Chapter 15-18:Classification of Organisms

Taxonomy

• Classification & naming of life

• Carolus (Carl) Linnaeus– Binomial nomenclature

Systematic Classification

Phylogenetics

The Kingdoms of Life

Archaea EukaryaBacteria

Archaea ProtistaBacteria Animalia PlantaeFungi

• Before the creation of “domains”

- 5 Kingdoms

• Now:

- 3 Domains 6 Kingdoms

ProtistaMonera Animalia PlantaeFungi

Review of Prokaryotes

• Includes Archaea and Bacteria

• Lack nucleus

• Majority of DNA = single large ring

• Reproduce via binary fission

• Posses cell wall different from plants

Domain Bacteria

• Only a few bad apples

• Most abundant group of organisms

- Extreme environment (i.e., salt lakes, acidic hot springs, deep-sea hydrothermal vents)

- More closely related to eukaryotes

Domain Archaea

Prokaryotes help recycle chemicals and clean up the environment– Bioremediation

• Is the use of organisms to clean up pollution

– Prokaryotes are decomposers in• Sewage treatment and can clean up oil spills and toxic

mine wastes

Liquid wastes Outflow

Rotatingspray arm

Rock bed coated withaerobicbacteriaand fungi

Domain Eukarya

• Kingdoms

- Protista

- Fungi

- Plantae

- Animalia

Protista (Protists)

• First eukaryotes

• Most diverse kingdom

• Mostly unicellular

• Often grouped as:– Plant-like (algae)– Animal-like (protozoans)– Fungi-like (slime molds)

…Protists

• Practical uses– Diatoms = comet and toothpaste– Algae in ice cream and cosmetics– Sushi

Fungi

• Heterotrophic– Decomposers

• Chitin Cell Walls

• Multicellular

• Practical Uses– Penicillium– Yeast

Lichen

Plantae (Plants)

= multicellular, autotrophic eukaryotes that contain cell walls made of cellulose– Usually Terrestrial– Sedentary– Indeterminate growth

Bryophytes (nonvascular plants)

• Mosses, hornworts, and liverworts

• No vascular tissue– Small bodied

• Obtain water and nutrients through osmosis and diffusion

• H2O required for fertilization

Vascular Tissue

• Function

• Xylem

• Phloem

Seedless Vascular Plants

• Ferns and club mosses

• Vascular tissue present– Larger size

• H2O required for

fertilization

Seed Plants (Vascular)

• Dependent upon pollination • Seed = embryo + food + protective coat

– Dispersal– Dormancy– Germination– Nourishment

• Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

Gymnosperms

• Conifers

Angiosperms

• Most diverse and abundant plants

• Very efficient

Animalia (animals)

• Multicellular heterotrophs with no cell wall

• Active Movement

• Diverse in form and habitat

• Reproduce sexually

• Unique embryonic development and tissues

Kingdom Animalia

• Phlya:– Porifera– Cnidaria– Platyhelmenthes– Nematoda– Molluska– Annelida– Arthropoda– Echinodermata– Chordata

Phylum Porifera

• Add sponge diagram & pics

Phylum Cnidaria

Radial Symmetry

Cnidocytes

Phylum Platyhelmenthes

Bilateral Symmetry

Body Cavities - Acoelomate

Body Cavities - Pseudocoelomate

Body Cavities - Coelomate

Phylum Nematoda

Phylum Molluska

Mollusk Key Features

Phylum Annelida

Segmentation

Phylum Arthropoda

Arthropod Body Plan

Phylum Echinodermata

Phylum Chordata

Vertebrates