Summer School 09 Presentation

8/2/2019 Summer School 09 Presentation

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InternalDisplacementinAcholiland,NorthernUganda

SimonAddison

RefugeeStudiesCentre

UniversityofOxford

[email protected]


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Uganda


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Uganda:BasicFacts(2006)

Independence: 1962 Populaon: 31million;3.2%growthrate Lifeexpectancy: 51 HIV/AIDS: 1.1million GNI: $10.5billion GNIpercapita: $340 GDPgrowth: 5.1% Poverty: 38% Agriculturalpopn: 82% Budgetsupport: 11%ofGDP;50%ofexpenditure

Source:WorldBank(2007)


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YoweriMuseveni

Cametopowerin1986aeralongguerrillawaragainstregimesofOboteandOkello

Rapidlyinstalledanewsystemofgovernment:TheNaonalResistanceMovement(NRM)

Soughtacvelytoredressperceivedimbalancesofpowerbetweennorthandsouth

Hasfacedover20insurgentgroupssinceseizingpower Highlymilitarizedgovernmentthatwhileseekingto

liberalizetheeconomyishighlydependentbilateralaid


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Uganda:Development

FullimplementaonofStructuralAdjustmentProgramme(SAP):macro-economicstabilisaon,tradeliberalisaon,deficit

spendingconstraint,andprivasaon.

FirstHIPCcountrytoreceivedebtrelief GDPgrowthratesincreasedfrom-3.3%in1985to11.3%in

1995beforestabilisingat5.9%in2005

Inflaonshrankfrom155%in1985to5%2004.


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Uganda:Development

Incidenceofpovertyatthenaonalleveldeclinedfrom56%in1992to37.3%in2003.

NaonalHIV/AIDSinfeconratesdroppedfrom18%(1992)to6.4%in2005.

Ruralaccesstosafewatersourcesincreasedfromlevelsaslowas7.4percentin1982to55percentin2004

Universalprimaryeducaonintroduced


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Uganda:UnevenDevelopment

Poverty

NorthernUganda 66%

Naonalaverage 35%

IncreasingsteadilyinNorthwhilenaonalgrowthratesincreases(04)

Principledriversofpoverty:

Colonialpolicies Chroniclackofinvestment Drought(climatechange) CaleraidingbyKaramojong

andSudanese

Conflict


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Uganda:Conflict

Almostconstantconflictover40yearssinceindependenceInternalconflicthasclaimedwellover500,000lives

Policalviolenceandcoupsdetat:

MiltonObote(I) post-independence IdiAmin 1971 MiltonObote(II) 1980 YoweriMuseveni 1985 Variousrebelfacons UDF,ADF,LRA,HSMetc.

Pocketsofcommunal/tribalviolenceEngagementininternaonalconflicts

DRC SouthSudan


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Conflict:NorthernUganda


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AcholiInsurgencies

Dates Insurgency Leadership

March1986-July1988 UgandanPeople'sDefenceArmy UPDA FormerUNLAofficers

Late1986-December1987 HolySpiritMobileForces HSMI AliceLakwena

January1988-August1989 HolySpiritMovement HSMII SeverinoLikoya

Late1987-1991 UgandaChrisanDemocracArmy UCDA JosephKony

1991-Present Lord'sResistanceArmy LRA JosephKony


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LordsResistanceArmy

LedbyJosephKonysincethelate1980s MillenarianspiritcultinformedbyAcholireligion,

apocalypcChrisanityandsomeMuslimdoctrine.

PurportedlysoughttoliberateUgandansbyoverthrowoftheMuseveniregime,theconquestofevilandestablishmentofastatefoundeduponthe10

commandments

SeniorcommandofformerUNLAsoldiers Forcesizegenerallyunknownbutwithasizeablenumberof

child/youthcombatants(est.5,000in2004;75%abducted) BasedinSouthernSudanwithsupportfromGoSunl2006 NowoperatesfromwithinDRC(Garambaforest)


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ViolenceinAcholiland

LRA:Arbitraryaacksonvillages,camps,publictransport LRAtargetscivilians,rarelyengagesUPDF UPDF:Violenceagainstcivilianstoforceencampment UPDF:Systemacviolenceagainstciviliansincamps,

arbitraryarrest,tortureanddisappearances

Rapeandsexualslaverycommonplace 1,000violentdeathsamonth(WHO2005) Ratesofviolentdeath:142perweek Averageof19peoplekilledviolentlyeachday Excessdeathrates:122peopleperday

CivilSocietyOrganiza2onsforPeaceinNorthernUganda(006)


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LRAAbducon

Typicallychildrenbetween12and18

Trainedassoldiersortakenaswives Youngstersoenmakethemost

effecvekillers UNICEFesmate:upto30,000

childrenhadbeenabductedby2005

Cycleofabducteesuffering:Abducon,iniaon,forcedlabour,sexualviolence,starvaon,forcedkilling,execuon


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InternalDisplacement

1.7millionknowntobelivinginIDPcamps(2005)

1millionlivingin200campsinAcholiland

95%ofpopulaonofAcholiland

AreathesizeofBelgiumdepopulated

Extremelyhighlevelsofpopulaondensity


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Security&Protecon

ConstantthreatofaackfromLRAincamps,villages,fieldsandalonghighways

SystemacfailureofUPDFproteconincamps(averageof1soldierper1,000civilians)

Threatofabducon,parcularlyofyouth 40,000night-commutersacrosstheregion InmidaonandviolenceathandsofUPDF

MurderofciviliansbyLRA&UPDF IncreasedgenerallevelsofSGBV


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ServiceProvision

Collapseofhealthcaresystem

Closureofvastmajorityofhealthcentresduetoinsecurity

Collapseofwatersupplyandsanitaoninfrastructure(2004)

Averageof1protectedwatersourceper2,500people(Spherestandard=1:500)

Percapitaconsumponof2-6l/day(Sphere=15l/day) Averageof6hourswaingmeatboreholes Averageof1latrineper1,500people(Sphere=1:20)Collapseofeducaonsystem 80%schoolsclosed 240,000childrenwithoutaccesstoeducaon


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Morbidity&Mortality

IncreasedpublichealthrisksinIDPcamps

Excessdeaths:122perday 3xhigherthanrecordedforDarfurinOct2005 CMR:1.54/10,000/dayacrossAcholiland;2.79/10,000/day

insomecampsinPaderandLira(0.46restofUganda) 103deathsfromwar-relateddiseaseperday


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Livelihoods

Poorlandaccess:Populaondensity,landavailability,security 78%ofhouseholdswithnoaccesstoland Lackofaccesstoseeds,livestockandland Lackofaccesstoinputsandtraining ClimateChange:Morevariabilityandlessreliabilityinrainfall Highlandrentsincamps Collapseoflocalculvaon Lossofassetsvialoong,displacementandsurvivalspending Marketstagnaon Acuteinflaoninfoodprices 65%ofcampinhabitantslivedinabsolutepoverty


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FoodSecurityCrisis

Chronicfoodinsecurity

Globalacutemalnutrionof18-20%(UNICEF2003)

ChronicmalnutrioninU5sinGuluof41.4%(ACF2003)

84%dependencyonfoodaid InadequatecoveragebyWFP WFPprovidedonly60%raon

48%ofchildreninKitgumstunted


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SocialCollapse

Collapseoffamilylife Reportedcollapseoflocalculture Inabilitytocarryoutritualpracces Collapseoftradionalleadershipstructures Collapseofjudicialsystemformaland

tradional

Collapseofeducaonadhealthsystems


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Psychic&MoralDistress

AnMSFsurveyinPaderTown(2004)reportedthat:

63%ofthepopulaonhadexperiencedthedisappearanceorabduconofafamilymember

58%reportedthedeathofafamilymemberduetotheinsurgency79%hadwitnessedtorture40%hadwitnessedakilling5%ofthepopulaonhadbeenforcedtophysicallyharmanotherperson62%ofwomeninterviewedhadconsideredsuicide


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HumanitarianSpace

IDPcampsaccessibleonlywithmilitaryescort

Kitgum 19 86percent Gulu 35 66percent Pader 30 100percentIDPcampsaccessiblewithoutmilitaryescort

Kitgum 3 14percent Gulu 18 44percent Pader 0 0percent

UNOCHA(005)


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Impacts

Extreme levels of physical and social suffering Collapse of regional economy

Collapse of Acholi cultural and social relations

Destruction of social, economic and political capital

A lost generation of Acholi youth

Development of a culture of fear and dependency


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Impacts

worlds largest forgotten emergency (Jan Egeland, 2003)

worlds most serious protection crisis (CSOPNU, 2004)

Massive human rights violations committed by both LRAand GoU, principally against members of a single ethnic

group Acholi

Described as:

social torture (Chris Dolan)

structural violence (Sverker Finnstrom)

genocide (Olara Otunnu)


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RightsinCrisis

Humanitarian protection is concerned with preventing ormitigating the most damaging effects (direct or indirect) of

armed conflict on the civilian population, and it relates tothe principal threats that are experienced by civilians

living in the field of conflict

State has primary responsibility for protection of civiliansaffected by/displaced by conflict

Principal threats in northern Uganda: Violence: and the threat of violence Coercion: such as forced displacement, forced labour and

movement restrictions

Deprivation: Including lack of access to resources, services,security and freedom


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FailureofResponse:State

Nosystemacstatehumanitarianresponse

Museveni:refusaltoidenfyasstateofemergencyor

disasterarea

FocusonmilitarystrategydefeatofLRAinSudanPoorcapacityofOfficeofPrimeMinister

FocusondevelopmentplanningandMDGs

WorldBankSocialAconFundforNorthernUganda


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LackofResponse:Internaonal

Pre2004,fewhumanitarianagenciespresent

InadequateCAPfunding

Lackofaenon,bothbyUganda

programmesandinternaonally(espUN)

FocusonUgandandevelopmentmiracle


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JanEgeland

VisitedcountryinDecember2003

Damningassessmentofthesituaon

Massiveincreaseininternaonalresponse

PressureonUgandangovernmenttoact


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IDPPolicy

DraedbyOCHAfortheOPM2001

NotpassedbyParliamentunl2006

Providedframeworkforreliefintervenonsofbothstateand

internaonalactors

Framedsituaonasoneofinternaldisplacement

AdvocateduseoftheGuidingPrinciplesonInternal

Displacementasprincipaltool


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Internallydisplacedpersonsare"personsorgroupsof

personswhohavebeenforcedorobligedtofleeortoleavetheirhomesorplacesofhabitualresidence,in

parcularasaresultoforinordertoavoidtheeffects

ofarmedconflict,situaonsofgeneralisedviolence,

violaonsofhumanrightsornaturalorhuman-madedisasters,andwhohavenotcrossedaninternaonally

recognisedStateborder."

GuidingPrinciplesonInternalDisplacement


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PraccesofDisplacement

Aseriesofincreasinglycomprehensivedisplacementordersthatwereappliedtothepopulaonofadiscrete

territorywhichconstutedonlyaporonoftheconflict-

affectedregion

Thatthisterritorywasthehomeofadisnctethno-linguiscgrouptheAcholi

ThattheseorderswereexecuveordermadebythePresidentandexecutedbytheUgandanarmy

TheordersweremadewithoutreferencetoUgandalawandwithoutconsultaonwithUgandanParliament


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PraccesofDisplacement2

Establishedadefactostateofemergencywithoutactuallydeclaringastateofemergency(forwhichadequatelegal

provisionsexist)

EnactedastateofexceponwhichwasdefinedterritoriallyaroundtheDistrictsofAcholiland

ThedisplacementstransformedAcholilandintoafree-firezonedissolvingthedisnconbetweencivilianand

combatant

TheUPDFwasabletokillcivilianswithalmosttotalimpunity, Severephysical,social,polical,juridical,culturaland

psychologicaldegradaonreducedthepopulaonof

Acholilandtoanabjectanimalexistence


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Regroupement, involves the massive forced movement of

enre communies to sites at varying distances from theirhomes. These sites typically lack all basic services, are

somemesonthesidesortopsofsteephillsand,whileofficially

administered by civilian authories, are in pracce under the

controlofmilitaryunits.Inmanycasescommunieshavebeen

movedwithnopriornoce,inthemiddleofthenight,andareallowedtotakeonlywhattheycancarry.Theirhomesarethen

oenlooted.

PolicyOnForcedReloca2on(Regroupement)InBurundi

Inter-agencyStandingCommiee(000)


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TheFailuretoProtect

Encampmentfailedtoprotectciviliansfromanyofthemajorthreatsofviolence,coercionanddeprivaon

ThedisplacementwasunconstuonalinitsoperaoninthatitproducedadefactostateofemergencythatplacedtheAcholiterritoryanditsresidentsintoastateofexceponwith

regardtothelaw

Themannerofdisplacementwasinclearbreachofthearclesandprinciplesofinternaonallawthatgovernsuchdisplacementsinmeofwar


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ProteconasTorture

Theencampmentofthepopulaonbecameoneoftheprinciplecausesofachronicandhighlydestrucveprocessof

morficaonorsocialtorturethatunderminedthephysical,

social,culturalandeconomicintegrityofaquiteclearly

definedethnicgroup

Humanitarianorganisaons,duetoafailureofanalysisandwillandbecauseofpolicalconstraintsbecamecomplicitinthisprocess


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HumanitarianDilemmas

Humanitarianagencieswereveryslowtorespond Operaonalconstraintssecurity,funding,lackofanalysis PolicalconstraintsLackofwillingnesstoacknowledgeUgandaas

apotenalcrisisstate

FailuretoadequatelyacknowledgetheGoUsroleincreangandperpetuangtherightscrisis,parcularlywithregardtothepolicyofencampment

Provisionofassistanceincampseffecvelyconcresedthecampsandtacitlysupportedthestrategyofcontainmentthatwastheoneofthemaincontribungfactorstothehumanitariancrisis

Humanitariansfacedaclassicdilemmaofwhetherornotto

connueprovidingassistanceortopulloutinanaempttodonoharm

Nonetookthesecondopon,eventhoughmosthumanitariansagreedthatintervenonswereachievinglileifanyimpact.


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DiscoursesofNecessity

Ugandanstatejusfiedtheregroupementonthebasisof

necessity:

1.OnlymeansofprotecngpopulaonfromLRA2.Toenablecleardisnconbetweenciviliansandrebels3.Toseparateciviliancollaboratorsfromtherebels


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TheMovement

Beaconofmodern,neoliberal,scienficraonalism

Revoluonarybiopolicalmovementforpeace,democracy

anddevelopment

Threatenedbyforcesofdarknessandirraonalityfroma)

theNorthb)Sudan

Seekstoeradicateghostsofethnicpastandproduceanew

formofutopicspaceinUgandaofnaonalunityanew

polis


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Acholi/LRA

Thevisionofpost-ethnicpolisfoundedupon

juxtaposionoftheMovementwithpast

regimes,especiallythoseofAmin,Oboteand

OkelloallNorthernNorthernregimesdescribedasbarbaric,

fascist,primordial

Acholiparcularlyidenfiedasresponsiblefor

pastwrongsofUgandanstate


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Movementdiscourseestablishedaclearboundarybetween

thosewhoconformedwiththenewvisionofUgandancizenshipandthosewhodidnot

Thisboundarytookshape:

1.Temporally:betweentheMovementpresentandthe

Northernpast

2.Spaally:around,firstly,thenorth,andsecondly,andmoreparcularly,theAcholi.

Discursivefoundaonsofprocessbywhichtherelaonof

thesovereignbancametobeappliedtotheresidentsof

theAcholiregion.

Summer School 09 Presentation

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