TAXONOMY & KINGDOMS Go to Section:. Important Vocabulary 1. Taxonomy: science of classification...
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Transcript of TAXONOMY & KINGDOMS Go to Section:. Important Vocabulary 1. Taxonomy: science of classification...
TAXONOMY &
KINGDOMS
Go to Section:
Important Vocabulary
1. Taxonomy: science of classification
2. Binomial nomenclature: two name naming system
3. Prokaryotic: cells without nucleus
4. Eukaryotic: cells with a nucleus
5. Autotroph: organism capable capturing energy from sunlight or chemicals & produces its own food
6. Heterotroph: organism that obtains its energy from food it consumes
Slide # 2
Vocabulary• Unicellular – organism
is made of only one cell
• Multicellular – many celled organism
• Invertebrate – 90% of all animals lack a backbone- ex’s sponges, worms, mollusks, arthropods (insects), echinoderms (star fish)
• Vertebrates – includes all fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
1. Why Classify?
a. To study the diversity of life
b. Taxonomy: science of classification
2. Why organisms are given scientific names--
a. Common names are misleading
Slide # 3 Finding Order in Diversity
Go to Section:
jellyfish silverfish star fish
None of these animals are fish!
Some organisms have several common names
Slide # 4
Go to Section:
This cat is commonly known as:
•Florida panther
•Mountain lion
•Puma
•Cougar
Scientific name: Felis concolor
Scientific name means “coat of one color”
Why Scientists Assign Scientific Names to Organisms
1. Aristotle: 1st to classify
a. Divided organisms into 2 groups --
Plant or animal
b. Divided animals into 2 groups--
Blooded or bloodless
c. Grouped organisms together that were not related
2. Aristotle’s system remained unchanged for 2,000 years!
Slide # 5 Aristotle: The First to Classify
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Aristotle
Aristotle grouped jellyfish & clown fish together because they lived in the water. However, these organisms are not closely related.
Slide # 6
Linnaeus: The Father of Modern Taxonomy
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Carolus Linnaeus
1. 1732: Carolus Linnaeus developed system of classification – binomial nomenclature
a. Two name naming system
b. Gave organisms 2 names Genus and species Genus: noun species: adjective Genus capitalized species not capitalized Both names are italicized or underlined EX: Homo sapiens: wise / thinking man
2. Each organism is given a scientific name – even newly discovered species
Slide # 7
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
SpeciesGo to Section:
Linnaeus’s System is Hierarchical
Most Inclusive
Least Inclusive
1. Which of the following contains all of the others?
a. Family c. Class
b. Species d. Order
2. Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do not belong to the same:
a. Family c. Order
b. Genus d. Species
Classification Scheme
Domain—all organismsKingdom PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies—one type of organism
Classification Scheme
Domain—all organismsKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies—one type of organism
BROAD, MOST INCLUSIVE
SPECIFIC, LEAST INCLUSIVE
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda
Red fox Abert squirrel
Coral snake
Sea star
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
Slide # 8
Hierarchical Ordering of Classification
Go to Section:
As we move from the kingdom level to the species level, more and more members are excluded – species is least inclusive!
Classification SchemeKingdom KingPhylum PhilipClass ComesOrder OverFamily ForGenus GoodSpecies spaghetti
HumansKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordateClass MammaliaOrder PrimatesFamily HomidaeGenus HomoSpecies sapien
BonoboKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordateClass MammaliaOrder PrimatesFamily PongidaeGenus PanSpecies paniscus
House CatKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordateClass MammaliaOrder CarnivoraFamily FelidaeGenus FelisSpecies domesticus
LionKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordateClass MammaliaOrder CarnivoraFamily FelidaeGenus Panthera (Felis)Species leo
HouseflyKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectOrder DipteraFamily MuscidaeGenus MuscaSpecies domestica
Eubacteria
Eubacteria
Streptococcus
(coccus-round shaped) Salmonella
Spirillum-spiral shaped Strep throatStaph Infection
Escherichia coli
(bacillus-rod shaped)
Eubacteria- True Bacteria• Unicellular- lacks internal
organelles• Prokaryotic- small cells• Autotroph & Heterotroph• True Bacteria• Decomposers- in soil and water &
Pathogens - (ex. food poisoning)• In Domain Bacteria• Ex. Staphylococcus,
streptococcus, tuberculosis, pertussis, diptheria
• Bacterial Cell Shapes --A bacteria is one of three shapes: rod-shaped (bacillus), round-shaped (coccus), and spiral-shaped (spirillum).
• Bacterial Toxins-- Bacteria can cause disease by releasing toxins, which damage their host.
• Biowarfare-- Biowarfare is the deliberate exposure of people to biological toxins or pathogens such as bacteria or viruses.
• Fighting Bacteria --Bacterial disease can be fought with soap, chemicals, and antibiotics.
• Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria-- Mutations that allow resistance to antibiotics are strongly favored in bacterial populations being treated with an antibiotic.
Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
Slide # 9
Kingdom Eubacteria
Go to Section:
E. coli
Streptococcus
Classification of Living Things Domain Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria Cell Type Prokaryotic Cell Structures Cell walls have
peptidoglycan Number of Cells Unicellular Nutrition Autotroph or
heterotroph Examples Streptococcus,
Escherichia coli
Archaebacteria- Ancient Bacteria• Unicellular (single cell)- lacks internal
organelles• Believed to given rise to Eukaryotic
Cells• Prokaryotic- simple, small cells• Heterotrophic• Found in extreme environments• In Domain Archaea• Ex. Halophiles (salt loving),
thermophiles (heat loving), methanogens (methane gas producing)
Slide # 10
Kingdom Archaebacteria: Live in Extreme Habitats
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Bacillus infernus lives in deep sea vents in the ocean – obtains energy from Earth’s heat
Classification of Living Things Domain Archaea Kingdom Archaebacteria Cell Type Prokaryotic Cell Structures Cell walls do not
have peptidoglycan Number of Cells Unicellular Nutrition Autotroph or
heterotroph Examples Methanogens
Halophiles Thermophiles
Also called extremophiles
Protista
Protista
Amoeba
Paramecium
Diatoms
Protista• Unicellular- (some Multicellular)
• Eukaryotic- (More complex cells)
• Autotrophic & Heterotrophic• ***Source of food for larger
organisms***• Mostly found in water, move
via flagella, cilia or pseudopods• A few are Pathogenic/parasitic• Ex. Euglena, Algae-
(photosynthetic), Paramecium, Amoeba, Protozoan-(heterotrophic)
Slide # 11 Kingdom Protista: Very Diverse
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Paramecium
Green algae
Amoeba
Classification of Living Things Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protistia Cell Type Eukaryotic Cell Structures Cell walls have
cellulose; some have chloroplasts
Number of Cells Most Unicellular; some multicellular
Nutrition Autotroph or heterotroph
Examples Amoeba, Paramecium. Slime molds, giant kelp
Fungi
RING WORM
ATHLETE’S FOOT
Fungi
Multicellular – (except yeast--they are
unicellular)
Eukaryotic
ALL Heterotrophic
NOT PLANTS: NO CHOLORPHYLL!!!, (but have cell walls made of chitin)
Decomposers- secretes enzymes into food to decay it, and then absorb it for nutrients
Ex. Ringworms, Athletes Foot, Fungus, Mushrooms, Rust, Mildew, Mold
Slide # 12
Kingdom Fungi: Unusual Heterotrophs
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Mildew on Leaf
Mushroom
Classification of Living Things Domain Eukarya Kingdom Fungi Cell Type Eukaryotic Cell Structures Cell walls have
chitin Number of Cells Most multicellular;
some unicellular Nutrition Heterotroph Examples Mushrooms
Yeast mildew
PlantaeFERNS
CONE TREES
MOSS
FLOWERS
Plantae
• Multicellular• Eukaryotic- Complex cells• Autotrophic- use Sun for
making food!(Photosynthesis)• Have roots, stems, and leaf-
like structures, cell walls- (made of cellulose), chloroplast,
• Used for food sources, O2, nutrients, medicines, etc…
• Ex. Moss, Ferns, Trees- Conifers, oaks, etc…, Shrubs, Flowers, Fruits
Slide # 13
Kingdom Plantae: The Last to Evolve!
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Ferns : seedless vascular
Sunflowers: seeds in flowers
Douglas fir: seeds in cones
Classification of Living Things Domain Eukarya Kingdom Plantae Cell Type Eukaryotic Cell Structures Cell walls have
cellulose Number of Cells Multicellular; Nutrition Autotroph Examples Mosses, ferns,
flowering plants
Mosses growing on trees
Animalia
Animalia• Multicellular• Eukaryotic• Heterotrophic• Mouth & structure for
movement &/or capture of food, such as legs, tentacles, muscles, etc…
• Ex. Sponges, Worms, Jelly Fish, Star fish, molluscks, snails, oysters, squid, arthropods, Spiders, insescts, Rabbits, Humans, etc…
Slide # 14
Kingdom Animalia
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Sage grouse
Poison dart frog
Bumble bee
sponge
jellyfish
hydra
Classification of Living Things Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Cell Type Eukaryotic Cell Structures DO NOT have
cell walls Number of Cells Multicellular; Nutrition Heterotroph Examples Sponges, worms,
insects, fishes, mammals
Phylum Characteristics Examples
Porifera No tissues, filter water sponges
Cnidaria First with tissues, have stinging cells Corals, sea anemones, jellyfish
3 phyla of worms Bilateral symmetry, no legs Flatworms, roundworms, annelids (segmented worms)
Mollusca Soft bodies,No shell One shell Two shells
Squid and octopusSnailOysters, clams, mussels
Echinoderms Radial symmetry, water vascular system
Starfish, sea fans, sea cucumbers
Arthropods Exoskeleton, segmented appendages Insects, crustaceans, arachnids, millipedes and centipedes
And last but not least . . .
Chordates (vertebrates)
Backbone Fish, amphibian, reptiles, birds mammals
1st step: Classify / Group into 2 groups
2nd step: Classify / Group EACH group into 2 groups
3rd step: Classify / Group Each group that still has different
members into 2 groups