnen teqnikur

da teqnologiur siaxleebs, sxvadasxva saxis gaumjobesebul iaraRebs.

maT umravlesobaSi Sroma danawilebuli iyo. zogierT maTganSi

mogvianebiT meqanikuri Zravebic gamoiyenes. yovelive es miuTiTebs, rom

aRniSnuli saxelosnoebi Tavis xasiaTiT manqanur warmoebaze gardamaval

sawarmoebs warmoadgenen. kapitalisturi tipis mozrdili saxelosnoebi,

romlebsac germaneli kolonistebi aarsebdnen, Tavisufali iyo

tradiciuli amqruli organizaciisagan.

germanelma mewarmeebma, romelTa saxelosnoebi XIX s. 30-iani,

gansakuTrebiT ki 40-iani wlebidan arsdeba, erTgvari wvlili Seitanes

saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi manqanuri elementebis danergvaSi.

SemdgomSi maT safuZvelze warmoiqmna fabrikul_qarxnuli sawarmoebi.

f. meierma 80-ian wlebSi aamuSava wisqvilebi orTqlis Zravaze. am

wisqvilebSi adgilobrivi xorblisagan ifqveboda sxvadasxva xarisxis 50

000 fuTi fqvili _ sul 59 000 man. Rirebulebis. wisqvili aRWurvili iyo

erTi orTqlis qvabiT da ori wylis ZraviT, aq muSaobda 17 muSa.

wisqvilSi warmoebuli produqcia adgilze, Tbilisis guberniaSi

iyideboda, rasac TviTon meieri uZRveboda.

aseve orTqlis wisqvili, oRond SedarebiT wvrilmasStaburi

hqonda prusiel fedoroviCs, misi warmadoba weliwadSi saSualod 1 000

maneTis Rirebulebis produqcia iyo.179

mniSvnelovania, rom TbilisSi Seqmnili iyo zingeris saxelosno.

ruseTis imperiaSi “kompania zingeri” saaqcio sazogadoebis saxiT 1897

wels Seiqmna, rodesac mTavrobam daamtkica misi wesdeba. iuridiulad mis

damaarseblad amerikuli firma iTvleboda, magram mis saqmianobas

germanuli firmis warmomadgenlebi ganagebdnen. TbilisSi igi ruseTis

podolskis qarxnis erTgvar filials warmoadgenda. “zingeris”

179 rodonaia n. Tbilisis mrewveloba XIX s. meore naxevarSi. Tb. 1961.

129

saxelosno TbilisSi Tavdapirvelad awyobda manqanebs sazRvargareTisa

da ruseTidan Semotanili nawilebiT. Semdgom saxelosno gaafarToes da

daiwyes sakeravi manqanebis calkeuli detalebis damzadeba da manqanebis

SekeTeba.180

myidvelTa mosazidad “zingeri” farTod iyenebda Zveli manqanebis

Cabarebis wess, rac ucxoeTSi arsebuli “zingeris” sazogadoebebidan

gadmoiRes. am wesis Tanaxmad, axali manqanis SeZenisas, an ubralod

myidvelis surviliT, kompania iZenda nebismieri klasisa da modelis

Zvel manqanebs. Tu SesaZlebeli iyo, manZanebs aremontebdnen da yiddnen

ufro dabal fasebSi, Tu ara da vargis nawilebs xsnidnen da danarCens

jarTad iyenebdnen. “zingeri“ Tavis sakerav manqanebs kreditiT

(ganvadebiTac yidda). igi pirvel rigSi cdilobda maRaziis

xelmZRvanelobisa da agentebis meSveobiT Tavisi klientebis

kreditunarianobis dadgenas, agrovebdnen cnobebs yoveli myidvelis

qonebisa da Semosavlebis Sesaxeb, arkvevdnen, SeeZlo, Tu ara mas

yovelkvireuli, an yovelTviuri gadasaxadi Tanxis Setana. imis gamo, rom

mosaxleobis didi nawili miwaTmoqmedi iyo, sakeravi manqanebiT vaWroba

damokidebuli iyo mosavalze. Dkargi mosavli s pirobebSi isini zrdidnen

SekveTebs manqanebsa da mis nawilebze, Tu ara da, mommarageblebisgan

nakleb saqonels iTxovdnen.

Ees kompania sakeravi manqanebiT vaWrobda rogorc maRaziebis, aseve

e.w. amkrebebis, igive agentebis meSveobiT, romelTac ekrZalebodaT

yovelgvari sxva saqmianobis SeTavseba. maT TavianT samoqmedo ubanze

kardakar unda evloT da gaeyidaT TveSi aranakleb oTxi manqanisa,

amasTan, unda gaesaRebinaT saTadarigo nawilebi da Zafi, romelsac Tan

daatarebdnen.

prof. a. cercvaZis gaangariSebiT, “zingeris” sakeravi manqana

ganvadebiT 85 maneTad iyideboda, misi TviTRirebuleba ki iyo 17 maneTi.

amave sistemis fexis sakeravi manqana ganvadebiT Rirda 125 maneTi, xolo

180 D. cercvaZe a.germania-saqarTvelos ekonomikuri urTierTobebi. Tb. 1999.

130

misi TviTRirebuleba 21 maneTamde iyo. 181

kompania “zingerma” 1908 wels gaxsna golovinis prospeqtze mdebare

mTavari maRazia.

saqarTveloSi ludis warmoebis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli

adgili uWiravT germanelebs, romelTa dasaxlebebic saqarTveloSi,

gansakuTrebiT ki Tbilisis guberniaSi, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, XIX s.

dasawyisidan Cndeba. maT xelisuflebisagan sagangebo xelSewyoba

hqondaT, raTa Seguebodnen garemo pirobebs da gamoeCinaT sameurneo

aqtiuroba. Tavdapirvelad, Camosaxlebul germanelebs sameurneo

saqmianobaSi raime mniSvnelovani iniciativa ar gamouCeniaT.

Camosaxlebidan aTi-TxuTmeti wlis Semdeg isini SesamCnevad gaaqtiurdnen

da xeli mohkides mewarmeobas, upiratesad awyobdnen meqanikur

saxelosnoebs, ludsaxarSebs, awarmoebdnen yvels, karaqs da a.S.

1850 w. germanul koloniaSi maderma daarsa ludsaxarSi, sadac

sakmaod mdare xarisxis Sav luds amzadebdnen. igi adgilobriv

kolonistebs Soris saRdeboda. TbilisSi ludis warmoebas stimuli

gansakuTrebiT 1865 wlidan mieca, rodesac vetcelma moawyo ludsaxarSi

da daiwyo bavariuli ludis warmoeba. warmateba imdenad mniSvnelovani

iyo, rom vetcelma SeZlo axali qviTkiris Senoba aego da germaniidan

moewvia gamocdili specialisti, ris Sedegadac SesaniSnavi ludis

damzadeba daiwyes. vetcelis warmoeba imdenad warmatebuli iyo, rom

mewarmeobis stimuli sxva germanel kolonistebsac miecaT.

aseve germanul koloniebSi ditrixma da gutbrodma gaxsnes

ludsaxarSebi. SemdgomSi gutbrodma gayida Tavisi ludsaxarSi, romelic

lorTqifaniZem iyida da rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, sakmaod

warmatebuli warmoebac aawyo. Dditrixs ludis sawarmos garda

ludis mozrdili savaWroebic hqonda. Dditrixma da maderma 90-ian

wlebSi Tavis sawarmoebSi danerges teqnikuri siaxleebi da ludi ufro

konkurentunariani gaxades. Lludis warmoebis garda, 1879 wels maderma

181 iqve, gv. 82

131

limonaTis “qarxanac” aamuSava, sadac 6 muSa muSaobda da saSualo

wliuri produqciis raodenoba iyo 7 500 man.182

ludis warmoebas uSualod ukavSirdeba yinulis warmoeba da

ganixileba, rogorc uSualod misi danamati. amierkavkasiis masStabiT

yinulis warmoeba mxolod TbilisSi arsebobda da igi farmacevt

zemels ekuTvnoda. xelovnuri yinulis warmoebas didad Seuwyo xeli

iman, rom 1887 w. TbilisSi erTob Tbili zamTari iyo da aRniSnulma

sawarmomac mTeli zamTari da zafxuli sruli datvirTviT imuSava.

momdevno wels man mTlianad Sewyvita arseboba. erTi wlis Semdeg

yinulis warmoebisaTvis saWiro yvela mowyobiloba SeiZina vinme

drboglavma quTaisis ludis qarxnisaTvis. aqve davZenT, rom zemeli

cnobili iyo, rogorc farmacevti da misi samewarmeo saqmianoba im

mxrivac imsaxurebs yuradRebas, rom igi saxelganTqmul mineralur

wylebs amzadebda. manamde amierkavkasiaSi mineraluri wylebis

xelovnurad damzadebis tradicia TiTqmis ar arsebobda. zemeli

awarmoebda: viSis, karlsbadis, oberzalcburgis, emis, mware ungruls,

mJave rkina-pirofosforis, zelteris samkurnalos, nitroliTiumis

mineralur wylebs. garda amisa, igi sxva mineralur wylebzec Rebulobda

SekveTebs. Mmisi xelovnuri mineraluri wylebis sawarmoSi 5 muSa

muSaobda da wliurad saSualod 6 000 man. Pproduqcias qmnidnen. zemelma

aseve scada daemzadebina sxvadasxva xilis wvenebic: ananasis, msxlis,

limonis, Jolosa da vanilis, Tumca es mcdeloba warumatebeli aRmoCnda.

zemelis mier yinulis warmoebis SeCerebis Semdeg, TbilisSi

aRmocenda axali yinulis mwarmoebeli sawarmo vetcelis mier. mis

warmoebaSi yinuli mzaddeboda naxSirmJavas SesqelebiT, romelic Tavis

mxriv miiReboda natriumis marilisagan. warmoebis mowyoba vetcels 30

000 man. daujda. aq hqondaT saqvabe da orTqlis manqana 30 cx. ZaliT.

sawarmoo simZlavreebi uzrunvelyofda dReRameSi 200 fuTi yinulis

damzadebas. vetcels fuTi yinulis warmoeba 10 kap. ujdeboda da yovel

182 Гулищамбаров Ст. ОФЗТ губернии, gv. 35-36

132

100 fuT yinulze 20 fuTi sawvavi (mazuTi) ixarjeboda.183 yinulis sawarmo

didi warmatebiT muSaobda da emsaxureboda ara mxolod Tavad vetcelis

ludis warmoebas, aramed is mravalricxovan kerZo SekveTebsac

akmayofilebda. aRsaniSnavia, rom amgvari sawarmoebis warmateba didad

iyo damokidebuli zamTris xangrZlivobasa da simkacreze. mkacri

zamTris SemTxvevaSi myidvelebi axerxebdnen yinulis damaragebas da

yinulis qarxana zafxulSic ki TiTqmis umuSevari rCeboda. rbili

zamTris dris ki SekveTebi didad izrdeboda.

vetcelma yinulis sawarmo im mizniT Seqmna, raTa sakuTari ludis

sardafi yinuliT uzrunveleyo, Tumca Semdgom man upiratesoba mianiWa

sardafebSi Tanabari temperaturis SenarCunebis meTods da maTs

keTilmowyobas. am mizniT man TbilisSi sakuTari ludis qarxanasTan

moawyo vrceli sardafebi, romelic aguris svetebs eyrdnoboda da

aguriTve iyo mopirkeTebuli. amgvar sardafebSi SesaZlebeli iyo ludis

eqvsi TviT dayovneba.

vetceli TbilisSi sami xarisxis luds awarmoebda. eseni iyo: Lager

–Bier, Export-Bier, Bock-Bier. sxva ludis mwarmoeblebi mxolod erTi xarisxis

ludis warmoebas sjerdebodnen. bevrgan mzaddeboda e.w. naxevarludi,

magram is gasayidad ar iyo gankuTvnili, aramed mxolod

adgilobrivi muSebisTvis.

vetcels ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT sakmaod saintereso

winadadebebic hqonda. magaliTad, rkinigzis xelmZRvanelobas SesTavaza

miecaT misTvis ufleba, rom amierkavkasiis rkinigzaze emoZrava mis

sagangebod aRWurvil vagons, romliTac baqodan Semoitanda sawvavs,

baqos ki miawvdida sanacvlod luds erTis pirobiT, rom luds miawvdida

sawvavis tarifiT. vetcelma am SeTavazebaze uari miiRo, radgan

rkinigzis xelmZRvanelobam ar CaTvala igi momgebianad.

germanel kolonistTagan garda vetcelisa, gansakuTrebiT sanimuSo

qarxnebi moawyes da farTomasStabiani warmoeba aamoqmedes maderma da

183 Ст. Гулишамбаров, ОФЗТ губерний gv. 35-39,Т. 1888.

133

ditrixma. sagangebod aris aRsaniSnavi, rom ditrixis, maderisa da

vetcelis qarxnebi sisufTaviTa da akuratulobiT gamoirCeodnen. maT

hqondaT qviTkiris Senobebi saukeTesod mowyobili sardafebiTa da

macivrebiT. vetcelsa da maders gaaCndaT saqvabeebi da manqanuri

mowyobiloba. germanelTa ludsaxarSebSi ZiriTadad adgilobrivi

muSaxeli iyo dasaqmebuli. magaliTad, vetcelTan muSaobda 15, maderTan

_ 14, ditrixTan ki 5 adgilobrivi muSa da TiToeul mewarmesTan or-ori

germaneli muSa. sul germanelTa mier daarsebul ludsaxarSebSi 1888

wlisTvis dasaqmebuli iyo 40 kaci. es muSaxeli uSualod qarxnis

teritoriaze saxlobda da Tviurad 15-25 maneTamde anazRaurebas

iRebda.184

XIX s. bolosTvis ludis mwarmoeblebs Soris vetcelis qarxana

yvelaze metad iyo dawinaurebuli da liderad iTvleboda. aRniSnul

periodSi TbilisSi arsebuli ludsaxarSebis mier warmoebuli

produqciis raodenobis Sesaxeb monacemebi motanilia cxrilSi # 3.1-Si.

cxrilis Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac ki TvalsaCinoa vetcelis

aSkara upiratesoba. miuxedavad imisa, rom vetcelis mier gamoSvebuli

produqciis raodenoba 1883 welTan SedarebiT momdevno sam wels

sakmaod klebulobs, igi ludis danarCen mwarmoeblebTan SedarebiT

aSkara upiratesobas inarCunebs. rac didad ganapiroba mudmivi

ganaxlebisken swrafvam da marTvis im moqnili meTodebis gamoyenebam,

rac zemoT ukve iyo mimoxiluli. mis mier warmoebuli produqciis

Semcireba, rogorc Cans, konkurenti mewarmeebis gaaqtiurebiT aris

ganpirobebuli, romelic swored 1884 wlidan fiqsirdeba.

warmoebuli produqciis raodenobis mxriv, momdevno _ meore da

mesame adgilebs ikaveben maderi da lorTqifaniZe, romelTa mier

warmoebuli produqciis raodenoba stabilurad izrdeba, Tumca momdevno

wels maT Sesaxeb informacia aRar moipoveba.

26. Сборник стат. сведений по Зак. краю. Часть 1, gv. 238

134

ludis bazarze sakmaod warmatebiT ikideben fexs kiriSCevi

da

cxrili #3.1

Tbilisis ludsaxarSebis mier warmoebuli ludis dinamika

185 Гулишамбаров СТ. ОФЗ. по Зак. Кр. , gv. 144, Тиф. 1894 186 Гулишамбаров СТ. ОФЗ. Тифл. Губернии., gv.132, Тиф. 1888 187 iqve 188 iqve 189 iqve

gamoSvebuli pr. raodenoba (vedro)

mewarmeebi

wlebi

1883 1884 1885 1886 1888 1889 1890

vetceli185 63 943 57 516 51 935 62 000 65 000 73 000 95 000

maderi186 _ 30 000 32 000 40 000 _ _ _

lorTqifa

niZe187

_ 26 000 27 000 35 000 _ _ _

ditrixi188 _ _ 6 000 7 000 _ _ _

kiriSCevi

189

_ 260 1 000 4 000 _ _ _

sul 63 943 113 776 117 935 148 000 65 000 73 000 95 000

135

ditrixi. maT Soris yuradRebas iqcevs kiriSCevi, romlis mier

warmoebuli produqciis raodenoba pirvel (1884 w.) wels SedarebiT

mokrZalebulad gamoiyureba _ 260 vedro, Tumca yovel momdevno wels am

ludsaxarSSi gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenoba oTxmagdeba. mTlianad,

ludis warmoebaSi zrda 1883 wlidan momdevno sam wels ganuxrelia.

1888 wlidan, bazridan konkurentebis gasvlis Semdeg, vetcelma

Tavisi warmoebis maqsimaluri raodenoba _ 65 000 vedro ludi

aCvena, xolo 1990 wlisTvis mis mier warmoebuli

produqciis raodenoba ukve 95 000 vedros aRwevs.

amierkavkasiis sarkinigzo xazis mSeneblobisa da Tbilisis

sarkinigzo sadguris mowyobis Sedegad Tbilisis ganaSenianeba daiwyo

sadguris mimdebare teritoriebisken. amis Sedegad germanelTa kolonia

male qalaqs Seerwya. ludis moxmareba TandaTan adgilobriv

mosaxleobaSic gaaqtiurda. moxmarebis zrdis kvaldakval ludis

warmoebis moculobac gaizarda. sabolood, ludis warmoeba 1887

wlisTvis 1886 welTan SedarebiT TiTqmis gaormagda.

1864 wlis saglexo reformis Semdgom saqarTveloSi sasaqonlo

meurneobebi iqmneba mecxoveleobaSic, sadac aqtiurad monawileobda

germanuli kapitalic. gansakuTrebiT ganviTarda yvelis warmoeba.

Tavdapirvelad 1862 wels aleqsandersdorfis kolonistebisaTvis

xelisuflebam Sveicariidan yvelis damzadebis ostati moiwvia. mas

xelfass imaSi uxdidnen, rom koloniaSi daemzadebina yveli da es

xeloba adgilobrivi mosaxleobisTvisac eswavlebina. `gaimarTa

Sveicaruli yvelis qarxana,”190 sadac koloniis mosaxleoba

yoveldRiurad abarebda rZes, xolo misgan damzadebuli yvelis

realizaciis Semdeg iRebdnen fuls. Y

190 gaz. “guTnis deda”, 1864w. # 1

136

yvelis damamzadebeli kapitalisturi sawarmoebi Seqmnes baronma

fon kuCenbaxma, nidigerma, kezelma, baron fon kuCenbaxs yvelis

warmoebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi yvelaze TvalsaCino adgili uWiravs. mas

amierkavkasiaSi Camosvlisas araviTari kapitali ar gaaCnda, mxolod

xazinis mier micemuli SeRavaTiani pirobebiT gamoyofili sesxis

meSveobiT SeZlo Tavisi meurneobis mowyoba. man aleqsandershilfSi

daaarsa Zroxebis ferma.

1863 wels mTavrobas mimarTa TxovniT, rom misTvis gamoeyoT 5 000

man. uprocento sesxi, razec man Tanxmoba miiRo. saZroxe meurneobis

sakvebiT uzrunvelsayofad 16 wlis vadiT arendiT aiRo 2 600 desetina

miwa, raSic 14 wlis ganmavlobaSi unda gadaexada 800 man., xolo

momdevno or wels ki _ 1 000 man.191

kuCenbaxma Tavdapirvelad 90 suli adgilobrivi jiSis pirutyvi

SeiZina. starti warmatebuli aRmoCnda da xelisuflebam misi Semdgomi

xelSewyobis mizniT Sveicariidan 16 suli (13 suli Zroxa da 3 suli

xari) gaumjobesebuli sarZeve jiSis pirutyvi gamoiwera, rac mas 4794

maneTi daujda transportirebis xarjebis gareSe. gzaSi 3 suli pirutyvi

daeca da sabolood kuCenbaxma 13 suli pirutyvi miiRo, ramac didi

stimuli misca mis warmoebas.192

kuCenbaxma msxvili kapitalisturi tipis sawarmo Seqmna da

amierkavkasiaSi pirvelma daiwyo Sveicaruli yvelis warmoeba. mas

amierkavkasiis bazari ukve aRar akmayofilebda da didi raodenobiT

nawarmi gahqonda ruseTsa da sazRvargareTis qveynebSi. am qarxanaSi

imdenad maRali xarisxis yvels amzadebdnen, rom 1882 wels moskovis

gamofenaze eqspertebma arc ki daijeres, rom kavkasiaSi SesaZlebeli iyo

aseTi yvelis damzadeba da amis gamo is gamofenaze ar dauSves. kuCenbaxs

yovelwliurad bazarze gahqonda 1000-1200 fuTi Sveicaruli yveli, aseve,

300 fuTze meti karaqi.193

191 manjgalaZe g. D _ “germaneli kolonistebi saqarTveloSi” 192 Ерицов А. Указатель соч. к изучению эк. быта гос. крестян Зак. краяю 1874. 193 Мачалов В.Д.- крестянское хазяйство в Закавказье к канцу XIX б.М.1958.

137

1896 wlisTvis mis meurneobaSi 41 mudmivi muSa muSaobda.

aleqsandersdorfis sazogadoebrivi ferma 1865w aerTianebda 12 wevrs da

amzadebda 85 fuT yvels. momdevno wlebSi gaizarda am fermis wevrTa da

aseve damzadebuli yvelis raodenobac. mag: 1875w. daamzada 448 fuTi,

1885w _ 766; 1877w. _ 1181; 1890w. _ 1190; 1891w. _ 1341, xolo 1892w . _ 1541

fuTi yveli.194 am wlebSi fermaSi hyavdaT 10 mudmivi daqiravebuli

muSaxeli.195

rac Seexeba vaWrobas, germaneli kolonistebi saSuamavlo vaWrobas

TiTqmis ar misdevdnen. isini ZiriTadad sakuTari nawarmis (es iqneboda

xelosnuri, Tu sasoflo-sameurneo) realizacias eweodnen.

warmatebebis paralelurad kuCenbaxis meurneoba sakmaod xSirad

zaraldeboda sxvadasxva saxis epizooturi problemebis gamo, ris

Sedegadac didi raodenobiT pirutyvi exoceboda. aseT SemTxvevebSi mas

xelisuflebis mxridan yovelTvis hqonda materialuri xelSewyoba.

1882 wlisTvis kuCenbaxma kvlav mTavrobis mxardaWeriT moawyo

evropuli SuSis qarxana, romelic Tanamedrove teqnikiT iyo aRWurvili.

igi uSvebda RZisferi, naxevradrZisferi da muqi mwvane feris sakmaod

maRali xarisxis boTlebs. SuSis warmoeba garda boTlebisa, amzadebda

sxvadasxva xarisxis da sididis lampis SuSebsa da lampis rezervuarebs,

sanaTi mowyobilobebis abaJurebs, Wiqebs, grafinebs, qilebs, aseve

pirsabanebs da sxva.196

cota xanSi aseve Sveicaruli yvelis qarxana gaxsna nidigerma,

romelsac kompanionad hyavda ori germaneli kolonisti.

kuCenbaxis yofilma ostatma_ametrim Seiamxanaga ori germaneli da

daarsa fabrika. vinaidan am amxanagobas ar gaaCnda miwa pirad

mflobelobaSi, igi arendiT aiRo adgilobrivi miwis mesakuTris _

xudadovisagan. maT hyavdaT 320 Zroxa, yovelwliurad amzadebdnen 1200

194 гулишамбаров. офз тифл. губернии. ст 37. Т. 1888 195 *iqve gv. 207

196 iqve, gv. 147-150

138

fuT yvels da 200 fuT karaqs. es produqcia TbilisSive saRdeboda.197

rac Seexeba nidigerisa da kezelis fabrikebs, pirveli maTgani

yovelwliurad uSvebda 630 fuT yvels da 100 fuT karaqs, xolo meore _

250 fuT yvels da 70 fuT karaqs.198

ametris, nidikerisa da kezelis fabrikebSi mxolod daqiravebuli

Sroma gamoiyeneboda.

1908 wels, Tbilisis guberniis germanelTa koloniaSi

(elenendorfSi) ixsneba ori koniakis qarxana. erTi maTgani ekuTvnoda

almendingers, meore _ sazogadoeba “unions”. “unionSi” gaerTianebuli

iyo 40-ze meti germaneli wvrili mevenaxe. qarxnebis gaxsna ukanasknel

wlebSi yurZnis kargma mosavalma da Rvinoze fasebis vardnam gamoiwvia

(1907-1908 ww. 1 vedro Rvino 60 kap. Rirda). dadga Warbi da iaffasiani

Rvinis utilizaciis sakiTxi. nedleulad orive qarxana kargi xarisxis

Rvinos iyenebda. spirtis erTi nawili xmardeboda Rvinis gamagrebas,

nawils ki muxis kasrebSi aZvelebdnen.199 1908 wlisTvis orive qarxanam

214 971 gr. spirti gamoxada, xolo momdevno wels _ 238 398 gradusi.200

1909 wlidan YyurZnis mosavlianobis klebis gamo Rvinis fasic

gaizarda. Aam garemoebam aRniSnuli qarxnebis warmoebazec iqonia

gavlena. 1910 wels sazogadoeba “unionma” 40 296 grad. (12 078 man.) koniaki

Camoasxa, almendingerma ki _ 1175 grad. (352 man).201 almendingeris mier

warmoebuli produqciis realizeba amierkavkasiis masStabiT xdeboda,

xolo sazogadoeba “unionis” _ garda amierkavkasiisa, mcire partiebad

ruseTSic gahqondaT, kerZod, stavropolis, podolskis, Cernigovis,

kievis da ekaterinoslavis guberniebSi, gahqondaT aseve varSavaSic.

mogvianebiT, 1914 wels msoflio omis dawyebasTan dakavSirebiT

sakoniake spirtis warmoeba SeizRuda, garda amisa, gaizarda saaqcizo

197 Гулишамбаров Ст. ОФЗ по Зак. кр. gv. 139-152 198 iqve 199 mirianaSvili m. kapitalisturi mrewvelobis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi. Tb. 1980. Gv. 105 200 iqve 201 iqve

139

gadasaxadi 1 grad. spirtze 7 kapikidan 14 kapikamde. imis gamo, rom

spirtis gayidva SeizRuda, gaWirda misi gasaRebac. warmoeba Semcirda da

spirti ZiriTadad samedicino momsaxurebisTvis igzavneboda.202

1912 wlis statistikuri monacemebiT: almendingeris wliuri

produqcia Seadgenda _ 5 015 man., xolo qarxanaSi dasaqmebuli iyo sul

3 kaci. amave periodSi “unionis” wliuri produqciaa _ 13 600 man.,

dasaqmebul muSaTa raodenoba ki _ 3 kaci. Ees ukanaskneli monacemi eWvs

iwvevs, Tumca am sakiTxze ufro sarwmuno masalebi ar moipoveba.203

Tbilisis guberniaSi arsebuli germanelTa ori qarxnidan

warmoebuli produqciis raodenobiT, xarisxiTa da savaWro operaciebis

masStabebiT arc erTi ar gamoirCeoda, metadre, Tu SevadarebT im

droisaTvis moqmed sarajiSvilisa da sxva aryisa da koniakis

mwarmoebelTa masStabebs. miuxedavad amisa, maTi warmoeba yuradRebas

udavod imsaxurebs.

202 iqve, gv.106 203 Срисок фабрик и заводов Росийской Империи, 1912, gv. 248

140

3.2 sxva evropuli qveynebis kapitali Tbilisis ekonomikaSi

saqmianobis gaaqtiureba igrZnoboda ara mxolod germanelebs

Soris, aramed zogadad ucxoelebis mxridanac. magaliTad, XIX s-is

pirvel naxevarSi saqarTveloSi arsebul SedarebiT msxvil sawarmoTagan

yuradRebas imsaxurebs frangi vaWris _ kastelas mier TbilisSi xazinis

daxmarebiT daarsebuli abreSumsaxvevi da sarTavi “fabrika”. (kastela

XIX s. zogierT cnobarSi moxseniebulia, rogorc kosteli).

kastelas mier daarsebuli sawarmos mimoxilvamde, Tuki Tvals

gadavavlebT safeiqro dargSi arsebuli manufaqturebis daarsebis

kanonzomierebas, TvalsaCino gaxdeba, rom maTi warmoqmna_amoqmedeba

damokidebuli iyo metropoliis interesebsa da nebaze, vinaidan am

manufaqturebis funqcia unda yofiliyo imperiis bazris momarageba

masalebiTa da naxevarfabrikatebiT. magaliTad, abreSumis Zafis

amosaxvevi da sarTavi, aseve matylis sapenti da sarTavi sarewebis

daniSnuleba unda yofiliyo ruseTis safeiqro fabrikebisaTvis

abreSumisa da matylis narTis miwodeba.

XIX s-is dasawyisisTvis saqarTveloSi meabreSumeobis ZvelTaganve

tradiciuli dargi mTlianad iyo dacemuli. ruseTi dainteresda

amierkavkasiaSi meabreSumeobis ganviTarebiT, raTa SesaZlebeli

yofiliyo sakuTari fabrikebis adgilobrivi iafi nedleuliT

uzrunvelyofa. am SemTxvevaSi ruseTis xelisufleba xels uwyobda

meabreSumeobis dargis aRorZinebas, Tumca es xelSewyoba rogorc ukve

aRiniSna, mxolod nedleulis warmoebas Seexeboda da ara mis

gadamuSavebas, vinaidan metropolis interesebSi ar Sedioda, rom

saqarTveloSi warmoSobiliyo nedleulis gadamamuSavebeli fabrikebi.

ruseTis xelisuflebis moTxovniT, koloniidan unda gasuliyo

nedleuli metropolis mrewvelobisTvis, radgan Tuki koloniaSi xels

Seuwyobda gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis ganviTarebas da gamouSvebdnen

mza nawarms, am SemTxvevaSi kolonia waarTmevda mas bazars. aqedan

gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi da zogadad amierkavkasiaSi dasaSvebi iyo

nedleulis mxolod pirveladi, anu nawilobrivi damuSaveba. amis

uflebasac ruseTis xelisufleba mxolod imitom iZleoda, rom

daumuSavebeli nedleulis gadazidva did satransporto xarjebsTan iyo

dakavSirebuli, rac mZime tvirTad daawveboda mis sust ekonomikas.

garda amisa, mas ar hqonda ganviTarebuli infrastruqtura.

1804 w. mTavarmmarTebelma cicianovma peterburgSi daayena sakiTxi

TbilisSi bambeulis manufaqturis gaxsnis Taobaze, 1806 wels ki _

sakiTxi TbilisSi adgilobrivi matylis bazaze maudis fabrikis

daarsebis Sesaxeb, romelsac kavkasiis jaris nawilebi unda uzrunveleyo

141

Saleulis samosiT. cicianovis Suamdgomlobani centraluri

xelisuflebis mier daukmayofilebeli darCa im mosazrebiT, rom

koloniaSi “fabrikebis daarseba gamoiwvevda nedleulze fasebis zrdas,

garda amisa, am “fabrikebis” saTanado instrumentebiT, saRebavebiTa da

ostatebiT uzrunvelyofa Zviri dajdeboda, rac Tavis mxriv gaaZvirebda

adgilobrivad warmoebul mauds imaze metad, vidre ruseTSi warmoebuli

maudis adgilze Camotana dajdeboda.

maudis fabrikis mowyobis mcdeloba hqonda rogorc zemoT

aRvniSneT, frang kastelas, romelmac 1823 w. xelisuflebas sTxova

TbilisSi maudis safeiqro fabrikisa da abreSumsaxvevi fabrikis mowyoba.

amasTanave igi am fabrikis Sesabamisi nedleuliT momaragebis uflebasac

iTxovda (mxedvelobaSi hqonda tibeturi Txebis moSeneba sanedleulo

bazis uzrunvelyofis mizniT).am ukanasknel Txovnaze man raime saxis

garkveuli pasuxi ver miiRo xolo maudis fabrikis mowyobaze

kategoriuli uari eTqva imave mosazrebiT, rac manamde arsebobda, anu

Tbilisis maudis safabriko warmoebas SesaZlebeli iyo Seeviwroebina

metropolis maudis warmoeba. rac Seexeba abreSumis fabrikas, misi

mowyoba mizanSewonilad CaTvales im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki kastela mas

moawyobda im saxiT, rogorc es imJamad italiasa da safrangeTSi

arsebobda, anu warmoeba unda mowyobiliyo mowinave teqnologiur bazaze.

aseT SemTxvevaSi ruseTis fabrikebi Tbilisur narTs miiRebdnen ufro

iafad, vidre misi sazRvargareTidan Semotana ujdebodaT. ruseTis

xelisufleba da gansakuTrebiT iqauri mewarmeebi moixiblnen kastelas

winadadebiT imis Sesaxeb, rom mas TbilisSi, baqosa da yulevSi unda

gaexsna savaWro kantorebi, sadac is ruseTSi warmoebuli maudis

realizacias apirebda. kastela aseve apirebda iranidan da levantidan

vaWrebis mozidvas, raTa maTi meSveobiT aRmosavleTis bazrebze

gasuliyo rusuli maudi, sadac misi varaudiT Seaviwroebdnen iq

gabatonebul inglisursa da frangul mauds.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, 1823 wels kastelam iTxova abreSumsaxvevi

fabrikis mowyoba. mas amave wels Sepirdnen aTwliani privilegiis

micemas, miTumetes, rom kastela damatebiT pirobasac iZleoda, rom igi

vels mohkidebda ara mxolod amierkavkasiuri narTia amoxvevas, aramed

iranulisac da am naxevarfabrikatebiT is moamaragebda ruseTis

abreSumis safeiqro fabrikebs. garda amisa, is pirobac rCeboda ZalaSi,

rom mis mier warmoebuli narTi imdenad xarisxiani iqneboda, rom

daiwyebda vaWrobas evropis mTavar bazrebzec da evropul analogiur

nawarmsac Tavisuflad gauwevda konkurencias. kastela saeve amtkicebda,

rom dakvirvebis Sedegad mivida im daskvnamde, rom esoden xarisxiani

abreSumis narTis miReba mxolod saqarTveloSi iyo SesaZlebeli.

142

kastelas “fabrikas” unda daerTo abreSumi da gadaemuSavebina

saqsel, misaqsel da aseve sakerav Zafad, romelic manamde ucxoeTidan

SemohqondaT. am wamowyebis mxardasaWerad kastela dauaxlovda finansTa

ministrs _ kankrins, romelic am periodSi TiTqmis mTlianad ganagebda

imperiis komerciul cxovrebas.

1826 w. kastelas moTxovna dakmayofilda da mieniWa ufleba, rom

esargebla ucxoeli stumris privilegiebiT, an Tuki ruseTis

qveSevrdomobaSi Sevidoda, esargebla pirveli gildiis vaWris

privilegiebiT _ sagildio gadasaxadis gareSe. momdevno wels

imperatorisagan srulad da yovelmxriv dakmayofilda kastelas Txovna

da sarewavisTvis gamoeyo 30 desetina miwa TbilisSi, romelzec garda

“fabrikis” aSenebisa, unda gaeSenebina TuTis xe, bamba, Safrani, Tambaqo,

endro da sxva samRebro da sarewi mcenareebi. garda amisa, gamoeyo

sxvadasxva adgilebSi 2 000 desetina miwa, desetinis Rirebuleba _ 25

kapikad, rac mas sWirdeboda italieli, frangi da sxva specialistebis

dasasaxleblad.

cnobilia kastelas erT-erTi msxvili damfinansebeli _ Tavadi

golicini, romelmac naxevari mln. man. asignebani Seitana am wamowyebaSi

da garda amisa, TbilisSi gamogzavna 18 yma Tavisi mamulebidan. am ymebs

Tavisi SromiT unda gadaexadaT sabatono begara. fabrikis siaxloves

aSenda dasaxleba, sadac 200-mde patimari qali Camoasaxles ruseTidan,

romlebsac xazina inaxavda. am sruliad muqTi muSaxelis sruli

ganmkargulebeli iyo sawarmos mepatrone.

1828 wels “fabrika” amoqmedda. aq gamoiyeneboda safrangeTidan

Camotanili dazgebi da mowyobilobebi. daasaqmes safrangeTidan

Camoyvanili kvalificiuri ostatebi, Tumca warmoebaSi ZiriTadad

adgilobriv mcxovrebTagan daqiravebuli muSebi muSaobdnen. am

ukanasknelTa raodenoba periodulad ormocdaaTsac aRwevda, xolo

saSualod 15-20 kacs utoldeboda. zogjer, ZiriTadad ki damxmare

samuSaoebze (dazgebis moZraobaSi moyvana, yaWis daxarisxeba, SeSis

dapoba da sxv.) tyve Turqebis da umTavresad ruseTidan Camoyvanili

patimari qalebis Sromas iyenebdnen. 204

amgvari araTavisufaliL Sromis gamoyeneba, rogoric aris patimar

qalTa, aseve ymebis eqsploatacia, ruseTis qalaqebSic gamoiyeneboda,

xolo saukuniT adre, safrangeTsa da prusiaSic. kastelam saxazino

uwyebas sTxova, rom misTvis valad gamoeyoT nedleuli abreSumis parkis

saxiT. am moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad mas gamoeyo krediti ara

204 p. guguSvili _ manufaqturuli warmoebis istoriisaTvis amierkavkasiaSi. Tb. 1939.

143

nedleulis, aramed 30 000 maneTis saxiT. abreSumsaxvev fabrikaSi

muSaobda 12 dazga da wliurad 500 fuTze met abreSums amuSavebdnen,

romelic nawilobriv adgilze iyideboda, xolo nawilobriv moskovSi

gadioda.205

1828 w. “fabrikis” mepatrone _ kastela gardaicvala. mis sawarmos

axali memkvidre aRar gamouCnda. warmoebaSi dabandebuli kapitali rom

ar daekarga, xazina iZulebuli gaxda am “fabrikisaTvis” Tavad moekida

xeli. imisaTvis, rom dakmayofilebuliyo moTxovna TveSi 80 fuTi parkis

gadamuSavebaze, saWiro iyo damatebiT 40 dazga. kastelas daumTavrebeli

darCa sazeinklo, Zafsaxvevi da sarTavi saamqroebi, romelTa

mosawyobadac damatebiT gadairicxa saWiro Tanxa. miuxedavad amisa, am

sarewma xazinis xelSi ver imuSava warmatebiT, vinaidan saxelmwifos

mier daniSnuli moxeleebi TaRliTobdnen da Tavad iTvisebdnen

Semosavals, xazinas ki mxolod xarjebis dafarva uwevda. Semdeg aq

Camoyalibda “abreSumsaxvevi saswavlo saxelosno”, romelic unda

momsaxureboda kvalificiuri kadrebis momzadebas amierkavkasiis

safeiqro warmoebisaTvis.

1830 wlisaTvis kavkasiis mTavarmmarTeblad paskeviCi dainiSna,

romelsac saerTodac mizanSeuwonlad miaCnda koloniebSi fabrikebis da

qarxnebis Seqmna da misi stimulireba. igi finansTa ministrs _ kankrins

werda: “aq fabrikebisa da qarxnebis damaarsebelTaTvis privilegiebis

miniWeba arc unda xdebodes; radgan me mgonia kidev gadauwyvetelia

sakiTxi saqarTveloSi fabrikebisa da qarxnebis (gansakuTrebiT

zogierTis) waqezebis sargeblianobis Sesaxeb. xom ar unda vuyurebdeT

saqarTvelos rogorc kolonias, romelic unda awodebdes uxeS masalas

(nedleuls) abreSums, bambas da sxv. Cvens fabrikebs da mihqondes

ruseTidan manufaqturuli nakeTobani? winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi

saqarTveloSi amgvari manufaqturebis daarsebiT bunebrivad xom ar

Sesustdeba misi kavSiri ruseTTan? ruseTis mier amierkavkasiis

provinciebSi jaris Senaxvaze daxarjul kapitalsac ar eqneba maSin

SesaZlebloba dabrundes ruseTSi.”206

xelisuflebis mxridan amgvari midgomis Sedegad, kastelas

“fabrika”, romlis bazazec saswavlo saxelosno arsebobda, gadaakeTes

yazarmebad jarisaTvis, xolo arsebuli iaraRebi da mowyobilobebi

mihyides “meabreSumeobisa da mesareweobis kavkasiur sazogadoebas”,

romelic im xanebSi daarsda. am sazogadoebis xelSic warumatebeli

205 p. guguSvili _ kapitalizmis warmoSoba da ganviTareba saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi. Tb. 1941.

206 guguSvili p. kap. warmoSoba da ganviTareba saqarTveloSi.Tb.1941. gv.354

144

aRmoCnda saqme da TandaTan sarTavi da saxvevi instrumentebis da

iaraRebis gayidva iwyes kerZo pirebze. sabolood, es instrumentebi

mTels amierkavkasiaSi mimoifanta. 50-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis

abreSumsaxvevi sarewis arseboba mTlianad iqna miviwyebuli.

mewarmeobis am dargisaTvis kastelas wamowyeba warumateblobis

miuxedavad, mainc sargebliani iyo. am wamowyebam xeli Seuwyo

kapitalisturi warmoebis ganviTarebas. imasac Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom

aq gamoiyeneboda daqiravebuli Sroma da Sroma danawilebuli iyo, igi

warmoadgenda manufaqturis tipis msxvil sawarmos manqanuri warmoebis

elementebiT.

saqarTveloSi mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis

kvaldakval gaaqtiurda saqalaqo cxovreba. gaCnda moTxovnileba Sromis

saSualebaTa (instrumentebis) damamzadebeli warmoebis mowyobisa. es

gansakuTrebiT 50-iani wlebidan igrZnoboda. 1850 wels TbilisSi

mcxovrebma Sveicarielma Stiusem mefisnacval voroncovs sTxova 2

desetina miwa TbilisSi meqanikuri sawarmos mosawyobad.207 imave wels

voroncovis gankargulebiT mas misces 4819 kvadratuli saJeni miwis

nakveTi Tbilissa da navTluRs Soris _ mirzabaTSi aRniSnuli sawarmos

mosawyobad.208

momdevno, 1851 w. ianvarSi Stiusem voroncovs sesxad sTxova 10 000

man. meqanikur-samsxmelo qarxnis mosawyobad, romelic amierkavkasias

Zlier esaWiroeboda.209 igi valdebulebas iRebda, rom sawarmos erT

weliwadSi moawyobda. voroncovi daTanxmda Stiuses Txovnas. kavkasiis

soflis meurneobis sazogadoebam aseve savsebiT moiwona Stiuses

winadadeba da Tavisi wevrebis _ andreevskis, maqsimoviCisa da ivanickis

SemadgenlobiT Seiqmna komisia, romelsac unda ganexila Stiuses proeqti

da meTvalyureoba gaewia qarxnis mowyobisaTvis.

Stiusem komisiasTan dado kondicia (xelSekruleba), romlis

Tanaxmadac: 1) valdebulebas iRebda xelSekrulebis damtkicebidan 1

weliwadSi moewyo meqanikur-samsxmelo warmoeba; 2) Stiuse iTxovda 10 000

maneTs uprocentod, 5 wlis vadiT, ris Semdegac daiwyebda mis gadaxdas

da 10 wlis vadaSi dafaravda; 3) qarxnis mTeli mowyobilobani: manqanebi,

instrumentebi,saqarxno nagebobani miwiT da saWiro masalebi xazinis

sesxis sawindrad iTvleboda; 4) fuli Stiuses unda mieRo saWiroebis

mixedviT; 5) qarxnisTvis saWiro manqanebi da instrumentebi Stiuses

sazRvargareTidan unda Semoetana sabaJo gadasaxadis gareSe; 6) Tu

207 scsa fondi, aRwera 1, saqme 39, furc. 11 208 iqve, furc. 14. 209 scsa, fondi 241, aRwera 3, saqme 39, furc. 1.

145

Stiuse sikvdilis, an avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi ver moawyobda qarxanas,

maSin am saqmeSi pasuxismgebeli iqneboda misi naTesavi, aseve Sveicarieli

_ ludvig leitcingerni; 7) imis gamo, rom komisiam sawarmos ufro

farTo masStabiT mowyoba moiTxova, amitom StiusesaTvis damatebiT unda

miecaT sesxad 5 000 man.210

kondicia damtkicda da Stiuse Seudga qarxnis mowyobas. man

avstriidan (venidan) gamoiwera saTanado ostatebi da manqana-

instrumentebi, romelic 1852 wlis dasawyisSi miiRo TbilisSi. 1852 wlis

dasawyisSi sawarmos mowyoba ZiriTadad damTavrebuli iyo. mas mxolod

samsxmelo Rumeli da cxenisZrava aklda. es iyo pirveli kerZo

meqanizebuli qarxana, romelSic ucxoeTidan Semotanili manqana-

danadgarebi damontaJda.

qarxana ori ZiriTadi Senobisgan Sedgeboda: samsxmelo da

meqanikuri. maT asagebad daixarja 7 404 man; venaSi manqana-instrumentebis

sayidlad daixarja 2 069 man; Tbilisamde maTi CamotanisaTvis _ 1 775 man;

sxvadasxva saWiroebisaTvis da mTlianad sul daixarja 11 935 man.211 amis

garda Stiusem miiRo fuli Tujis, rkinis da sxvaTa sayidlad. 1852 w. 15

agvistos Tbilisis meqanikurma qarxanam muSaoba daiwyo.212

1853 wlis maisSi sawarmo aRweres Tbilisis guberniis arqiteqtorma

beloim, nadvorni sovetnikma _ blombergma da inJiner-teqnologma _

lemkulma. aqve davZenT, rom lemkuli, romelic manamde Stiuses qarxnis

teqnologiur procesebs akontrolebda, mogvianebiT, ise momravlda

mowinave teqnikiT aRWurvili qarxnebi, rom saWiro gaxda misTvis am

fabrika-qarxnebis teqnikuri zedamxedvelis Tanamdeboba CaebarebinaT.

lemkulis qarxana Sedgeboda: 1) kramitiT daxuruli orsarTuliani

qviTkiris Senobisagan (sigrZe _ 12,3 saJeni, sigane _ 5,3 saJeni). amave

SenobaSi iyo ganTavsebuli meqanikuri ganyofileba. am ganyofilebis

qveda sarTulze iyo mowyobili Tujis sadurglo, sazeinklo da

saxarato mowyobilobani. aqve idga erTi rusuli Rumeli. zeda sarTuli

ekava samzareulosa da sakuWnaos. 2) meqanikuri ganyofilebis gverdiT

qvis erTsarTulian fligelSi (sigrZe _ 24 saJeni, sigane _ 4 saJeni)

moTavsebuli iyo samsxmelo ganyofileba, garda amisa, aq iyo sardafi,

sajinibo, 1 cxenZrava danadgarebis asaZravad, samWedlo da sxva.

samsxmelo ganyofilebaSi iyo 2 samsxmelo Rumeli: erTi didi, meore

210 scsa, fondi 10, saqme 39, furc. 10-13.

211 iqve, furc. 49-50.

212 iqve, furc. 63.

146

patara.213

venis Taboris fabrikidan gamoweril manqanebsa da instrumentebs

Soris, saxarato nawilSi, iyo 1 didi mCarxavi Tujis dazgiT (romlis

sigrZe iyo 18 fuTi, xolo sigane _ 19 duimi) da saxarato dazga.

samsxmelo brZmedebs SeeZloT CamoesxaT weliwadSi 4 000 fuTamde

Tuji.214 qarxana mTlianad (nagebobebi, manqanebi, instrumentebi da sxv.)

Sefasebul iqna 21 243 maneTad.215 Tbilisis es samsxmelo-meqanikuri

warmoeba rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mowyobili iyo “metad zusti nakeTobis

manqanebiT”.216

Stiuses samsxmelo-meqanikuri qarxnis muSaobaze warmodgenas

iZleva qvemoT moyvanili cxrili #3.2

cxrili#3.2

Stiuses samsxmelo-meqanikuri qarxnis mier warmoebuli produqcia

gamoSvebuli produqcia (man.)

wlebi

saxazino

dakveTiT

kerZo

dakveTiT

Camosxmuli

Tuji (fuTi)

sul

1852 1 355 4 320 633 5 675

M1853 7 199 3 959 1 297 11 158

1854 11 837 4 267 2 176 16 164

1855 3 191 3 460 __ 6 651

213 iqve, furc. 105. 214 iqve, furc. 112-117. 215 Акты Т_Х, gv. 887. 216 scsa, fondi 10, saqme 39, furc. 105

147

qarxanam muSaobis dawyebis wels (1852w.) awarmoa: saxazino dakveTiT

_1 355 maneTis, xolo kerZo dakveTiT _ 4 320 man. produqcia. sul 1852

wels sawarmom gamouSva 5 675 man. produqcia. aseve, sawarmoSi Camoasxes

633 fuTi Tuji. amoqmedebis pirveli wlisaTvis es maCveneblebi sakmaod

STambeWdavia. Tumca arsebobs aseve gansxvavebuli cnobac, romlis

mixedviTac amave wels sawarmom gamouSva 10 000 man. produqcia.217

1853 wels qarxanam saxazino dakveTiT awarmoa 7 199 man., xolo

kerZo dakveTiT 3 959 man., sul _ 11 158 man. Produqcia, anu saxazino

dakveTebis mateba aSkaraa da es tendencia momdevno _ 1854 welsac

aranaklebi tempiT gagrZelda, roca es dakveTebi 11 837 maneTamde

gaizarda. 1854 wels mxolod saxazino dakveTebis Rirebulebam

gadaaWarba wina wels qarxnis mier wliurad warmoebuli mTeli

produqciis Rirebulebas. metnaklebi mdgradoba SeiniSneba kerZo

dakveTebSic, Tu ar CavTvliT umniSvnelo klebas.

zogadad ki, 1852_1854 wlebSi qarxnis mier warmoebuli produqciis

raodenoba stabilurad matulobda. igive SeiZleba iTqvas Camosxmuli

Tujis raodenobazec, misi matebis tempi friad STambeWdavia, yovel

momdevno wels warmoebuli Tujis raodenoba TiTqmis ormagdeba.

1855 weli gardamtexi aRmoCnda (uaryofiTi TvalsazrisiT)

qarxnisaTvis. aq saxazino dakveTiT _ 3 191 man., kerZo dakveTiT _ 3 460

man., sul ki 6 651 man. produqcia gamouSves. sawarmoo maCvenebelTa

vardnis procesi momdevno, 1856 welsac gagrZelda, amis gamo warmoebis

patroni iZulebuli gaxda daqiravebuli muSebis nawili gaeSva da

saerTod, warmoeba Seemcirebina.218

1855 wlamde arsebuli maCveneblebis mixedviT qarxnis warmatebebi

aSkaraa. qarxana SekveTebs mTeli amierkavkasiidan Rebulobda. sawarmo

amzadebda samrewvelo da sasoflo-sameurneo iaraRebs, aseve aremontebda

maT. rkinisa da Tujis damuSaveba sawarmos metad Zviri ujdebodaT,

vinaidan nedleulis importireba ruseTidan xdeboda.

217 iqve, furc. 106_113. 218 ЦГИАЛ, ф. 1 268, оп 44 (1 854 г.) , д. 2 426. л. 173.

148

1852 w. germanelTa koloniis _ ekaterinenfeldis axlos (md.

maSaveras xeobaSi), saxazino miwaze aRmoCnda rkinis madani, romlis

damuSavebasac Stiuse brZmedebis mowyobiT Seecada, Tumca ver SeZlo

misi ganxorcieleba. kerZod, Stiusem madnis Rirseba qarxanaSi Seamowma,

gamodnobis Sedegad miRebul iqna “60% Zalian kargi Tuji”, magram

qarxnamde misi transportireba Zviri jdeboda, aseve, dnobis procesi

moiTxovda didi raodenobiT naxSirs, ris gamoc Stiusem miatova igi.

amave dros qarxnis warmatebas xeli SeuSala yirimis omma, romlis

periodSic Soreuli adgilebidan nedleulis _ rkinis, naxSiris

transportireba gaZvirda, radgan isedac mwiri infrastruqtura

ZiriTadad saomar procesebSi CarTes; amas isic daemata, rom cxovrebis

gaZvirebis gamo, SekveTebi Semcirda, rac cxadad aisaxa 1855 wlis

maCveneblebSi.

sawarmoo xarjebis Semcirebis mizniT, Stiusem ganizraxa, rom

cxenZrava, romelsac danadgarTa asaZravad iyenebda, metad xarjiani iyo

da saWiro iyo misi wylis borbliT Secvla, romelic mtkvarze unda

moewyo. misi angariSiT, amiT sawarmoo xarjebi “yovelwliurad

Semcirdeboda 3 000 maneTamde”, xolo brZmedis moqmedeba

gaormagdeboda.219 Stiuses mier borblis amoqmedebis Sesaxeb cnobebi

aRar moipoveba.

1856 wlidan Stiuses unda daewyo xazinidan miRebuli 15 000 man.

sesxis gadaxda. man ramdenjerme iTxova gadaxdis gadavadeba, mTavroba

akmayofilebda mis Txovnas. 1860 w. Stiusem TbilisSi, md. mtkvarze moawyo

didi zomis amerikuli sistemis safqvavi wisqvili.220 mis mosawyobad man

sasursaTo uwyebidan 40 000 man. sesxi aiRo. amrigad, sesxis saxiT mas

miRebuli hqonda 55 000 man. safqvavi wisqvili uwyvetad da kargad

muSaobda. am sawarmoSi Semosuli TanxiT igi ixdida mTlianad aRebul

219 iqve, furc. 114-117. 220 iqve.

149

sesxs. 1868 wlisTvis mas gadaxdili hqonda 23 898 man.221 amave wels Stiuse

gardaicvala da wisqvili gadavida e.w. koleJski asesoris _ Smidtis

xelSi, man gaagrZela darCenili valis gadaxdac.

rac Seexeba sasxmel-meqanikur qarxanas, mas reformamdel xanaSi

muSaoba ar Seuwyvetia. 1861 wlis uwyisSi Tujsasxmelis da safqvavi

wisqvilis (romelic Stiuses ekuTvnoda) mier gamoSvebuli produqcia

erTadaa aRricxuli.222 Tujsasxmeli da safqvavi wisqvili erT sawarmoo

erTeulad aris CaTvlili imave uwyisSi (Чугунно-дшеуйный завод с

мукомольною мельницей).223 cxadia, Stiuses sawarmoebi igulisxmeba. 1857 w.

Tbilisis Tujsasxmelma sawarmom 21 000 man. produqcia gamouSva.224 1858

wels 10 000 man.,225 1860 wels _ 10679 man.,226 1861 wels safqvav wisqvilTan

erTad _ 16 679 man. produqcia.227 1862 wels Tujsasxmelma sawarmom

gamouSva 2 000 man, xolo safqvavma wisqvilma _ 39 000 man. produqcia.228

1864 wlidan Stiuses Tujsamsxmelo qarxana moixsenieba, rogorc,

Tbilisis meqanikur-sazeinklo saxelosno, romelmac gamouSva 6 000 man.

produqcia.,229 momdevno, 1865 wels ki 10 000 maneTis.230

TbilisSi Stiuses garda “Tujis qarxana” hqonda polkovnik

yorRanovsac. meqanikur-sazeinklo saxelosnoebze moTxovna TbilisSi

dRiTidRe izrdeboda da maT momravlebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda. am

tipis saxelosnoebSi mzaddeboda samrewvelo da sasoflo - sameurneo

iaraRebi. amgvari warmoebis saSualebaTa mwarmoebeli saxelosnoebi ki

srul manufaqturul sawarmoebs warmoadgendnen. am konkretul

SemTxvevaSi, igulisxmeba Stiuses sawarmo, Sroma danawilebuli iyo

221 ЦГИАЛ, ф. 1 268 . оп. 10 (1862), д. 134. л. 10.

222 saq. cssa, fondi 10, saqme 30, furc. 168.

223 ЦГИАЛ, ф. 1268, оп. 10, (1862), д. 134, л. 134. 224 iqve 225 iqve, aR. 9 (1858), s 311 .f. 27. 226 iqve, aR. 10 (1860), s. 170. f. 63. 227 iqve, (1861), s. 228. f. 118. iqve, (1862), s. 134. f. 93. 229 iqve, (1863), s. 108. f.10. 230 iqve, (1865), s. 127. f.67.

150

safexurebis mixedviT. BburRs, saxarato dazgas, saWrels, Tav-Tavisi

muSebi hyavda, romelTa Sorisac arsebobda ierarqia daxelovnebis

xarisxis mixedviT. Tbilisis meqanikuri Tujsasxmeli sawarmo

daqiravebuli SromiTa da Sromis amgvari danawilebiT kapitalisturi

sawarmo iyo.

1865 w. TbilisSi msxvili meqanikuri “qarxana” aamuSava ingliselma

ruqsma, manve mogvianebiT (1887 w.) aaSena Tujsasxmeli saamqroc. garda

amisa, 1881 w. TbilisSi amuSavda Tujsasxmeli qarxana, romelic r. o.

renkvistis xelSi gadavida. am qarxanaSi moqmedebda: rva cxenisZaliani

lokomboli, 1 brZmedi, 3 saxarato dazga, 2 ventilatori, 1 xraxnis

saWreli, 1 sarandavi dazga da sxva meqanikuri dazgebi. renkvistis

qarxana Tavdapirvelad gadaamuSavebda ucxoeTidan importirebul Tujs,

oriode wlis Semdeg gadavida rusul nedleulze. 1880-ian wlebSi igi

uSvebda wliurad 10_20 aTasi fuT Tujis da 5_10 aTasi fuTi rkinis

sxvadasxva nakeTobas. igi ZiriTadad amierkavkasiis rkinigzis SekveTebze

muSaobda. am xanebSi misi wliuri produqciis Rirebuleba 70_150 aTas

maneTs aRwevda. aq daaxloebiT 120-mde kaci muSaobda, xolo samuSao dro

10,5 saaTs grZeldeboda.231

1879 wels TbilisSi frangi qveSevrdomis _ a. toles mier amuSavda

Tambaqos fabrika. aq dasaqmebuli iyo 22 muSa, aqedan 10 ostati da 12

muSa. 1880 wels sawarmoSi damzadda 1 240 980 c. papirosi, 40 000 c.

sigara, 110 fuTi da 26,5 girvanqa TuTuni, sul 22 450 maneTisa. amave wels

SeiZines 774 fuTi adgilobrivi Tambaqo da 65 fuTi da 11 girvanqa

importuli; erTi fuTi adgilobrivi Tambaqo SeiZines 10 maneTad, xolo

amave raodenobis importuli Tambaqo _ 150 maneTad. sawarmoSi idga 4

Tambaqos saWreli dazga. toles fabrikis mier warmoebuli produqciis

realizacia adgilobriv bazarze xdeboda.232

XIXs 30-40-iani wlebidan TbilisSi gaizarda moTxovna maRali

231 p. guguSvili _ kapitalizmis warmoSoba da ganviTareba saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi. Tb. 1941..

232 Гулишамбаров, ОФЗТ губернии Тб.1888, gv.108

151

xarisxis stearinis sanTlebze. izrdeboda stearinis adgilobriv

sarewebSi warmoebuli qonis sanTlebi dabali xarisxis iyo da

stearinis sanTlebi yazanidan SemohqondaT.

1943 wels xelisuflebis xelSewyobiT germanel Sulcs stearinis

sanTlis fabrikis mosawyobad mieca privilegiebi da 5 wlis vadiT

gamuyves saxazino miwis farTobi. am mewarmis mier awyobili warmoebis

Sesaxeb saarqivo monacemebi aRar moipoveba, Tumca cnobilia, rom mis

Semdgom warmoebas daeufla dezolmi, xolo amis Semdgom warmoebis

mflobeli xdeba tole. tolem izruna warmoebis gadaiaraRebaze da

aRWurva igi ori orTqlis manqaniT da avtoklaviT, romelTa meSveobiTac

man SeZlo 12 000 fuTi qoni gadaemuSavebina. am teqnologiiT mas ufro

metis gadamuSavebis SesaZleblobac hqonda. toles mier warmoebuli

produqcia imdenad xarisxiani iyo, rom 1882 wels igi waradgines

moskovis manufaqturuli nawarmis gamofenaze, sadac mis mier

warmoebulma produqciam medali miiRo.

rkinigzis gaxsnis Semdeg aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo dasavleT

saqarTvelos, xolo misi gavliT ruseTs daukavSirda. mimosvlisa da

tvirTebis brunvis daCqarebas ukavSirdeba am dargSi (iseve, rogorc

sxva danarCenSi), konkurenciis gamZafreba. toles mier warmoebul

saqonels konkurencias uwevda ruseTidan Semotanili saqoneli. tolem

Secvala taqtika da Tuki manamde mis mier warmoebuli saqoneli sakmaod

Zvirad fasobda, iZulebuli gaxda Tavisi saqoneli importirebulze 2-3

kapikiT iafad gaeyida. magaliTad: ruseTis “nevis amxanagobis” sanTlebi

Rirda _ 26 kapiki, krestovnikovebis yazanidan _ 24 kap., odesis _ 18 kap.,

xolo tolesi _ 23 kap. 1883 wels tolem awarmoa 3 400 fuTi sanTeli,

1884 wels _ 3 500, 1885 wels _ 4 460 da 1886 wels _ 5 000 FfuTi.233

sanTlis warmoebasTan erTad TbilisSi ganviTarda sapnis

warmoebac. sapnis sarewebi TbilisSi adreul periodSic, saqarTvelos

monarqebis drosac arsebobda, xolo 1843 mis warmoebas xeli mokida

233 Гулищамбаров Ст. ОФЗТ губернии, Тб. 1888 gv. 98

152

Sulcma, xolo mogvianebiT _ 60-iani wlebis bolos dezolmma. mas

stearinis warmoebisas rCeboda 46 %-mde oleumi, romlis utilizaciis

mizniT wamoiwyo sapnis warmoeba. am warmoebis patroni momdevno etapze

xdeba tole. Tavdapirvelad sapnis warmoeba, misi maRali fasis

miuxedavad, izrdeboda. momdevno etapze, TandaTan gaizarda konkurencia

sxva adgilibrivi mwarmoeblebis mxridan, ramac ganapiroba toles mier

warmoebul saponze fasebis vardna, Semcirda aseve warmoebuli

produqciis raodenoba. mag. 1883 wels warmoebul iqna 33 000 fuTi saponi,

1884 wels _ 24 000 fuTi, 1885 wels _ 20 300 fuTi, xolo 1886 wels _ 21

000 fuTi.234

Tuki tole Tavdapirvelad sapnis sawarmoeblad iyenebda oleums,

qons, da natriumis mJavas, imis gamo, rom daeZlia konkurencia, daiwyo

warmoebuli saqonlis im ingredientebis gamravalferovneba, romelsac

iyenebda, magaliTad, inglisidan iwerdnen qoqosis cxims, romlis erTi

fuTis Rirebuleba iyo 6 man. da 50 kap. inglisidanve daiwyes natriumis

mJavas gamowera, fuTis Rirebuleba _ 3 man da 20 kap., kanifoli _ 2

maneTad.

toles warmoebaSi 20 kaci muSaobda da yvela adgilobrivi

muSaxeli iyo. isini kargad iyvnen daxelovnebulebi da ZviradRirebul

ucxoel muSaxels warmatebiT cvlidnen.235 male warmoebis

muSaxelisaTvis cnobili gaxda toles firmis saidumlo receptura da am

recepturis mixedviT, kustaruli wesiT daiwyes sapnis damzadeba.

marTalia igi gacilebiT dabali xarisxis iyo, vidre toles safabriko

nawarmi, magram samagierod gacilebiT iafi Rirda da soflebSi

warmatebiT saRdeboda.

TbilisSi arsebobda erTaderTi Sokoladis “fabrika”, romelic

ekuTvnoda frang diufurs. am erTaderT fabrikaSi ra Tqma unda

Sokoladic mzaddeboda, magram upiratesad sxvadasxva saxis kanfetebsa

da sakonditro sawarms (mag. namcxvrebs) amzadebdnen. sakonditroSi 1886

234 iqve, gv. 112-113 235 iqve.

153

wels muSaobda 10 kaci da weliwadSi 1 000 fuTi sxvadasxva saxis nawarmi

iwarmoeboda, sul 25 000 maneTis Rirebulebis. TiTqmis amgvarive

sakonditro sawarmo, oRond SedarebiT mcire masStabis hqonda aseve

frang lots.236

ucxoelebis amgvari gaaqtiureba Tbilissa da zogadad

saqarTveloSi imaze metyvelebs, rom kapitalisturi evolucia aqtiurad

mimdinareobda. XIX s. meore naxevari Tbilisis istoriaSi misi

burJuaziul qalaqad Camoyalibebis periodia, misi mrewveloba

ganviTarebis kapitalistur stadiaze gadavida.

236 iqve, gv. 139

154

d a s k v n a

1. XIX s. 20_30_iani wlebis saqarTveloSi xelsayreli pirobebi

iqmneba burJuaziuli gardaqmnebisaTvis. kapitalisturi

sasaqonlo_fuladi urTierTobebis da sawarmoo ganviTarebis Sedegad

TandaTan Camoyalibda erovnuli bazari, romelic ruseTis imperiis

Semadgeneli nawili iyo;

2. 1821 w. ruseTis xelisuflebis mier amierkavkasiaSi

SeRavaTiani tranzitis SemoRebis mizani iyo kontinenturi evropis

fabrikuli saqonlis iranSi mizRvaveba, iq konkureciul brZolaSi

inglisis damarcxeba da amierkavkasiis bazris gawmenda aRmosavluri

da adgilobrivi saqonlisagan. es politika ar aRmoCnda efeqtiani,

qarTvelma vaWrebma isargebles amiT da rusul bazarze adgilobriv

saqonels yiddnen, xolo amoRebuli fuliT ara rusuli, aramed

evropuli saqoneli SemohqondaT. iafma da xarisxianma evropulma

saaqonelma ki adgilobriv bazarze rusuli saqoneli Seaviwrova;

3. saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis am etapze savaxSo

operaciebSi dabandebul kapitals ufro maRali mogeba mohqonda, vidre

saqalaqo, an sasoflo meurneobaSi. qarTveli feodaluri

aristokratia, maT mimarT aSkara mtrobas iCenda, ara mxolod

ekonomikuri antagonizmis gamo, aramed imitomac, rom savaWro

kapitalis warmomadgenlebis erovnuli siWrelis gamo maTi socialuri

interesebi xSirad ar emTxveoda qarTul erovnul interesebs;

4. kapitalistur sarewebSi adreul etapze saxvadasxva

kategoriis muSaxeli hyavdaT. Warbobda muSaxeli, romelic jer kidev

ar iyo mowyvetili sakuTar meurneobas. SedarebiT naklebad, magram

aseve iyenebdnen Tavisufal, an eqsproprirebul muSebs;

5. saqarTveloSi manufaqturebis SedarebiT mcire nawili

gadaiqca fabrika-qarxnebad. ufro xSirad fabrika-qaxnebis mowyoba-

155

daarseba xdeboda ara arsebuli manufaqturuli sawarmoebis

gardaqmniT aramed sruliad damoukideblad;

6. ruseTSi, 60-ian wlebSi gatarda finansuri reforma da

sakredito sistemis kapitalisturi reorganizacia, romelic

saqarTvelozec gavrcelda. kerZod, daiwyo kapitalisturi kreditis

ganviTareba. kareditze moTxovnis zardam ganapiroba sakredito

dawesebulebaTa daarseba. am reformam daaCqara saqarTvelos (da sxva

koloniebis) ruseTTan ekonomikuri integracia;

7. XIX s. 70-iani wlebidan XIX s. bolomde saqarTveloSi

SeiniSneba ubanizaciis tempis daCqareba. am process gansakuTrebiT

xeli Seuwyo amierkavkasiis rkinigzis dasrulebam. 1897 wlisTvis

saqarTvelos qalaqebSi cxovrobda 305,8. kaci. qalaqebSi mcxovrebTa

umravlesoba _ 52,5 % TbilisSi iyo Tavmoyrili. mrewveloba yvelaze

metad ganviTarebuli iyo sam qalaqSi: TbilisSi, quTaissa da baTumSi;

8. safabriko-saqarxno warmoebis ganviTarebam moTxovna gazarda

kavlificiur kadrebsa da specialistebze. xelosnur, wvril

kapitalistur da manufaqturul sawarmoTa kvalificiur muSakTa

umetesobas garedan (ruseTidan da evropis qveynebidan) mosuli kadrebi

warmoadgendnen. isini euflebodnen kidec wvrili warmoebis mraval

axal sferos. ZiriTadad xelisuflebis SemweobiT daiwyo sxvadasxva

saxis saxelosno-saswavleblebisa Tu profesiuli, aseve dawyebiTi

skolebis daarseba. Sesabamisad, daiwyo axali teqnikuri kadrebis

kontingentis Camoyalibeba. adgilobrivi skolebis garda, bevri

ganaTlebas ruseTSi iRebda;

9. 1864 w. reformamdel saqalaqo meurneobaSi wamyvani Zala iyo

amqruli xelosnoba. 1865 w. kanonmdeblobiT amqari saqalaqo

administracias daeqvemdebara. amis Sedegad daiwyo tradiciuli

xelosnobis degradacia da gafarTovda amqarsgare xelosnobis

masStabi, sadac dasaqmebulebi iyvnen daqiravebuli muSebi;

156

10. XIX s. 30-ian w. iyo mcdeloba, daenergaT Saqris warmoeba. am

warmoebas Taosnobdnen zubalaSvilebi, romlebsac msxvili savaqro

kapitali gaaCndaT. miuxedavaT im SeRavaTebisa, rasac maT xelisufleba

uwevdaT es warmoeba warmatebiT ver amoqmedda. rogorc Cans,

adgilobrivi Saqris mewarmeTaTvis gacilebiT ioli gamdidrebis

saSualeba iyo SeRavaTian pirobebSi Semotanil nedleulze muSaoba,

vidre adgilobrivi sanedleulo bazis Seqmna;

11. Rvinis tradiciul qveyanaSi ludis warmoebam karga xans ver

moikida fexi. warmatebuli aRmoCnda germaneli kolonistebisa da

adgilobrivi mewarmis _ lorTqifaniZis mier daarsebuli

ludsaxarSebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom warmoebuli ludi sakmaod dabali

xarisxis iyo, soliduri fasi (1.2-1.6 man.) Rirda. importirebuli ludi

Tbilisis bazarze adgilobrivs seriozul konkurecias ver uwevda;

12. saqalaqo cxovrebisa da mSeneblobis gaaqtiurebam jer kidev

reformamdel periodSi, warmoSva meqanikur sarewTa arsebobis

aucilebloba. amgvar sarewTa Soris aRsaniSnavia Tbilisis saxazino

sawaxnago fabrika, sadac daqiravebuli muSebi muSaobdnen. aq

warmoebuli produqciis nawili saeqsportod peterburgSi igzavneboda;

13. reformamdel saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT ki TbilisSi

Tavili masStabebiT yuradRebas ipyrobs agurisa da sapnis sarewebi,

dawinaurda aseve tyavis, kramitisa da aryissaxdeli sarewebi;

14. miuxedavad imisa, rom saglexo reforma saqarTveloSi 1864 w.

memamuleTa interesebis maqsimaluri gaTvaliswinebiT gatarda, man

mainc Seuwyo safuZvlian cvlilebebs xeli. glexebma miiRes ra piradi

Tavisufleba, saSualeba miecaT SeeZinaT qoneba, wamoewyoT vaWroba, an

mewarmeoba;

15. reformisSemdgom periodSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas

ipyrobs sarkinigzo mSenebloba, romliTac saqarTvelos mrewvelobaSi

157

daiwyo axali xana, SeiZleba iTqvas, namdvili samrewvelo

gadatrialeba. infrastruqturulma cvlilebebma xeli Seuwyo

kapitalisturi mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis daCqarebul ganviTarebas;

16. qveynis ekonomikuri dawinaurebis Sedegi iyo bankebis

warmoSoba. sabanko saqmianobis gaaqtiurebis kvaldakval bankidan

feodaluri aristokratia, TandaTan idevneboda, xolo vaWrebi da

kapitalistebi sul ufro metad euflebodnen qveynis sameurneo

cxovrebas. mimdinare safinanso procesebma sabolood Seuwyes xeli

memamuluri miwaTmflobelobis rRvevas da kapitalisturis

damkvidrebas ara mxolod qalaqad, aramed sofladac;

17. XIX s. bolosTvis TbilisSi SesamCnevi xdeba msxvil

sawarmoTa aRmoceneba, romlebic ZiriTadad adgilobrivi savaWro

kapitalis meSveobiT fuZndeboda. amgvar warmoebaSi moiazreba tyavis,

mitklis, Tambaqos, alkoholuri sasmelebis da sxvaTa warmoeba;

18. adelxanovis firmas dedaqalaqis mrewvelobaSi

gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira, rogorc kapitalisturi mrewvelobis

flagmans. misi tyavis, fexsacmlisa da Culeulis fabrikaSi mudmivad

inergeboda mowinave teqnika. igi maragdeboda ZiriTadad adgilobrivi

nedleuliT, aseve moixmardnen importirebul masalebs. adelxanovis

mza nawarmi garda saqarTvelosi, saRdeboda TiTqmis mTel ruseTsa

da mis saimperio sivrceSi;

19. aRniSnul periodSi bambeulis mozrdili sarTav-saqsovi

fabrika ekuTvnis mirzoevs, romelmac savaWro kapitalis udidesi

nawili samrewvelo kapitalad aqcia. misi fabrika ZiriTadad

aRWurvili iyo inglisuri manqana-danadgarebiT da specialistebic

inglisidan hyavda mowveuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi warmatebebi ar

iyo stabiluri, sawarmo Tbilisis da ara marto Tbilisis ekonomikis

erT-erT mowinave sawarmod iTvleba;

158

20. Tambaqos dammuSavebel mrewvelobas saqarTveloSi, kerZod

TbilisSi safuZveli XIX s. 50-ian wlebSi Caeyara. am dros Tambaqos

sawarmoebs Soris yuradRebas iqcevs enfianjiancisa da bozarjiancis

Tambaqos fabrikebi, romlebic Tavdapirvelad manufaqturuli tipis

sawarmoebs warmoadgendnen, xolo 80-90-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis maT

ukve kapitalisturi fabrikebis saxe miiRes, mogvianebiT ki Tambaqos

zogierTi sawarmo msxvil saaqcio sazogadoebebad erTiandeba;

21. ruseTis imperiaSi koniakis pirveli specialuri samrewvelo

qarxana TbilisSi gaixsna 1888 w. igi mrewvels d. sarajiSvils

ekuTvnoda. igi sxva danarCeni analogiuri qarxnebisagan mkveTrad

gamoirCeoda masStabebiT, nedleulis SerCeviT, gamoxdis

TaviseburebebiT da koniakis dayenebis teqnologiis rTuli procesebis

srulad dacviT. misma saqmianobam biZgi misca koniakis warmoebis

ganviTarebas ruseTis imperiaSi. misi nawarmi importirdeboda ruseTis

imperiisa da szRvargareTis bazarze;

22. ucxouri kapitalis warmomadgenlebi, sargeblobdnen

adgilobrivi da rusuli kapitalis sisustiT da amierkavkasiis da

saqarTvelos bazarze sakmaod myarad ikidebdnen fexs. maT Soris

yuradRebas iqcevs germanuli kapitali. imisaTvis, rom maqsimaluri

mogeba mieRoT, SemohqondaT uaxlesi teqnika da teqnologiebi;

23. xelisufleba saxelmwifo daxmarebebiT xels uwyobda

Camosaxlebul germanel kolonistebs. maT xeli mihyves xelosnobas,

gansakuTrebiT 1865 w. saamqro reformis Semdgom. maT daamkvidres

axali xelosnuri dargebi, mag. etlebis warmoeba, meZexveoba, mekasreoba

da a.S;

24. msxvili saxelosnoebis daarsebis garda, saqarTveloSi

Semosuli iyo msxvili germanuli kapitalic, mag. `simensi”, `zingeri”,

`gelzenkirxeni”, da sxv. romelic warmatebiT moRvaweobda ara mxolod

TbilisSi, aramed saqarTvelosa da zogadad ruseTis imperiaSi;

159

25. TbilisSi ara mxolod germanelebis saqmianobis gaaqtiureba

igrZnoboda, aramed sxva evropeli moqalaqeebis mxridanac. am mxriv

yuradRebas imsaxurebs kastelas mier daarsebuli abreSumis fabrika

da Stiuses sawaxnago fabrika. aseve toles sanTlisa da sapnis

warmoebebi.

26. XIX s. meore naxevari Tbilisis ekonomikis istoriaSi misi

burJuaziul qalaqad Camoyalibebis periodia. misi mrewveloba

ganviTarebis kapitalistur stadiaze gadavida.

160

gamoyenebuli literaturis nusxa

1. D _manjgalaZe g. “germaneli kolonistebi amierkavkasiaSi”Tb. 1970. 2. D_DmirianaSvili m. kapitalisturi mrewvelobis ganviTareba

saqarTveloSi. Tb. 1980 Ggv. 20 3. D_cercvaZe a. germania _ saqarTvelos ekonomikuri urTierTobebi.

(1817-1917 ww.) 1999 w. 4. gaz. “guTnis deda”, # 1 1864w. 5. gaz. “droeba”, #17 1866. 6. gaz. `droeba”, #24 1869 7. gaz. “droeba”, #22 1871 8. gaz. “droeba” #24, 1872 9. gaz. “droeba” # 110 1875 10. gaz.”droeba” #88 1881 11. gaz. “droeba” # 42. 1883. 12. gaz. “iveria”, #66. 1888. 13. gaz. “iveria”, #111 1891. 14. baqraZe g. saqarTveloSi kapitalisturi mrewvelobis

ganviTareba, zogierTi sakiTxis swori gagebisaTvis _ Tsu Sromebi. t. 100, 1963

15. gamyreliZe g. _ xelosnoba TbilisSi, Tb. 1926 w. 16. gogolaZe d. kapitalisturi sawarmoebi soflis meurneobasa da

mrewvelobaSi reformamdel saqarTveloSi (1830-1864 ww.), Tb. 1969.

17. guguSvili p. kapitalizmis warmoSoba da ganviTareba saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi. Tb.1941.

18. guguSvili p. manufaqturuli warmoebis istoriisaTvis amierkavkasiaSi. Tb. 1939.

19. guguSvili p. saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri ganviTareba XIX_XX ss., t IV, w. I, Tb., 1965, gv.

20. guguSvili p. safabriko-saqarxno mrewvelobis ganviTareba amierkavkasiaSi, Tsu Sromebi, t. XVI. 1940.

21. guguSvili p. fulis niSnebi da triali saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi me-19 saukuneSi, Tb. 1937.

22. guliSambarovi st. zogierTi ram Cvens ekonomikis mdgomareobaze, `droeba” #24, 1872. eZgveraZe l. social-ekonomikur urTierTobaTa burJuaziuli evolucia saqarTveloSi. 1986. gv. 84,

23. manjgalaZe g. germaneli kolonistebi amierkavkasiaSi. Tb 1970. 24. majd-os-saltane, “qalaq Tbilisis aRwera”, Tb. 1971 25. m. mirianaSvili d. sarajiSvilis saxsovrd. Tb. 1981 26. nikolaZe n. _ mirzoevis mitklis saqsovi fabrika TbilisSi. gaz.

“droeba” # 48, 1871. 27. nikolaZe n. _ mirzoevis mitklis saqsovi fabrika TbilisSi.

gaz.”droeba”,#24, 1872.

161

28. rodonaia n. Tbilisis mrewveloba XIX s. meore naxevarSi. Tb.1961.

29. samsonaZe m. saqarTveloSi samrewveli ganviTareba XIX s. reformamdel xanaSi. 1968. sexniaSvili c. ekonomikis istoria, naw. I, 2000 w.

30. umikaSvili p. _ ramdenime sityva mirzoevis fabrikazed _ gaz.“droeba” #3 1872.

31. RuduSauri m. saqarTvelos ekomika XIX dasawyisSi.sexniaSvili c. `ekonomikis istoria”, naw. I Tb. 2000 w. (Tanaavtori)

32. yifiani n._ saxelosno Skola teqnikuri sazogadoebisa _ gaz.“droeba” #3, 1872.

33. cincaZe d. kap. mrewvelobis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi XIX s. meore naxevarsa da XX s. dasawyisSi, Tb. 1979.

34. WavWavaZe i., Txz. t.VI. 1953. 35. WavWavaZe i., Txz., t. IX, 1957. 36. WiWinaZe z., mrewveloba, vaWroba-xelosnoba saqarTveloSi,

Tb.1909 37. xoStaria e. damuSavebiTi mrewveloba saqrTveloSi XIX s.

pirvel naxevarSi. TB. 1958. 38. xoStaria e. dammuSavebeli mrewvelobis ganviTareba

saqarTveloSi XIX s. 30-60-ian wlebSi istoriis inst. Sromebi, t. III, Tb. 1958.

39. xoStaria e. .mrewvelobis ganviTareba da muSaTa klasis Camoyalibeba XIX s. saqarTveloSi. Tb. 1966.

40. javaxiSvili iv. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoria. Tb. 1930 w.

saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo istoriuli arqivi (scsia) 1. scsia, f. 4, saq. 2. 2. scsia, f. 17, saq. 486. 3. scsia, f 17, saq. 640. 4. scsia, f. 17, saq. 3574. 5. scsia, f. 17, saq. 8954. 6. scsia, f. 17, saq. 8977. 7. scsia, f 17, A saq. 9004. 8. scsia, f. 204, saq. 654. 9. scsia, f. 240, saq. 1291. 10. scsia, f. 370, saq. 150. 11. scsia, f. 204, saq. 654. 12. scsia, f. 370, saq. 207. 13. scsia, f. 414, saq. 10.

saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivi 14. scsa f. 2, saq. 39 15. scsa, f. 2, saq. 3109.

162

16. scsa, f. 7, saq. 437 17. scsa, f. 7, saq. 489 18. scsa, f. 7, saq. 2 229. 19. scsa, f. 10, saqme 30. 20. scsa, f. 10, saq. 39 21. scsa, f. 10, saq. 1823. 22. scsa, f. 10, saqme 1835. 23. scsa, f. 12, saq. 1460. 24. scsa, f. 17, saq. 2283. 25. scsa, f. 204, saq. 563. 26. scsa, f. 370, saq. 409. 27. scsa, f. 204, saq. 591. 28. scsa, f. 204, saq. 592. 29. scsa, f. 370, saq. 940. 30. scsa, f. 370, saq. 947. 31. scsa, f. 371, saq. 181. 32. scsa, f. 371, saq. 206. 33. scsa, f. 416, saq. 800. 34. xelnawerTa institutis fondi, R- S 2513_16.

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ЦЕНТРАЛЬНЫЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ АРХИВ ГРУЗИИ

1. ЦГИАГ, ф. 31, д. 888. 2. ЦГИАЛ. Ф. 225, д. 1479. 3. ЦГИАЛ Ф. 1263, д. 4525. 4. ЦГИАЛ, ф. 1268, д. 134. 5. ЦГИАЛ, ф. 1268, д. 137. 6. ЦГИАЛ, ф. 1268, д. 142. 7. ЦГИАЛ, ф.1268, д.170. 8. ЦГИАЛ, ф. 1268, д. 350. 9. ЦГИАЛ, ф. 1 268, д. 2 426.

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ibeWdeba avtoris mier warmodgenili saxiT

gadaeca warmoebas 03.07.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 14.09.2009. qaRaldis

zoma 60X84 1/8. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 10. tiraJi 100 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, kostavas 77